Method and device for measuring in-pulse phase change of high-power microwave short pulse

Abstract

The invention particularly relates to a high-power microwave short pulse in-pulse phase change measuring method and device, and the method comprises the steps: carrying out the coupling processing of a microwave excitation pulse signal, and obtaining a first branch signal and a second branch signal; performing delay processing on the first branch signal to obtain a reference signal for intra-pulse phase comparison; performing phase drift on the second branch signal to obtain a measurement signal for intra-pulse phase comparison; and comparing the phase of the reference signal with the phase of the measurement signal, and visualizing the comparison result. Through distribution, amplification, delay and comparison processing of excitation signals, real-time phase measurement of high-power short-pulse signals can be realized under the condition that the structure of a signal main path is not changed. The device has the advantages of being simple in structure and high in measurement precision, can effectively avoid errors caused by instrument bandwidth limitation and insufficient sampling rate in a traditional method, and is suitable for phase stability evaluation and intra-pulse characteristic analysis in a high-power microwave system.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of microwave short pulse intrapulse phase measurement technology, specifically to a method and apparatus for measuring phase changes within a high-power microwave short pulse. Background Technology

[0002] Microwave amplifiers typically output microwave pulses with widths ranging from tens to hundreds of nanoseconds and peak powers of tens of thousands of watts. The heat generated during the pulse's duration accumulates inside the amplifier, unable to dissipate quickly through conduction or radiation. This accumulation leads to a significant temperature rise within the amplifier. This temperature rise not only affects the amplifier's performance but also causes phase drift and changes in the microwave signal. Since phase fluctuations directly impact beam pointing accuracy and power combining efficiency, these problems are particularly severe in high-power microwave systems, leading to performance degradation and even affecting operational effectiveness.

[0003] Currently, for measuring the phase change of high-power microwave short pulses, traditional methods employ vector network analyzers to measure the phase of microwave signals. However, this method struggles to accurately measure the real-time phase deviation of short pulse microwave signals with ultra-low duty cycles (typically not exceeding 0.1%). Furthermore, using digital oscilloscopes for phase change measurements places extremely high demands on instrument bandwidth and sampling rate, especially for high-frequency microwave signals. Existing oscilloscopes often fail to meet these high-precision requirements, resulting in compromises in both measurement accuracy and operational complexity. Summary of the Invention

[0004] This invention provides a method and apparatus for measuring intrapulse phase change in high-power microwave short pulses, which can effectively overcome the defects existing in the prior art.

[0005] Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, or may be learned in part by practice of the invention.

[0006] According to a first aspect of the present invention, a method for measuring intrapulse phase change of a high-power microwave short pulse is provided, the method comprising: The microwave excitation pulse signal is coupled to obtain a first branch signal and a second branch signal; wherein the peak power of the first branch signal is less than the peak power of the second branch signal. The first branch signal is delayed to obtain a reference signal for intra-pulse phase comparison; Phase-shift the second branch signal to obtain a measurement signal for intra-pulse phase comparison; The phases of the reference signal and the measured signal are compared, and the comparison results are visualized. The phase difference between the reference signal and the measured signal is determined based on the comparison results and the sensitivity of the phase detector used for phase comparison.

[0007] In some exemplary embodiments, the step of phase-shifting the second branch signal to obtain a measurement signal for intra-pulse phase comparison includes: The second branch signal is amplified to generate a high-power microwave excitation pulse signal; A high-power microwave excitation pulse signal is coupled into a first output signal and a second output signal; wherein the phase characteristics of the first output signal are the same as those of the high-power microwave excitation pulse signal, and the peak power of the first output signal is less than that of the second output signal. The power of the first output signal is attenuated to obtain the measurement signal; wherein the amplitude of the measurement signal is the same as the amplitude of the first branch signal.

[0008] In some exemplary embodiments, comparing the phases of the reference signal and the measured signal, and visualizing the comparison results, includes: The phase difference between the first output signal and the first branch signal is compared in real time, and a voltage signal proportional to the phase difference is output. Noise components are filtered out from the voltage signal to obtain the effective voltage component; The effective voltage components are acquired and visualized.

[0009] In some exemplary embodiments, the method further includes: The energy of the second output signal is absorbed and processed using a microwave load.

[0010] According to a second aspect of the present invention, a high-power microwave short pulse intrapulse phase change measurement device is provided, the device comprising: The excitation pulse signal coupling module is used to couple the microwave excitation pulse signal to obtain a first branch signal and a second branch signal; wherein the peak power of the first branch signal is less than the peak power of the second branch signal. The reference signal generation module, whose input terminal is connected to the excitation pulse signal coupling module, is used to delay the first branch signal to obtain a reference signal for intra-pulse phase comparison. The measurement signal generation module, whose input terminal is connected to the excitation pulse signal generation module, is used to perform phase drift on the second branch signal to obtain a measurement signal for intra-pulse phase comparison; The signal phase comparison module has its input connected to the output of the reference signal generation module and the output of the measurement signal generation module. It is used to compare the phase of the reference signal and the measurement signal, visualize the comparison result, and determine the phase difference between the reference signal and the measurement signal based on the comparison result and the sensitivity of the phase detector used for phase comparison.

[0011] In some exemplary embodiments, the excitation pulse signal coupling module includes: A signal source used to generate microwave excitation pulse signals; The first directional coupler has its input end connected to the output end of the signal source and is used to couple the microwave excitation pulse signal to obtain the first branch signal and the second branch signal.

[0012] In some exemplary embodiments, the reference signal generation module includes: The microwave delay line has its input end connected to the first output end of the first directional coupler and its output end connected to the input end of the signal phase comparison module. It is used to delay the first branch signal to obtain the reference signal.

[0013] In some exemplary embodiments, the measurement signal generation module includes: A microwave amplifier, whose input terminal is connected to the second output terminal of the first directional coupler, is used to amplify the power of the second branch signal and generate a high-power microwave excitation pulse signal. The second directional coupler has its input end connected to the output end of the microwave amplifier, and is used to couple a high-power microwave excitation pulse signal into a first output signal and a second output signal; wherein the peak power of the first output signal is less than the peak power of the second output signal. A microwave load, the input of which is connected to the second output of the second directional coupler, is used to absorb and process the energy of the second output signal; An adjustable attenuator is provided, with its input connected to the first output of the second directional coupler and its output connected to the input of the signal phase comparison module. It is used to attenuate the power of the first output signal to obtain a measurement signal. The amplitude of the measurement signal is the same as the amplitude of the first branch signal.

[0014] In some exemplary embodiments, the coupling value of the first directional coupler is determined based on the coupling value of the second directional coupler and the saturation gain of the microwave amplifier.

[0015] In some exemplary embodiments, the signal phase comparison module includes: The phase detector, whose input is connected to the output of the adjustable attenuator and the output of the microwave delay line, is used to compare the phase difference between the first output signal and the first branch signal in real time and output a voltage signal proportional to the phase difference. A bandpass filter, whose input is connected to the output of a phase detector, is used to filter out noise components in a voltage signal to obtain the effective voltage component. A digital oscilloscope, whose input is connected to the output of a bandpass filter, is used to acquire and visualize effective voltage components.

[0016] The embodiments of this invention provide a method for measuring intra-pulse phase change in high-power microwave short pulses. The method involves coupling a microwave excitation pulse signal to obtain a first branch signal and a second branch signal; delaying the first branch signal to obtain a reference signal for intra-pulse phase comparison; and phase-shifting the second branch signal to obtain a measurement signal for intra-pulse phase comparison. The phases of the reference signal and the measurement signal are compared, and the comparison results are visualized. By allocating, amplifying, delaying, and comparing the excitation signal, real-time phase measurement of high-power short pulse signals can be achieved without altering the main signal path structure. This method offers advantages such as simple structure and high measurement accuracy, effectively avoiding errors caused by instrument bandwidth limitations and insufficient sampling rates in traditional methods. It is suitable for phase stability assessment and intra-pulse characteristic analysis in high-power microwave systems.

[0017] It should be understood that the above general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only, and are not intended to limit the invention. Attached Figure Description

[0018] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments consistent with the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. It is obvious that the drawings described below are merely some embodiments of the invention, and those skilled in the art can obtain other drawings based on these drawings without any inventive effort.

[0019] Figure 1 This schematically illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention: a method for measuring intrapulse phase change in a high-power microwave short pulse. Figure 2 This schematic diagram illustrates a structural block diagram of a high-power microwave short pulse intrapulse phase change measurement device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Figure 3 The illustration shows a specific implementation diagram of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention: a method for measuring intrapulse phase change of a high-power microwave short pulse. Detailed Implementation

[0020] Exemplary embodiments will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, these exemplary embodiments can be implemented in many forms and should not be construed as limited to the examples set forth herein; rather, they are provided so that the invention will be more comprehensive and complete, and will fully convey the concept of the exemplary embodiments to those skilled in the art. The described features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

[0021] Furthermore, the accompanying drawings are merely illustrative of the invention and are not necessarily drawn to scale. The same reference numerals in the drawings denote the same or similar parts, and therefore repeated descriptions of them will be omitted. Some block diagrams shown in the drawings are functional entities and do not necessarily correspond to physically or logically independent entities. These functional entities can be implemented in software, in one or more hardware modules or integrated circuits, or in different network and / or processor devices and / or microcontroller devices.

[0022] To address the shortcomings and deficiencies of existing technologies, this exemplary embodiment provides a method for measuring intrapulse phase changes in high-power microwave short pulses. (Reference) Figure 1 As shown, it can specifically include: Step S10: The microwave excitation pulse signal is coupled to obtain a first branch signal and a second branch signal; wherein the peak power of the first branch signal is less than the peak power of the second branch signal. Specifically, after the microwave excitation pulse signal SG1 is generated by the signal source, the microwave excitation pulse signal is input to the first directional coupler; the microwave excitation pulse signal is coupled by the first directional coupler to obtain the first branch signal SG5 and the second branch signal SG2, wherein the peak power of SG2 meets the requirements of saturation excitation of the high-power microwave amplifier, and the peak power of SG5 is the peak power of SG1 minus the coupling value of directional coupler 1; Step S12: Delay the first branch signal to obtain a reference signal for intra-pulse phase comparison; Specifically, SG5 is input to a microwave delay line, and the microwave delay line is used to delay SG5 to obtain a reference signal SG7 for intra-pulse phase comparison.

[0023] Step S14: Phase shift the second branch signal to obtain a measurement signal for intra-pulse phase comparison; Step S16: Compare the phases of the reference signal and the measured signal, and visualize the comparison results; Step S18: Determine the phase difference between the reference signal and the measured signal based on the comparison results and the sensitivity of the phase detector used for phase comparison.

[0024] Based on steps S10 to S18 above, the microwave excitation pulse signal is coupled to obtain a first branch signal and a second branch signal; the first branch signal is delayed to obtain a reference signal for intra-pulse phase comparison; the second branch signal is phase-shifted to obtain a measurement signal for intra-pulse phase comparison; the phases of the reference signal and the measurement signal are compared, and the comparison results are visualized. Through the allocation, amplification, delay, and comparison processing of the excitation signal, real-time phase measurement of high-power short pulse signals can be achieved without changing the main signal path structure. It has the advantages of simple structure and high measurement accuracy, effectively avoiding errors caused by instrument bandwidth limitations and insufficient sampling rate in traditional methods, and is suitable for phase stability evaluation and intra-pulse characteristic analysis in high-power microwave systems.

[0025] The following will describe in more detail each step of a high-power microwave short pulse phase change measurement method in this exemplary embodiment, with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0026] For example, in step S14, the phase shifting of the second branch signal to obtain a measurement signal for intra-pulse phase comparison includes: Step S141: The second branch signal is amplified to generate a high-power microwave excitation pulse signal; Step S142: Couple the high-power microwave excitation pulse signal into a first output signal and a second output signal; wherein the phase characteristics of the first output signal are the same as the phase characteristics of the high-power microwave excitation pulse signal, and the peak power of the first output signal is less than the peak power of the second output signal. Step S143: Attenuate the power of the first output signal to obtain a measurement signal; wherein the signal amplitude of the measurement signal is the same as the signal amplitude of the first branch signal.

[0027] Specifically, SG2 is input to a high-power microwave amplifier, where the peak power of SG2 meets the saturation excitation requirements of the high-power microwave amplifier. The microwave amplifier amplifies the input SG2 to generate a high-power microwave pulse SG3. SG3 is input to a second directional coupler, which outputs two pulse signals: a first output signal SG4 and a second output signal SG6. SG4 is input to a microwave load, and SG6 is input to an adjustable attenuator, where the peak power of SG6 is the peak power of SG3 minus the coupling amount of directional coupler 1. The adjustable attenuator attenuates SG6 to SG8, ​​where the signal amplitude of SG8 is the same as that of SG7.

[0028] Wherein, the coupling value of the first directional coupler is approximately equal to the coupling value of the second directional coupler plus the saturation gain of the high-power microwave amplifier.

[0029] For example, in step S16, comparing the phases of the reference signal and the measured signal and visualizing the comparison result includes: Step S161: The phase difference between the first output signal and the first branch signal is compared in real time, and a voltage signal proportional to the phase difference is output. Step S162: Filter out the noise component in the voltage signal to obtain the effective voltage component; Step S163: Acquire and visualize the effective voltage components.

[0030] Specifically, SG5 is delayed using a microwave delay line to align the timing of pulses SG7 and SG8. A phase detector is used to compare the pulse phase difference between SG7 and SG8. The output voltage signal SG9 is then passed through a low-pass filter to obtain the effective voltage component SG10. The voltage amplitude curve of SG10 is read on an oscilloscope as V(t).

[0031] Furthermore, assuming the sensitivity of the phase detector is K, the phase difference between the SG7 and SG8 pulses is calculated. This allows us to obtain the phase difference between the microwave amplifier output SG3 and the input signal SG2:

[0032] Since the input pulse of the microwave amplifier is a phase-stable signal, it can be used as a measurement reference. This can be represented as the phase change within the output pulse of the microwave amplifier.

[0033] For example, the method further includes: Step S18: The energy of the second output signal is absorbed by a microwave load.

[0034] This example embodiment provides a high-power microwave short-pulse intrapulse phase change measurement device. (Reference) Figure 2 As shown, it can specifically include: The excitation pulse signal coupling module 20 is used to couple the microwave excitation pulse signal to obtain a first branch signal and a second branch signal; wherein the peak power of the first branch signal is less than the peak power of the second branch signal. The reference signal generation module 22 has its input end connected to the excitation pulse signal coupling module, and is used to perform delay processing on the first branch signal to obtain a reference signal for intra-pulse phase comparison. The measurement signal generation module 24 has its input terminal connected to the excitation pulse signal generation module and is used to perform phase drift on the second branch signal to obtain a measurement signal for intra-pulse phase comparison. The signal phase comparison module 26 has its input terminal connected to the output terminal of the reference signal generation module and the output terminal of the measurement signal generation module. It is used to compare the phase of the reference signal and the measurement signal, visualize the comparison result, and determine the phase difference between the reference signal and the measurement signal based on the comparison result and the sensitivity of the phase detector used for phase comparison.

[0035] For example, the excitation pulse signal coupling module 20 includes: A signal source used to generate microwave excitation pulse signals; The first directional coupler has its input end connected to the output end of the signal source and is used to couple the microwave excitation pulse signal to obtain the first branch signal and the second branch signal.

[0036] For example, the reference signal generation module 22 includes: The microwave delay line 221 has its input end connected to the first output end of the first directional coupler and its output end connected to the input end of the signal phase comparison module. It is used to delay the first branch signal to obtain the reference signal.

[0037] For example, the measurement signal generation module 24 includes: The microwave amplifier 241 has its input terminal connected to the second output terminal of the first directional coupler, and is used to amplify the power of the second branch signal to generate a high-power microwave excitation pulse signal. The aforementioned microwave amplifier 241 includes, but is not limited to, solid-state microwave power amplifiers and vacuum electronic microwave amplifiers. The second directional coupler 242 has its input terminal connected to the output terminal of the microwave amplifier, and is used to couple a high-power microwave excitation pulse signal into a first output signal and a second output signal; wherein the peak power of the first output signal is less than the peak power of the second output signal. The microwave load 243 has its input end connected to the second output end of the second directional coupler, and is used to absorb the energy of the second output signal. The adjustable attenuator 244 has its input end connected to the first output end of the second directional coupler and its output end connected to the input end of the signal phase comparison module. It is used to attenuate the power of the first output signal to obtain a measurement signal. The signal amplitude of the measurement signal is the same as the signal amplitude of the first branch signal.

[0038] For example, the coupling value of the first directional coupler is determined based on the coupling value of the second directional coupler and the saturation gain of the microwave amplifier.

[0039] For example, the signal phase comparison module 26 includes: Phase detector 261, whose input terminal is connected to the output terminal of adjustable attenuator and the output terminal of microwave delay line, is used to compare the phase difference between the first output signal and the first branch signal in real time and output a voltage signal proportional to the phase difference. The bandpass filter 262 has its input connected to the output of the phase detector and is used to filter out noise components in the voltage signal to obtain the effective voltage component. The digital oscilloscope 263 has its input connected to the output of a bandpass filter and is used to acquire and visualize effective voltage components.

[0040] The method provided in the embodiments of the present invention is referred to Figure 3 As shown, the microwave excitation signal SG1 generated by the signal source passes through directional coupler 1, outputting two signals SG2 and SG5, which are connected to the high-power microwave amplifier and the microwave delay line, respectively. The peak power of SG2 meets the saturation excitation requirements of the high-power microwave amplifier, and the peak power of SG5 is the peak power of SG1 minus the coupling value of directional coupler 1.

[0041] The input SG2 is amplified by a microwave amplifier, generating a high-power microwave pulse SG3. This pulse flows through directional coupler 2, outputting two pulses, SG4 and SG6. SG4 is connected to a microwave load, and SG6 is connected to an adjustable attenuator. The peak power of SG6 is the peak power of SG3 minus the coupling amount of directional coupler 1. The coupling value of directional coupler 1 is approximately equal to the coupling value of directional coupler 2 plus the saturation gain of the high-power microwave amplifier. To ensure the safety of the equipment and personnel, a microwave load is used to absorb the energy of SG4, preventing microwave breakdown during operation. The power capacity of the microwave load is not less than the average power of the amplifier.

[0042] SG6 is attenuated to SG8 using an adjustable attenuator, where the amplitude of SG8 is the same as that of SG7. SG5 is delayed using a microwave delay line to achieve time alignment between the SG7 and SG8 pulses.

[0043] The phase difference between pulses SG7 and SG8 is compared using a phase detector. The output voltage pulse SG9 is obtained after passing through a low-pass filter. The voltage amplitude curve of SG10 is read on an oscilloscope as V(t).

[0044] Furthermore, assuming the sensitivity of the phase detector is K, the phase difference between the SG7 and SG8 pulses is calculated. Therefore, the phase difference between the microwave amplifier output SG3 and the input signal SG2 can be obtained as shown in the following formula:

[0045] Since the input pulse of the microwave amplifier is a phase-stable signal, it can be used as a measurement reference. This can be represented as the phase change within the output pulse of the microwave amplifier.

[0046] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows: (1) Accurate measurement of intrapulse phase of high-power microwave short pulses was achieved. By branching, amplifying, delaying, and comparing the phase of the excitation signal, the intra-pulse phase change data during the amplification process can be acquired in real time without destroying the transmission characteristics of the main signal. This method overcomes the accuracy problems caused by the limited bandwidth and sampling rate in traditional measurements, and the measurement results are stable and highly accurate.

[0047] (2) The device has a simple structure and strong applicability. By designing with existing components, signal distribution, energy management, and phase detection are achieved. Phase detection of high-power microwave signals can be completed without relying on high-cost vector network analyzers or high-speed sampling equipment. It has the advantages of simple structure, convenient debugging, low cost, and strong versatility, and is suitable for phase stability testing and performance evaluation of various high-power microwave systems.

[0048] It should be noted that the above figures are merely illustrative of the processes included in the method according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to be limiting. It is readily understood that the processes shown in the above figures do not indicate or limit the temporal order of these processes. Furthermore, it is readily understood that these processes may, for example, be executed synchronously or asynchronously in multiple modules.

[0049] It should be noted that although several modules or units of the device for performing actions have been mentioned in the detailed description above, this division is not mandatory. In fact, according to embodiments of the present invention, the features and functions of two or more modules or units described above can be embodied in one module or unit. Conversely, the features and functions of one module or unit described above can be further divided and embodied by multiple modules or units.

[0050] Furthermore, the above figures are merely illustrative of the processes included in the method according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to be limiting. It is readily understood that the processes shown in the above figures do not indicate or limit the temporal order of these processes. Additionally, it is readily understood that these processes may be executed synchronously or asynchronously, for example, in multiple modules.

[0051] Other embodiments of the invention will readily occur to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the specification and practice of the invention herein. This application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention that follow the general principles of the invention and include common knowledge or customary techniques in the art not disclosed herein. The specification and embodiments are to be considered exemplary only, and the true scope and spirit of the invention are indicated by the claims.

[0052] It should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the precise structure described above and shown in the accompanying drawings, and various modifications and changes can be made without departing from its scope. The scope of the invention is limited only by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method for measuring intra-pulse phase change in high-power microwave short pulses, characterized in that, The method includes: The microwave excitation pulse signal is coupled to obtain a first branch signal and a second branch signal; wherein the peak power of the first branch signal is less than the peak power of the second branch signal. The first branch signal is delayed to obtain a reference signal for intra-pulse phase comparison; Phase-shift the second branch signal to obtain a measurement signal for intra-pulse phase comparison; The phases of the reference signal and the measured signal are compared, and the comparison results are visualized. The phase difference between the reference signal and the measured signal is determined based on the comparison results and the sensitivity of the phase detector used for phase comparison.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The step of phase-shifting the second branch signal to obtain a measurement signal for intra-pulse phase comparison includes: The second branch signal is amplified to generate a high-power microwave excitation pulse signal; A high-power microwave excitation pulse signal is coupled into a first output signal and a second output signal; wherein the phase characteristics of the first output signal are the same as those of the high-power microwave excitation pulse signal, and the peak power of the first output signal is less than that of the second output signal. The power of the first output signal is attenuated to obtain the measurement signal; wherein the amplitude of the measurement signal is the same as the amplitude of the first branch signal.

3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that, The step of comparing the phase of the reference signal and the measured signal, and visualizing the comparison result, includes: The phase difference between the first output signal and the first branch signal is compared in real time, and a voltage signal proportional to the phase difference is output. Noise components are filtered out from the voltage signal to obtain the effective voltage component; The effective voltage components are acquired and visualized.

4. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that, The method further includes: The energy of the second output signal is absorbed and processed using a microwave load.

5. A high-power microwave short pulse intrapulse phase change measurement device, applied to the high-power microwave short pulse intrapulse phase change measurement method as described in any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, The device includes: The excitation pulse signal coupling module is used to couple the microwave excitation pulse signal to obtain a first branch signal and a second branch signal; wherein the peak power of the first branch signal is less than the peak power of the second branch signal. The reference signal generation module, whose input terminal is connected to the excitation pulse signal coupling module, is used to delay the first branch signal to obtain a reference signal for intra-pulse phase comparison. The measurement signal generation module, whose input terminal is connected to the excitation pulse signal generation module, is used to perform phase drift on the second branch signal to obtain a measurement signal for intra-pulse phase comparison; The signal phase comparison module has its input connected to the output of the reference signal generation module and the output of the measurement signal generation module. It is used to compare the phase of the reference signal and the measurement signal, visualize the comparison result, and determine the phase difference between the reference signal and the measurement signal based on the comparison result and the sensitivity of the phase detector used for phase comparison.

6. The apparatus according to claim 5, characterized in that, The excitation pulse signal coupling module includes: A signal source used to generate microwave excitation pulse signals; The first directional coupler has its input end connected to the output end of the signal source and is used to couple the microwave excitation pulse signal to obtain the first branch signal and the second branch signal.

7. The apparatus according to claim 5, characterized in that, The reference signal generation module includes: The microwave delay line has its input end connected to the first output end of the first directional coupler and its output end connected to the input end of the signal phase comparison module. It is used to delay the first branch signal to obtain the reference signal.

8. The apparatus according to claim 5, characterized in that, The measurement signal generation module includes: A microwave amplifier, whose input terminal is connected to the second output terminal of the first directional coupler, is used to amplify the power of the second branch signal and generate a high-power microwave excitation pulse signal. The second directional coupler has its input end connected to the output end of the microwave amplifier, and is used to couple a high-power microwave excitation pulse signal into a first output signal and a second output signal; wherein the peak power of the first output signal is less than the peak power of the second output signal. A microwave load, the input of which is connected to the second output of the second directional coupler, is used to absorb and process the energy of the second output signal; An adjustable attenuator is provided, with its input connected to the first output of the second directional coupler and its output connected to the input of the signal phase comparison module. It is used to attenuate the power of the first output signal to obtain a measurement signal. The amplitude of the measurement signal is the same as the amplitude of the first branch signal.

9. The apparatus according to claim 8, characterized in that, The coupling value of the first directional coupler is determined based on the coupling value of the second directional coupler and the saturation gain of the microwave amplifier.

10. The apparatus according to claim 8, characterized in that, The signal phase comparison module includes: The phase detector, whose input is connected to the output of the adjustable attenuator and the output of the microwave delay line, is used to compare the phase difference between the first output signal and the first branch signal in real time and output a voltage signal proportional to the phase difference. A bandpass filter, whose input is connected to the output of a phase detector, is used to filter out noise components in a voltage signal to obtain the effective voltage component. A digital oscilloscope, whose input is connected to the output of a bandpass filter, is used to acquire and visualize effective voltage components.

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