Battery management system and method for electric two-wheeled vehicle

Abstract

The invention discloses a battery management system and method for an electric two-wheeled vehicle, and relates to the technical field of battery management, and the battery management system for the electric two-wheeled vehicle comprises a current sampling resistor which is electrically connected with a charging and discharging loop of a battery in the electric two-wheeled vehicle; the data acquisition module is electrically connected with the sampling resistor and is used for acquiring the voltage difference between the two ends of the current sampling resistor and calculating the sampling current of the current sampling resistor according to the voltage difference; and the electric quantity calculation module is used for receiving the sampling current, calculating the charged electric quantity or the power loss of the battery according to the sampling current, and calculating the current residual electric quantity according to the total electric quantity of the battery, the charged electric quantity or the power loss of the battery. According to the invention, accurate and stable battery remaining capacity information can be provided.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the field of battery management, and in particular to a battery management system and method for electric two-wheelers. BACKGROUND

[0002] Electric two-wheelers (such as electric bicycles, electric motorcycles) are widely used due to their convenience and economy. Among them, most vehicles use lead-acid batteries as the power source. In order to ensure the safety of the battery and prolong its life, a simple battery management system (BMS) is usually equipped. The mainstream low-cost lead-acid battery BMS on the market generally estimates the battery capacity based on the battery terminal voltage. This method is based on the principle that there is a certain correspondence between the open-circuit voltage of the lead-acid battery and the remaining capacity. However, this voltage estimation method has an inherent and serious defect in actual application, that is, the terminal voltage of the battery will fluctuate instantaneously with the size of the load current.

[0003] In the related art, the battery management system, when the vehicle needs large current discharge at the moment of starting, accelerating or climbing, etc., the battery terminal voltage will drop instantaneously due to the increase of the load, and the BMS will misjudge that the battery capacity has been exhausted, so as to display a sharp decrease in capacity (for example, from 80% to 20% instantaneously) or even trigger an under-voltage protection to shut down; and when the large load is removed, the voltage quickly rises, and the capacity display will also appear a "false high" recovery phenomenon. This sharp change and unreality of the capacity display is usually referred to as "false electricity" phenomenon. It makes the user unable to accurately judge the real remaining capacity of the battery, seriously affects the use experience and travel planning, and may cause the vehicle to suddenly power off during driving due to false protection, causing safety hazards.

[0004] Therefore, there is an urgent need in the art for a battery management technology that can overcome the defects of the voltage estimation method and provide stable and real capacity readings for electric two-wheelers. SUMMARY

[0005] The purpose of the present application is to provide a battery management system and method for electric two-wheelers, which can provide more real and accurate remaining capacity information for electric two-wheelers.

[0006] To achieve the above purpose, the present application provides the following solutions: In a first aspect, the application provides a battery management system for an electric two-wheeled vehicle, comprising: a current sampling resistor, which is electrically connected to a charging and discharging circuit of a battery in the electric two-wheeled vehicle; a data acquisition module, which is electrically connected to the sampling resistor and is configured to acquire a voltage difference across the current sampling resistor and calculate a sampling current of the current sampling resistor according to the voltage difference; and an electric quantity calculation module, which is configured to receive the sampling current, calculate a charging electric quantity or a loss electric quantity of the battery according to the sampling current, and calculate a current residual electric quantity according to a total electric quantity of the battery, the charging electric quantity or the loss electric quantity.

[0007] In an example, the data acquisition module comprises a front-end analog chip, and the electric quantity calculation module comprises a microcontroller unit, which is configured to read the sampling current from the front-end analog chip through a communication interface for calculating the current residual electric quantity.

[0008] In an example, the system further comprises an arc detection module, which comprises a current transformer connected in series to the charging and discharging circuit, a primary winding of the current transformer being connected to the charging and discharging circuit, and a secondary winding being configured to output an induced voltage signal; the microcontroller unit is connected to the secondary winding, configured to acquire the induced voltage signal of the secondary winding, and determine whether an arc occurs according to a sudden change of the induced voltage signal.

[0009] In an example, the system further comprises a short-circuit protection module, which comprises a switch connected to the charging and discharging circuit, and the front-end analog chip is further configured to compare the voltage difference with a preset voltage threshold, and generate a turn-off instruction to turn off the switch when the voltage difference exceeds the voltage threshold.

[0010] In an example, the microcontroller unit is configured to control the charging and discharging circuit to be turned off and / or generate an arc warning signal when it is determined that an arc occurs.

[0011] In an example, the system further comprises a warning module, which is communicatively connected to the microcontroller unit, configured to receive the arc warning signal and perform audible and visual warning and remote communication warning according to the warning signal.

[0012] In an example, the system further comprises a communication module, which is connected to the microcontroller unit, and the communication module is a CAN bus interface or an RS485 interface, configured to report parameters of the charging and discharging circuit and the battery to a vehicle system and receive instructions from the vehicle system.

[0013] Exemplarily, the temperature acquisition module is electrically connected with the microcontroller unit, and is configured to acquire a battery temperature and send the battery temperature to the microcontroller unit, and the microcontroller unit compensates and calibrates the current remaining power according to the battery temperature when calculating the power.

[0014] Exemplarily, the microcontroller unit is further configured to continuously acquire the sampling current and the battery temperature in a specified period, and calculate and output a state of health parameter of the battery.

[0015] In a second aspect, the application provides a battery management method for an electric two-wheeled vehicle, the method comprising: acquiring a voltage difference between the sampling resistor in the charging and discharging loop of the electric two-wheeled vehicle; calculating a sampling current according to the voltage difference; calculating a charging power or a loss power of the battery by using a time integration method based on the sampling current, and calculating a current remaining power according to a total power of the battery, the charging power or the loss power.

[0016] According to the specific embodiments provided by the application, the following technical effects are disclosed: The application provides a battery management system and method for an electric two-wheeled vehicle, which directly measures real-time current in a charging and discharging loop through a current sampling resistor and a data acquisition module, and accumulatively calculates the current through a power calculation module. The power estimation result is independent of the battery voltage, and the false power phenomenon caused by voltage fluctuation due to load change is eliminated. Based on direct current integration, no matter whether the vehicle is in starting, uniform speed, acceleration or climbing, the current remaining power calculated by the system is a continuous and smooth value, and the situation of instantaneous jump with load is avoided, thereby effectively avoiding the risk of power failure in the middle of the journey caused by power misjudgment. The current sampling resistor continuously samples the loop current, and the high-precision data acquisition module is combined, so that the power calculation module can not only accurately calculate the complete charging and discharging cycle, but also quickly and relatively accurately calculate the initial power in the case that the battery is not fully charged before use, thereby overcoming the deficiency of the traditional voltage method that cannot judge the power before standing still, and providing accurate, stable and reliable battery remaining power information for the user of the electric two-wheeled vehicle. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0017] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the application or the prior art, the following will briefly introduce the drawings needed in the embodiments. Obviously, the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the application, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can also be obtained without creative labor.

[0018] Figure 1A structural block diagram of a battery management system for an electric two-wheeled vehicle in an embodiment of the present application.

[0019] Figure 2 A circuit structural diagram of the battery management system for the electric two-wheeled vehicle in the embodiment of the present application.

[0020] Figure 3 A schematic diagram of an arc detection module in the embodiment of the present application.

[0021] Figure 4 A flow chart of a battery management method for the electric two-wheeled vehicle in the embodiment of the present application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0022] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be described clearly and completely below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present application. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some of the embodiments of the present application, but not all the embodiments. Based on the embodiments in the present application, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative work fall within the scope of protection of the present application.

[0023] The above purposes, features and advantages of the present application will be more apparent and understandable. The present application will be described in further detail below with reference to the drawings and specific embodiments.

[0024] As shown in Figure 1 The embodiment of the present application provides a battery management system for an electric two-wheeled vehicle, which comprises a current sampling resistor, a data acquisition module and a power calculation module.

[0025] The current sampling resistor is electrically connected with a charge-discharge circuit of a battery in the electric two-wheeled vehicle, the data acquisition module is electrically connected with the sampling resistor and is used to acquire a voltage difference between two ends of the current sampling resistor and calculate a sampling current of the current sampling resistor according to the voltage difference, and the power calculation module is used to receive the sampling current, calculate a charging power or a loss power of the battery according to the sampling current, and calculate a current residual power according to a total power of the battery, the charging power or the loss power.

[0026] The battery management system for the electric two-wheeler provided by the embodiment of the application directly measures the real-time current in the charging and discharging loop through the current sampling resistor and the data acquisition module, and accumulatively calculates the electric quantity through the electric quantity calculation module, so that the electric quantity estimation result is independent of the battery voltage, and the false electric phenomenon caused by the voltage fluctuation due to the load change is eliminated; based on the direct current integration, no matter whether the vehicle is in the starting, uniform speed, acceleration or climbing and other different working conditions, the current residual electric quantity calculated by the system is a continuous and smooth value, and the situation that the residual electric quantity instantaneously jumps with the load is avoided, so that the risk of power failure in the middle of the journey caused by the electric quantity misjudgment is effectively avoided; the loop current is continuously sampled through the current sampling resistor, and the high-precision data acquisition module is combined, so that the electric quantity calculation module can not only accurately calculate the complete charging and discharging cycle, but also quickly and relatively accurately calculate the initial electric quantity in the case that the battery is not fully charged and is used, and the deficiency that the traditional voltage method cannot judge the electric quantity before standing still is overcome, so as to provide the electric two-wheeler user with accurate, stable and reliable battery residual electric quantity information.

[0027] Exemplarily, the data acquisition module includes a front-end analog chip, and the electric quantity calculation module includes a microcontroller unit (MCU), which reads the sampling current from the front-end analog chip through a communication interface for calculating the current residual electric quantity. The sampling resistor is connected in series in the charging and discharging loop, so that the voltage across the sampling resistor is the voltage distributed to the sampling resistor in the charging and discharging loop, and the current can be calculated through the voltage difference across the two ends. After obtaining the current sampling current, the microcontroller unit calculates the electric quantity charged or consumed based on the sampling current, so as to calculate the current residual electric quantity (State Of Charge, SOC).

[0028] Exemplarily, the function of the electric quantity calculation module is realized by a firmware program running in the MCU. The core is to execute the time integration method (i.e., the Coulomb counting method) to accurately calculate the residual electric quantity (State of Charge, SOC) of the battery. The specific calculation process is as follows: the MCU reads the instantaneous sampling current I(t) from the front-end analog chip through the IIC bus at a fixed sampling period Δt (for example, 1 second or 100 milliseconds), and the current value is positive during charging and negative during discharging.

[0029] In each sampling period, the charge amount ΔQ(t) flowing into or out of the battery is calculated by the following formula: ΔQ(t) = I(t) × Δt Wherein, the unit of ΔQ(t) is ampere-hour or milliampere-hour, I(t) is the instantaneous current value at the sampling time, that is, the sampling current collected in the foregoing, and Δt is the sampling period.

[0030] The MCU maintains an internal charge counter Q. From some initial time, the MCU continuously adds the calculated AQ(t) of each sampling period to this counter: Q =∑[I(t) x Δt].

[0031] This accumulation process is a discretized implementation of the integral of current over time, and its physical meaning is to count the total amount of net charge that the battery has absorbed or released since the initial time. The current state of charge (SOC) of the battery is derived by the following formula: SOC = SOC initial + (Q / Q rated) x 100%.

[0032] Where: SOC initial is the initial percentage of charge of the system (such as the charge saved at the last shutdown, or reset to 0% at the beginning of this charge). Q is the accumulated net charge, Q rated is the rated capacity of the battery (for example, 20Ah). When discharging: I(t) is negative, AQ(t) is negative, Q is constantly decreasing, resulting in SOC falling. When charging: I(t) is positive, AQ(t) is positive, Q is constantly increasing, resulting in SOC rising.

[0033] In some embodiments, in order to further improve the accuracy, the MCU can also perform the following compensation algorithms: temperature compensation: simultaneously read the data of the temperature acquisition module, according to the battery temperature, fine-tune the rated capacity Q rated of the battery to correct the impact of temperature on the discharge capacity of the battery. Self-discharge compensation: when the system is stationary for a long time, according to the empirical model, slowly reduce the value of Q to simulate the self-discharge phenomenon of the battery. Full charge calibration: when the MCU detects that the battery has been fully charged (such as the charging current is less than a certain threshold and the voltage reaches the peak), automatically reset SOC to 100%, and at the same time, clear or reset Q to eliminate the accumulated error caused by long-term operation. Exemplarily, the system further comprises a temperature acquisition module electrically connected with the microcontroller unit, for collecting the battery temperature and sending to the microcontroller unit, and the microcontroller unit compensates and calibrates the current state of charge according to the battery temperature when calculating the charge.

[0034] Exemplarily, the system in the embodiment of the present application further comprises an arc detection module, the arc detection module comprising a current transformer connected in series in the charging and discharging circuit, a primary winding of the current transformer being connected to the charging and discharging circuit, and a secondary winding being configured to output an induced voltage signal. The microcontroller unit is connected to the secondary winding, collects the induced voltage signal of the secondary winding, and determines whether an arc occurs according to a mutation feature of the induced voltage signal. The mutation feature comprises a transient current change rate di / dt, and when the current changes dramatically within microseconds, a very high transient current change rate is generated. A current change threshold is set, and when the transient current change rate exceeds the current change threshold, it indicates that an arc may occur.

[0035] The system in the embodiment of the present application further comprises a short-circuit protection module, the short-circuit protection module comprising a switch tube connected to the charging and discharging circuit, and the front-end analog chip being further configured to compare the voltage difference with a preset voltage threshold, and generate a turn-off instruction to turn off the switch tube when the voltage difference exceeds the voltage threshold. The switch tube is a switch MOS tube connected in series with the charging and discharging circuit, and when it is detected that the voltage difference is too large, the switch MOS tube is actively cut off, thereby ensuring the safety of the circuit. The microcontroller unit is configured to control the charging and discharging circuit to be disconnected and generate an arc warning signal when it is determined that an arc occurs. Exemplarily, a high-sensitivity arc sensor (the current transformer described above) can detect intermittent and weak arcs. The microcontroller unit can not immediately trip, but first issue a warning signal (such as an audible and visual alarm, a remote notification), prompting maintenance personnel that "the XX line has poor contact, please repair in time”. This realizes predictive maintenance and avoids potential production interruption and more serious damage. When a strong arc is detected (when the transient current change rate far exceeds the current change threshold), the switch MOS tube is controlled to be disconnected, thereby turning off the charging and discharging circuit and ensuring the safety of power use.

[0036] As Figure 2As shown, a current sampling resistor is connected in series between the negative terminal (B-) of the battery and the negative terminal (P-) of the system load / charger. This resistor is fundamental for high-precision power calculation. Two high-precision differential sampling pins of the front-end analog chip are connected to the two ends of the current sampling resistor to acquire the minute voltage difference across it. The front-end analog chip converts the voltage difference into a precise sampled current value and transmits it to the power calculation module (i.e., MCU) via the IIC communication bus. The MCU performs an integral operation on the current using a time integration method (coulomb counting method) to calculate the battery's current remaining power (SOC). The short-circuit protection module's function is implemented collaboratively by the front-end analog chip and the MCU. The front-end analog chip continuously monitors the voltage across the current sampling resistor. When this voltage exceeds a set voltage threshold, the chip immediately generates a fault signal. This signal directly or rapidly drives a switching circuit (not shown in the figure) via the MCU, disconnecting the MOSFET connected in series in the charging / discharging circuit, achieving rapid hardware protection. The temperature acquisition module (usually an NTC thermistor) is also connected to the ADC pin of the front-end analog chip or MCU to acquire battery temperature and provide temperature compensation for SOC calculation. The MCU connects to the CAN transceiver chip with CAN 5V0 power supply through its built-in CAN controller, and uses pins PB8 and PB9 (or similar functional pins) to communicate with the vehicle via CAN, realizing data reporting and command reception.

[0037] like Figure 3 As shown, a current transformer is connected in series in the charging and discharging circuit. Its primary winding is connected in series in the main circuit, and its secondary winding serves as the signal output terminal. When an electric arc is generated in the external wiring harness, a high-frequency sudden current flows through the primary winding, inducing a high-frequency voltage signal in the secondary winding. This signal is sent to a high-speed ADC pin of the MCU. The MCU uses its internal firmware algorithm to acquire this voltage signal at high frequency and analyze its sudden change characteristics (such as the rate of change of current di / dt and noise energy in a specific high-frequency band) to determine whether an electric arc has occurred.

[0038] For example, the early warning (such as audible and visual alarm, remote alarm) in this embodiment is implemented through an early warning module. The early warning module is communicatively connected to the microcontroller unit and is used to receive arc warning signals and execute audible and visual and remote communication early warnings based on the warning signals. Specifically, the early warning module includes an audible and visual alarm installed on the vehicle body, which provides early warning through flashing lights or alarm sounds. It may also include a communication early warning unit to remotely send alarm information to the user terminal, thereby realizing remote alarm.

[0039] The system also comprises a communication module, and the microcontroller unit establishes a communication connection with the whole vehicle system through the communication module. Exemplarily, the communication module is a CAN bus interface or an RS485 interface, which is used for reporting the parameters of the charging and discharging circuit and the battery to the whole vehicle system, and receiving instructions from the whole vehicle system. Specifically, the parameters reported include the current residual capacity, arc state, short circuit state and the like calculated by the microcontroller unit, which are transmitted to the whole vehicle system through the communication module, facilitating information display, data storage and the like. Further, the microcontroller unit is also configured to continuously acquire the sampling current and the battery temperature within a specified period, calculate and output the current residual capacity and the health state parameter of the battery. Specifically, in a normal use state, if the current residual capacity mutates within a continuous period, it indicates that the health state of the battery may have a problem, and the microcontroller unit sends relevant data to the whole vehicle system for reminding.

[0040] As shown in Figure 4 The application embodiment also provides a battery management method for an electric two-wheeled vehicle, which comprises the following steps: S110, collecting a voltage difference between two sampling resistors in a charging and discharging circuit in the electric two-wheeled vehicle.

[0041] S120, calculating a sampling current according to the voltage difference.

[0042] S130, calculating a charging capacity or a loss capacity of the battery by using a time integration method based on the sampling current, and calculating a current residual capacity according to a total capacity of the battery, the charging capacity or the loss capacity.

[0043] The battery management system and method for the electric two-wheeled vehicle provided by the application embodiment directly measure the real-time current in the charging and discharging circuit through the current sampling resistor and the data acquisition module, and cumulatively calculate the current through the current capacity calculation module, so that the current estimation result is independent of the battery voltage, and the false current phenomenon caused by voltage fluctuation due to load change is eliminated; based on direct current integration, no matter whether the vehicle is in starting, uniform speed, acceleration or climbing, the current residual capacity calculated by the system is a continuous and smooth value, and the situation of instantaneous jump with load does not occur, so that the risk of power failure in the middle of the journey caused by false estimation of the current is effectively avoided; the circuit current is continuously sampled through the current sampling resistor, and combined with the high-precision data acquisition module, so that the current capacity calculation module can not only accurately calculate the complete charging and discharging cycle, but also quickly and relatively accurately calculate the initial capacity in the case that the battery is not fully charged before use, which overcomes the deficiency of the traditional voltage method that cannot judge the capacity before standing, and provides accurate, stable and reliable battery residual capacity information for the user of the electric two-wheeled vehicle.

[0044] It should be noted that the user information (including but not limited to user equipment information, user personal information, etc.) and data (including but not limited to data for analysis, stored data, displayed data, etc.) involved in the present application are all information and data authorized by the user or authorized by all parties, and the collection, use and processing of related data need to comply with relevant regulations.

[0045] It can be understood by those skilled in the art that all or part of the processes in the above-mentioned embodiment methods can be completed by instructing related hardware through a computer program. The computer program can be stored in a non-volatile computer readable storage medium. When the computer program is executed, it can include the processes of the above-mentioned embodiments of each method. In the embodiments provided in the present application, any reference to memory, database or other medium can include at least one of non-volatile and volatile memory. Non-volatile memory can include read-only memory (ROM), magnetic tape, floppy disk, flash memory, optical storage, high-density embedded non-volatile memory, resistive memory (ReRAM), magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), ferroelectric memory (FRAM), phase change memory (PCM), graphene memory, etc. Volatile memory can include random access memory (RAM) or external cache memory, etc. As an illustration but not limitation, RAM can be in various forms, such as static random access memory (SRAM) or dynamic random access memory (DRAM), etc.

[0046] The database involved in the embodiments provided in the present application can include at least one of a relational database and a non-relational database. The non-relational database can include a distributed database based on a blockchain, etc., without being limited thereto. The processor involved in the embodiments provided in the present application can be a general-purpose processor, a central processing unit, a graphics processing unit, a digital signal processor, a programmable logic device, a data processing logic device based on quantum computing, etc., without being limited thereto.

[0047] The technical features of the above embodiments can be combined arbitrarily. In order to make the description concise, all possible combinations of the technical features in the above embodiments are not described, but as long as the combinations of the technical features do not exist contradictory, they should be considered as the scope of the present application.

[0048] The principles and implementations of the present application are described in detail herein with specific examples. The above examples are only used to help understand the method of the present application and its core idea; meanwhile, for those skilled in the art, according to the idea of the present application, the specific implementation and application range will be changed. In summary, the content of the specification should not be understood as a limitation of the present application.

Claims

1. A battery management system for an electric two-wheeler, characterized by, The battery management system for the electric two-wheeler comprises: a current sampling resistor electrically connected to a charging and discharging circuit of a battery in the electric two-wheeler; a data acquisition module electrically connected to the sampling resistor and configured to acquire a voltage difference across the current sampling resistor and calculate a sampling current of the current sampling resistor according to the voltage difference; a power calculation module configured to receive the sampling current, calculate a charging power or a loss power of the battery according to the sampling current, and calculate a current remaining power according to a total power of the battery, the charging power or the loss power.

2. The battery management system for electric two-wheeler as claimed in claim 1 wherein, The data acquisition module comprises a front-end analog chip, and the power calculation module comprises a microcontroller unit configured to read the sampling current from the front-end analog chip through a communication interface for calculating the current remaining power.

3. The battery management system for electric two-wheeler as claimed in claim 2 wherein, The system further comprises an arc detection module comprising a current transformer connected in series to the charging and discharging circuit, a primary winding of the current transformer being connected to the charging and discharging circuit, and a secondary winding being configured to output an induced voltage signal; the microcontroller unit is connected to the secondary winding, acquires the induced voltage signal of the secondary winding, and determines whether an arc occurs according to a sudden change of the induced voltage signal.

4. The battery management system for electric two-wheeler as claimed in claim 3 wherein, The system further comprises a short-circuit protection module comprising a switch connected to the charging and discharging circuit, and the front-end analog chip is further configured to compare the voltage difference with a preset voltage threshold, and generate a turn-off instruction to turn off the switch when the voltage difference exceeds the voltage threshold.

5. The battery management system for electric two-wheeler as claimed in claim 3 wherein, The microcontroller unit is configured to control the charging and discharging circuit to be turned off and / or generate an arc warning signal when it is determined that an arc occurs.

6. The battery management system for electric two-wheeler as claimed in claim 5 wherein, The system further comprises a warning module communicatively connected to the microcontroller unit, configured to receive the arc warning signal and perform audible and visual warning and remote communication warning according to the warning signal.

7. The battery management system for electric two-wheeler as claimed in claim 2 wherein, The system further comprises a communication module connected to the microcontroller unit, the communication module being a CAN bus interface or an RS485 interface, configured to report parameters of the charging and discharging circuit and the battery to a vehicle system and receive instructions from the vehicle system.

8. The battery management system for electric two-wheeler as claimed in claim 2 wherein, The system further comprises a temperature acquisition module electrically connected to the microcontroller unit, configured to acquire a battery temperature and send the battery temperature to the microcontroller unit, and the microcontroller unit compensates and calibrates the current remaining power according to the battery temperature when calculating the power.

9. The battery management system for electric two-wheeler as claimed in claim 8 wherein, The microcontroller unit is further configured to continuously acquire the sampling current and the battery temperature within a specified period of time, calculate and output a health status parameter of the battery.

10. A battery management method for an electric two-wheeler applied to the system according to any one of claims 1-9, characterized in that, The method comprises: acquiring a voltage difference across a sampling resistor in a charging and discharging circuit in an electric two-wheeler; calculating a sampling current according to the voltage difference; calculating a charging power or a loss power of the battery based on the sampling current by using a time integration method, and calculating a current remaining power according to a total power of the battery, the charging power or the loss power.

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