Durable antifungal and anti-algae coatings

Abstract

A liquid antifungal and / or anti-algal composition that forms a coating on a substrate upon application wherein the composition comprises less than 0.01% by weight of a heavy metal-containing component and less than 0.01% by weight of a fluorine-containing component. An antifungal and / or anti-algae coating applied to / on a substrate, which further exhibits durability. The coating comprises less than 0.01% by weight of a heavy metal-containing component and less than 0.01% by weight of a fluorine-containing component.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention generally relates to the field of durable antifungal and antialgae coatings, and more specifically to compositions forming antifungal and antialgae coatings and methods of using them. In some aspects, the antifungal and antialgae coatings and the compositions forming them are durable and do not contain heavy metal components and / or fluorine-containing components. Background Technology

[0002] For roofing, siding, and various other residential and commercial materials, it is crucial to employ preventative measures to prevent the growth of algae and fungi on external substrates. These measures include the use of exterior wall coatings that do not degrade during outdoor exposure. Current antifungal and anti-algae technologies utilize heavy metals to provide long-term protection, thanks to their water insolubility. In recent years, the effects of these heavy metal compounds and their associated toxicity, such as their potential leakage into municipal water systems, have become a major concern.

[0003] Furthermore, when the aforementioned heavy metal complexes are applied in coating formulations, for example, to external substrates, fluorinated resins are used as carriers and film-forming compositions due to their durability and gloss retention properties. However, similar to the aforementioned heavy metal complexes, fluorinated resins and fluorinated compositions are no longer popular due to toxicity issues arising from contact with plants and animals.

[0004] JPH11293153 discloses triazine compounds for use as herbicides. The disclosed herbicides are water-soluble, allowing the triazine compounds to rapidly leach into the environment, thus negatively impacting the environment, while also quickly losing their weed-controlling effect. The compositions in JPH11293153 cannot form durable coatings and / or are not considered for surface treatment of external substrates / building materials (e.g., roof tiles). US2013296461 discloses biosurfactants for use as antimicrobial agents. The disclosed biosurfactants are water-soluble and leach into the environment within days. The compositions rapidly lose their effectiveness, forming only short-lasting coatings. Therefore, neither JPH11293153 nor US2013296461 discloses durable biocides and / or coatings capable of withstanding external environments such as roof tiles. Summary of the Invention

[0005] Therefore, there is a need for a durable, water-based anti-algae and antifungal coating that avoids the use of heavy metals and fluorinated resins. The compositions and coatings disclosed in this invention do not use fluorinated resins; instead, they eliminate the need for heavy metals by encapsulating non-heavy metal active ingredients using a highly stable binder system (film-forming composition and transparent film). The coatings disclosed herein exhibit weather resistance exceeding that of conventional acrylic and polyurethane systems and advantageously match or exceed the performance of fluorinated resins (e.g., durability and / or gloss retention). The biocidal active ingredient is a unique combination of encapsulated and non-encapsulated biocides, which maximizes the antifungal and anti-algae properties of the coating while minimizing leaching from the coating. The water-insoluble biocidal active ingredient produces a durable, weather-resistant coating with minimal leaching over long periods.

[0006] In some aspects, a liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition is disclosed that forms a coating on a substrate upon application, the composition comprising: (a) water at a concentration of up to 70% by weight of the composition; (b) a biocide dispersed in water in an effective amount to prevent and / or reduce the growth of fungi and / or algae on the substrate upon application; (c) a stabilizer dispersed in water; and (d) a film-forming composition dispersed in water in an effective amount to form a transparent film on the substrate upon application.

[0007] In some respects, the composition contains less than 0.01% by weight of a heavy metal component and less than 0.01% by weight of a fluorine component.

[0008] In some respects, the film-forming composition is an organic-inorganic hybrid resin / emulsion.

[0009] In some respects, the film-forming composition comprises a siloxane component and an organic component.

[0010] In some respects, the film-forming composition comprises one or more copolymers.

[0011] In some aspects, the film-forming composition comprises a siloxane component and at least one of an acrylate component (e.g., acrylate monomers and / or acrylic polymers) and a urethane component (e.g., polyols, isocyanates and / or urethane polymers). The urethane component as used herein may be an ethyl carbamate component.

[0012] In some aspects, the film-forming composition comprises at least one of a polysiloxane and an acrylate component (e.g., acrylate monomers and / or acrylic polymers) or a urethane component (e.g., polyols, isocyanates and / or urethane polymers).

[0013] In some aspects, the film-forming composition comprises a polysiloxane, an acrylate component (e.g., acrylate monomers and / or acrylic polymers), and a urethane component (e.g., polyols, isocyanates, and / or urethane polymers).

[0014] In some respects, the film-forming composition comprises a polysiloxane-acrylic resin / emulsion and a polysiloxane-urethane resin / emulsion.

[0015] In some respects, the polysiloxane-acrylic resin comprises a shell-core structure, wherein the polysiloxane is encapsulated by acrylic acid.

[0016] In some respects, the organic-inorganic hybrid film-forming composition accounts for 10% to 45% by weight of the composition.

[0017] In some respects, the biocide comprises encapsulated biocide and non-encapsulated biocide.

[0018] In some respects, the encapsulated biocide is configured to release the biocide into a coating on a substrate after application for a predetermined period of time, such as 6 months to 5 years, 1 to 5 years, 2 to 5 years, or 3 to 5 years.

[0019] In some respects, the encapsulating biocide comprises 0.1% to 2% by weight of the composition.

[0020] In some respects, the non-encapsulated biocide comprises 0.1% to 1% by weight of the composition.

[0021] In some respects, the biocide comprises a carbamate having biocide activity.

[0022] In some respects, the biocide comprises a butyl carbamate having biocide activity.

[0023] In some respects, the biocide comprises 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate.

[0024] In some respects, the encapsulated and non-encapsulated biocides contain at least one carbamate with biocidal activity.

[0025] In some respects, the encapsulated and non-encapsulated biocides comprise at least one butyl carbamate having biocidal activity.

[0026] In some respects, the encapsulated and non-encapsulated biocides comprise 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate.

[0027] In some respects, the non-encapsulated biocides also include aromatic biocides.

[0028] In some respects, the aromatic biocides comprise aromatic urea compounds and aromatic carbamates.

[0029] In some respects, the aromatic biocide comprises 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, methyl 1H-benzimidazole-2-ylcarbamate, or any combination thereof.

[0030] In some aspects, the stabilizer accounts for 0.5% to 6% by weight of the composition. In some aspects, a first stabilizer and a second stabilizer are present in the composition. In some aspects, the first stabilizer accounts for 0.5% to 0.8% by weight of the composition. In some aspects, the second stabilizer accounts for 0.3% to 0.4% by weight of the composition.

[0031] In some respects, the stabilizers (the first stabilizer and the second stabilizer) include ultraviolet (UV) stabilizers.

[0032] In some respects, the first ultraviolet stabilizer is a heterocyclic compound.

[0033] In some respects, the first ultraviolet stabilizer is an azazine compound.

[0034] In some respects, the first ultraviolet stabilizer is a triazine compound.

[0035] In some respects, the first ultraviolet stabilizer is hydroxyphenyltriazine.

[0036] In some aspects, the first UV stabilizer comprises 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-dodecyloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-tetrazoloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, the second UV stabilizer is a hindered amine and / or a heterocyclic compound. In some aspects, the second UV stabilizer is a heterocyclic hindered amine. In some aspects, the second UV stabilizer includes, but is not limited to, hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS). In some aspects, the second UV stabilizer is a piperidine derivative. In some aspects, the second UV stabilizer is a tetramethylpiperidine derivative. In some aspects, the second UV stabilizer comprises bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(octoxy)-4-piperidinyl) sebacate. When a first stabilizer and a second stabilizer are present in the composition, the ratio of the first stabilizer to the second stabilizer in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition is 1:1 to 5:1, more preferably 2:1 to 4:1.

[0037] In some respects, the ratio of the biocide to the film-forming composition in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition is from 1:3 to 1:60.

[0038] In some respects, the ratio of non-encapsulated biocide to encapsulated biocide in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgal composition is from 3:1 to 1:7.

[0039] In some respects, the ratio of polysiloxane-acrylate resin to polysiloxane-urethane resin in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition is from 9:1 to 1.1:1.

[0040] In some aspects, the ratio of biocide to stabilizer (e.g., a first stabilizer and / or a second stabilizer) in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgal composition is from 8:1 to 1:4. When the first and second stabilizers are present in the composition, the ratio of biocide to first stabilizer in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgal composition is from 1:0.3 to 1:11, more preferably from 1:0.5 to 1:10. When the first and second stabilizers are present in the composition, the ratio of biocide to second stabilizer in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgal composition is from 1:0.1 to 1:4, more preferably from 1:0.5 to 1:3.

[0041] A method for preparing a liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition is also disclosed, comprising: (a) providing water at a concentration of up to 70% by weight of the composition; (b) mixing a biocide into the water, said biocide being present in an effective amount to prevent and / or reduce the growth of fungi and / or algae on a substrate after application; (c) mixing a stabilizer into the water; and (d) mixing a film-forming composition into the water, said film-forming composition being present in an effective amount to form a transparent film on a substrate after application.

[0042] A method for coating a substrate is also disclosed, comprising: (a) applying a liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition to the substrate; and (b) drying and / or curing the composition after application to the substrate to form a coated substrate.

[0043] In some respects, the substrate is a porous material or a non-porous material.

[0044] In some respects, the substrate is a non-functionalized substrate, an electrostatically neutral substrate, or a combination thereof.

[0045] An antifungal and / or antialgae coating is also disclosed, comprising: (a) a transparent membrane; (b) a biocide dispersed in the transparent membrane, which is present in an effective amount to prevent and / or reduce the growth of fungi and / or algae on and inside the antifungal and / or antialgae coating; and (c) a stabilizer dispersed in the transparent membrane.

[0046] In some respects, the coating contains less than 0.01% by weight of heavy metal components and less than 0.01% by weight of fluorine-containing components.

[0047] In some respects, the transparent film is an organic-inorganic hybrid resin / emulsion.

[0048] In some respects, the transparent film comprises siloxane components and organic components.

[0049] In some respects, the transparent film composition comprises one or more copolymers.

[0050] In some respects, the transparent film comprises a siloxane component and at least one of an acrylate component and a carbamate component.

[0051] In some aspects, the transparent film comprises at least one of a polysiloxane and an acrylate component (e.g., acrylate monomers and / or acrylic polymers) or a urethane component (e.g., polyols, isocyanates and / or urethane polymers).

[0052] In some respects, the transparent film comprises polysiloxane, acrylate components (e.g., acrylate monomers and / or acrylic polymers), and urethane components (e.g., polyols, isocyanates, and / or urethane polymers).

[0053] In some respects, the transparent film comprises polysiloxane-acrylic resin and polysiloxane-urethane resin.

[0054] In some respects, the polysiloxane-acrylic resin has a shell-core structure, wherein the polysiloxane is encapsulated by acrylic acid.

[0055] In some respects, the transparent membrane is an organic-inorganic hybrid membrane with a concentration of 40% to 95% by weight of the antifungal and / or antialgae coating.

[0056] In some respects, the biocide comprises encapsulated biocide and non-encapsulated biocide.

[0057] In some respects, the encapsulated biocide is configured to release the biocide from the antifungal and / or antialgae coating for a predetermined period of time, such as 6 months to 5 years, 1 to 5 years, 2 to 5 years, or 3 to 5 years.

[0058] In some respects, the encapsulating biocidal agent accounts for 0.2% to 7.5% by weight of the antifungal and / or antialgae coating.

[0059] In some respects, the non-encapsulated biocide accounts for 0.2% to 6% by weight of the antifungal and / or antialgae coating.

[0060] In some respects, the biocide comprises a carbamate having biocide activity.

[0061] In some respects, the biocide comprises a butyl carbamate having biocide activity.

[0062] In some respects, the biocide comprises 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate.

[0063] In some respects, the encapsulated and non-encapsulated biocides contain at least one carbamate with biocidal activity.

[0064] In some respects, the encapsulated and non-encapsulated biocides comprise at least one butyl carbamate having biocidal activity.

[0065] In some respects, the encapsulated and non-encapsulated biocides comprise 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate.

[0066] In some respects, the non-encapsulated biocides also include aromatic biocides.

[0067] In some respects, the aromatic biocides comprise aromatic urea compounds and aromatic carbamates.

[0068] In some respects, the aromatic biocide comprises 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, methyl 1H-benzimidazole-2-ylcarbamate, or any combination thereof.

[0069] In some aspects, the stabilizer accounts for 0.3% to 22% by weight of the composition. In some aspects, a first stabilizer and a second stabilizer are present in the composition. In some aspects, the first stabilizer accounts for 0.9% to 22% by weight of the composition. In some aspects, the second stabilizer accounts for 0.3% to 8% by weight of the composition.

[0070] In some respects, the stabilizers (the first stabilizer and the second stabilizer) include ultraviolet (UV) stabilizers.

[0071] In some respects, the first ultraviolet stabilizer is a heterocyclic compound.

[0072] In some respects, the first ultraviolet stabilizer is an azazine compound.

[0073] In some respects, the first ultraviolet stabilizer is a triazine compound.

[0074] In some respects, the first ultraviolet stabilizer is hydroxyphenyltriazine.

[0075] In some aspects, the first UV stabilizer comprises 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-dodecyloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-tetrazoloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, the second UV stabilizer is a hindered amine and / or a heterocyclic compound. In some aspects, the second UV stabilizer is a heterocyclic hindered amine. In some aspects, the second UV stabilizer includes, but is not limited to, hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS). In some aspects, the second UV stabilizer is a piperidine derivative. In some aspects, the second UV stabilizer is a tetramethylpiperidine derivative. In some aspects, the second UV stabilizer comprises bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(octoxy)-4-piperidinyl) sebacate. When a first UV stabilizer and a second UV stabilizer are present in the composition, the ratio of the first UV stabilizer to the second UV stabilizer in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition is 1:1 to 5:1, more preferably 2:1 to 4:1.

[0076] In some respects, the ratio of the biocide to the transparent film in the antifungal and / or antialgae coating is from 1:3 to 1:60.

[0077] In some respects, the ratio of non-encapsulated biocides to encapsulated biocides in the antifungal and / or antialgae coating is from 3:1 to 1:7.

[0078] In some respects, the ratio of polysiloxane-acrylic resin to polysiloxane-urethane resin in the antifungal and / or antialgae coating is from 9:1 to 1.1:1.

[0079] In some aspects, the ratio of biocide to stabilizer (e.g., a first stabilizer and / or a second stabilizer) in the antifungal and / or antialgae coating is from 8:1 to 1:4. When the first and second stabilizers are present in the composition, the ratio of biocide to first stabilizer in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition is from 1:0.3 to 1:11, more preferably from 1:0.5 to 1:10. When the first and second stabilizers are present in the composition, the ratio of biocide to second stabilizer in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition is from 1:0.1 to 1:4, more preferably from 1:0.5 to 1:3.

[0080] In some respects, the antifungal and / or antialgae coating preferably contains less than 1% by weight of water, more preferably less than 0.5% by weight of water, and most preferably less than 0.25% by weight of water.

[0081] In some respects, the coating also includes a substrate having an antifungal and / or antialgae coating applied thereon.

[0082] In some respects, the substrate is a porous material or a non-porous material.

[0083] In some respects, the substrate is a non-functionalized substrate, an electrostatically neutral substrate, or a combination thereof.

[0084] In some respects, the antifungal and / or antialgae coating retains 100% gloss retention after 500 hours of UV exposure, 95% after 1000 hours of UV exposure, 93% after 1500 hours of UV exposure, and 93% after 2000 hours of UV exposure (wavelength approximately 340 nm, intensity approximately 0.89 W / m). 2 ).

[0085] Embodiments of the present invention may include one or more of the features and configurations described above, or any combination thereof.

[0086] Other features, aspects, and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the following detailed description, and will be apparent in part from the description to those skilled in the art, or may be recognized by practice of the invention as described herein. It should be understood that the foregoing overview and the following detailed description present various embodiments of the invention and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and features of the claimed invention. Attached Figure Description

[0087] The accompanying drawings described herein are for illustrative purposes of selected embodiments and do not represent all possible implementations, nor are they intended to limit the scope of this disclosure.

[0088] Figure 1 This is a photograph showing the film formation on a polyester substrate after treatment with Comparative Example 4.

[0089] Figure 2 This is a photograph showing the film formation on a polyester substrate after treatment with Comparative Example Coating 5 (Control).

[0090] Figure 3 This is a photograph showing the film formation on a polyester substrate after treatment with exemplary coating 3. Detailed Implementation

[0091] The invention will now be described more fully with reference to exemplary embodiments shown. However, the invention may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the representative embodiments set forth herein. Exemplary embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, fully conveying the scope of the invention and enabling those skilled in the art to make, use, and practice the invention. In the figures, the same reference numerals refer to the same elements.

[0092] Furthermore, the term “or” used in this disclosure and the appended claims is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive “or.” That is, unless otherwise stated or the context clearly indicates, the phrase “X employs A or B” is intended to mean any natural inclusive arrangement. Specifically, the phrase “X employs A or B” satisfies any of the following instances: X employs A; X employs B; or X employs both A and B. Additionally, unless otherwise stated or the context indicates a singular form, the absence of articles in this application and the appended claims should generally be interpreted as “one or more.” Throughout the specification and claims, unless the context requires otherwise, the following terms have at least the meaning explicitly relevant herein. The meanings determined below are not necessarily limiting of these terms, but merely illustrative examples. The absence of articles and the meaning of “described” can include plural references, and the meaning of “in” can include “in,” “at,” and / or “on,” unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The phrase “in one embodiment” as used herein does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, although this may be the case.

[0093] Concentration, magnitude, and other numerical data may be represented or presented in range format throughout this document. It should be understood that this range format is used merely for convenience and brevity, and therefore should be interpreted flexibly to include not only the explicitly stated range boundaries, but also all individual values ​​or subranges contained within that range, as if each value and subrange were explicitly stated. For example, a numerical range of “about 1 to 5” should be interpreted to include not only the explicitly stated values ​​of about 1 to about 5, but also the individual values ​​and subranges within that range. Therefore, this numerical range includes individual values ​​such as 2, 3, and 4, and subranges such as 1-3, 2-4, and 3-5, as well as individual values ​​such as 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. The same principle applies to ranges that state only one value as a minimum or maximum value. Furthermore, this interpretation should apply regardless of the breadth of the range or the characteristics described.

[0094] This document discloses liquid antifungal and / or antialgae compositions that, upon application, form a coating (durable, UV-resistant, and / or weather-resistant coating) on ​​a substrate, wherein the composition contains less than 0.01 wt% of a heavy metal component and less than 0.01 wt% of a fluorine component. This document further discloses antifungal and / or antialgae coatings applied to / on a substrate that also exhibit durability (e.g., coating stability and gloss retention) and antifungal and / or antialgae properties over a predetermined period of time. The coating contains less than 0.01 wt% of a heavy metal component and less than 0.01 wt% of a fluorine component. In some aspects, the compositions and coatings are used on external surfaces and substrates, which may include, but are not limited to, glass, metal, ceramic, asphalt, concrete, plastic, or any combination thereof. Furthermore, the substrate may further include roofing tiles and / or roofing materials for residential and / or commercial purposes, and exterior wall panels (e.g., vinyl wall panels and / or engineered wood and / or cement wall panel materials). The compositions and coatings described herein advantageously protect and maintain the substrates disclosed herein by reducing and / or eliminating fungal and / or algal growth, and further advantageously reduce the frequency of cleaning of these substrates, which are typically associated with fungal and / or algal growth.

[0095] Liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition

[0096] In some aspects, a liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition is disclosed, which forms a coating on a substrate upon application, said composition comprising: (a) water at a concentration of up to 70% by weight of the composition; (b) a biocide dispersed in water, present in an effective amount to prevent and / or reduce the growth of fungi and / or algae on the substrate upon application; (c) a stabilizer dispersed in water; and (d) a film-forming composition dispersed in water, present in an effective amount to form a transparent film on the substrate upon application. In some aspects, said composition comprises less than 0.01% by weight of a heavy metal component and less than 0.01% by weight of a fluorine component.

[0097] The film-forming composition is present in an effective amount in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition to form a film (e.g., a clear film, which is transparent or translucent) after application to a desired substrate and drying / curing. The film-forming composition is preferably uniformly dispersed in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition at a concentration of 10% to 45% by weight of the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition, with any endpoint within this range serving as an endpoint for other sub-ranges (e.g., 20% to 40% by weight, 30% to 35% by weight, etc.). If the amount of the film-forming composition is less than 10.0% by weight, insufficient / non-durable film formation will occur. If the amount of the film-forming composition in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition exceeds 45% by weight, the liquid composition becomes too viscous to be adequately applied to the substrate and to form subsequent coatings after curing (e.g., uneven and / or heterogeneous application of the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition may occur). Furthermore, if the film-forming composition exceeds 45% by weight of the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition, the antifungal and / or antialgae properties may be reduced because the coating (i.e., formed after drying / curing the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition on the substrate) is too thick, hindering the antifungal and / or antialgae properties of the biocide disclosed herein. In some aspects, the film-forming composition comprises one or more copolymers. Furthermore, in some aspects, the film-forming composition is an organic-inorganic hybrid resin / emulsion that may comprise a siloxane component and an organic component, respectively. The film-forming composition may comprise a polysiloxane and at least one of an acrylate component (e.g., acrylate monomers and / or acrylic polymers) or a urethane component (e.g., polyols, isocyanates and / or urethane polymers), more preferably, the film-forming composition comprises a polysiloxane, an acrylate component (e.g., acrylate monomers and / or acrylic polymers), and a urethane component (e.g., polyols, isocyanates and / or urethane polymers). In each of the above aspects, the film-forming composition preferably forms a transparent film after the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition is applied to a substrate and cured / dried, the transparent film being a transparent film or a translucent film, more preferably a transparent film.

[0098] The film-forming compositions disclosed herein preferably comprise two film-forming compositions that work synergistically to improve the dispersibility, miscibility, and / or spreadability of the film-forming compositions and other components (e.g., biocides and / or stabilizers) within the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae compositions, as well as their performance during application to a substrate (e.g., uniform spreading / application). These two film-forming compositions preferably comprise a polysiloxane-acrylic resin (Ceranate Voncoat SA-6360 from DIC Corporation, incorporated herein by reference) and a polysiloxane-urethane resin (Ceranate WHW-822 from DIC Corporation, incorporated herein by reference). The polysiloxane-acrylic resin is present in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae compositions at a concentration (dispersed and / or uniformly dispersed) of 10 wt% to 35 wt%, with any endpoint within this range serving as an endpoint for other subranges (e.g., 15 wt% to 30 wt%, 20 wt% to 25 wt%, etc.). The polysiloxane-acrylic resin has a pH of 8.0 to 9.5 and a viscosity of 500 to 2000 mPa·s. The polysiloxane-acrylic resin comprises a shell-core structure in which the polysiloxane is encapsulated by acrylic acid. This shell-core structure, present at the concentrations disclosed herein, and in combination with other components in the proportions disclosed herein, can provide a durable film formation after curing / drying a liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition on a substrate. Not wishing to be bound by theory, the acrylic acid in the polysiloxane-acrylic resin forms the outer surface of the resulting coating, advantageously imparting coating durability. In some aspects, the outer acrylic surface of the coating extends the lifespan of the polysiloxane core by acting as a sacrificial layer (degradation), thereby imparting coating durability. The calculated Tg of the acrylic segments / parts of the polysiloxane-acrylic resin is 20°C. In some shell-core structure aspects, the polysiloxane is a crosslinking agent that crosslinks the acrylic polymer within the film composition, which further contributes to the formation of a homogeneous film at the micron and / or nanoscale and the maintenance of the durability of the transparent film after drying / curing. Furthermore, the polysiloxane-urethane resin is present in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition at a concentration of 2% to 10% by weight (dispersed and / or uniformly dispersed), with any endpoint within this range serving as an endpoint for other ranges (e.g., 4% to 8% by weight, 5% to 7% by weight, etc.). The polysiloxane-urethane resin has a pH of 7.5 to 8.5, a particle size of 40 to 70 nm, and a viscosity of 10 to 1000 mPa·s. When the membrane thickness is 200 μm, the physical properties of the membrane include a tensile strength of 5 to 10 MPa and an elongation of 100% to 300%.

[0099] When the two film-forming compositions at the above concentrations are included in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition, the two film-forming compositions are further included in a ratio of 9:1 to 1.1:1 to obtain the desired dispersibility, miscibility, viscosity, and / or film-forming properties. More specifically, when polysiloxane-acrylate resin and polysiloxane-urethane resin are included as two film-forming compositions in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition, the polysiloxane-acrylate resin and polysiloxane-urethane resin are included in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition in a ratio of 9:1 to 1.1:1, or 7:1 to 1.05:1, or 4:1 to 1:1, relative to each other, and any ratio within this range is further considered and included. The polysiloxane-acrylate resin and polysiloxane-urethane resin are included in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition at the concentrations and ratios disclosed herein to obtain the desired dispersibility, miscibility, viscosity, and / or film-forming properties. Furthermore, additional advantages are obtained when the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae compositions contain two film-forming compositions (polysiloxane-acrylic resin and polysiloxane-urethane resin) at the concentrations disclosed herein. For example, coatings formed from liquid antifungal and / or antialgae compositions containing polysiloxane-acrylic resin and polysiloxane-urethane resin exhibit ideal coating hardness and flexibility, making the coating less prone to delamination and / or cracking (e.g., substrate expansion / contraction due to temperature fluctuations), while further advantageously providing the desired gloss retention.

[0100] As described above, the biocide is dispersed (preferably uniformly dispersed) in an effective amount in a liquid antifungal and / or antialgal composition to prevent and / or reduce fungal and / or algal growth on a substrate after application. The biocide is preferably uniformly dispersed in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgal composition at a concentration of 0.1% to 3% by weight, with any endpoint within this range serving as an endpoint for other sub-ranges (e.g., 0.5% to 2.5% by weight, 1% to 2% by weight, etc.). The biocide comprises one or more biocide-active carbamates, aromatic biocides, or any combination thereof. The biocide-active carbamate includes biocide-active butyl carbamates, more preferably 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate. The aromatic biocide includes, but is not limited to, aromatic urea compounds and / or aromatic carbamates, including, but not limited to, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, methyl 1H-benzimidazole-2-yl carbamate, or any combination thereof.

[0101] In some aspects, the biocide comprises encapsulated and non-encapsulated biocides, which advantageously provide time-released biocide activity to the coating (after application of a liquid antifungal and / or antialgal composition to a substrate and drying / curing), thereby providing antifungal and / or antialgal properties over an extended period of time (e.g., up to 5 years). More specifically, in some aspects, the encapsulated biocide is configured to release the biocide from the coating on the substrate after application over a period of 6 months to 5 years, 1 to 5 years, 2 to 5 years, or 3 to 5 years. The encapsulated biocide (IPBC (Polyphase PW20 EPA registration number 5383-197 Arxada (2023)), incorporated herein by reference) comprises 0.1% to 2% by weight of the liquid antifungal and / or antialgal composition, any endpoint of this range may be an endpoint of other subranges (e.g., 0.5% to 1.5% by weight, 1.0% to 1.2% by weight, etc.). The encapsulated biocide has a pH of 6.0 to 8.0 and a specific gravity of 1.15 to 1.18 at 25°C. Furthermore, the encapsulated biocide is preferably uniformly dispersed in a liquid antifungal and / or antialgal composition, which further contributes to the ease and effectiveness of applying the liquid antifungal and / or antialgal composition to a substrate. In some respects, the encapsulated biocide is insoluble in water, thereby preventing infiltration into the environment and exhibiting minimal leaching over extended periods. The encapsulated biocide comprises a biocide-active carbamate, more preferably a biocide-active butyl carbamate, and most preferably 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate.

[0102] The non-encapsulated biocide (Diuron, BCM, IPBC (Polyphase 663 EPA registration number 5383-109; product code 10614 Troy Corporation (2016)), incorporated herein by reference) comprises 0.1% to 1% by weight of a liquid antifungal and / or antialglycan composition, with any endpoint of this range serving as an endpoint of other ranges (e.g., 0.2% to 0.8% by weight, 0.5% to 0.7% by weight, etc.). The non-encapsulated biocide has a pH of 7.0 to 8.0, a viscosity of 300 cPs at ambient temperature, and a specific gravity of 1.15 g / cc. Furthermore, the non-encapsulated biocide is preferably uniformly dispersed in the liquid antifungal and / or antialglycan composition, which further contributes to the ease and effectiveness of applying the liquid antifungal and / or antialglycan composition to substrates. In some respects, the non-encapsulated biocide is insoluble in water, thereby preventing infiltration into the environment and exhibiting minimal leaching over extended periods. The non-encapsulated biocide comprises one or more bioactive carbamates, aromatic biocides, or any combination thereof. The bioactive carbamate includes bioactive butyl carbamates, more preferably 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate. The aromatic biocide includes, but is not limited to, aromatic urea compounds and / or aromatic carbamates, including, but not limited to, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, methyl 1H-benzimidazole-2-yl carbamate, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, the non-encapsulated biocide comprises bioactive carbamates and aromatic biocides, including, but not limited to, aromatic urea compounds and / or aromatic carbamates. In some preferred aspects, the non-encapsulated biocide comprises 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (Diuron), 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate (IPBC), methyl 1H-benzimidazole-2-ylcarbamate (BCM), or any combination thereof. In some aspects, the ratio of Diuron to IPBC is 6:1 to 2:1, or 5:1 to 3:1, and any ratio within this range is further considered and included. In some aspects, the ratio of BCM to IPBC is 4:1 to 2:1, or 3:1 to 2:1, and any ratio within this range is further considered and included. In some aspects, the ratio of Diuron to BCM is 2:1 to 1:1.5, or 1.8:1 to 1:1, and any ratio within this range is further considered and included.

[0103] In some respects, the ratio of non-encapsulated biocide to encapsulated biocide in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae compositions is 3:1 to 1:7, or 2.5:1 to 1:6, or 2:1 to 1:5, or 1.5:1 to 1:4, or 1:1 to 1:3, and any ratio within this range is further considered and included. The non-encapsulated and encapsulated biocides are included in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae compositions at the concentrations and ratios disclosed herein to obtain the desired durable and / or long-lasting biocide activity within the coating (after application to the substrate and drying / curing). Biocide ratios and concentrations lower than those disclosed herein do not provide the desired durable and / or long-lasting biocide activity within the coating. And biocide ratios and concentrations exceeding those disclosed herein do not provide higher antifungal activity / efficacy and / or antialgae activity.

[0104] In some respects, the ratio of the biocide (e.g., total encapsulated and non-encapsulated biocide) to the film-forming composition in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition is 1:3 to 1:60, or 1:7 to 1:50, or 1:10 to 1:25, and any ratio within this range is further considered and included. If the film-forming composition exceeds the concentration and / or ratio disclosed herein, the liquid composition becomes too viscous to adequately apply the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition to the substrate and to form subsequent coatings after curing (e.g., uneven and / or heterogeneous application of the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition may occur). Furthermore, the antifungal and / or antialgae properties may be reduced because the coating (i.e., formed after drying / curing the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition on the substrate) is too thick, hindering the antifungal and / or antialgae properties of the biocide disclosed herein.

[0105] To enhance the stability of the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition and the coating (after application to a substrate and curing / drying), the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition contains a stabilizer (preferably uniformly dispersed therein). This stabilizer comprises 0.5 wt% to 6 wt% of the composition, with any endpoint within this range serving as an endpoint of other sub-ranges (e.g., 1.0 wt% to 5.0 wt%, 2.0 wt% to 3.0 wt%, etc.). In some aspects, the active concentration of the first stabilizer is 0.5 wt% to 0.8 wt% of the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition, with any endpoint within this range serving as an endpoint of other sub-ranges (e.g., 0.6 wt% to 0.7 wt%, etc.). The active concentration of the first stabilizer is 0.5 wt% to 0.8 wt% because the first stabilizer added to the solution comprises 80% inactive stabilizer (e.g., fillers, carriers, etc.). Therefore, 0.2 (i.e., 20%) multiplied by 2.5 wt% equals 0.5 wt%. In some aspects, the first stabilizer comprises an ultraviolet (UV) stabilizer, which is a heterocyclic and / or azazine compound. In some preferred aspects, the first UV stabilizer is a triazine compound, more specifically a hydroxyphenyltriazine (e.g., 400-DW ECO Technical Data Sheet BASF (April 2022, incorporated herein by reference). Most preferably, it comprises 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-dodecyloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-tetrazoloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, a second stabilizer is also included. In some aspects, the active concentration of the second stabilizer is from 0.3% to 0.4% by weight of the liquid antifungal and / or antialgal composition, and any endpoint within this range may be an endpoint of other subranges (e.g., from 0.3% to 0.35% by weight, etc.). The active concentration of the second stabilizer is 0.3% to 0.4% by weight, because the second stabilizer added to the solution contains 80% inactive stabilizer (e.g., filler, carrier, etc.). Therefore, 0.2% (i.e., 20%) multiplied by 1.5% by weight equals 0.3% by weight. In some aspects, the second UV stabilizer comprises a UV stabilizer that is a hindered amine and / or a heterocyclic amine. In some preferred aspects, the second UV stabilizer is a heterocyclic hindered amine. In some aspects, the second UV stabilizer includes, but is not limited to, hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS). In some aspects, the second UV stabilizer is a piperidine derivative. In some aspects, the second UV stabilizer is a tetramethylpiperidine derivative, more specifically a bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(octyloxy)-4-piperidinyl) sebacate (e.g. 123-DW ECO Technical Data Sheet BASF (April 2022, incorporated herein by reference). In some respects, a combination of a first UV stabilizer and a second UV stabilizer is used due to synergistic effects. When the composition contains the first and second stabilizers at the concentrations and / or proportions described above, the first and second stabilizers preferably provide optimal UV radiation protection through synergistic effects. The first UV stabilizer (i.e., UV absorber) and the second UV stabilizer (i.e., HALS) each function through different mechanisms. Therefore, the combined use of both types of UV stabilizers ensures the highest level of UV radiation protection.

[0106] In addition, the ratio of biocide to stabilizer in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgal compositions is 8:1 to 1:4 or 6.5:1 to 1:3.5 or 4:1 to 1:2.5, and any ratio within this range is further considered and included.

[0107] In view of the above, the water content in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition is at most 70% by weight of the composition, and any endpoint within this range can be considered as an endpoint of other sub-ranges (e.g., 5.0% to 65.0% by weight, 10.0% to 50.0% by weight, etc.). The pH value of the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition is 7.0 to 10.0, more preferably 7.5 to 9.5, and any endpoint within this range can be considered as an endpoint of other sub-ranges (e.g., 8.0 to 9.0, 8.5 to 9.0, etc.). The viscosity of the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition at ambient temperature is 225 to 275 cPs, and any endpoint within this range can be considered as an endpoint of other sub-ranges (e.g., 230 cPs to 270 cPs, 240 cPs to 260 cPs, etc.).

[0108] Method for preparing liquid antifungal and / or antialgae compositions

[0109] A method for preparing a liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition is also disclosed, comprising: (a) providing water at a concentration of up to 70% by weight of the composition; (b) mixing a biocide into the water, the biocide being present in an effective amount to prevent and / or reduce the growth of fungi and / or algae on a substrate after application; (c) mixing a stabilizer into the water; and (d) mixing a film-forming composition into the water, the film-forming composition being present in an effective amount to form a transparent film (e.g., a transparent film or a translucent film) on a substrate after application. In some aspects, when preparing the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition, the biocide, stabilizer, and film-forming composition may contain any of the concentrations and / or proportions described above. In a preferred embodiment, the biocide, stabilizer, film-forming composition, or any combination thereof is uniformly dispersed in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition to obtain the desired viscosity and / or pH value of the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition, the spreadability / application properties (e.g., uniform spreadability / application) of the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition on the substrate, and / or film-forming properties (after application to the substrate and drying / curing).

[0110] Method of coating a substrate with a liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition

[0111] A method for coating a substrate is also disclosed, comprising: (a) applying the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition disclosed herein to the substrate disclosed herein; and (b) drying and / or curing the composition after application to the substrate to form a coated substrate. In some aspects, the drying and / or curing of step (b) is carried out for 5 to 35 hours in a temperature range of 25°C to 150°C, and any endpoint of this range may be used as an endpoint of other sub-ranges (e.g., 10 to 30 hours at 50°C to 125°C, 15 to 25 hours at 75°C to 100°C, etc.).

[0112] Before applying the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition to the substrate, the composition should be thoroughly mixed such that the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition is translucent and / or slightly turbid after thorough mixing, and / or its various components are uniformly dispersed therein when the composition is thoroughly mixed.

[0113] In some respects, the substrate may be a porous or non-porous material. The substrate may include glass, metal, ceramic, bitumen, concrete, plastic, or any combination thereof. The substrate may also include substrates for external use and / or building applications, such as roofing tiles and / or roofing materials, and exterior wall panels (e.g., vinyl wall panels and / or engineered wood and / or cement wall panel materials for residential and / or commercial use).

[0114] Liquid antifungal and / or antialgae compositions can be applied by a variety of methods, including spraying, roller coating, dip coating, brush coating, fluidized bed spraying, etc. In some aspects, an antifungal and / or antialgae coating is uniformly applied to a substrate. In some aspects, the coating remains on the substrate for 6 months to 5 years, 1 to 5 years, 2 to 5 years, or 3 to 5 years. In some aspects, the substrate is a non-functionalized substrate, an electrostatically neutral substrate, or a combination thereof, wherein the coating is physically bonded / adhered to the substrate by van der Waals forces and / or hydrogen bonds.

[0115] Antifungal and / or antialgae coatings

[0116] The antifungal and / or antialgae coating is formed on a substrate after a liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition is applied to the substrate and dried / cured. In some aspects, the substrate is a nonfunctionalized substrate, an electrostatically neutral substrate, or a combination thereof, wherein the coating is physically bonded / adhered to the substrate by van der Waals forces and / or hydrogen bonds, with a total thickness of 0.4 mils (10 μm) to 10 mils (250 μm), any endpoint within this range may serve as an endpoint for other subranges of thickness. In a preferred embodiment, the antifungal and / or antialgae coating has a uniform (and / or substantially uniform) and / or smooth thickness (and / or substantially smooth thickness) (e.g., as observed in cross-section), and the biocide and / or any other chemical components are uniformly (and / or substantially uniformly) dispersed within and / or throughout the antifungal and / or antialgae coating.

[0117] Specifically, the antifungal and / or antialgae coating comprises: (a) a transparent film (formed by drying and / or curing a film-forming composition in a liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition); (b) a biocide dispersed in the transparent film, present in an effective amount to prevent and / or reduce the growth of fungi and / or algae on and within the antifungal and / or antialgae coating for 6 months to 5 years, 1 to 5 years, 2 to 5 years, or 3 to 5 years; and (c) a stabilizer dispersed in the transparent film. The coating preferably contains less than 0.01% by weight of a heavy metal component and less than 0.01% by weight of a fluorine-containing component, more preferably not containing any heavy metal-containing component and / or fluorine-containing component. Furthermore, the coating preferably contains less than 1% by weight of water, more preferably less than 0.5% by weight, and most preferably less than 0.25% by weight. In some aspects, the antifungal and / or antialgae coating is hydrophobic, with a contact angle of 75° to 85°, preferably 80° to 85°. The hydrophobic properties of the coating advantageously extend its service life and biocidal activity, especially compared to coatings with hydrophilic properties, because the water resistance of the coating minimizes swelling and shrinkage (e.g., swelling) caused by water absorption during harsh weather and / or outdoor seasonal thermal cycling.

[0118] The concentration of the transparent film in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae coating is from 40 wt% to 95 wt%, with any endpoint within this range serving as an endpoint for other subranges (e.g., 45 wt% to 90 wt%, 50 wt% to 85 wt%, etc.). If the concentration of the transparent film is below 40 wt%, the film and coating exhibit insufficient / non-durable performance. Conversely, if the concentration of the transparent film in the antifungal and / or antialgae coating exceeds 95 wt%, the coating becomes non-uniform and / or heterogeneous, and the antifungal and / or antialgae properties are reduced because the coating thickness may impede the antifungal and / or antialgae properties of the biocides disclosed herein.

[0119] In some aspects, the transparent film comprises one or more copolymers. Furthermore, in some aspects, the transparent film comprises an organic-inorganic hybrid resin, preferably comprising a siloxane component and an organic component, respectively. The transparent film may comprise at least one of a polysiloxane and an acrylate component (e.g., acrylate monomers and / or acrylic polymers) or a urethane component (e.g., polyols, isocyanates and / or urethane polymers), more preferably comprising a polysiloxane, an acrylate component (e.g., acrylate monomers and / or acrylic polymers), and a urethane component (e.g., polyols, isocyanates and / or urethane polymers). In each of the above aspects, the transparent film is a transparent or translucent film formed on a substrate, preferably a transparent film. The haze value of the transparent film on a spectrophotometer is 10-11. The lower haze of the transparent film results in a more visually appealing film compared to other films.

[0120] The transparent film preferably comprises a polysiloxane-acrylic resin (Ceranate Voncoat SA-6360, from DIC Corporation, incorporated herein by reference) and a polysiloxane-urethane resin (Ceranate WHW-822, from DIC Corporation, incorporated herein by reference). The concentration of the polysiloxane-acrylic resin in the antifungal and / or antialgae coating is from 35% to 90% by weight, with any endpoint within this range serving as an endpoint for other subranges (e.g., 45% to 85% by weight, 55% to 75% by weight, etc.). The polysiloxane-acrylic resin has a pH of 8.0 to 9.5 and a viscosity of 500 to 2000 mPa·s. The polysiloxane-acrylic resin comprises a shell-core structure in which the polysiloxane is encapsulated by acrylic acid. This shell-core structure, combined with other components disclosed herein in specific proportions and at the concentrations and ratios disclosed herein, provides a durable, transparent film that, when combined with the biocides and other components disclosed herein, provides an effective antifungal and / or antialgae coating for a predetermined time. The antifungal and / or antialgae coating is hydrophobic, with a contact angle of 75° to 85°, preferably 80° to 85°. This property extends the lifespan of both the coating and the biocide due to water resistance, as it does not swell upon contact with water. Not wishing to be bound by theory, the acrylic acid in the polysiloxane-acrylic resin forms the outer surface of the coating, advantageously imparting durability. In some aspects, the acrylic outer surface of the coating extends the lifespan of the polysiloxane core by acting as a sacrificial layer (degradation), thereby imparting coating durability. The calculated Tg of the acrylic portion of the polysiloxane-acrylic resin is 20°C. In some aspects, in the shell-core structure, the polysiloxane is a crosslinking agent that crosslinks the acrylic polymer in the transparent film, which further contributes to the uniformity and thickness of the film after application / formation on the substrate. Furthermore, the concentration of polysiloxane-urethane resin (dispersed and / or uniformly dispersed) in the antifungal and / or antialgae coating is from 5% to 45% by weight, with any endpoint within this range serving as an endpoint for other ranges (e.g., 7.5% to 35% by weight, 10% to 30% by weight, etc.). The polysiloxane-urethane resin has a pH of 7.5 to 8.5, a particle size of 40 to 70 nm, and a viscosity of 10 to 1000 mPa·s. When the membrane thickness is 200 μm, the physical properties of the membrane include a tensile strength of 5 to 10 MPa and an elongation of 100% to 300%.

[0121] When the transparent film contains polysiloxane-acrylic resin and polysiloxane-urethane resin, the ratio of polysiloxane-acrylic resin and polysiloxane-urethane resin to each other in the antifungal and / or antialgae coating is from 9:1 to 1.1:1, or from 7:1 to 1.05:1, or from 4:1 to 1:1, and any ratio within this range is further considered and included. The polysiloxane-acrylic resin and polysiloxane-urethane resin are included in the antifungal and / or antialgae coating at the concentrations and ratios disclosed herein to obtain the desired transparent film thickness, hardness, flexibility, and / or durability under repeated thermal fluctuations and / or other stresses (e.g., UV exposure). For example, coatings containing polysiloxane-acrylic resin and polysiloxane-urethane resin exhibit ideal coating hardness and flexibility, making the coating less prone to delamination and / or cracking (e.g., substrate expansion / contraction due to temperature fluctuations, harsh weather, and / or seasonal changes), while further advantageously providing the desired gloss retention.

[0122] A biocide (preferably uniformly dispersed) is dispersed in an effective amount in an antifungal and / or antialgae coating to prevent and / or reduce the growth of fungi and / or algae, for example, on a substrate, for a predetermined time. The biocide is preferably dispersed (uniformly dispersed) in the antifungal and / or antialgae coating at a concentration of 0.5% to 15% by weight, with any endpoint within this range serving as an endpoint for other sub-ranges (e.g., 2% to 9.5% by weight, 3% to 8% by weight, etc.). The biocide includes one or more of biocide-active carbamates, aromatic biocides, or any combination thereof. Biocide-active carbamates include biocide-active butyl carbamates, more preferably 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate. Aromatic biocides include, but are not limited to, aromatic urea compounds and / or aromatic carbamates, including but not limited to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, methyl 1H-benzimidazole-2-yl carbamate, or any combination thereof.

[0123] In some aspects, biocides include encapsulated and non-encapsulated biocides, which advantageously provide the coating with timed-release biocide activity, thereby exhibiting antifungal and / or antialgal properties over an extended period of time (e.g., up to 5 years). More specifically, in some aspects, encapsulated biocides are configured to release the biocide from the coating over a predetermined period of time, such as 6 months to 5 years, 1 to 5 years, 2 to 5 years, or 3 to 5 years, thereby exhibiting the desired predetermined antifungal and antialgal activity. Encapsulated biocides (IPBC (Polyphase PW20)) The encapsulated biocide (EPA registration number 5383-197 Arxada (2023), incorporated herein by reference) comprises 0.2% to 7.5% by weight of the antifungal and / or antialgae coating, with any endpoint within this range serving as an endpoint for other subranges (e.g., 1% to 4.5% by weight, 1.5% to 4% by weight, etc.). The pH of the encapsulated biocide is 6.0 to 8.0, and the specific gravity at 25°C is 1.15 to 1.18. Furthermore, the encapsulated biocide is preferably uniformly dispersed in the antifungal and / or antialgae coating, thereby imparting uniform antifungal and / or antialgae properties to the antifungal and / or antialgae coating. In some respects, the encapsulated biocide is insoluble in water, thereby preventing leaching into the environment and resulting in minimal leaching over long periods. The encapsulated biocide includes biocide-active carbamates, more preferably biocide-active butyl carbamates, and most preferably 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate.

[0124] The non-encapsulated biocide (Diuron, BCM, IPBC (Polyphase 663 EPA registration number 5383-109; product code 10614, Troy Corporation (2016), incorporated herein by reference) comprises 0.2% to 6% by weight of the antifungal and / or antialgae coating, with any endpoint within this range serving as an endpoint for other ranges (e.g., 1% to 5% by weight, 1.5% to 3.75% by weight, etc.). The non-encapsulated biocide has a pH of 7.0 to 8.0, a viscosity of 300 cPs at ambient temperature, and a specific gravity of 1.15 g / cc. Furthermore, the non-encapsulated biocide is preferably uniformly dispersed in the antifungal and / or antialgae coating, thereby imparting uniform antifungal and / or antialgae resistance to the coating. Antibacterial and / or antialgal properties. In some respects, non-encapsulated biocides are insoluble in water, thus preventing leaching into the environment and resulting in minimal leaching over long periods. Non-encapsulated biocides include one or more of biocidal carbamates, aromatic biocides, or any combination thereof. Biocidal carbamates include biocidal butyl carbamates, more preferably 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate. Aromatic biocides include, but are not limited to, aromatic urea compounds and / or aromatic carbamates, including but not limited to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) 1,1-Dimethylurea, methyl 1H-benzimidazole-2-ylcarbamate, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, non-encapsulated biocides include carbamates and aromatic biocides with biocidal activity, including but not limited to aromatic urea compounds and / or aromatic carbamates. In some preferred aspects, non-encapsulated biocides include 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (Diuron), 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate (IPBC), methyl 1H-benzimidazole-2-ylcarbamate (BCM), or any combination thereof. In some respects, the ratio of Diuron to IPBC relative to each other is 6:1 to 2:1 or 5:1 to 3:1, and any ratio within this range is further considered and included. In some respects, the ratio of BCM to IPBC relative to each other is 4:1 to 2:1 or 3:1 to 2:1, and any ratio within this range is further considered and included. In some respects, the ratio of Diuron to BCM relative to each other is 2:1 to 1:1.5 or 1.8:1 to 1:1, and any ratio within this range is further considered and included.

[0125] In some respects, the ratio of non-encapsulated biocide to encapsulated biocide in antifungal and / or antialgae coatings is 3:1 to 1:7, 1.5:1 to 1:2.5, 1.25:1 to 1:2, or 1:1.05 to 1:1.5, and any ratio within this range is further considered and included. Non-encapsulated and encapsulated biocides are included in the antifungal and / or antialgae coatings at the concentrations and proportions disclosed herein to obtain the desired durable and / or long-lasting biocide activity in the coating. Biocide proportions and concentrations below the ranges disclosed herein do not provide the desired durable and / or long-lasting biocide activity in the coating. Biocide proportions and concentrations exceeding the ranges disclosed herein do not provide higher antifungal activity / efficacy and / or antialgae activity, and may further adversely result in a cloudy film / coating appearance, poor aesthetics, and / or distorted visual appearance of the substrate. Furthermore, the proportions and concentrations of biocides exceeding those disclosed herein exceed, for example, the labeling limits allowed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for these biocides, and unnecessarily increase potential leaching concentrations.

[0126] In some respects, the ratio of biocide (e.g., total encapsulated and non-encapsulated biocide) to transparent film in the antifungal and / or antialgae coating is 1:3 to 1:60, 1:7 to 1:50, or 1:10 to 1:25, and any ratio within this range is further considered and included. If the transparent film exceeds the concentration and / or ratio disclosed herein, it will result in the formation of an inhomogeneous and / or heterogeneous coating. Furthermore, the antifungal and / or antialgae properties may be reduced because excessive coating thickness may impede the antifungal and / or antialgae properties of the biocide disclosed herein.

[0127] To enhance the stability of the antifungal and / or antialgae coating, the coating contains a stabilizer (preferably uniformly dispersed therein). This stabilizer comprises 0.3% to 22% by weight of the antifungal and / or antialgae coating, with any endpoint within this range serving as an endpoint of other sub-ranges (e.g., 2.5% to 20% by weight, 7.5% to 15% by weight, etc.). In some aspects, the active concentration of the first stabilizer is 0.9% to 22% by weight of the antifungal and / or antialgae coating, with any endpoint within this range serving as an endpoint of other sub-ranges (e.g., 3% to 20% by weight, 8% to 15% by weight, etc.). The active concentration of the first stabilizer is 0.9% to 22% by weight because the first stabilizer added to the solution comprises 80% inactive stabilizer (e.g., filler, carrier, etc.). Therefore, 0.2 (i.e., 20%) multiplied by 4.5% by weight equals 0.9% by weight. In some aspects, the first stabilizer comprises a UV stabilizer, which is a heterocyclic and / or azazine compound. In some preferred aspects, the first UV stabilizer is a triazine compound, more specifically a hydroxyphenyltriazine (e.g. 400-DW ECO Technical Data Sheet BASF (April 2022) is incorporated herein by reference. The most preferred formulation is 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-dodecyloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-tetrazoloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, a second stabilizer is also included. In some aspects, the active concentration of the second stabilizer is from 0.3 wt% to 8 wt% of the antifungal and / or antialgae coating, and any endpoint within this range may be an endpoint of other subranges (e.g., 2 wt% to 6 wt%, 4 wt% to 5 wt%, etc.). The active concentration of the second stabilizer is from 0.3 wt% to 8 wt% because the second stabilizer added to the solution comprises 80% inactive stabilizer (e.g., filler, carrier, etc.). Therefore, 0.2 (i.e., 20%) multiplied by 1.5 wt% equals 0.3 wt%. In some aspects, the second UV stabilizer comprises a UV stabilizer that is a hindered amine and / or a heterocyclic amine. In some preferred aspects, the second UV stabilizer is a heterocyclic hindered amine. In some aspects, the second UV stabilizer includes, but is not limited to, hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS). In some aspects, the second UV stabilizer is a piperidine derivative. In some aspects, the second UV stabilizer is a tetramethylpiperidine derivative, more specifically a bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(octoxy)-4-piperidinyl) sebacate (e.g. 123-DW ECO Technical Data Sheet BASF (April 2022) is incorporated herein by reference. In some respects, a combination of a first UV stabilizer and a second UV stabilizer is used due to synergistic effects. When the composition contains the first and second stabilizers at the concentrations and / or proportions described above, the first and second stabilizers preferably provide optimal UV radiation protection through synergistic effects. The first UV stabilizer (i.e., UV absorber) and the second UV stabilizer (i.e., HALS) each function through different mechanisms. Therefore, the combined use of both types of UV stabilizers ensures the highest level of UV radiation protection.

[0128] In addition, the ratio of biocide to stabilizer in antifungal and / or antialgae coatings is 8:1 to 1:4 or 6.5:1 to 1:3.5 or 4:1 to 1:2.5, and any ratio within this range is further considered and included.

[0129] The substrate for forming the antifungal and / or antialgae coating is a porous or non-porous material, preferably a non-functionalized substrate, an electrostatically neutral substrate, or a combination thereof. In some respects, the substrate includes, but is not limited to, glass, metal, ceramic, asphalt, concrete, plastic, or any combination thereof. Furthermore, the substrate may also include roofing tiles and / or roofing materials, as well as exterior wall panels (e.g., James Hardie™). Plank and other vinyl wall panels and / or engineered wood and / or cement wall panel materials are used for residential and / or commercial purposes.

[0130] In some respects, the antifungal and / or antialgae coatings maintained 100% gloss retention after 500 hours of UV exposure, 95% after 1000 hours of UV exposure, 93% after 1500 hours of UV exposure, and 93% after 2000 hours of UV exposure (wavelength approximately 340 nm, intensity approximately 0.89 W / m). 2 ).

[0131] Working Example

[0132] Table 1 discloses the liquid coating compositions (i.e., the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae compositions disclosed herein) and the range of their components before application to the substrate. Table 1 also discloses the dry coating compositions (i.e., the antifungal and / or antialgae coatings disclosed herein) and the range of their components after application to the substrate and drying / curing.

[0133] Table 1

[0134]

[0135]

[0136] Polysiloxane-acrylic resin / emulsion (Ceranate Voncoat SA-6360, from DIC Corporation, incorporated herein by reference) is included in liquid and dry coatings at the concentrations shown in Table 1. Polysiloxane-urethane resin / emulsion (Ceranate WHW-822, from DIC Corporation, incorporated herein by reference) is included in liquid and dry coatings at the concentrations shown in Table 1. The first stabilizer, hydroxyphenyltriazine HPT (… 400-DWECO Technical Data Sheet BASF (April 2022, incorporated herein by reference) is included in liquid and dry coatings at the concentrations shown in Table 1. Second stabilizer: bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(octyloxy)-4-piperidinyl) sebacate ( The 123-DW ECO technical data sheet (BASF (2019), incorporated herein by reference) is included in liquid and dry coatings at the concentrations shown in Table 1. Non-encapsulated biocides (Diuron, BCM, IPBC (Polyphase 663 EPA registration number 5383-109; product code 10614 Troy Corporation (2016), incorporated herein by reference) are included in liquid and dry coatings at the concentrations shown in Table 1. Encapsulated biocides (IPBC (Polyphase PW20 EPA registration number 5383-197 Arxada (2023)), incorporated herein by reference) are included in liquid and dry coatings at the concentrations shown in Table 1. Water may be further included in the liquid coating composition at the concentrations disclosed in Table 1.

[0137] Table 2 shows preferred exemplary formulations of liquid coating compositions (i.e., liquid antifungal and / or antialgae compositions disclosed herein) before application to the substrate.

[0138] Table 2

[0139]

[0140]

[0141] Based on the above exemplary compositions and coatings, the applicant further prepared compositions forming Exemplary Coating 1 and Comparative Coating 1 as shown in Table 3, with the aim of further testing gloss retention after drying / curing on a substrate. Except for omitting the encapsulated biocide, Exemplary Coating 1 is substantially the same as the dry coating compositions disclosed in Table 1. It should be further noted that the total amount of biocide contained in Exemplary Coating 1 falls within the range of total biocide (encapsulated and unencapsulated) considered in the dry coating compositions disclosed in Table 1, and therefore should exhibit similar gloss retention performance to the compositions / coatings disclosed in Table 1, since its total biocide concentration falls within the range of total biocide (encapsulated and unencapsulated) considered in the dry coating compositions shown in Table 1.

[0142] In addition to Exemplary Coating 1, Table 3 also discloses Comparative Coating 1. Compared to Exemplary Coating 1, Comparative Coating 1 contains the same concentration of biocide (i.e., non-encapsulated biocide) and hydroxyphenyl triazine. Further differing from Exemplary Coating 1, Comparative Coating 1 contains a different film-forming composition to form a transparent film in its coating. Specifically, Comparative Coating 1 does not use polysiloxane-acrylic resin / emulsion and / or polysiloxane-urethane resin / emulsion, but instead contains a combination of conventional film-forming compositions, including an acrylic emulsion omitting polysiloxane (…). AE960 / AE-960E Application Guide, from Lubrizol Corporation (August 18, 2015), incorporated herein by reference.

[0143] Table 3

[0144]

[0145]

[0146] After forming the coatings disclosed in Table 3 (i.e., Exemplary Coating 1 and Comparative Coating 1) on the same substrate, the film thickness and hardness were evaluated. The film thickness and hardness of Exemplary Coating 1 and Comparative Coating 1 were substantially similar. Subsequently, Exemplary Coating 1 and Comparative Coating 1 were subjected to UV gloss retention tests for 500 hours, 1000 hours, 1500 hours, and 2000 hours according to ASTM G-154 (Standard Operating Procedure for Fluorescent Lamp Apparatus for UV Exposure on Nonmetallic Materials, ASTM (May 2000), incorporated herein by reference). ASTM G-154 uses 8 hours of UV exposure at 60°C (340 nm and 0.89 W / m²). 2 Afterward, condensation was performed at 50°C for 4 hours (without UV exposure). This process was repeated for specified times (e.g., 500 hours, 1000 hours, 1500 hours, 2000 hours). As shown in Table 4, the baseline gloss retention rate at 0 hours was quantified and normalized to 100%, any decrease in the percentage after UV exposure represents a decrease in gloss relative to the 100% baseline at 0 hours, and / or any increase in the percentage after UV exposure represents an increase in gloss relative to the 100% baseline at 0 hours. Interestingly, Exemplary Coating 1 showed a slight increase in gloss (3.5%) at 500 hours. As shown in Table 4, Exemplary Coating 1 maintained its gloss at all time periods, while Comparative Coating 1 showed gloss loss at all time periods and did not exhibit any gloss retention rate after 2000 hours. Gloss retention rate reflects the durability of the coating, thereby extending the lifespan of the coating's antifungal and / or antialgae properties.

[0147] Table 4

[0148]

[0149] Based on the above exemplary compositions and coatings, the applicant further prepared compositions forming Exemplary Coating 2 (within the scope of compositions disclosed in Table 1) and Comparative Coating 2 (control) as shown in Table 5, to further test the antifungal efficacy of the coatings. Comparative Coating 2 does not contain either non-encapsulated or encapsulated biocide, while Exemplary Coating 2 contains a combination of two biocides. Both Comparative Coating 2 and Exemplary Coating 2 contain a second stabilizer, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(octoxy)-4-piperidinyl) sebacate. The combination of the first and second stabilizers provides excellent protection against UV radiation. Competitor compositions representing conventional formulations used in the current industry / field were also tested (Comparative Coating 3; a representative of CertainTeed GH-704AR, Master Label (2014), incorporated herein by reference). This composition contains 4.4% cuprous oxide (CAS No.: 1317-39-1) as an active ingredient.

[0150] Table 5

[0151]

[0152] After forming the coatings disclosed in Table 5 (i.e., Exemplary Coating 2 and Comparative Coating 3), the antifungal efficacy of the coatings was tested. Exemplary Coating 2 and Comparative Coating 3 were applied to aluminum substrates and then cut into test pieces (1.5 inches × 1.5 inches). Comparative Coating 3 was pre-applied to roof tiles and similarly cut into test pieces (1.5 inches × 1.5 inches). The antifungal efficacy study was conducted using the green algae *Auxenochlorella protothecoides* (ATCC #30581) and following the modified ASTM E2180 parameters (described below). The green algae were rehydrated and cultured on a medium (i.e., potato dextrose agar (PDA)) at 23°C ± 2°C and 75% relative humidity, with alternating 12-hour fluorescent light cycles for 7 to 14 days. The culture process was performed in Sunblaster Nanodomes. After the formation of the bacterial moss, the green algae were collected by swabs, mixed into a saline medium, and thoroughly vortexed. Dilute the solution to a final concentration of agar slurry and add a nonionic wetting agent to a final concentration of 0.05% (v / v) to prepare the inoculum. Pipette 0.5 mL of the inoculum onto the test samples (i.e., aluminum sheets and roof tiles). Place a sterile polyethylene film (1 inch × 1 inch) on the inoculum. Ensure the polyethylene film is in contact with the coating and prevent drying. Incubate the samples at 23°C ± 2°C and 75% relative humidity for 96 hours with alternating 12-hour fluorescent light cycles. After incubation, recover the samples in 100 mL of Letheen broth to neutralize the active ingredients (i.e., biocides and / or cuprous oxide). Evaluate the samples by counting on a PDA plate incubated at 23°C ± 2°C and 75% relative humidity for 10 days with alternating 12-hour fluorescent light cycles.

[0153] The mean logarithmic value of the inoculum was 6.12. As shown in Table 6, Exemplary Coating 2 exhibited a superior mean logarithmic value (i.e., 2.00), which was better than the Comparative Coating (i.e., greater than 6.00). Furthermore, compared to the control (i.e., Comparative Coating 2), the logarithmic reduction of the Exemplary Coating 2 composition was greater than 4.27, indicating a reduction in algae count exceeding 99.99%. Conversely, the logarithmic reduction of Comparative Coating 3 was 0.01 compared to the control (i.e., Comparative Coating 2). Therefore, the Exemplary Coating 2 composition showed superior antifungal efficacy against green algae compared to the Comparative Coating. The logarithmic reduction data were further analyzed using an unpaired two-tailed Student's t-test at a significance level of α = 0.05 and an equivalence threshold of δ = 0.5, following the parameters specified in ASTM E1054. When comparing Exemplary Coating 2 with Comparative Coating 2 (Control), the P-value was less than 0.0001, indicating statistical significance. When comparing Comparative Coating 3 with Comparative Coating 2 (Control), the P-value was 0.9541, indicating no statistical significance. Therefore, compared with comparative coating 3, exemplary coating 2 exhibits higher antifungal efficacy.

[0154] Table 6

[0155]

[0156] The combined use of non-encapsulated and encapsulated biocides exhibits higher durability compared to using either biocide alone. Furthermore, this combination reduces substrate yellowing, resulting in a more aesthetically pleasing appearance. When the non-encapsulated biocide is omitted, the observed antifungal efficacy is essentially the same (logarithmic reduction of approximately 3); however, when the encapsulated biocide is omitted, the antifungal efficacy is significantly reduced (logarithmic reduction decreases). Encapsulated biocides, with their sustained-release properties, provide a more prolonged antifungal effect.

[0157] Based on the exemplary compositions and coatings described above, the applicant further prepared Comparative Example Coating 4 and Comparative Example Coating 5 (Control) as shown in Table 7, aiming to test the appearance performance of the coatings containing cuprous oxide and without cuprous oxide. The coatings were applied to a transparent polyester film. Besides observing poor antifungal effects from cuprous oxide, it could not be used to prepare transparent film coatings due to significant color changes. Figure 1 The study shows a significant color change in the polyester film after treatment with Comparative Example Coating 4; the coating turned golden and lost its transparent / semi-transparent properties. Comparative Example Coating 5 (control), which does not contain biocides (such as cuprous oxide), did not show any color change and remained transparent / semi-transparent. Furthermore, Figure 3 The coating containing the non-encapsulated biocide shown also did not change color, remaining transparent / translucent. Therefore, the color change was due to the presence of cuprous oxide. Cuprous oxide cannot provide a transparent / translucent coating.

[0158] Table 7

[0159]

[0160]

[0161] Metallic compounds, such as copper oxides, are toxic to humans and the environment. Copper oxides are toxic to aquatic organisms and can have long-term effects on aquatic environments. These toxicity problems can be avoided by replacing metals with organic biocides in Polyphase 663 and / or Polyphase PW20CR. Furthermore, these biocides form transparent films while providing superior antifungal and / or antialgae efficacy.

[0162] The foregoing description illustrates embodiments of the present invention by way of example. It is foreseeable that other embodiments can achieve similar functions and / or obtain similar effects. All such equivalent embodiments and examples are within the scope of the present invention and are intended to be covered by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition that forms a coating on a substrate upon application, said composition comprising: (a) Water, at a concentration of up to 70% by weight of the composition; (b) A biocide dispersed in water, present in an effective amount to prevent and / or reduce the growth of fungi and / or algae on the substrate after application; (c) Stabilizers dispersed in water; and (d) A film-forming composition dispersed in water, which is present in an effective amount to form a transparent film on a substrate after application.

2. The liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition contains less than 0.01% by weight of a heavy metal component and less than 0.01% by weight of a fluorine component.

3. The liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the film-forming composition is an organic-inorganic hybrid resin; Preferably, the film-forming composition comprises a siloxane component and an organic component; Preferably, the film-forming composition comprises one or more copolymers; Preferably, the film-forming composition comprises a siloxane component and at least one of an acrylate component and a carbamate component; Preferably, the film-forming composition comprises a polysiloxane and at least one of an acrylate component or a urethane component; Preferably, the film-forming composition comprises a polysiloxane, an acrylate component, and a urethane component; Preferably, the film-forming composition comprises a polysiloxane-acrylic resin and a polysiloxane-urethane resin; Preferably, the polysiloxane-acrylic resin comprises a shell-core structure, wherein the polysiloxane is encapsulated by acrylic acid; and Preferably, the organic-inorganic hybrid film-forming composition accounts for 10% to 45% by weight, 20% to 40% by weight, or 30% to 35% by weight of the composition.

4. The liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the biocide comprises an encapsulated biocide and a non-encapsulated biocide; Preferably, the encapsulated biocide is configured to release the biocide from the coating on the substrate within 6 months to 5 years, 1 to 5 years, 2 to 5 years, or 3 to 5 years after application; Preferably, the encapsulating biocide accounts for 0.1% to 2% by weight, 0.5% to 1.5% by weight, or 1.0% to 1.2% by weight of the composition; Preferably, the non-encapsulated biocide accounts for 0.1% to 1% by weight, 0.2% to 0.8% by weight, or 0.5% to 0.7% by weight of the composition; Preferably, the biocide comprises a carbamate having biocide activity; Preferably, the biocide comprises a butyl carbamate having biocide activity; Preferably, the biocide comprises 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate; Preferably, the encapsulated and non-encapsulated biocide comprises at least one carbamate with biocide activity; Preferably, the encapsulated and non-encapsulated biocide comprises at least one butyl carbamate with biocide activity; Preferably, the encapsulated and non-encapsulated biocides comprise 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate; Preferably, the non-encapsulated biocide further comprises an aromatic biocide; Preferably, the aromatic biocide comprises an aromatic urea compound and an aromatic carbamate; and Preferably, the aromatic biocide comprises 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, methyl 1H-benzimidazole-2-ylcarbamate, or any combination thereof.

5. The liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the stabilizer accounts for 0.5% to 6% by weight, 1% to 5% by weight, or 2% to 3% by weight of the composition; Preferably, the stabilizer comprises an ultraviolet (UV) stabilizer; Preferably, the ultraviolet stabilizer comprises a first ultraviolet stabilizer, a second ultraviolet stabilizer, or a combination thereof; Preferably, the first UV stabilizer comprises an active concentration of 0.5 wt% to 0.8 wt% or 0.6 wt% to 0.7 wt% of the composition, and / or the second UV stabilizer comprises an active concentration of 0.3 wt% to 0.4 wt% or 0.3 wt% to 0.35 wt%. Preferably, the first ultraviolet stabilizer is a heterocyclic ring; Preferably, the first ultraviolet stabilizer is an azazine compound; Preferably, the first ultraviolet stabilizer is a triazine compound; Preferably, the first ultraviolet stabilizer is hydroxyphenyltriazine; Preferably, the first ultraviolet stabilizer comprises 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-dodecyloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-tetrazoloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, or any combination thereof; Preferably, the second ultraviolet stabilizer comprises an ultraviolet (UV) stabilizer including hindered amines and / or heterocycles; Preferably, the second ultraviolet stabilizer comprises a heterocyclic hindered amine; Preferably, the second ultraviolet stabilizer comprises a hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS); Preferably, the second ultraviolet stabilizer comprises a piperidine derivative; Preferably, the second UV stabilizer comprises a tetramethylpiperidine derivative, more preferably bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(octoxy)-4-piperidinyl) sebacate; and Preferably, a combination of a first UV stabilizer and a second UV stabilizer is used due to the synergistic effect.

6. The liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising: (a) Water, at a concentration of up to 70% by weight of the composition; (b) A biocide dispersed in water, present in an effective amount to prevent and / or reduce the growth of fungi and / or algae on a substrate after application; wherein the biocide comprises 0.1% to 2% by weight of an encapsulated biocide and 0.1% to 1% by weight of a non-encapsulated biocide, wherein the encapsulated and non-encapsulated biocides comprise a butyl carbamate having biocidal activity, preferably 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate (IPBC), and wherein the non-encapsulated biocide further comprises an aromatic biocide, preferably 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, methyl 1H-benzimidazole-2-yl carbamate, or any combination thereof; (c) A stabilizer dispersed in water, comprising 0.5% to 6% by weight of the composition, comprising a first UV stabilizer, a second UV stabilizer, or a combination thereof, wherein the first UV stabilizer is a heterocyclic compound, preferably 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-dodecyloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-tetrazoloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, or any combination thereof, and the second UV stabilizer is a UV stabilizer comprising hindered amines and / or heterocyclic compounds, preferably a tetramethylpiperidine derivative, preferably bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(octoxy)-4-piperidinyl) sebacate; and (d) A film-forming composition dispersed in water, which is present in an effective amount to form a transparent film on a substrate after application, wherein the film-forming composition comprises a polysiloxane-acrylic resin and a polysiloxane-urethane resin. The composition contains less than 0.01% by weight of a heavy metal component and less than 0.01% by weight of a fluorine component.

7. The liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ratio of the first UV stabilizer to the second UV stabilizer is 1:1 to 5:1, more preferably 2:1 to 4:1; and / or The ratio of the biocide to the film-forming composition in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgal composition is 1:3 to 1:60, 1:7 to 1:50, or 1:10 to 1:25; and / or The ratio of non-encapsulated biocide to encapsulated biocide in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgal composition is 3:1 to 1:7, 2.5:1 to 1:6, 2:1 to 1:5, 1.5:1 to 1:4, or 1:1 to 1:3; and / or The ratio of polysiloxane-acrylate resin to polysiloxane-urethane resin in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition is 9:1 to 1.1:1, 7:1 to 1.05:1, or 4:1 to 1:1; and / or The ratio of biocide to stabilizer in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgal composition is 8:1 to 1:4, 6.5:1 to 1:3.5, or 4:1 to 1:2.5; and / or In the liquid antifungal and / or antialgal composition, the ratio of the biocide to the first ultraviolet stabilizer is 1:0.3 to 1:11, more preferably 1:0.5 to 1:10; and / or The ratio of the biocide to the second UV stabilizer in the liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition is 1:0.1 to 1:4, more preferably 1:0.5 to 1:

3.

8. A method for preparing a liquid antifungal and / or antialgae composition according to any one of claims 1-7, comprising: (a) Provide water at a concentration of up to 70% by weight of the composition; (b) Mixing a biocide into water, wherein the biocide is present in an effective amount to prevent and / or reduce the growth of fungi and / or algae on a substrate after application; (c) Mix the stabilizer into the water; (d) Mixing the film-forming composition into water, wherein the film-forming composition is present in an effective amount to form a transparent film on a substrate after application.

9. A method for coating a substrate, comprising: (a) Applying the composition according to any one of claims 1-7 to a substrate; as well as (b) The composition according to any one of claims 1-7 is dried and / or cured onto a substrate to form a coated substrate.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the substrate is a porous material or a non-porous material; and / or The substrate is a non-functional substrate, an electrostatic neutral substrate, or a combination thereof.

11. An antifungal and / or antialgae coating comprising: (a) A transparent membrane; (b) A biocide dispersed in a transparent film, present in an effective amount to prevent and / or reduce the growth of fungi and / or algae on and within the antifungal and / or antialgae coating; and (c) Stabilizers dispersed in a transparent film.

12. The antifungal and / or antialgae coating according to claim 11, wherein the coating contains less than 0.01% by weight of a heavy metal component and less than 0.01% by weight of a fluorine component.

13. The antifungal and / or antialgae coating according to claim 11 or 12, wherein the transparent film is an organic-inorganic hybrid resin; Preferably, the transparent film comprises a siloxane component and an organic component; Preferably, the transparent film composition comprises one or more copolymers; Preferably, the transparent film comprises a siloxane component and at least one of an acrylate component and a urethane component; Preferably, the transparent film comprises polysiloxane and at least one of an acrylate component or a urethane component; Preferably, the transparent film comprises polysiloxane, acrylate component and urethane component; Preferably, the transparent film comprises polysiloxane-acrylic resin and polysiloxane-urethane resin; Preferably, the polysiloxane-acrylic resin comprises a shell-core structure, wherein the polysiloxane is encapsulated by acrylic acid; and Preferably, the transparent membrane is an organic-inorganic hybrid membrane with a concentration of 40% to 95% by weight, 45% to 90% by weight, or 50% to 85% by weight of the antifungal and / or antialgae coating.

14. The antifungal and / or antialgae coating according to any one of claims 11-13, wherein the biocide comprises an encapsulated biocide and a non-encapsulated biocide; Preferably, the encapsulated biocide is configured to release the biocide from the antifungal and / or antialgae coating within 6 months to 5 years, 1 to 5 years, 2 to 5 years, or 3 to 5 years; Preferably, the encapsulating biocide accounts for 0.2% to 7.5% by weight, 1% to 4.5% by weight, or 1.5% to 4% by weight of the antifungal and / or antialgae coating; Preferably, the non-encapsulated biocide accounts for 0.2% to 6% by weight, 1% to 5% by weight, or 1.5% to 3.75% by weight of the antifungal and / or antialgae coating; Preferably, the biocide comprises a carbamate having biocide activity; Preferably, the biocide comprises a butyl carbamate having biocide activity; Preferably, the biocide comprises 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate; Preferably, the encapsulated and non-encapsulated biocide comprises at least one carbamate with biocide activity; Preferably, the encapsulated and non-encapsulated biocide comprises at least one butyl carbamate with biocide activity; Preferably, the encapsulated and non-encapsulated biocides comprise 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate; Preferably, the non-encapsulated biocide further comprises an aromatic biocide; Preferably, the aromatic biocide comprises an aromatic urea compound and an aromatic carbamate; and Preferably, the aromatic biocide comprises 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, methyl 1H-benzimidazole-2-ylcarbamate, or any combination thereof.

15. The antifungal and / or antialgae coating according to any one of claims 11-14, wherein the stabilizer accounts for 0.3% to 22% by weight, 2.5% to 20% by weight, or 7.5% to 15% by weight of the composition; Preferably, the stabilizer comprises an ultraviolet (UV) stabilizer; Preferably, the ultraviolet stabilizer comprises a first ultraviolet stabilizer, a second ultraviolet stabilizer, or a combination thereof; Preferably, the first UV stabilizer comprises an active concentration of 0.9 wt% to 22 wt%, 3 wt% to 20 wt%, or 8 wt% to 15 wt% of the composition, and / or the second UV stabilizer comprises an active concentration of 0.3 wt% to 8 wt%, 2 wt% to 6 wt%, or 4 wt% to 5 wt%. Preferably, the first ultraviolet stabilizer is a heterocyclic ring; Preferably, the first ultraviolet stabilizer is an azazine compound; Preferably, the first ultraviolet stabilizer is a triazine compound; Preferably, the first ultraviolet stabilizer is hydroxyphenyltriazine; Preferably, the first ultraviolet stabilizer comprises 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-dodecyloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-tetrazoloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, or any combination thereof; Preferably, the second ultraviolet stabilizer comprises an ultraviolet (UV) stabilizer including hindered amines and / or heterocycles; Preferably, the second ultraviolet stabilizer comprises a heterocyclic hindered amine; Preferably, the second ultraviolet stabilizer comprises a hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS); Preferably, the second ultraviolet stabilizer comprises a piperidine derivative; Preferably, the second ultraviolet stabilizer comprises a tetramethylpiperidine derivative, more preferably bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(octoxy)-4-piperidinyl) sebacate; Preferably, due to the synergistic effect, a combination of a first UV stabilizer and a second UV stabilizer is used; and Preferably, the ratio of the first UV stabilizer to the second UV stabilizer is 1:1 to 5:1, more preferably 2:1 to 4:

1.

16. The antifungal and / or antialgae coating according to any one of claims 11-15, wherein the ratio of the biocide to the transparent film in the antifungal and / or antialgae coating is 1:3 to 1:60, 1:7 to 1:50, or 1:10 to 1:25; and / or The ratio of non-encapsulated biocide to encapsulated biocide in the antifungal and / or antialgal coating is 3:1 to 1:7, 1.5:1 to 1:5, 1.25:1 to 1:2, or 1:1.05 to 1:1.5; and / or The ratio of polysiloxane-acrylic resin to polysiloxane-urethane resin in the antifungal and / or antialgae coating is 9:1 to 1.1:1, 7:1 to 1.05:1, or 4:1 to 1:1; and / or The ratio of biocide to stabilizer in the antifungal and / or antialgae coating is 8:1 to 1:4, 6.5:1 to 1:3.5, or 4:1 to 1:2.5; and / or In the liquid antifungal and / or antialgal composition, the ratio of the biocide to the first ultraviolet stabilizer is 1:0.3 to 1:11, more preferably 1:0.5 to 1:10; and / or In the liquid antifungal and / or antialgal composition, the ratio of the biocide to the second ultraviolet stabilizer is 1:0.1 to 1:4, more preferably 1:0.5 to 1:3; and / or The antifungal and / or antialgae coating preferably contains less than 1% by weight of water, more preferably less than 0.5% by weight of water, and most preferably less than 0.25% by weight of water.

17. The antifungal and / or antialgae coating according to any one of claims 11-16, comprising: (a) A transparent film comprising polysiloxane-acrylic resin and polysiloxane-urethane resin; (b) A biocide dispersed in a transparent film, present in an effective amount to prevent and / or reduce the growth of fungi and / or algae on and within the antifungal and / or antialgae coating; wherein the biocide comprises 0.2% to 7.5% by weight of an encapsulated biocide and 0.2% to 6% by weight of a non-encapsulated biocide in the antifungal and / or antialgae coating, wherein the encapsulated and non-encapsulated biocides comprise a biocidal butyl carbamate, preferably 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate (IPBC), and wherein the non-encapsulated biocide further comprises an aromatic biocide, preferably 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, methyl 1H-benzimidazole-2-yl carbamate, or any combination thereof; and (c) A stabilizer dispersed in a transparent film, comprising 0.3% to 22% by weight of the composition, comprising a first UV stabilizer, a second UV stabilizer, or a combination thereof, wherein the first UV stabilizer is a heterocyclic compound, preferably 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-dodecyloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[4-[(2-hydroxy-3-tetrazoloxypropyl)oxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, or any combination thereof, and the second UV stabilizer is a UV (UV) stabilizer comprising a hindered amine and / or a heterocyclic compound, preferably a tetramethylpiperidine derivative, preferably bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(octoxy)-4-piperidinyl) sebacate; The coating contains less than 0.01% by weight of a heavy metal component and less than 0.01% by weight of a fluorine component; The antifungal and / or antialgae coating preferably contains less than 1% by weight of water, more preferably less than 0.5% by weight of water, and most preferably less than 0.25% by weight of water.

18. A substrate having an antifungal and / or antialgae coating applied thereon according to any one of claims 11-17.

19. The substrate of claim 18, wherein the substrate is a porous material or a non-porous material; and / or The substrate is a non-functional substrate, an electrostatic neutral substrate, or a combination thereof.

20. The substrate according to claim 18 or 19, wherein the antifungal and / or antialgae coating retains 100% gloss retention after 500 hours of UV exposure, 95% gloss retention after 1000 hours of UV exposure, 93% gloss retention after 1500 hours of UV exposure, and 93% gloss retention after 2000 hours of UV exposure.

Images