Reader-writer power dynamic adjustment method and system, reader-writer and storage medium

Abstract

The invention provides a reader-writer power dynamic adjustment method and system, a reader-writer and a storage medium, and relates to the technical field of reader-writers, in the method, working parameters corresponding to any second reader-writer are obtained, and the working parameters comprise at least one of the working state, the reading efficiency and the interference level of the corresponding reader-writer. Based on the working parameter corresponding to any second reader-writer, adjusting the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader-writer; the first reader-writer and the second reader-writer are located in the same passive Internet of Things. And setting the output power of the first reader-writer based on the exploration probability corresponding to the adjusted first reader-writer. According to the invention, power collaborative management of multiple reader-writers in the same passive Internet of Things can be realized, chaos caused by independent output power adjustment of each reader-writer is avoided, and the reliability of label reading of each reader-writer is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure relates to the field of reader technology, and in particular to a method, system, reader, and storage medium for dynamic power adjustment of a reader. Background Technology

[0002] Passive Internet of Things (IoT) is an IoT technology that relies on radio frequency energy emitted by readers to complete data interaction. The reader, as the core device of this technology, is mainly responsible for emitting radio frequency energy, reading tag data, and communicating with the tags. In scenarios where multiple readers work collaboratively (such as inventory management in large warehouses), how to manage the power output of each reader to achieve efficient collaboration among them has become a critical issue that urgently needs to be addressed.

[0003] In related technologies, a uniform output power (such as 50% of the rated power) can be preset for each reader, and each reader maintains this fixed power throughout the entire working cycle. This method can effectively avoid coordination chaos caused by random power fluctuations among the readers, thereby enabling initial collaborative operation of each reader in simple and stable scenarios with uniform tag distribution and no significant environmental interference.

[0004] However, when the application scenario experiences dynamic situations such as fluctuations in tag density and changes in environmental interference, the fixed power of each reader cannot be flexibly adjusted according to the actual needs of the scenario. If the output power is set too high, it is easy to aggravate the radio frequency signal interference between readers, resulting in a decrease in the accuracy of tag reading; if the output power is set too low, it is difficult to effectively cover the target tags, resulting in missed readings. Summary of the Invention

[0005] This disclosure provides a method, system, reader, and storage medium for dynamic power adjustment of a reader, which enables collaborative power management of multiple readers in the same passive Internet of Things, avoids confusion caused by each reader independently adjusting its output power, and improves the reliability of tag reading.

[0006] The technical solution disclosed herein to solve the above-mentioned technical problems is as follows:

[0007] In a first aspect, this disclosure provides a method for dynamically adjusting the power of a reader / writer, applied to a first reader / writer, the method comprising:

[0008] For any one of the at least one second reader / writers, obtain the corresponding operating parameters for that second reader / writer; at least one second reader / writer is located in the same passive IoT network as the first reader / writer; the operating parameters include at least one of the corresponding reader / writer's operating state, reading efficiency, and interference level; the operating state includes an exploration state and a utilization state; the exploration state is the state in which the corresponding reader / writer adjusts its output power; the utilization state is the state in which the corresponding reader / writer maintains its output power; the interference level is determined based on the received signal strength indication detected by the corresponding reader / writer. Based on the operating parameters corresponding to any second reader / writer, adjust the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer; the exploration probability is used to characterize the probability that the corresponding reader / writer adjusts its output power. Based on the adjusted exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer, set the output power of the first reader / writer.

[0009] As can be seen, this disclosure achieves collaborative power management of multiple readers in the same passive IoT by obtaining the operating parameters (including at least one of the operating state, reading efficiency, and interference level) of the second reader in the same passive IoT as the first reader, adjusting the exploration probability of the first reader to characterize the probability of adjusting the output power, and then setting the output power of the first reader based on the adjusted exploration probability. This avoids confusion caused by each reader independently adjusting its output power and improves the reliability of tag reading.

[0010] Based on the above technical solution, the present disclosure can be further improved as follows.

[0011] Furthermore, random numbers are generated within the target numerical range. Based on the quantitative relationship between the random numbers and the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer, the power level corresponding to the first reader / writer is determined within at least one power level. Different power levels correspond to different output power values. Tag reading operations are performed based on the power level corresponding to the first reader / writer.

[0012] As can be seen, before obtaining the operating parameters of the second reader, this disclosure generates random numbers within the target value range, determines the corresponding power level (different power levels correspond to different output power values) by combining the quantitative relationship between the random numbers and the exploration probability of the first reader, and then performs tag reading operations based on the power level, which can ensure that subsequent reading operations have suitable output power support and avoid low reading efficiency caused by the lack of target power.

[0013] Furthermore, based on the fact that the random number is less than the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer, a power level is randomly selected from at least one power level as the power level corresponding to the first reader / writer.

[0014] It is evident that when the random number is less than the exploration probability of the first reader, randomly selecting one of the at least one power level as the power level of the first reader can explore the power levels corresponding to different output powers through random selection, providing the possibility of finding the optimal power level that is suitable for the current passive IoT environment, and avoiding the lack of adaptability caused by being limited to a fixed power level.

[0015] Furthermore, based on the random number being greater than or equal to the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer, the reward value corresponding to any power level among at least one power level is obtained at real-time. The reward value is used to characterize the read / write performance of the first reader / writer at the corresponding power level. The power level with the maximum reward value at real-time is taken as the power level corresponding to the first reader / writer.

[0016] It is evident that when the random number is greater than or equal to the exploration probability of the first reader, by obtaining the reward value of each power level used to characterize the read and write performance at real time and selecting the power level corresponding to the maximum reward value, it is possible to ensure that the power level adopted by the first reader is adapted to the current read and write performance requirements, reduce invalid power attempts, and improve the efficiency of tag reading.

[0017] Furthermore, a statistical time period is determined, which includes multiple statistical moments, including a first statistical moment and a second statistical moment. The first statistical moment is the real-time moment, which is later than the second statistical moment, and the second statistical moment is the statistical moment adjacent to the first statistical moment. Based on the reward value corresponding to any power level at the second statistical moment, the number of times the first reader performs tag reading operations at any power level within the statistical time period, and the number of tags read by the first reader between the first and second statistical moments, the reward value corresponding to any power level at the real-time moment is obtained.

[0018] It is evident that by determining a statistical time period that includes the first statistical moment (real-time moment) and the second statistical moment (adjacent to the first statistical moment), and combining the reward value of the power level at the second statistical moment, the number of tag read operations at that power level within the statistical time period, and the number of tag reads between the first and second statistical moments, the reward value at the real-time moment can be calculated. This ensures that the calculation of the reward value takes into account both historical data and the latest read results, improves the accuracy of the reward value in characterizing read and write performance, and provides a reliable basis for power level selection.

[0019] Furthermore, the operating parameters include the operating state of the corresponding reader / writer. A first change amount is determined; the first change amount is determined based on a first preset target change amount. Based on the operating state of any second reader / writer being in an exploration state, and based on the first change amount, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer is increased. Alternatively, based on the operating state of any second reader / writer being in a utilization state, and based on the first change amount, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer is decreased, or the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer remains unchanged.

[0020] It is evident that when the operating parameters include the operating state of the second reader / writer, by determining the first variable, increasing the exploration probability of the first reader / writer when the second reader / writer is in the exploration state and decreasing or maintaining the exploration probability when it is in the utilization state, the exploration probability of the first reader / writer can be adjusted to adapt to the operating state of the second reader / writer, avoiding conflicts with the power adjustment strategy of the second reader / writer and improving the coordination of multiple readers / writers.

[0021] Furthermore, based on the first change and the state weight corresponding to any second reader / writer, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer is increased. Based on the first change and the state weight corresponding to any second reader / writer, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer is decreased.

[0022] It is evident that when adjusting the exploration probability of the first reader based on the first change, combining the state weight corresponding to any second reader can differentiate the exploration probability according to the degree of influence of different second readers on the first reader, avoiding the adjustment deviation caused by all second readers having the same influence, and improving the accuracy of exploration probability adjustment.

[0023] Furthermore, the operating parameters include the reading efficiency of the corresponding reader / writer. A second change amount is determined, which is based on a second preset target change amount, and the reading efficiency, maximum reading efficiency threshold, and minimum reading efficiency threshold of any second reader / writer. If the reading efficiency of any second reader / writer is greater than a reading efficiency benchmark value, and based on the second change amount, the exploration probability of the first reader / writer is reduced. Alternatively, if the reading efficiency of any second reader / writer is less than a reading efficiency benchmark value, and based on the second change amount, the exploration probability of the first reader / writer is increased. Alternatively, if the reading efficiency of any second reader / writer is equal to the reading efficiency benchmark value, the exploration probability of the first reader / writer remains unchanged.

[0024] It is evident that when the operating parameters include the reading efficiency of the second reader, by determining the second variable and adjusting the exploration probability according to the relationship between the reading efficiency and the baseline value, the exploration probability of the first reader can be adapted to the reading efficiency state of the second reader, ensuring that its own power adjustment strategy is coordinated with the reading performance requirements of the second reader, thereby improving the overall reading efficiency.

[0025] Furthermore, based on the second change and the read efficiency weight corresponding to any second reader / writer, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer is reduced. Based on the second change and the read efficiency weight corresponding to any second reader / writer, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer is increased.

[0026] It is evident that when adjusting the exploration probability of the first reader based on the second variable, combining the reading efficiency weight corresponding to any second reader allows for differentiated adjustment of the exploration probability according to the degree of influence of the reading efficiency of different second readers on the first reader. This avoids insufficient adaptability caused by a single adjustment standard and improves the matching degree between the exploration probability and the reading efficiency requirements.

[0027] Furthermore, the operating parameters include the interference level of the corresponding reader / writer. A third change amount is determined, based on a third preset target change amount, and the interference level, maximum interference level threshold, and minimum interference level threshold for any second reader / writer. If the interference level of any second reader / writer is greater than the interference level benchmark value, and based on the third change amount, the exploration probability of the first reader / writer is increased. Alternatively, if the interference level of any second reader / writer is less than the interference level benchmark value, and based on the third change amount, the exploration probability of the first reader / writer is decreased. Alternatively, if the interference level of any second reader / writer is equal to the interference level benchmark value, the exploration probability of the first reader / writer remains unchanged.

[0028] It is evident that when the operating parameters include the interference level of the second reader (determined based on the received signal strength indication), by determining the third variable and adjusting the exploration probability according to the relationship between the interference level and the reference value, the exploration probability of the first reader can be adapted to the interference state of the second reader, avoiding improper power adjustment due to excessively high or low neighbor interference, and improving anti-interference capability.

[0029] Furthermore, based on the third change and the interference level weight corresponding to any second reader, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader is increased. Based on the third change and the interference level weight corresponding to any second reader, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader is decreased.

[0030] It is evident that when adjusting the exploration probability of the first reader based on the third variable, combining the interference level weight corresponding to any second reader can differentiate the exploration probability according to the degree of influence of the interference level of different second readers on the first reader, avoiding the adjustment deviation caused by the equal influence of the interference levels of all second readers, and improving the adaptability of the exploration probability to the anti-interference requirements.

[0031] Furthermore, given that the working parameters include the working status and reading efficiency of the corresponding reader / writer, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer is adjusted based on the first value, the second value, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer, the first maximum threshold and the first minimum threshold corresponding to the exploration probability; the first value is the product of the first change amount and the first preset weight; the second value is the product of the second change amount and the second preset weight.

[0032] It is evident that when the working parameters simultaneously include the working status and reading efficiency of the second reader / writer, by calculating the product of the first change and the first preset weight (first value), and the product of the second change and the second preset weight (second value), combined with the current exploration probability of the first reader / writer and the first maximum threshold and the first minimum threshold of the exploration probability, it is possible not only to take into account the impact of the working status and reading efficiency on the exploration probability, avoiding the one-sidedness of the strategy caused by adjusting a single parameter, and improving the comprehensiveness of the exploration probability adjustment; it is also possible to ensure that the adjusted exploration probability is within a reasonable range, avoiding the exploration probability from exceeding the effective range, and ensuring the stability of the exploration probability adjustment.

[0033] Furthermore, given that the working parameters include the working status and interference level of the corresponding reader / writer, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer is adjusted based on the first value, the third value, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer, the second maximum threshold and the second minimum threshold corresponding to the exploration probability; the first value is the product of the first change amount and the first preset weight; the third value is the product of the third change amount and the third preset weight.

[0034] It is evident that when the working parameters simultaneously include the working state and interference level of the second reader / writer, by calculating the product of the first change and the first preset weight (first value), and the product of the third change and the third preset weight (third value), combined with the current exploration probability of the first reader / writer and the second maximum and second minimum thresholds of the exploration probability, it is possible not only to take into account the impact of the working state and interference level on the exploration probability, avoiding insufficient anti-interference or coordination caused by adjusting a single parameter, and improving the adaptability of the exploration probability to the requirements of multiple parameters, but also to ensure that the adjusted exploration probability is within a reasonable range, avoiding the exploration probability from exceeding the effective range due to the sum being too large or too small, thus ensuring the reliability of the exploration probability adjustment.

[0035] Furthermore, given that the working parameters include the reading efficiency and interference level of the corresponding reader / writer, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer is adjusted based on the second value, the third value, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer, the third maximum threshold and the third minimum threshold corresponding to the exploration probability; the third value is the product of the third change and the third preset weight; the second value is the product of the second change and the second preset weight.

[0036] It is evident that when the operating parameters simultaneously include the reading efficiency and interference level of the second reader, by calculating the product of the third change and the third preset weight (the third value), and the product of the second change and the second preset weight (the second value), combined with the current exploration probability of the first reader and the third maximum and third minimum thresholds of the exploration probability, it is possible not only to take into account the impact of reading efficiency and interference level on the exploration probability, avoiding imbalances in efficiency or anti-interference caused by adjusting a single parameter, and improving the balance of exploration probability adjustment, but also to ensure that the adjusted exploration probability is within a reasonable range, preventing the exploration probability from exceeding the effective range, and ensuring the stability of exploration probability adjustment.

[0037] Furthermore, given that the working parameters include the working status, reading efficiency, and interference level of the corresponding reader / writer, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer is adjusted based on the first value, the second value, the third value, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer, the fourth maximum threshold, and the fourth minimum threshold corresponding to the exploration probability; the first value is the product of the first change amount and the first preset weight; the second value is the product of the second change amount and the second preset weight; and the third value is the product of the third change amount and the third preset weight.

[0038] It is evident that when the working parameters simultaneously include the working status, reading efficiency, and interference level of the second reader / writer, by calculating the first, second, and third values, and then combining them with the current exploration probability of the first reader / writer and the fourth maximum and fourth minimum thresholds of the exploration probability, the exploration probability can be adjusted. This not only takes into account the influence of the three parameters on the exploration probability, avoiding the strategy deficiency caused by adjusting only one or two parameters, and improving the comprehensiveness and accuracy of the exploration probability adjustment, but also ensures that the adjusted exploration probability is within a reasonable range, preventing the exploration probability from exceeding the effective range, and guaranteeing the stability of the exploration probability adjustment under the coordination of multiple parameters.

[0039] Furthermore, the operating parameters corresponding to any second reader carry the device identifier corresponding to that second reader; the target operating parameters carrying the device identifier corresponding to any second reader are received. Based on the device identifier corresponding to any second reader, the target operating parameters are determined to be the operating parameters corresponding to any second reader.

[0040] It is evident that by receiving the target operating parameters carrying the device identifier of the second reader / writer, and determining the target operating parameters as the corresponding operating parameters of the second reader / writer based on the device identifier, the confusion of operating parameters of different second readers / writers can be avoided, ensuring that the first reader / writer obtains accurate operating parameters of the second reader / writer, and providing a reliable data foundation for subsequent exploration probability adjustment.

[0041] Furthermore, operating parameters carrying the device identifier corresponding to the first reader are sent to any second reader.

[0042] It is evident that by sending operating parameters carrying the device identifier of the first reader to the second reader, the second reader can obtain accurate operating parameters of the first reader, providing data support for the second reader to adjust its own exploration probability based on these parameters, realizing bidirectional parameter interaction between the first and second readers, and improving the symmetry of multi-reader collaborative adjustment.

[0043] Furthermore, the first reader and any second reader interact with each other via a broadcast method based on a wireless control channel.

[0044] As can be seen, the first and second readers interact with each other via a wireless control channel and broadcast, which can efficiently transmit working parameters carrying device identifiers without point-to-point communication, reducing communication overhead, adapting to scenarios where multiple readers interact simultaneously, and improving the efficiency of working parameter transmission.

[0045] Secondly, this disclosure provides a reader power dynamic adjustment system, including a first reader and at least one second reader; the at least one second reader is located in the same passive Internet of Things (IoT) as the first reader. The first reader is configured as follows:

[0046] For any one of the at least one second reader / writers, obtain the operating parameters corresponding to that second reader / writer; the operating parameters include at least one of the operating state, reading efficiency, and interference level of the corresponding reader / writer; the operating state includes exploration state and utilization state; the exploration state is the state in which the corresponding reader / writer adjusts its output power; the utilization state is the state in which the corresponding reader / writer maintains its output power; the interference level is determined based on the received signal strength indication detected by the corresponding reader / writer.

[0047] Based on the operating parameters corresponding to any second reader / writer, adjust the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer; the exploration probability is used to characterize the probability of the corresponding reader / writer adjusting its output power.

[0048] The output power of the first reader is set based on the exploration probability corresponding to the adjusted first reader.

[0049] Based on the above technical solution, the present disclosure can be further improved as follows.

[0050] Furthermore, any second reader / writer is configured as follows:

[0051] Send the target operating parameters carrying the device identifier corresponding to any second reader to the first reader;

[0052] The first reader / writer was also configured as follows:

[0053] Receive target operating parameters carrying the device identifier corresponding to any second reader / writer; based on the device identifier corresponding to any second reader / writer, determine the target operating parameters as the operating parameters corresponding to any second reader / writer.

[0054] Furthermore, the first reader and any second reader interact with each other via a wireless control channel in a broadcast manner; the first reader is also configured to:

[0055] Send working parameters carrying the device identifier corresponding to the first reader to any second reader.

[0056] Thirdly, this disclosure provides a reader / writer, including a processor and a communication interface. The processor is coupled to a memory via the communication interface, and the processor executes program code in the memory to implement the reader / writer power dynamic adjustment method as described in any one of the first aspects above.

[0057] Fourthly, this disclosure provides a computer storage medium storing computer program instructions, which, when executed by a processor, implement the reader power dynamic adjustment method as described in any one of the first aspects above.

[0058] Understandably, the beneficial effects that the system of the second aspect, the reader / writer of the third aspect, and the computer storage medium of the fourth aspect can achieve can be referred to the beneficial effects of the first aspect and any of its possible design methods, and will not be repeated here. Attached Figure Description

[0059] Figure 1 A flowchart illustrating a method for dynamically adjusting reader power according to an embodiment of this application;

[0060] Figure 2 A schematic diagram of a passive Internet of Things (IoT) access device provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0061] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the pre-process for determining the output power of the first reader / writer provided in an embodiment of this application. Detailed Implementation

[0062] The technical solutions of the embodiments of this application will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the description of this application, unless otherwise stated, " / " indicates that the objects before and after are in an "or" relationship. For example, A / B can represent A or B. "And / or" in this application is merely a description of the relationship between related objects, indicating that three relationships can exist. For example, A and / or B can represent: A alone, A and B simultaneously, and B alone, where A and B can be singular or plural. Furthermore, in the description of this application, unless otherwise stated, "multiple" refers to two or more. "At least one of the following" or similar expressions refer to any combination of these items, including any combination of single or plural items. For example, at least one of a, b, or c can represent: a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, or abc, where a, b, and c can be single or multiple. Furthermore, to facilitate a clear description of the technical solutions in the embodiments of this application, the terms "first" and "second" are used in the embodiments of this application to distinguish identical or similar items with substantially the same function and effect. Those skilled in the art will understand that the terms "first" and "second" do not limit the quantity or execution order, and that "first" and "second" are not necessarily different. Meanwhile, in the embodiments of this application, words such as "exemplary" or "for example" are used to indicate that something is being used as an example, illustration, or description. Any embodiment or design scheme described as "exemplary" or "for example" in the embodiments of this application should not be construed as being more preferred or advantageous than other embodiments or design schemes.

[0063] This application provides a method, system, reader, and storage medium for dynamic power adjustment of a reader, which enables collaborative power management of multiple readers in the same passive Internet of Things, avoids confusion caused by each reader independently adjusting its output power, and improves the reliability of tag reading.

[0064] Figure 1 This is a flowchart illustrating a method for dynamically adjusting the power of a reader / writer, provided in an embodiment of this application. This method can be applied to a first reader / writer; that is, the method can be implemented using the first reader / writer as the executing entity. See also... Figure 1 The method may include the following steps:

[0065] S101: For any one of the at least one second reader / writers, obtain the operating parameters corresponding to any one of the second readers / writers.

[0066] In this system, at least one second reader / writer is located within the same passive IoT network as the first reader / writer. The passive IoT network provides a foundation for information exchange and power coordination between the first and second readers / writers, ensuring that they can communicate with each other within the same communication range.

[0067] For example, Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of a passive Internet of Things (IoT) access device provided in an embodiment of this application. Figure 2 As shown, the passive IoT access includes a first reader / writer 200 and at least one second reader / writer (e.g., second reader / writer 201, second reader / writer 202, second reader / writer 203, etc.). The first reader / writer 200 can interact with each of the second readers / writers.

[0068] The operating parameters include at least one of the following: the operating status of the corresponding reader / writer, reading efficiency, and interference level. In other words, the first reader / writer can flexibly choose to acquire one, two, or all three parameters based on the actual needs of the current passive IoT network, tag distribution, etc., in order to balance the completeness of information acquisition and resource consumption.

[0069] The operating states include exploration state and utilization state. The exploration state is when the corresponding reader adjusts its output power. For example, in exploration state, a second reader can switch between multiple preset power levels (e.g., 5dBm, 15dBm, 25dBm) at preset time intervals (e.g., every 3 seconds), or randomly select different power levels to try. This process collects tag reading data at different power levels to find an output power more suitable for the current environment (e.g., tag distance, occlusion). The utilization state is when the corresponding reader maintains its output power. For example, after a period of exploration, if a second reader determines that 15dBm power is sufficient to ensure tag reading success rate without causing excessive interference in the current environment, it will enter utilization state and continuously operate at 15dBm power to maintain stable reading performance and avoid reading interruptions caused by frequent power adjustments.

[0070] Interference levels are determined based on the Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) detected by the corresponding reader. RSSI is the signal strength index detected by the reader when receiving feedback signals from passive IoT tags, typically expressed in decibels per milliwatt (dBm). In practical applications, RSSI can be converted into specific interference level values ​​using preset rules. For example, if the normal range for RSSI is set to -70dBm to -50dBm, the interference level is recorded as 1 when the proportion of detected RSSI values ​​below -70dBm is within 10%; 2 when the proportion is between 10% and 30%; and 3 when the proportion exceeds 30%, with higher values ​​indicating more severe interference. Alternatively, RSSI fluctuations can also be considered. For instance, if the maximum difference in RSSI within a unit of time (e.g., 10 seconds) exceeds 15dBm, the interference level is directly classified as high.

[0071] Reading efficiency is determined based on the number of different tags read by the corresponding reader per unit time. Emphasizing different tags is to eliminate interference from repeatedly reading the same tag in the efficiency assessment, ensuring that the reading efficiency truly reflects the reader's ability to cover new tags per unit time. For example, if a second reader reads tag A, tag B, tag A again, and tag C in one minute, its reading efficiency is 3 tags / minute, not 4 tags / minute. This calculation method more accurately reflects the reader's actual reading capability.

[0072] By executing step S101, the first reader obtains the operating parameters of the second reader, enabling it to gain a real-time and comprehensive understanding of the operational status of each second reader. For example, it can identify which second readers are experimenting with new power configurations, which have reached stable operation, the current tag reading speed of each second reader, and the severity of signal interference in the environment. This information provides specific and detailed basis for the first reader's subsequent power adjustment decisions, ensuring that its adjustments are not isolated but adapted to the status of other readers. This reduces the risk of signal interference caused by asynchronous power adjustments among readers and makes the first reader's power settings more aligned with the overall operating rhythm of the passive IoT, thus improving the stability and effectiveness of tag reading within the passive IoT system.

[0073] S102: Adjust the exploration probability of the first reader based on the working parameters of any second reader.

[0074] The exploration probability characterizes the probability that the corresponding reader will adjust its output power. In other words, the magnitude of the exploration probability directly reflects the likelihood that the reader will choose to change its current output power. For example, when the exploration probability of the first reader is 0.2, it means that in the current cycle, the first reader has a 20% probability of adjusting its output power (entering the exploration state) and an 80% probability of maintaining its current output power (entering the utilization state).

[0075] Specifically, the first reader can first determine the specific operating parameters of any previously acquired second reader, and then determine the adjustment direction and magnitude based on these parameters. For example, if the acquired operating parameters include the second reader's operating status, it can be determined whether the second reader is in an exploration or utilization state; if it includes reading efficiency, it can be determined based on the number of different tags read by the second reader per unit time; if it includes interference level, it can be determined based on the RSSI detected by the second reader. Each adjustment to the output power is not random, but based on the actual operating parameters of the second reader, ensuring that the output power adjustment has a clear reference direction.

[0076] By executing step S102, the first reader adjusts its own exploration probability, which is no longer a fixed value but dynamically changes according to the operating status of each second reader. This prevents the first reader from blindly deciding whether to adjust its output power without understanding the surrounding situation. For example, it will not frequently try new power when all second readers are in a stable operating state, nor will it maintain a low exploration probability when the second readers need to adjust their output power due to environmental changes. This makes the power adjustment strategy of the first reader more in line with the actual situation of the entire passive Internet of Things, and reduces the chaos of power adjustment caused by unreasonable exploration probabilities, further ensuring the orderliness of the tag reading process.

[0077] S103: Set the output power of the first reader / writer based on the adjusted exploration probability of the first reader / writer.

[0078] Specifically, the setup process here essentially translates the adjusted exploration probability into a specific output power value, matching the actual operating power of the first reader / writer with the adjustment requirements reflected by the exploration probability. Since the exploration probability characterizes the probability of adjusting the output power, a higher adjusted exploration probability means that the first reader / writer is more likely to try new output power; a lower exploration probability tends to maintain the current output power, thus finding a balance between exploring new power to adapt to changes and maintaining the existing power to ensure stability.

[0079] The first reader can determine the final output power based on the adjusted exploration probability and preset power setting rules. For example, if the adjusted exploration probability is 0.6, it means that the first reader has a 60% probability of adjusting the output power. In this case, it may select a value that is more suitable for the current environment from several preset output power levels (e.g., 10dBm, 20dBm, 30dBm). If the exploration probability is 0.2, that is, only a 20% probability of adjustment, it is more likely to continue to use the currently running output power to avoid affecting the continuity of tag reading due to frequent changes.

[0080] By executing step S103, the first reader / writer can effectively translate the exploration probability, adjusted based on the operating parameters of the second reader / writer, into a specific output power setting. This ensures that the output power is no longer an independent, random choice, but rather linked to the operational status of the second reader / writer within the entire passive IoT system. This linkage prevents the first reader / writer's output power from becoming overly conservative and unable to adapt to environmental changes, nor from becoming unstable due to excessive adjustments. This ensures that the first reader / writer maintains a high read success rate while minimizing unnecessary output power consumption when reading tags, further enhancing the coordination and effectiveness of reader / writer operation within the entire passive IoT system.

[0081] Additionally, in some embodiments... Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the pre-process of determining the output power of the first reader / writer provided in an embodiment of this application. Figure 3 As shown, the first reader / writer can generate random numbers within the target value range. Based on the quantitative relationship between the random numbers and the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer, the power level corresponding to the first reader / writer is determined within at least one power level. Different power levels correspond to different output power values. Tag reading operations are performed based on the power level corresponding to the first reader / writer.

[0082] It should be noted that those skilled in the art can set the target numerical range based on the actual scenario and requirements. For example, the target numerical range can be set as a continuous numerical range between 0 and 1.

[0083] Specifically, the generated random numbers have both randomness and uniformity, which can avoid judgment bias caused by fixed values ​​and ensure that there is an objective reference for determining the power level each time.

[0084] The core of determining the power level based on the quantitative relationship between the random number and the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer is to trigger different selection logics by comparing the magnitudes of the two. For example, when the random number falls within the range of less than the exploration probability, one rule can be used to select the power level; when the random number falls within the range of greater than or equal to the exploration probability, another rule can be used to select the power level. This probability-based judgment method can achieve a dynamic balance between trying new power levels and using existing power levels.

[0085] Different power levels correspond to different output power values. Multiple discrete power levels can be pre-configured for the first reader, each corresponding to a fixed output power value. For example, if the maximum output power of the first reader is 100dBm, power level 1 (low power) corresponds to 0dBm output power, power level 2 (low-medium power) corresponds to 25dBm output power, power level 3 (medium power) corresponds to 50dBm output power, power level 4 (high-medium power) corresponds to 75dBm output power, and power level 5 (high power) corresponds to 100dBm output power. It should be noted that these power levels are relative, and the actual number and corresponding values ​​can be adjusted according to the application scenario. This way, once the power level is determined, the corresponding output power can be directly obtained without temporary calculations, improving operational efficiency.

[0086] Performing tag reading operations based on a determined power level means that the first reader sends a signal to the passive IoT tag within the communication range according to the output power corresponding to that power level. After receiving the signal, the tag will feed back its own identification information. The first reader receives and parses this feedback information to complete the tag reading. At the same time, it can also record key data in the reading process, such as the number of tags successfully read and the reading time, so as to retain basic data for subsequent power adjustment or performance evaluation.

[0087] As can be seen, in this embodiment, before obtaining the operating parameters of the second reader, a random number can be generated within a target value range. The corresponding power level (different power levels correspond to different output power values) is determined by combining the quantitative relationship between the random number and the exploration probability of the first reader. Then, the tag reading operation is performed based on this power level. This allows the first reader to match a clear and suitable output power for the tag reading operation even before obtaining the operating parameters of the second reader, avoiding arbitrary selection of output power due to the lack of target power guidance. For example, it avoids situations where the output power is too low, resulting in ineffective tag signal reception and low reading success rate, or excessively high output power causing signal redundancy interference and wasted energy. This ensures the orderliness and effectiveness of the initial tag reading operation. Simultaneously, the accumulated reading data can provide a reference for further optimizing the power configuration based on the operating parameters of the second reader, forming a complete logical closed loop in the entire dynamic power adjustment process and improving the overall stability of tag reading in passive IoT.

[0088] Additionally, in some embodiments, see also [link to previous document]. Figure 3 Based on the fact that the random number is less than the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer, a power level is randomly selected from at least one power level as the power level corresponding to the first reader / writer.

[0089] Random selection ensures that each power level has an equal chance of being selected. For example, if four power levels are preset, each power level has a 25% probability of being selected, and no power level will receive higher priority due to previous use or initial preference settings. This equal selection mechanism ensures that power levels that were not tried or were less frequently selected in the early stages also have a chance to participate in the current tag reading operation, thus more comprehensively covering all potential compatible power options. In passive IoT environments, factors such as tag distribution density, distance from the reader, and the location of surrounding obstructions may dynamically change with the scene. A power level that was not well-suited in a previous environment may still be suitable in the current environment. Uniform random selection effectively avoids the problem of neglecting other potential compatible options due to long-term bias towards a few power levels.

[0090] As can be seen, when the random number is less than the exploration probability of the first reader / writer, randomly selecting one of at least one power level as the power level for the first reader / writer can fully explore the adaptation potential of each preset power level in the current environment in a uniform exploration manner, avoiding exploration blind spots caused by fixed selection logic. This approach is particularly suitable for situations where scene parameters are uncertain in passive IoT environments. It allows the first reader / writer to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the actual performance of different power levels during the exploration phase, providing a richer data foundation for subsequently locking in a more adaptable power level, thereby reducing long-term power adaptation deviations caused by insufficient exploration.

[0091] Additionally, in some embodiments, see also [link to previous document]. Figure 3 Based on a random number greater than or equal to the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer, a reward value is obtained for any power level among at least one power level at a real-time interval. The reward value is used to characterize the read / write performance of the first reader / writer at the corresponding power level. The power level with the maximum reward value at the real-time interval is selected as the power level corresponding to the first reader / writer.

[0092] Specifically, when the random number is greater than or equal to the exploration probability of the first reader / writer, it means that the first reader / writer is more inclined to utilize existing operational data rather than explore new power levels. In this case, the first reader / writer can first obtain the reward value corresponding to each preset power level at a given real-time moment. Here, "real-time moment" refers to the current time point when power level selection is being performed, ensuring that the obtained reward value reflects the latest environmental state. The reward value, as an indicator of the reader / writer's read / write performance, is directly related to its actual performance at that power level. For example, the more different tags read per unit time at a certain power level and the less interference encountered during the reading process, the higher the corresponding reward value, and vice versa.

[0093] After acquiring the real-time reward values ​​for all power levels, the first reader compares these reward values, selects the highest reward value, and determines the power level corresponding to the highest reward value as its own current power level. The core of this selection logic is to prove the most suitable power level for the current environment through real-time data, which is then directly applied to subsequent tag reading operations without the need for additional random trials.

[0094] As can be seen, when the random number is greater than or equal to the exploration probability of the first reader / writer, by focusing on the real-time reward value and selecting the optimal corresponding power level, the power selection of the first reader / writer can be based on the latest actual operating data. This method no longer relies on random trials but fully utilizes accumulated performance feedback to ensure that the selected power level accurately matches the current read / write requirements. For example, a power level that can cover more tags can be selected in densely populated tag areas, while a power level with better anti-interference capabilities can be selected in areas with strong interference. This reduces the waste of resources caused by blindly trying inappropriate power levels, making the tag reading process more targeted and efficient.

[0095] In some embodiments, a statistical time period is determined, which includes multiple statistical moments, including a first statistical moment and a second statistical moment. The first statistical moment is a real-time moment, which is later than the second statistical moment, and the second statistical moment is a statistical moment adjacent to the first statistical moment. Based on the reward value corresponding to any power level at the second statistical moment, the number of times the first reader performs tag reading operations at any power level within the statistical time period, and the number of tags read by the first reader between the first and second statistical moments, the reward value corresponding to any power level at the real-time moment is obtained.

[0096] The statistical time period is a time interval containing multiple consecutive statistical moments. Its length can be preset according to the dynamic change frequency of the passive IoT. For example, the statistical time period can be set to 10:00:00-10:10:00, which can include multiple statistical moments with equal intervals, such as one statistical moment every 2 seconds. The first statistical moment is the real-time moment when the reward value is being calculated, and the second statistical moment is the statistical moment immediately preceding the first. For example, the first statistical moment is 10:10:00, and the second statistical moment is 10:09:58 (if the interval is 2 seconds). This adjacency relationship ensures that the time distance between the two moments is the shortest, and the latest reading changes can be reflected most promptly.

[0097] In some examples, the reward value Q(power) corresponding to any power level at real time can be expressed as:

[0098] Q(power)=(Q(power)'*(N(power)-1)+reward) / N(power);

[0099] N(power) = N(power)' + 1;

[0100] Where N(power)' represents the number of times the first reader performs tag reading operations at any given power level between the initial statistical time and the second statistical time. Q(power)' represents the reward value corresponding to the first reader at any given power level at the second statistical time; reward represents the number of tags read by the first reader between the second statistical time and the first statistical time.

[0101] Specifically, when calculating the reward value at a real-time moment, three key data points can be considered: First, the reward value already existing at the second statistical moment for that power level. This part represents historically accumulated performance evaluation results, reflecting the adaptability of that power level at an earlier moment. Second, the number of times the first reader performed tag reading operations at that power level during the statistical period. Third, the number of tags read between the first and second statistical moments. This is the latest real-time reading data, directly reflecting the immediate performance of that power level in the current environment. For example, reading 5 different tags in 2 seconds will have a more positive impact on the reward value compared to reading 2 tags.

[0102] The three key data points mentioned above are combined using preset rules to obtain the real-time reward value. This calculation method avoids completely discarding historical data, which would lead to a lack of continuity in the evaluation, and also avoids ignoring the latest data, which would prevent timely responses to environmental changes. The reward value for each power level can dynamically reflect its overall performance in the current and recent periods.

[0103] As can be seen, calculating the reward value in real time using this method allows the reward value to simultaneously reflect historical performance accumulation and the latest environmental feedback, avoiding the bias caused by relying solely on data from a single moment. For example, if a power level has a high historical reward value but a sudden drop in the latest read count, the calculated reward value will be lowered accordingly, accurately reflecting its current decreased adaptability; conversely, a power level with a moderate historical reward value but a significant increase in the latest read count will have its reward value rise promptly, truly reflecting its recent performance improvement. This balanced approach makes the reward value's representation of read / write performance more realistic, thus providing a more accurate and reliable basis for the first reader / writer to select the power level, reducing power selection bias caused by distorted reward values.

[0104] In addition, in some embodiments, the operating parameters include the operating state of the corresponding reader / writer. A first change amount is determined; the first change amount is determined based on a first preset target change amount; based on the operating state of any second reader / writer being in an exploration state, and based on the first change amount, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer is increased. Alternatively, based on the operating state of any second reader / writer being in a utilization state, and based on the first change amount, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer is decreased, or the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer is kept unchanged.

[0105] The first change, X1, can be determined based on the following formula:

[0106] X1=explore_factor*explore_step;

[0107] Where, explore_factor represents the working state of any second reader / writer; when the working state of any second reader / writer is exploration state, the value of explore_factor is 1; when the working state of any second reader / writer is utilization state, the value of explore_factor is -1; explore_step represents the change amount of the first preset target.

[0108] Specifically, when adjusting its own exploration probability, the first reader / writer can consider whether the second reader / writer is currently in an exploration or utilization state. Determining the first change amount is a prerequisite for adjustment, and the basis for determining the first change amount is the first preset target change amount. The first preset target change amount can be a pre-set maximum step size for adjusting the exploration probability of the first reader / writer based on the working state of the second reader / writer.

[0109] When any second reader / writer is in the exploration state, it indicates that the second reader / writer is adjusting its output power to adapt to the environment. This often suggests that the current passive IoT environment may have factors requiring adaptation, such as changes in tag distribution or temporary interference. In this case, the first reader / writer will increase its exploration probability based on a determined first change. For example, if the first change is 0.1 and the current exploration probability is 0.3, the exploration probability can be adjusted to 0.4 to enhance its responsiveness to environmental changes, echoing the exploration behavior of the second reader / writer. When any second reader / writer is in the utilization state, it indicates that the second reader / writer has found a stable output power, and the environment is relatively stable. In this case, the first reader / writer will decrease its exploration probability based on the first change (e.g., from 0.4 to 0.3), or keep it unchanged, to avoid power fluctuations caused by over-exploration, matching the stable state of the second reader / writer.

[0110] It is evident that when the operating parameters include the operating state of the second reader / writer, by determining the first change amount based on the first preset target change amount, and adjusting or maintaining the exploration probability accordingly based on whether the second reader / writer is in an exploration or utilization state, the exploration rhythm of the first reader / writer can be linked with the operating state of the second reader / writer. When the environment needs adjustment, multiple readers / writers jointly increase exploration to adapt to the change; when the environment is stable, they jointly reduce exploration to maintain stability. This coordination avoids strategy conflicts caused by one reader / writer frequently adjusting while others remain unchanged, making the power adjustment of readers / writers in the entire passive IoT more consistent, thereby improving the smoothness of multi-device collaboration.

[0111] In some embodiments, the exploration probability of the first reader / writer can be increased based on the first change amount and the state weight corresponding to any second reader / writer. Alternatively, the exploration probability of the first reader / writer can be decreased based on the first change amount and the state weight corresponding to any second reader / writer.

[0112] Specifically, when any second reader is in the exploration state, the first reader can increase the exploration probability of the first reader based on a first change, the state weight of any second reader, and the following formula:

[0113]

[0114] Where epsilon_new represents the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader after adjustment; epsilon_base represents the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader before adjustment; Wn represents the state weight corresponding to the nth second reader; and X1 represents the first change determined based on the nth second reader.

[0115] Alternatively, when any second reader is in the utilization state, the first reader can reduce the exploration probability of the first reader based on the first change, the state weight of any second reader, and the following formula:

[0116]

[0117] It is evident that this approach, which combines state weights with the exploration probability adjustment of the first variable, upgrades the first reader's response to the second reader's working state from indiscriminate consideration to refined differentiation. In passive IoT scenarios with multiple readers collaborating (such as multi-reader networks in large warehouses and smart retail shelves), the second reader, with a high degree of task overlap with the first reader, can more effectively drive the first reader to synchronously adjust its exploration probability through a larger state weight; while the second reader, with a low degree of correlation, only has a limited impact. In this way, the exploration probability adjustment of multiple readers will better align with actual collaboration needs, avoiding the coordination disorder caused by a one-size-fits-all state response, and further improving the coordination and accuracy of the entire system's power adaptation strategy.

[0118] In some embodiments, the operating parameters include the read efficiency of the corresponding reader / writer. A second change amount is determined, which is based on a second preset target change amount, and the read efficiency, maximum read efficiency threshold, and minimum read efficiency threshold of any second reader / writer. Based on the fact that the read efficiency of any second reader / writer is greater than a read efficiency benchmark value, and based on the second change amount, the exploration probability of the first reader / writer is reduced. Alternatively, based on the fact that the read efficiency of any second reader / writer is less than a read efficiency benchmark value, and based on the second change amount, the exploration probability of the first reader / writer is increased. Alternatively, based on the fact that the read efficiency of any second reader / writer is equal to the read efficiency benchmark value, the exploration probability of the first reader / writer remains unchanged.

[0119] The second change, X2, can be determined based on the following formula:

[0120] X2=efficiency_factor*efficiency_step;

[0121]

[0122] Where, explore_step represents the second preset target change amount, which can be a pre-set maximum step size for adjusting the exploration probability of the first reader based on the reading efficiency of the second reader; efficiency represents the reading efficiency corresponding to any second reader; threshold_efficiency_low represents the minimum reading efficiency threshold corresponding to any second reader; and threshold_efficiency_high represents the maximum reading efficiency threshold corresponding to any second reader.

[0123] Specifically, when adjusting its exploration probability, the first reader can consider the reading efficiency of the second reader. Determining the second change is a prerequisite for adjustment, and the calculation of the second change can combine several factors: first, the second preset target change; second, the current actual reading efficiency of the second reader, as well as the preset maximum and minimum reading efficiency thresholds. These two thresholds are used to define a reasonable range for reading efficiency; for example, the maximum threshold is set to 10 reads / minute (representing the ideal reading efficiency of the reader in this scenario), and the minimum threshold is set to 2 reads / minute (indicating that the reading efficiency is too low and intervention is needed).

[0124] When the reading efficiency of any second reader is less than the baseline reading efficiency (e.g., the baseline is set at 5 reads / minute and the current reading efficiency is 7 reads / minute), the first reader will increase its own exploration probability based on the calculated second change, for example, from 0.3 to 0.39, in order to try to find a better output power; when the reading efficiency is greater than the baseline (e.g., 3 reads / minute), the first reader will decrease its exploration probability based on the second change, for example, from 0.3 to 0.24, in order to reduce invalid exploration and stabilize the current reading; when the reading efficiency equals the baseline, it means that the reading performance of the second reader is in a balanced state, and the first reader maintains its exploration probability unchanged and continues to observe environmental changes.

[0125] In some examples, the efficiency_factor can be adjusted non-linearly (using the Sigmoid function as an example):

[0126] efficiency_factor'=2*sigmoid(alpha_efficiency*efficiency_factor)-1;

[0127] The value of efficiency_factor' can be in the range of [-1, 1], which represents the reading efficiency; the higher the reading efficiency, the closer efficiency_factor' is to 1; sigmoid(z) = 1 / (1+e^(-z)) is the standard sigmoid function, and alpha_efficiency is the kurtosis parameter that controls the nonlinear adjustment.

[0128] It is evident that when the operating parameters include the reading efficiency of the second reader, the exploration probability adjustment of the first reader can accurately respond to the reading performance of the second reader. This dynamic adaptation allows the power strategy of the first reader to be linked with the actual reading needs of the second reader, avoiding fluctuations in overall reading efficiency caused by a disconnect between the strategies of the two, thereby improving the coordination and effectiveness of tag reading in the entire passive IoT system.

[0129] Additionally, in some embodiments, the exploration probability of the first reader / writer is increased based on the second change amount and the read efficiency weight corresponding to any second reader / writer. Alternatively, the exploration probability of the first reader / writer is decreased based on the second change amount and the read efficiency weight corresponding to any second reader / writer.

[0130] Specifically, if the reading efficiency of any second reader is less than the reading efficiency benchmark, the exploration probability of the first reader can be increased based on the second change, the reading efficiency weight of any second reader, and the following formula:

[0131]

[0132] Where Pn represents the read efficiency weight corresponding to the nth second reader / writer, and X2 represents the second change determined based on the nth second reader / writer.

[0133] If the reading efficiency of any second reader is greater than the baseline reading efficiency value, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader can be reduced based on the second change, the reading efficiency weight corresponding to any second reader, and the following formula:

[0134]

[0135] It is evident that when adjusting the exploration probability of the first reader based on the second variable, combining the reading efficiency weight corresponding to any second reader allows for differentiated adjustment of the exploration probability according to the degree of influence of the reading efficiency of different second readers on the first reader. This avoids insufficient adaptability caused by a single adjustment standard and improves the matching degree between the exploration probability and the reading efficiency requirements.

[0136] In some embodiments, the operating parameters include the interference level of the corresponding reader / writer. A third change amount is determined, which is based on a third preset target change amount, and the interference level, maximum interference level threshold, and minimum interference level threshold corresponding to any second reader / writer. Based on the interference level of any second reader / writer being greater than the interference level benchmark value, and based on the third change amount, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer is increased. Alternatively, based on the interference level of any second reader / writer being less than the interference level benchmark value, and based on the third change amount, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer is decreased. Alternatively, based on the interference level of any second reader / writer being equal to the interference level benchmark value, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer remains unchanged.

[0137] The third change, X3, can be determined based on the following formula:

[0138] X3=interference_factor*interference_step;

[0139]

[0140] Wherein, interference_step represents the third preset target change amount, which can be the maximum step size for adjusting the exploration probability of the first reader based on the interference level of the second reader; interference represents the interference level corresponding to any second reader; threshold_interference_low represents the minimum interference level threshold corresponding to any second reader; and threshold_interference_high represents the maximum interference level threshold corresponding to any second reader.

[0141] Specifically, when adjusting its own exploration probability, the first reader can consider the interference level corresponding to the second reader. Determining the third change is a prerequisite for adjustment, and the calculation of the third change can combine multiple factors: first, the third preset target change; second, the current actual interference level of the second reader, and the preset maximum and minimum interference level thresholds. These two thresholds are used to divide the range of interference levels. For example, the maximum threshold is set to level 5 (representing severe interference), and the minimum threshold is set to level 1 (representing slight interference), thereby defining a reasonable range for the interference level.

[0142] When the interference level of any second reader exceeds the baseline interference level (e.g., the baseline is level 3 and the current interference level is level 4), it indicates that the second reader is in an environment with strong interference, which may affect its own signal reception and that of surrounding readers. The first reader can increase its exploration probability based on a calculated third change. For example, increasing it from 0.3 to 0.62 by trying a new output power to avoid potential interference and adapt to the high interference state of the second reader. When the interference level is less than the baseline (e.g., level 2), it indicates that the interference in the second reader's environment is weak and the signal environment is stable. The first reader can decrease its exploration probability based on the third change. For example, decreasing it from 0.3 to 0.12 by reducing unnecessary power adjustments to maintain stable reading. When the interference level equals the baseline, it indicates that the environmental interference is in a balanced state. The first reader maintains its exploration probability unchanged and continues to monitor interference changes.

[0143] In some examples, the interference_factor can be adjusted non-linearly (taking the Sigmoid function as an example):

[0144] interference_factor'=2*sigmoid(alpha_interference*interference_factor)-1;

[0145] The value of interference_factor' can be in the range of [-1, 1], which represents the level of interference; the higher the level of interference, the closer interference_factor' is to -1; alpha_interference is the kurtosis parameter that controls the nonlinear adjustment.

[0146] It is evident that when the operating parameters include the interference level of the second reader, the exploration probability of the first reader can accurately respond to the signal environment in which the second reader operates. When interference is severe, it actively increases exploration to find an output power that resists interference; when interference is mild, it reduces exploration to maintain stability. This dynamic adaptation links the power adjustment strategy of the first reader with the interference state of the second reader, avoiding signal conflicts caused by insufficient response to interference changes or power waste due to over-adjustment. This enhances the anti-interference coordination capability of the readers and the stability of tag reading in the entire passive IoT system.

[0147] Additionally, in some embodiments, the exploration probability of the first reader is increased based on the third change amount and the interference level weight corresponding to any second reader. Alternatively, the exploration probability of the first reader is decreased based on the third change amount and the interference level weight corresponding to any second reader.

[0148] Specifically, if the interference level of any second reader is greater than the interference level benchmark, the exploration probability of the first reader can be increased based on the third change, the interference level weight of any second reader, and the following formula:

[0149]

[0150] Where Qn represents the read efficiency weight corresponding to the nth second reader / writer, and X3 represents the third change determined based on the nth second reader / writer.

[0151] If the interference level of any second reader is less than or equal to the interference level baseline, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader can be reduced based on the third change, the interference level weight corresponding to any second reader, and the following formula:

[0152]

[0153] It is evident that when adjusting the exploration probability of the first reader based on the third variable, combining the interference level weight corresponding to any second reader can differentiate the exploration probability according to the degree of influence of the interference level of different second readers on the first reader, avoiding the adjustment deviation caused by the equal influence of the interference levels of all second readers, and improving the adaptability of the exploration probability to the anti-interference requirements.

[0154] In addition, in some embodiments, when the working parameters include the working state and reading efficiency of the corresponding reader / writer, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer is adjusted based on the first value and the second value; the first value is the product of the first change amount and the first preset weight; the second value is the product of the second change amount and the second preset weight.

[0155] In other words, when adjusting the exploration probability, the first reader can also consider the working status and reading efficiency of the second reader. This dual consideration is to ensure that the adjustment result better reflects the overall operating status of the passive Internet of Things and avoids judgment bias caused by relying on only a single parameter.

[0156] Specifically, the first change is an adjustment range determined based on the second reader's operating state (e.g., the first change might be 0.2 when the second reader is in exploration mode, and -0.1 when it is in utilization mode). The first preset weight is used to measure the importance of the operating state in this adjustment, and its value can be set according to the scenario requirements. For example, in scenarios where the environment changes frequently, the operating state has higher reference value, and the first preset weight can be set to 0.6; in scenarios where the environment is stable but the reading speed requirement is high, the weight can be set to 0.4. The second change is an adjustment range determined based on the second reader's reading efficiency (e.g., the second change might be 0.15 when the reading efficiency is higher than the benchmark value, and -0.1 when it is lower than the benchmark value). The second preset weight is used to measure the importance of reading efficiency, and it corresponds to the first preset weight. The sum of the two can be 1 (e.g., when the first preset weight is 0.6, the second preset weight is 0.4), ensuring the rationality of the weight allocation.

[0157] In specific adjustments, the first reader / writer can first calculate the first and second values ​​separately, and then determine the final adjustment direction and magnitude by summing the two. For example, if the first change is 0.2 and the first preset weight is 0.6, then the first value is 0.2 × 0.6 = 0.12; if the second change is -0.1 and the second preset weight is 0.4, then the second value is -0.1 × 0.4 = -0.04. The sum of these two values ​​is 0.12 + (-0.04) = 0.08, and the exploration probability of the first reader / writer will increase by 0.08. As another example, if the first change is -0.1 and the first preset weight is 0.5, the first value is -0.05; if the second change is 0.1 and the second preset weight is 0.5, the second value is 0.05. The sum of these two values ​​is -0.05 + 0.05 = 0, and the exploration probability remains unchanged. This adjustment method naturally integrates the dual effects of working status and reading efficiency.

[0158] As can be seen, when the operating parameters simultaneously include the operating status and reading efficiency of the second reader, this adjustment method allows the exploration probability of the first reader to incorporate information from both key parameters. It avoids neglecting the actual reading efficiency while focusing solely on the operating status, and also avoids ignoring the state adaptation requirements brought about by environmental changes while focusing solely on reading efficiency. For example, in a scenario where the second reader is in an exploration state (indicating environmental change) but has high reading efficiency (indicating current power is acceptable), the influence of both will be balanced through weighting, ensuring that the adjustment of the exploration probability responds to environmental changes without being overly aggressive. This allows the adjustment result to more comprehensively align with the actual operational needs of passive IoT, improving the accuracy of the exploration probability's adaptation to the overall scenario.

[0159] In addition, in some embodiments, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader is adjusted based on the sum of the first value and the second value, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader, the first maximum threshold and the first minimum threshold corresponding to the exploration probability.

[0160] The sum of the first and second values, delta_epsilon 1, can be expressed as:

[0161] delta_epsilon 1=(weight_explore*X1)+(weight_efficiency * X2);

[0162] Among them, weight_explore is the first preset weight; weight_efficiency is the second preset weight.

[0163] The adjustment process here doesn't simply rely on the sum of the first and second values ​​to directly change the exploration probability. Instead, it combines the current exploration probability of the first reader with pre-set maximum and minimum thresholds for the exploration probability, forming a complete logic of preliminary calculation, range verification, and final determination. First, the first reader can calculate the preliminary adjusted exploration probability based on the current exploration probability and the sum. For example, if the current exploration probability is 0.4 and the sum of the first and second values ​​is 0.3, then the preliminary adjusted exploration probability is 0.4 + 0.3 = 0.7; if the sum is -0.2, then the preliminary adjusted exploration probability is 0.4 - 0.2 = 0.2.

[0164] Next, this initially adjusted exploration probability can be compared with the first maximum threshold and the first minimum threshold. These two thresholds can be pre-set based on the operational requirements of passive IoT and the hardware performance of the reader, and are used to define the effective range of the exploration probability. For example, the first maximum threshold is set to 0.8 (to avoid the exploration probability being too high, which would cause frequent adjustments to the output power and affect the stability of tag reading), and the first minimum threshold is set to 0.1 (to avoid the exploration probability being too low, which would prevent timely adaptation to environmental changes and miss out on better output power).

[0165] Furthermore, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer after adjustment can be determined based on the following rules:

[0166] epsilon_new=max(epsilon_min1,min(epsilon_max 1,epsilon_new'));

[0167] epsilon_new'=epsilon_base+delta_epsilon 1;

[0168] Where epsilon_new is the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader after adjustment, epsilon_min 1 is the first minimum threshold, and epsilon_max 1 is the first maximum threshold.

[0169] As can be seen, when adjusting the exploration probability based on the sum of the first and second values, introducing the current exploration probability of the first reader and the first maximum and minimum thresholds of the exploration probability allows for setting clear safety boundaries for the adjustment. This prevents the exploration probability from soaring excessively high due to an excessively large sum, causing frequent fluctuations in output power and interruptions in the reading process; conversely, it prevents the exploration probability from plummeting excessively low due to an excessively small sum, causing the reader to enter a conservative operating state and become unable to respond to power adaptation requirements brought about by environmental changes. This adjustment method keeps the exploration probability within a reasonable range that balances exploration flexibility and operational stability, ensuring that the result of each exploration probability adjustment effectively serves the tag reading needs of passive IoT, thereby improving the reliability and stability of the overall power adjustment strategy.

[0170] In addition, in some embodiments, when the working parameters include the working state and interference level of the corresponding reader / writer, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer is adjusted based on the sum of the first value and the third value; the first value is the product of the first change amount and the first preset weight; the third value is the product of the third change amount and the third preset weight.

[0171] In other words, when adjusting the exploration probability, the first reader can also consider the operating status and interference level of the second reader. This dual consideration is to ensure that the adjustment result better reflects the overall operating status of the passive Internet of Things and avoids judgment bias caused by relying on only a single parameter.

[0172] Specifically, the third change is an adjustment range determined based on the interference level of the second reader / writer, and its value can vary depending on the comparison between the interference level and the benchmark value. For example, when the interference level is higher than the benchmark value, the third change might be 0.3 (indicating the need to increase exploration to avoid interference); when it is lower than the benchmark value, the third change might be -0.15 (indicating the need to reduce exploration to maintain stability). The third preset weight is used to set the proportion of the interference level's influence, corresponding to the first preset weight. The sum of the two can be 1. For example, when the first preset weight is 0.5, the third preset weight is also 0.5, ensuring that the influence of the two parameters is reasonably distributed.

[0173] In specific adjustments, the first reader / writer can first calculate the first and third values ​​separately, and then determine the final adjustment direction and magnitude of the exploration probability by the sum of the two. For example, if the first change is 0.2 and the first preset weight is 0.5, then the first value is 0.2 × 0.5 = 0.1; if the third change is 0.3 and the third preset weight is 0.5, then the third value is 0.3 × 0.5 = 0.15. At this time, the sum of the two is 0.1 + 0.15 = 0.25, and the exploration probability of the first reader / writer will increase by 0.25. As another example, if the first change is -0.1 and the first preset weight is 0.3, the first value is -0.1 × 0.3 = -0.03; if the third change is -0.15 and the third preset weight is 0.7, the third value is -0.15 × 0.7 = -0.105, and the sum is -0.03 + (-0.105) = -0.135, and the exploration probability will decrease by 0.135. This sum-based calculation method allows the effects of working status and interference level to be naturally superimposed: when both point to increasing exploration, the sum will amplify the adjustment range; when both point to increasing or decreasing respectively, the sum will reflect the balance between the two, avoiding the adjustment imbalance caused by a single parameter dominating.

[0174] As can be seen, when the operating parameters simultaneously include the operating state and interference level of the second reader, this comprehensive calculation and adjustment method allows the exploration probability of the first reader to absorb information from both key parameters. It avoids neglecting the actual impact of the interference environment by focusing solely on the operating state, and also avoids ignoring the need for multi-reader collaboration by only considering the interference level. For example, in a scenario where the second reader is in an exploration state (indicating the need for collaborative adjustment) and the interference level is high (indicating the need for interference-resistant exploration), the combined effects of both significantly increase the exploration probability. Conversely, in a scenario where the second reader is in a utilization state (indicating the need for stability) but the interference level is slightly high (indicating the need for slight exploration), their effects counterbalance each other, resulting in only a minor adjustment to the exploration probability. This adjustment method allows the exploration probability to more comprehensively meet the integrated needs of passive IoT, improving its adaptability to multi-parameter scenarios.

[0175] In addition, in some embodiments, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader is adjusted based on the sum of the first value and the third value, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader, and the second maximum threshold and the second minimum threshold corresponding to the exploration probability.

[0176] The sum of the first and third values, delta_epsilon 2, can be expressed as:

[0177] delta_epsilon 2=(weight_explore*X1)+(weight_interference*X3);

[0178] Among them, weight_interference is the third preset weight.

[0179] The adjustment process here involves adding constraints on the exploration probability boundary based on the sum of the first and third values, forming a complete logic of calculating the initial adjustment value, boundary verification, and determining the final value. First, the first reader / writer can calculate the initially adjusted exploration probability based on the current exploration probability and the sum of the first and third values. For example, if the current exploration probability is 0.4 and the sum of the first and third values ​​is 0.3, then the initially adjusted exploration probability is 0.4 + 0.3 = 0.7; if the sum is -0.2, then the initially adjusted exploration probability is 0.4 - 0.2 = 0.2.

[0180] Next, this initial adjustment value can be compared with the preset second maximum threshold and second minimum threshold. These two thresholds can be set according to the actual operational needs of the passive IoT (such as the stability of multi-reader collaboration, anti-interference requirements, etc.) to define the effective range of the exploration probability. For example, the second maximum threshold can be set to 0.85 (to avoid excessively high exploration probability leading to frequent changes in output power and causing signal conflicts among multiple readers), and the second minimum threshold can be set to 0.08 (to avoid excessively low exploration probability leading to an inability to respond to interference changes in a timely manner and reducing anti-interference flexibility).

[0181] Furthermore, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer after adjustment can be determined based on the following rules:

[0182] epsilon_new=max(epsilon_min 2,min(epsilon_max 2,epsilon_new'));

[0183] epsilon_new'=epsilon_base+delta_epsilon 2;

[0184] Where epsilon_min 2 is the second minimum threshold and epsilon_max 2 is the second maximum threshold.

[0185] As can be seen, when adjusting the exploration probability based on the sum of the first and third values, introducing the current exploration probability of the first reader and the second maximum and minimum thresholds allows for the setting of a clear safety range for the exploration probability. This prevents the exploration probability from soaring to an unreasonable level due to an excessively large sum, causing frequent adjustments to output power and disrupting the collaborative stability of multiple readers; conversely, it prevents the exploration probability from dropping too low due to an excessively small sum, causing readers to lose their ability to cope with changes in interference. This adjustment method keeps the exploration probability within a reasonable range that balances collaboration and anti-interference flexibility, ensuring that each adjustment effectively meets the comprehensive needs of passive IoT and improving the reliability and effectiveness of exploration probability adjustment.

[0186] In addition, in some embodiments, when the operating parameters include the reading efficiency and interference level of the corresponding reader / writer, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer is adjusted based on the sum of the second value and the third value; the third value is the product of the third change amount and the third preset weight; the second value is the product of the second change amount and the second preset weight.

[0187] In other words, when adjusting the exploration probability, the first reader can also consider the reading efficiency and interference level of the second reader. This dual consideration is to ensure that the adjustment result better reflects the overall operating state of the passive Internet of Things and avoids judgment bias caused by relying on only a single parameter.

[0188] In specific adjustments, the first reader can first calculate the third and second values ​​separately, and then determine the final adjustment direction and magnitude of the exploration probability by summing the two. For example, if the third change is 0.25 and the third preset weight is 0.6, then the third value is 0.25 × 0.6 = 0.15; if the second change is 0.15 and the second preset weight is 0.4, then the second value is 0.15 × 0.4 = 0.06. The sum of the two is 0.15 + 0.06 = 0.21, and the exploration probability of the first reader will increase by 0.21. As another example, if the third change is -0.1 and the third preset weight is 0.4, the third value is -0.1 × 0.4 = -0.04; if the second change is -0.2 and the second preset weight is 0.6, the second value is -0.2 × 0.6 = -0.12. The sum of the two is -0.04 + (-0.12) = -0.16, and the exploration probability will decrease by 0.16. This calculation method allows the effects of interference levels and reading efficiency to be naturally balanced.

[0189] As can be seen, when the operating parameters include both the reading efficiency and interference level of the second reader, this adjustment method allows the exploration probability of the first reader to incorporate information from both key parameters simultaneously. It avoids neglecting the impact of interference on the signal by focusing solely on reading efficiency, nor sacrifices the optimization requirements for reading efficiency by prioritizing interference levels. For example, in a scenario where the second reader has high reading efficiency (indicating high current power) but slightly high interference (indicating the need for slight exploration and anti-interference), the effects of reading efficiency inhibiting exploration and interference level promoting exploration are balanced, resulting in only a slight adjustment to the exploration probability. Conversely, in a scenario with low reading efficiency (requiring exploration optimization) and high interference (requiring exploration and anti-interference), the combined effects significantly increase the exploration probability. This adjustment method allows the exploration probability to more evenly adapt to the dual needs of efficiency and anti-interference in passive IoT, improving its adaptability to various scenarios.

[0190] In addition, in some embodiments, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader is adjusted based on the sum of the second and third values, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader, the third maximum threshold and the third minimum threshold corresponding to the exploration probability.

[0191] The sum of the second and third values, delta_epsilon 3, can be expressed as:

[0192] delta_epsilon 3=(weight_efficiency*X2)+(weight_interference*X3);

[0193] The adjustment process here adds boundary constraints on the exploration probability based on the sum of the second and third values, forming a closed-loop logic of "calculating the initial adjustment value - threshold verification - determining the final value". First, the first reader / writer calculates the initially adjusted exploration probability by combining the current exploration probability with the sum of the second and third values. For example, if the current exploration probability is 0.35 and the sum of the second and third values ​​is 0.2, then the initially adjusted exploration probability is 0.35 + 0.2 = 0.55; if the sum is -0.15, the initially adjusted exploration probability is 0.35 - 0.15 = 0.2.

[0194] Next, this initial adjustment value can be compared with the preset third maximum threshold and third minimum threshold. These two thresholds can be set according to the balance requirements of reading efficiency and interference level in passive IoT, and are used to define the effective range of exploration probability. For example, the third maximum threshold can be set to 0.8 (to avoid excessively high exploration probability leading to frequent power fluctuations and affecting the stability of reading efficiency), and the third minimum threshold can be set to 0.12 (to avoid excessively low exploration probability leading to an inability to respond to interference changes in a timely manner, sacrificing anti-interference flexibility).

[0195] Furthermore, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer after adjustment can be determined based on the following rules:

[0196] epsilon_new=max(epsilon_min 3,min(epsilon_max 3,epsilon_new'));

[0197] epsilon_new'=epsilon_base+delta_epsilon 3;

[0198] Among them, epsilon_min 3 is the second minimum threshold, and epsilon_max 3 is the second maximum threshold.

[0199] As can be seen, when adjusting the exploration probability based on the sum of the second and third values, introducing the current exploration probability of the first reader and the third maximum and minimum thresholds allows for setting a clear safety range for the exploration probability. This prevents the exploration probability from soaring to an unreasonable level due to an excessively large sum, causing frequent output power adjustments and disrupting the collaborative stability of multiple readers; conversely, it prevents the exploration probability from dropping too low due to an excessively small sum, causing readers to lose their ability to cope with changes in interference. This adjustment ensures that every change in the exploration probability accurately adapts to the dual requirements of passive IoT for efficient reading and stable anti-interference, improving the reliability and balance of the overall power adjustment strategy.

[0200] In addition, in some embodiments, when the working parameters include the working state, reading efficiency and interference level of the corresponding reader / writer, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer is adjusted based on the first value, the second value and the third value; the first value is the product of the first change amount and the first preset weight; the second value is the product of the second change amount and the second preset weight; and the third value is the product of the third change amount and the third preset weight.

[0201] In other words, when adjusting the exploration probability, the first reader can also consider the operating status, reading efficiency, and interference level of the second reader. This triple consideration is to ensure that the adjustment result better reflects the overall operating state of the passive Internet of Things and avoids judgment bias caused by relying on only a single parameter.

[0202] Specifically, the first layer of calculation focuses on the interaction between working state and reading efficiency: The first value is an adjustment component related to working state (first change amount × first preset weight), where the first change amount reflects the direction of the second reader's working state (exploration / utilization) on the exploration probability (e.g., exploration state corresponds to a positive change amount, utilization state corresponds to a negative change amount), and the first preset weight reflects the importance of working state in collaborative scenarios (e.g., the weight is set to 0.4 in multi-device linkage scenarios); The second value is an adjustment component related to reading efficiency (second change amount × second preset weight), where the second change amount reflects the direction of the impact of reading efficiency (above / below the benchmark value) on the exploration probability (e.g., high efficiency corresponds to a negative change amount, suppressing over-exploration), and the second preset weight reflects the priority of reading efficiency (e.g., efficiency-first scenarios are set to 0.3). The third value is an adjustment component related to interference level (third change amount × third preset weight), where the third change amount reflects the direction of the adjustment of interference level (above / below the benchmark value) on the exploration probability (e.g., high interference corresponds to a positive change amount, promoting anti-interference exploration), and the third preset weight reflects the priority of anti-interference requirements (e.g., complex signal environment is set to 0.3, and the sum of the weights of the first two is 1). Ultimately, by using the first, second, and third values, the adjustment range of the three parameters can be obtained.

[0203] As can be seen, when the operating parameters simultaneously include operating status, read efficiency, and interference level, this adjustment method allows the first reader / writer's exploration probability to incorporate information from all three key parameters. It avoids sacrificing multi-device collaboration by ignoring operating status, affecting power matching efficiency by overlooking read efficiency, and reducing anti-interference capabilities by neglecting interference levels. This comprehensive integration logic allows the exploration probability adjustment to precisely match the triple requirements of collaboration, efficiency, and anti-interference in passive IoT, significantly improving its adaptability to complex scenarios.

[0204] In addition, in some embodiments, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader is adjusted based on the sum of the first, second and third values, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader, the fourth maximum threshold and the fourth minimum threshold corresponding to the exploration probability.

[0205] The sum of the first, second, and third values, delta_epsilon 4, can be expressed as:

[0206] delta_epsilon4 =

[0207] (weight_explore*X1)+(weight_efficiency*X2)+(weight_interference*X3);

[0208] The adjustment process here involves adding boundary constraints on the exploration probability to the sum of the first, second, and third values, forming a complete logical chain of calculating the initial adjustment value, threshold verification, and determining the final value. This logic fully incorporates the combined effects of three parameters: working status, reading efficiency, and interference level. Furthermore, threshold control prevents extreme values ​​in the exploration probability due to the superposition of multiple parameters, ensuring that the adjustment result is both comprehensive and stable.

[0209] Furthermore, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer after adjustment can be determined based on the following rules:

[0210] epsilon_new=max(epsilon_min 4,min(epsilon_max 4,epsilon_new'));

[0211] epsilon_new'=epsilon_base+delta_epsilon 4;

[0212] Among them, epsilon_min 4 is the fourth minimum threshold, and epsilon_max 4 is the fourth maximum threshold.

[0213] It is evident that in scenarios involving multi-parameter collaboration, this adjustment method allows the exploration probability to fully incorporate information on working status, reading efficiency, and interference level, while remaining consistently anchored within a reasonable range that balances collaboration, efficiency, and anti-interference. This avoids extreme adjustments caused by the superposition of multiple parameters, while ensuring the accuracy of the exploration probability's response to complex environments, thereby improving the overall operational stability of the passive IoT system in dynamic scenarios.

[0214] In some embodiments, the operating parameters corresponding to any second reader carry the device identifier corresponding to any second reader; a target operating parameter carrying the device identifier corresponding to any second reader is received. Based on the device identifier corresponding to any second reader, the target operating parameter is determined as the operating parameter corresponding to any second reader.

[0215] The device identifier is a unique identifier for each reader / writer. It can be the reader / writer's hardware serial number, MAC address, IoT device ID, etc. The device identifier ensures that each reader / writer has a unique digital identity in a passive IoT environment.

[0216] After receiving target operating parameters carrying a device identifier, the first reader can extract the device identifier by parsing the data and perform precise parameter-device matching based on this identifier. Specifically, the first reader maintains a mapping table of device identifiers and operating parameters. When a target operating parameter is received, it first reads the device identifier, then finds the corresponding entry for the second reader in the mapping table, and fills the received parameter into that entry. For example, upon receiving parameters containing the identifier "RW-2023-005", the first reader will explicitly associate these parameters with the second reader numbered 005, rather than any other device.

[0217] It is evident that by enabling the second reader to carry device identifiers in its operating parameters and accurately binding parameters to the device based on these identifiers, the risk of parameter confusion can be completely eliminated in multi-reader collaborative scenarios. This provides a clear and reliable foundation for the first reader to subsequently explore probabilities based on parameters such as the second reader's operating status, reading efficiency, and interference level, ensuring that every adjustment is based on accurate information and improving the reliability of the entire system's power adaptation strategy from the source.

[0218] In addition, in some embodiments, operating parameters carrying the device identifier corresponding to the first reader are sent to any second reader.

[0219] From the perspective of interaction logic, this sending behavior is a reverse complement to the parameter transmission from the second reader to the first reader, forming a two-way parameter interaction closed loop. That is, by receiving the identified parameters from the second reader, the first reader can accurately adjust its own exploration probability; the second reader can also obtain a reliable basis for adjusting its own strategy by receiving the identified parameters from the first reader.

[0220] As can be seen, by sending operating parameters carrying its own device identifier to the second reader, the first reader not only provides the second reader with a clear and reliable basis for adjustment, but also breaks through the previous limitations of one-way information transmission, realizing bidirectional parameter exchange between the first and second readers. This symmetrical interaction mode allows both parties to fully consider each other's operating status when adjusting the exploration probability, avoiding strategy conflicts caused by information asymmetry (such as signal interference caused by both parties exploring at high frequencies simultaneously). Ultimately, it upgrades the collaborative adjustment of multiple readers from single-device adaptation to global linkage optimization, significantly improving the collaborative accuracy and operational stability of the entire passive IoT system.

[0221] In addition, in some embodiments, the first reader and any second reader interact with each other via a broadcast method based on a wireless control channel.

[0222] The wireless control channel can be a dedicated, independent communication frequency band (such as a specific radio frequency band or a dedicated channel for the Internet of Things), physically isolated from the service channel used by the reader to read tag data. This isolation design avoids signal conflicts between control information (such as operating parameters and device identification) and tag data transmission, ensuring the stability of parameter interaction. For example, the service channel may be used for high-frequency reading of tag ID information, while the control channel is dedicated to carrying status synchronization information between readers; each performs its own function without interfering with the other.

[0223] Data interaction via broadcast refers to a situation where the sender (either the first or second reader) transmits information without specifying a particular recipient, but instead spreads data packets carrying device identifiers and operating parameters to the surrounding environment through a control channel. All readers within the coverage area of ​​this broadcast signal (including the first and second readers) can receive the data packets by listening to the control channel. For example, when the first reader sends a broadcast, the second readers 1, 2, ..., n within its coverage area can simultaneously receive information including the device identifier "RW-001" and operating parameters. Similarly, when a second reader sends a broadcast, the first reader and other second readers can synchronously obtain its status. Combined with the previous device identifier mechanism, broadcast data will not be confused due to one-to-many transmission. After receiving the broadcast packet, the receiver will first parse the device identifier and only process the parameters related to its own coordination logic (e.g., the first reader will pay attention to the identifiers and parameters of all second readers, while a certain second reader may only focus on processing the information of the first reader and its adjacent second readers), achieving the effect of broadcast transmission and accurate parsing.

[0224] It is evident that broadcast data interaction based on the wireless control channel provides a low-cost, high-efficiency, and easily scalable information synchronization solution for multi-reader systems. It not only solves the efficiency bottleneck of point-to-point communication in multi-device scenarios, but also ensures the reliability and specificity of parameter transmission through the isolation of the control channel and the service channel, and the precise matching of device identifiers. Ultimately, it allows the coordinated adjustment of the first and second readers to be based on real-time sharing and efficient interoperability, further enhancing the dynamic adaptability of the entire passive IoT system.

[0225] The following is a brief description of the reader power dynamic adjustment method provided in this application embodiment, with specific examples:

[0226] A large warehouse contains various goods, each tagged with a passive IoT tag. The warehouse layout and goods placement are dynamic, with new goods potentially entering or leaving the warehouse at any time, and the stacking positions of the goods may also change. Our goal is to use multiple passive IoT readers (e.g., distributed throughout the warehouse) to inventory all the goods within the warehouse, but the passive IoT environment inside the warehouse is highly complex and dynamic:

[0227] Tag density unknown: The tag density may vary in different areas of the warehouse. Some areas may have many tags, while others may have very few tags, or even no tags at all.

[0228] Dynamic changes in environmental interference: There may be unknown sources of interference from warehouse equipment, personnel movement, etc., which can randomly affect the reading performance of the reader.

[0229] Dynamic environment: The location of goods changes at any time, and the distribution of tags will also change accordingly.

[0230] To address the above scenario, the reader power dynamic adjustment method provided in this application embodiment can be used for the following processing:

[0231] 0. Initialization.

[0232] Each reader maintains two variables for each power level:

[0233] Q (power): The bonus value corresponding to the power level (the initial value can be set to 0 or an estimated value);

[0234] N(power): The number of attempts to achieve the corresponding power level (initially 0).

[0235] 1. Generate random numbers and perform exploration or exploitation.

[0236] Generate a random number between 0 and 1;

[0237] If the random number is less than epsilon (e.g., 10%), then a power level is randomly selected for exploration. For example, power level 3 (medium power) is randomly selected.

[0238] If the random number is greater than or equal to epsilon (e.g., 90%), then the power level that appears to be the best at the moment is selected for utilization. The "best power level" is defined as the power level with the highest Q value. If multiple power levels have the same Q value, one of them can be randomly selected.

[0239] Assuming that the power level with the highest calculated Q value is power level 4, then power level 4 will be selected for utilization.

[0240] 2. Perform tag reading at the selected power level.

[0241] Set the reader power to the selected power level, start disk storage to perform tag reading, and run for a period of time (e.g., 1 second).

[0242] 3. Record rewards and status information.

[0243] Record the exploration / utilization status of the reader and the tag information read during this period, and calculate the reward value, reading efficiency and interference level accordingly.

[0244] 4. Update reward values.

[0245] That is, update Q(power). The method for calculating Q(power) can be found in the foregoing embodiments and will not be repeated here.

[0246] 5. Reader-writer information exchange.

[0247] The first reader sends its operating status, reading efficiency, and interference level to each of the second readers according to the information exchange mechanism, and receives the operating status, reading efficiency, and interference level from each of the second readers.

[0248] 6. Repeat steps 2-5 to update the exploration probability (epsilon value).

[0249] The epsilon value is updated based on the working status, reading efficiency, and interference level of each secondary reader / writer.

[0250] Specifically, suppose the warehouse goods arrangement changes, and the first reader previously performed best at power level 4 (medium-high power). Now, due to reduced tag density or the emergence of new interference sources, the reward decreases, and the reader re-enters the exploration state. A second reader receives a broadcast from the first reader and also increases its epsilon value. Through continuous exploration and utilization, the algorithm gradually discovers that other power levels (e.g., power level 3 or power level 2) offer higher rewards, thus dynamically adjusting to a power level more suitable for the current environment.

[0251] As can be seen, in the method provided in this application embodiment, the first reader / writer can dynamically adjust its own power exploration probability by sensing the operating parameters of each second reader / writer, thus achieving efficient collaboration among the readers / writers. Furthermore, by introducing the explore-exploitation algorithm into the power management of passive IoT readers / writers, the problem of lacking intelligent collaboration among readers / writers in traditional methods is solved. In addition, the first reader / writer can obtain the operating parameters of each second reader / writer in real time through an information exchange mechanism and dynamically adjust its exploration probability based on these parameters, achieving a balance between exploration and utilization and improving the overall efficiency of the system.

[0252] This application also provides a reader power dynamic adjustment system, including: a first reader and at least one second reader; the at least one second reader is in the same passive Internet of Things as the first reader.

[0253] The first reader / writer is configured as follows:

[0254] For any one of the at least one second reader / writers, obtain the operating parameters corresponding to that second reader / writer; the operating parameters include at least one of the operating state, reading efficiency, and interference level of the corresponding reader / writer; the operating state includes exploration state and utilization state; the exploration state is the state in which the corresponding reader / writer adjusts its output power; the utilization state is the state in which the corresponding reader / writer maintains its output power; the interference level is determined based on the received signal strength indication detected by the corresponding reader / writer.

[0255] Based on the operating parameters corresponding to any second reader / writer, adjust the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer; the exploration probability is used to characterize the probability of the corresponding reader / writer adjusting its output power.

[0256] The output power of the first reader is set based on the exploration probability corresponding to the adjusted first reader.

[0257] Additionally, in some embodiments, any second reader / writer is configured as follows:

[0258] Send the target operating parameters carrying the device identifier corresponding to any second reader to the first reader;

[0259] The first reader / writer was also configured as follows:

[0260] Receive target operating parameters carrying the device identifier corresponding to any second reader / writer; based on the device identifier corresponding to any second reader / writer, determine the target operating parameters as the operating parameters corresponding to any second reader / writer.

[0261] In addition, in some embodiments, the first reader and any second reader interact with each other via a broadcast method based on a wireless control channel; the first reader is also configured to:

[0262] Send working parameters carrying the device identifier corresponding to the first reader to any second reader.

[0263] This application also provides a reader / writer, including a processor and a communication interface. The processor is coupled to a memory via the communication interface, and the processor executes program code in the memory to implement the reader / writer power dynamic adjustment method provided in this application embodiment.

[0264] This application also provides a computer storage medium storing computer program instructions, which, when executed by a processor, implement the reader power dynamic adjustment method provided in this application.

[0265] In some solutions, multiple embodiments of this application can be combined, and the combined solution can be implemented. Optionally, some operations in the processes of each method embodiment may be combined, and / or the order of some operations may be changed. Furthermore, the execution order between the steps of each process is merely exemplary and does not constitute a limitation on the execution order between steps; other execution orders are also possible. It is not intended to indicate that the execution order is the only possible order in which these operations can be performed. Those skilled in the art will conceive of various ways to reorder the operations described herein. In addition, it should be noted that the process details involved in one embodiment of this document are similarly applicable to other embodiments, or different embodiments may be combined.

[0266] Furthermore, some steps in the method embodiments can be equivalently replaced with other possible steps. Alternatively, some steps in the method embodiments may be optional and can be deleted in certain use cases. Or, other possible steps may be added to the method embodiments. Moreover, the various method embodiments can be implemented individually or in combination.

[0267] Through the above description of the implementation methods, those skilled in the art can clearly understand that, for the sake of convenience and brevity, only the division of the above functional modules is used as an example. In actual applications, the above functions can be assigned to different functional modules as needed, that is, the internal structure of the system can be divided into different functional modules to complete all or part of the functions described above.

[0268] In the several embodiments provided in this application, it should be understood that the disclosed systems and methods can be implemented in other ways. For example, the system embodiments described above are merely illustrative; for instance, the division of modules or units is only a logical functional division, and in actual implementation, there may be other division methods. For example, multiple units or components may be combined or integrated into another system, or some features may be ignored or not executed. Furthermore, the mutual coupling or direct coupling or communication connection shown or discussed may be through some interfaces; the indirect coupling or communication connection between systems or units may be electrical, mechanical, or other forms.

[0269] Furthermore, the functional units in the various embodiments of this application can be integrated into one processing unit, or each unit can exist physically separately, or two or more units can be integrated into one unit. The integrated unit can be implemented in hardware or as a software functional unit.

[0270] If the integrated unit is implemented as a software functional unit and sold or used as an independent product, it can be stored in a readable storage medium. Based on this understanding, the technical solution of the embodiments of this application, in essence, or the part that contributes, or all or part of the technical solution, can be embodied in the form of a software product. This software product is stored in a storage medium and includes several instructions to cause a device (which may be a microcontroller, chip, etc.) or processor to execute all or part of the steps of the methods described in the various embodiments of this application. The aforementioned storage medium includes various media capable of storing program code, such as USB flash drives, portable hard drives, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), magnetic disks, or optical disks.

[0271] The above description is merely a specific embodiment of this application, but the scope of protection of this application is not limited thereto. Any variations or substitutions within the technical scope disclosed in this application should be included within the scope of protection of this application. Therefore, the scope of protection of this application should be determined by the scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A method for dynamically adjusting the power of a reader / writer, characterized in that, Applied to a first reader / writer, the method includes: For any one of the at least one second reader / writers, obtain the corresponding operating parameters of that second reader / writer; the at least one second reader / writer is in the same passive Internet of Things (IoT) as the first reader / writer; the operating parameters include at least one of the corresponding reader / writer's operating state, reading efficiency, and interference level; the operating state includes an exploration state and a utilization state; the exploration state is the state in which the corresponding reader / writer adjusts its output power; the utilization state is the state in which the corresponding reader / writer maintains its output power; the interference level is determined based on the received signal strength indication detected by the corresponding reader / writer. Based on the operating parameters corresponding to any of the second readers, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader is adjusted; the exploration probability is used to characterize the probability that the corresponding reader will adjust its output power. The output power of the first reader is set based on the adjusted exploration probability of the first reader.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, Before obtaining the operating parameters corresponding to any of the second readers, the method further includes: Generate random numbers within the target value range; Based on the quantitative relationship between the random number and the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer, the power level corresponding to the first reader / writer is determined in at least one power level; different power levels correspond to different output power values; The tag reading operation is performed based on the power level corresponding to the first reader / writer.

3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that, The step of determining the power level corresponding to the first reader / writer at at least one power level based on the quantitative relationship between the random number and the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer includes: Based on the fact that the random number is less than the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer, a power level is randomly selected from the at least one power level as the power level corresponding to the first reader / writer.

4. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that, The step of determining the power level corresponding to the first reader / writer at at least one power level based on the quantitative relationship between the random number and the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer includes: Based on the random number being greater than or equal to the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer, a reward value is obtained for any power level among the at least one power level at a real-time moment; the reward value is used to characterize the read / write performance of the first reader / writer at the corresponding power level. The power level corresponding to the maximum reward value at any given time will be used as the power level of the first reader / writer.

5. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that, The step of obtaining the reward value corresponding to any power level among the at least one power level at a real time includes: Determine the statistical time period; the statistical time period includes multiple statistical moments; the multiple statistical moments include a first statistical moment and a second statistical moment; the first statistical moment is the real-time moment, the first statistical moment is later than the second statistical moment, and the second statistical moment is the statistical moment adjacent to the first statistical moment; Based on the reward value corresponding to any power level at the second statistical time, the number of times the first reader performs tag reading operations at any power level within the statistical time period, and the number of tags read by the first reader between the first statistical time and the second statistical time, the reward value corresponding to any power level at the real time is obtained.

6. The method according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, The operating parameters include the operating state of the corresponding reader / writer. Adjusting the exploration probability of the first reader / writer based on the operating parameters corresponding to any second reader / writer includes: A first change amount is determined; the first change amount is determined based on a first preset target change amount; Based on the fact that the operating state of any of the second readers is the exploration state, and based on the first change amount, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader is increased; or... Based on the working state of any of the second readers being the utilization state, and based on the first change amount, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader is reduced, or the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader is kept unchanged.

7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that, The step of increasing the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer based on the first change includes: Based on the first change amount and the state weight corresponding to any second reader / writer, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer is increased; The step of reducing the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer based on the first change includes: Based on the first change and the state weight corresponding to any second reader / writer, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer is reduced.

8. The method according to claim 7, characterized in that, The operating parameters include the reading efficiency of the corresponding reader / writer. Adjusting the exploration probability of the first reader / writer based on the operating parameters of any second reader / writer includes: A second change amount is determined, which is based on a second preset target change amount, and the reading efficiency, maximum reading efficiency threshold, and minimum reading efficiency threshold corresponding to any second reader / writer are determined. Based on the fact that the reading efficiency of any of the second readers is greater than the reading efficiency benchmark, and based on the second change, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader is reduced; or... Based on the fact that the reading efficiency of any of the second readers is less than the reading efficiency benchmark value, and based on the second change, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader is increased; or... Based on the fact that the reading efficiency of any second reader is equal to the reading efficiency benchmark value, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader remains unchanged.

9. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that, The step of reducing the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer based on the second change includes: Based on the second change amount and the reading efficiency weight corresponding to any second reader / writer, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer is reduced; The step of increasing the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer based on the second change includes: Based on the second change and the reading efficiency weight corresponding to any second reader / writer, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer is increased.

10. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that, The operating parameters include the interference level corresponding to the reader / writer. Adjusting the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer based on the operating parameters corresponding to any second reader / writer includes: A third change amount is determined, which is based on a third preset target change amount, and the interference level, maximum interference level threshold, and minimum interference level threshold corresponding to any second reader / writer. Based on the fact that the interference level of any of the second readers is greater than the interference level benchmark value, and based on the third change, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader is increased; or... Based on the fact that the interference level of any of the second readers is less than the interference level benchmark value, and based on the third change, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader is reduced; or... Based on the fact that the interference level of any second reader is equal to the interference level benchmark value, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader remains unchanged.

11. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that, The step of increasing the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer based on the third change includes: Based on the third change amount and the interference level weight corresponding to any second reader, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader is increased; The reduction of the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer based on the third change includes: Based on the third change and the interference level weight corresponding to any second reader, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader is reduced.

12. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that, When the operating parameters include the operating status and reading efficiency of the corresponding reader / writer, adjusting the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer based on the operating parameters corresponding to any second reader / writer includes: Based on the first value, the second value, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer, the first maximum threshold and the first minimum threshold corresponding to the exploration probability, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer is adjusted; the first value is the product of the first change amount and the first preset weight; the second value is the product of the second change amount and the second preset weight.

13. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that, When the operating parameters include the operating state and interference level of the corresponding reader / writer, adjusting the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer based on the operating parameters corresponding to any second reader / writer includes: Based on the first value, the third value, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer, and the second maximum threshold and the second minimum threshold corresponding to the exploration probability, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer is adjusted; the first value is the product of the first change amount and the first preset weight; the third value is the product of the third change amount and the third preset weight.

14. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that, When the operating parameters include the reading efficiency and interference level of the corresponding reader / writer, adjusting the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer based on the operating parameters corresponding to any second reader / writer includes: Based on the second value, the third value, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer, the third maximum threshold and the third minimum threshold corresponding to the exploration probability, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer is adjusted; the second value is the product of the second change amount and the second preset weight; the third value is the product of the third change amount and the third preset weight.

15. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that, When the operating parameters include the operating status, reading efficiency, and interference level of the corresponding reader / writer, adjusting the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer based on the operating parameters corresponding to any second reader / writer includes: Based on the first value, the second value, the third value, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer, the fourth maximum threshold and the fourth minimum threshold corresponding to the exploration probability, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader / writer is adjusted; the first value is the product of the first change amount and the first preset weight; the second value is the product of the second change amount and the second preset weight; the third value is the product of the third change amount and the third preset weight.

16. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The operating parameters corresponding to any second reader carry the device identifier corresponding to any second reader; before obtaining the operating parameters corresponding to any second reader, the method further includes: Receive target operating parameters carrying the device identifier corresponding to any of the second readers / writers; Based on the device identifier corresponding to any of the second readers, the target operating parameters are determined as the operating parameters corresponding to any of the second readers.

17. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The method further includes: Send working parameters carrying the device identifier corresponding to the first reader to any of the second readers.

18. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The first reader and any of the second readers interact with each other via a wireless control channel in a broadcast manner.

19. A reader / writer power dynamic adjustment system, characterized in that, It includes a first reader / writer and at least one second reader / writer; the at least one second reader / writer is in the same passive Internet of Things (IoT) as the first reader / writer; wherein, the first reader / writer is configured to: For any one of the at least one second reader / writers, obtain the operating parameters corresponding to that second reader / writer; the operating parameters include at least one of the operating state, reading efficiency, and interference level of the corresponding reader / writer; the operating state includes an exploration state and an utilization state; the exploration state is the state in which the corresponding reader / writer adjusts its output power; the utilization state is the state in which the corresponding reader / writer maintains its output power; the interference level is determined based on the received signal strength indication detected by the corresponding reader / writer. Based on the operating parameters corresponding to any of the second readers, the exploration probability corresponding to the first reader is adjusted; the exploration probability is used to characterize the probability that the corresponding reader will adjust its output power. The output power of the first reader is set based on the adjusted exploration probability of the first reader.

20. The system according to claim 19, characterized in that, The second reader / writer is configured to: Send target operating parameters carrying the device identifier corresponding to any of the second readers to the first reader; The first reader / writer is also configured to: Receive target operating parameters carrying the device identifier corresponding to any of the second readers / writers; Based on the device identifier corresponding to any of the second readers, the target operating parameters are determined as the operating parameters corresponding to any of the second readers.

21. The system according to claim 19 or 20, characterized in that, The first reader and any of the second readers interact with each other via a wireless control channel, using a broadcast method; the first reader is further configured to: Send working parameters carrying the device identifier corresponding to the first reader to any of the second readers.

22. A reader / writer, characterized in that, include: Processor and communication interface; The processor is coupled to the memory through the communication interface, and the processor is used to execute program code in the memory to implement the reader power dynamic adjustment method according to any one of claims 1-18.

23. A computer storage medium, characterized in that, The computer storage medium stores computer program instructions, which, when executed by a processor, implement the reader power dynamic adjustment method according to any one of claims 1-18.

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