Mobile pot system for hydroponic method for rapid cultivation of vegetable crops and method of use thereof

Abstract

A system for hydroponically cultivating a plant, the system comprising: a top seedling tray (100, 1401) configured to sit on a bottom pot (200, 144). The top tray includes a plurality of openings for containing soil and germinating seeds in the soil. The profile of the plurality of openings allows the roots of the growing plant to extend into the bottom pot. The pot is configured to contain an aqueous mixture of water and nutrient solution for the growing plant and includes a lip surrounding a top periphery and at least one air diffuser (240) for inducing turbulence of the water mixture in contact with roots of the growing plant. A method of cultivating plants using such a container is also disclosed.

Description

[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 500,427, filed May 5, 2023, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0002] This disclosure pertains to the agricultural field. This application relates to a hydroponic method for the rapid cultivation of vegetable crops. More specifically, this application relates to hydroponics, and particularly to equipment, systems, and methods for sterilizing cultivation trays and other materials used in hydroponics. Background Technology

[0003] Hydroponics, and its subset hydroponics, is a rapid cultivation system that uses a mineral nutrient solution with water as a solvent to grow crops. It is typically carried out in greenhouses or similar structures to provide a controlled environment. It can be done anywhere in the country and at any time of year.

[0004] However, there is still significant room for improvement in the technology. These improvements include the use of light, the design of shallow containers for plants, and other improvements to eliminate harmful pests, bacteria, and fungi that can cause widespread damage in hydroponics.

[0005] Over the past two decades, lettuce and basil production has increasingly shifted from field to indoor controlled environment (CEA) facilities, such as greenhouses or warehouse-style vertical farms. The primary reason for this trend is that lettuce and basil plants are well-suited to the growth habits of today's commercial hydroponic systems, except for their susceptibility to certain plant pathogens. Vertical farms and greenhouses, utilizing systems such as nutrient film technology (NFT) and deep hydroponics (DWC) to maximize sunlight, provide space-saving cultivation environments for skilled operators striving to profit from these crops in the high-end market. With the increasing availability of NFT systems from Green Automation, Prims, and American Hydroponics, or DWC systems from Hydronov or Viscon, many hectares of production have been added in North America, a trend that is accelerating with climate change in the West. On the other hand, spinach, despite consumption in the US being similar to other leafy greens, has very few CEA facilities. The main reason is that spinach is more susceptible to root pathogens than other leafy greens.

[0006] Once a root pathogen infection begins in a facility, it has the ability to infect all parts of the cultivation facility (including pipes, trays, equipment, etc.) and rapidly destroy the crop. Oomycete pathogen Pythium infection is a common cause of damping-off in spinach and other crops. Damping-off is a phytopathological term referring to an early root infection that occurs shortly after germination and can hinder growth or even kill the plant. Even when the infection is not fatal to the plant, Pythium can severely reduce yields and affect the shelf life of the harvested product.

[0007] Pythium is a genus of organisms in the class Oomycetes, and some strains are invasive root pathogens in spinach and other commonly cultivated hydroponic crops, including cucumbers, lettuce, and arugula. Pythium belongs to the kingdom Chromophyta, and is neither an animal, plant, nor a true fungus. Furthermore, it has a unique life cycle. Pythium is ubiquitous and can be introduced into hydroponic systems through seeds, growing media, pests, employees, and even wind.

[0008] Spinach is relatively susceptible to Pythium in the field, especially in hydroponic systems, which, if left uncontrolled, provide an ideal environment for its proliferation. Some suggest that spinach's susceptibility to Pythium in hydroponics may be partly due to the exceptionally large amounts of root exudate produced, which could act as a chemotactic signal to motile Pythium zoospores.

[0009] Extensive research has been conducted on Pythium in hydroponic production, including in spinach. Numerous solutions have been tested, and countless products on the market today claim to reduce Pythium infection rates. Some of these solutions involve supersaturating nutrient solutions (NS) with nanobubbles or ozone, water filtration, and various water disinfection methods, including ozone, oxidizing chemicals, and UV lamps. In field production, systemic fungicides are commonly used in irrigation water or as seed coatings. These fungicides are not labeled for hydroponic production. Other solutions tested include isolating crops to prevent pathogen backflow, beneficial microbial inoculants, aeroponic production, and ultrasonic / pasteurization of NS, to name a few.

[0010] The disclosed basins, systems, and methods for more effectively sterilizing trays are designed to overcome one or more of the problems mentioned above and / or other problems of the prior art. Summary of the Invention

[0011] In accordance with this disclosure, a seedling tray configured to hold and germinate plants is described. In some embodiments, the seedling tray is configured to sit and float on an aqueous solution contained within a pot. The seedling tray typically has a top surface and a bottom surface having multiple openings extending completely through the top and bottom surfaces, wherein the multiple openings are configured to contain soil and allow seeds in the soil to germinate. In some embodiments, the multiple openings include at least three regions: a top region having a top opening and sidewalls sufficient to allow germinating plants to grow through the top surface, the sidewalls being tapered toward a narrower transition region; a transition region having sidewalls that further taper toward a narrower end region; and an end region having straight sidewalls and a bottom opening for plant roots to grow through the bottom surface and contact the aqueous solution contained within the pot.

[0012] In some embodiments, the described seedling tray is made of expanded polystyrene (EPS) and is configured to sit and float on an aqueous solution contained within a pot. In some embodiments, the seedling tray has a top surface and a bottom surface, both having 400 to 450 elliptical openings that completely penetrate the top surface and terminate at the bottom surface with circular openings, wherein the elliptical openings are configured to contain soil and allow seeds in the soil to germinate. As described, the openings may include at least three regions: a top region having an elliptical opening with a diameter of 18 mm to 20 mm as its longest axis and tapered sidewalls with a taper angle of 2 to 4 degrees relative to a vertical plane drawn through the center of the opening, wherein the top region has a concave bottom leading to a transition region. The transition region typically has tapered sidewalls with a taper angle of 26 to 28 degrees relative to a vertical plane drawn through the center of the opening leading to a narrower end region. The end region typically has straight sidewalls and a bottom opening with a circular shape and a diameter of 8 mm to 10 mm, allowing plant roots to extend downward through the bottom surface and contact the aqueous solution contained in the pot.

[0013] In accordance with this disclosure, a pot is described that is configured to contain an aqueous mixture of water and a nutrient solution for cultivating plants. In some embodiments, the pot includes: a top having a rectangular shape and including a lip around an inner periphery configured to receive a seedling tray; and a bottom closure having a rectangular shape smaller than the top, the bottom closure including at least one attachment mechanism for removably attaching the pot to a frame and an air diffuser configured to generate turbulence in the aqueous mixture within the pot. In some embodiments, the sidewalls taper from the top to the bottom closure, wherein the tapering sidewalls are configured to allow roots hanging from the seedling tray to grow toward the center of the pot.

[0014] In some embodiments, a system for hydroponically cultivating plants is disclosed, whereby the plants are cultivated in isolated batches. The system includes seedling trays and pots as described herein. For example, the system includes a seedling tray configured to hold and germinate plants, wherein the seedling tray has a top surface and a bottom surface, the top surface and the bottom surface having multiple openings that completely penetrate the top surface and the bottom surface. As previously noted, the multiple openings are configured to contain soil and allow seeds in the soil to germinate, the multiple openings including at least three regions: a top region having a top opening and sidewalls, the top opening being sufficient to allow germinating plants to grow through the top surface, the sidewalls having a tapered shape towards a narrower transition region; a transition region having sidewalls that further taper towards a narrower end region; and an end region having straight sidewalls and a bottom opening, the bottom opening allowing plant roots to grow through the bottom surface and contact an aqueous solution contained within the pot.

[0015] The system also includes a pot configured to contain an aqueous mixture of water and nutrient solution for cultivating plants, the pot comprising: a top having a rectangular shape and including a lip around an inner periphery configured to receive a seedling tray; a bottom closure having a rectangular shape smaller than the top, the bottom closure including at least one attachment mechanism for removably attaching the pot to a frame and an air diffuser configured to generate turbulence in the aqueous mixture within the pot; and sidewalls tapering from the top to the bottom closure, wherein the tapering sidewalls are configured to allow roots hanging from the seedling tray to grow toward the center of the pot.

[0016] Consistent with the disclosed embodiments, a method for hydroponically cultivating plants is also described. In one embodiment, the method includes planting multiple seeds in a cultivation medium held in multiple trays configured to float on top of a pot and, while floating, provide channels for the crop to contact the water mixture. As described above, the pot includes a lip surrounding a top perimeter and holding a mixture of water and nutrient solution. The method also includes germinating the seeds to produce trays with germinated seeds and transferring the trays with germinated seeds to the top of the pot. The trays are then floated on top of the pot until, as the water level in the pot decreases, the trays are lowered closer to the pot. As the water level decreases due to evaporation and absorption by the growing plant, the trays move downward to sit on the lip of the pot, such that a portion of the roots remains exposed to air and a portion of the roots is in contact with the water and nutrient solution mixture. The method includes at least one aeration step that causes turbulent flow of the water mixture to impact the roots of the plant in contact with the water and nutrient solution mixture. Attached Figure Description

[0017] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate some of the disclosed embodiments and, together with the description of the drawings, serve to explain the disclosed embodiments. The details shown are by way of example and for the purpose of an illustrative discussion of embodiments of this disclosure. The description, taken in conjunction with the drawings, enables those skilled in the art to understand how the embodiments of this disclosure can be implemented.

[0018] Figure 1A It is a top view of a seedling tray with an oval opening, consistent with some disclosed implementation schemes.

[0019] Figure 1B It is a schematic cross-sectional view of the opening, consistent with some disclosed implementation schemes. Figure 1A (section AA).

[0020] Figure 1C yes Figure 1B An exploded view of section B in the figure shows an opening consistent with some of the disclosed embodiments.

[0021] Figure 2A This is a top view of a basin used in a fully isolated mobile basin system, consistent with some disclosed embodiments.

[0022] Figure 2B and Figure 2C They are shown respectively Figure 2A Side and end views of the basin.

[0023] Figure 3A and Figure 3B These are, respectively, top and bottom perspective views of the basin, which are consistent with some of the disclosed implementation schemes.

[0024] Figure 4A It is a side perspective view of the basin consistent with some disclosed embodiments, in which the inlet section for the air bubbler is highlighted as detail A.

[0025] Figure 4B yes Figure 4A Detail A exploded view.

[0026] Figure 5A It is a side perspective view of a pot that is consistent with some of the disclosed embodiments, the pot having at least one corner of the top, the top including a structure for preventing the seedling tray from floating off the pot when the pot is filled with the water-containing mixture highlighted as detail B.

[0027] Figure 5B yes Figure 5A Detail B is an exploded view.

[0028] Figure 6AIt is an end perspective view of an unfilled pot, consistent with some disclosed embodiments, in which a seedling tray sits on the top lip of the pot.

[0029] Figure 6B It is a cross-sectional view ( Figure 6A The cross section AA shows how the seedling tray sits on the top lip of an unfilled pot.

[0030] Figure 7A It is an end perspective view of a filled pot, consistent with some disclosed embodiments, wherein the seedling tray sits on the top lip of the pot.

[0031] Figure 7B It is a cross-sectional view ( Figure 7A The cross section AA shows how the seedling tray floats above the upper lip of the pot due to the aqueous nutrient solution in the filled pot.

[0032] Figure 8A It is a side perspective view of an unfilled pot, consistent with some disclosed embodiments, in which a seedling tray sits on the top lip of the pot.

[0033] Figure 8B It is a side perspective view showing how the seedling tray floats above the upper lip of the pot due to the aqueous nutrient solution in the pot, consistent with some disclosed embodiments.

[0034] Figure 8C This is consistent with some of the publicly disclosed implementation plans. Figure 8B Detail A shows an exploded view of the apex of the basin.

[0035] Figure 9A , Figure 9B and Figure 9C This is a schematic diagram showing a top perspective view of a seedling tray. Figure 9A ), a side perspective view of the seedling tray on top of the pot ( Figure 9B ) and a bottom perspective view of the basin ( Figure 9C All of these are on a guide rail system that conforms to some of the disclosed implementation schemes.

[0036] Figure 10A An example of a guide rail system for moving multiple fully isolated mobile basins is illustrated according to an embodiment consistent with this disclosure. Figure 10B illustrates this. Figure 10A The image shows a side perspective view of a completely isolated movable basin.

[0037] Figure 11A An example of a guide rail system for moving multiple fully isolated mobile basins is illustrated according to an embodiment consistent with this disclosure. Figure 10B illustrates this. Figure 10AThe image shows a side perspective view of a completely isolated movable basin.

[0038] Figure 12 This is a flowchart of a method for cultivating plants using completely isolated mobile pots, consistent with some published implementation schemes.

[0039] Figure 13 This is a flowchart of existing technical methods for cultivating plants in pond systems.

[0040] Figure 14 A illustrates a pot system with newly grown plants and a top raft floating on the water surface below, according to an embodiment consistent with this disclosure. Figure 14 Example B illustrates the following: Figure 14 A pot with a larger plant causing the top raft to lower to the top cover of the pot. Figure 14 C is Figure 14 A and Figure 14 A side perspective view of B, in which the transparent pot shows the root system of the plant that has grown to the highest water level in the pot. Detailed Implementation

[0041] The following disclosure generally describes components, systems, and methods for significantly reducing Pythium and other root pathogen infections in deep-water (DWC) spinach production. In one embodiment, a container for hydroponically cultivating plants is described, comprising a top dish floating in water and configured to sit on a bottom pot containing water and nutrients. The top dish described herein includes multiple openings extending entirely through it for containing soil and germinating seeds in the soil and water, the contours of which allow the roots of the growing plant to extend into the bottom pot as it seeks water and nutrients. In one embodiment, the pot is configured to contain a mixture of water and nutrient solution for the growing plant, the pot including a lip around a top periphery and at least one air diffuser for inducing turbulence in the water mixture to contact the roots of the growing plant.

[0042] The top tray and pot are constructed to allow the top tray to float on the water in the pot for several days, while the young roots of germinating seeds need to be completely submerged. As the plant and evaporation consume water, the floating seedling tray falls into the pot until it is secured to the shelf. Once secured to the shelf, the tray is now positioned to allow commercial harvesting of the plant in a typical cutting system, much like a hedge trimmer. As the water level continues to drop, the roots continue to grow in search of water and nutrients, thus exposing the upper layer of roots to air. The roots in water are exposed to a very strong flow of bubbles produced by a bubbler. Maintaining a water level in the pot has been successful, but this is not necessary and does not provide the advantages of allowing the water level to drop and the roots to be exposed to air.

[0043] In particular, the disclosed pots, systems, and methods allow the roots of growing plants to continue growing in the water by utilizing the lowered water level, which brings several advantages. These advantages include (a) keeping the ruptured air bubbles and turbulence closer to the root tips as they continue to grow; (b) introducing air gaps that allow mature roots to have maximum contact with fresh air and oxygen and less exposure to pathogens, while still being able to obtain nutrients and water from their tips; less weight being moved and less splashing during harvesting due to the lower water level; less water to filter after harvesting the seedling trays; and the production of a drier substrate that reduces the growth of pests, plant and human pathogens near the plant stems.

[0044] In some implementations, the pots are relatively small, typically less than 20 square feet, or even less than 15 square feet, and the water and nutrients in the pots are completely isolated from other pots and the water treatment system to prevent cross-contamination of pathogens. If necessary, the pots can be easily and completely sterilized at each growth cycle. The pots are designed to be mechanically integrated into the system, which can be mechanized and operated efficiently on a large scale, such as a 10-acre greenhouse.

[0045] Consistent with the disclosed embodiments, a method for hydroponically cultivating plants is also described. In one embodiment, the method includes planting multiple seeds in a cultivation medium held in multiple trays configured to float on top of a pot and provide channels for the crop to contact the water mixture while floating. As described above, the pot includes a lip around its top periphery and holds a mixture of water and nutrient solution. The method also includes germinating the seeds to produce trays with germinated seeds and transferring the trays with germinated seeds to the top of the pot. The trays are then floated on top of the pot until they descend closer to the pot as the water level in the pot decreases. As the water level decreases due to absorption by the growing plant, the trays move downward to sit on the lip of the pot, such that a portion of the roots remains exposed to air and a portion of the roots is in contact with the mixture of water and nutrient solution. The method includes at least one aeration step that causes turbulent flow of the water mixture to impact the roots of the plant in contact with the mixture of water and nutrient solution.

[0046] The description describes complete isolation, meaning each plant is placed in an isolation pot containing a nutrient solution (NS), typically less than 20 square feet, such as 15 square feet, and also allows for the combination of large greenhouses (e.g., 10 acres) with other pots in a fully mechanized and commercially efficient manner. In one embodiment, this document describes a method for cultivating spinach, other leafy greens, or vegetables (all referred to as “plants” for the purposes of this document) in very small batches, wherein the water source is isolated from other batches, preventing the spread of diseases from other plants to their roots.

[0047] Isolation prevents water from moving between pots and reduces the transfer of plant pathogens. In addition to the advantages of saving labor and food safety, it also provides several other plant health benefits; and (2) it employs an exceptionally large aerator and high airflow capacity to continuously cover the plant roots in a rising bubble waterfall, which washes away exudates and prevents Pythium spores from germinating, while rapidly agitating the plant roots.

[0048] In some embodiments, the disclosed pots, systems, and methods for more effectively sterilizing trays are designed to overcome one or more of the problems described above and / or other problems of the prior art. In particular, the disclosed pots, systems, and methods allow the roots of growing plants to continue growing in the water by utilizing the lowered water level, which offers several advantages. In some embodiments, these advantages include (a) keeping the bursting air bubbles and turbulence closer to the root tips as they continue to grow; (b) introducing air gaps that allow mature roots to have maximum contact with fresh air and oxygen while still being able to obtain nutrients and water from their tips; less weight being moved and less splashing during harvesting due to the lowered water level; less water to filter after harvesting the seedling trays; and the production of a drier substrate that reduces the growth of pests, plant and human pathogens near the plant stems.

[0049] By understanding how Pythium infection occurs at the microbial level under moist conditions, this concept of reducing Pythium and other root pathogen infections through vigorous bubbling of the roots is proposed. It has been found that germinating spores of Pythium species release motile infectious agents that attack plant roots. These motile zoospores are attracted to the root exudate of young plants. Spinach produces an unusually large amount of this exudate, which is partly why it is particularly susceptible to infection. To address this problem, this disclosure provides vigorous bubbling in the disclosed system. This mechanism serves to flush away root exudate from the root surface, while their continuous movement prevents motile Pythium spores from attaching to the root tips and germinating. By preventing root pathogen infection, the growth and yield of spinach cultivated hydroponically are significantly increased, resulting in significantly higher yields (kg / m² / year) compared to other cultivation systems, with improved consistency.

[0050] In one embodiment, the fully isolated mobile pot spinach system described herein employs an exceptionally high aeration capacity. For example, in one embodiment of this disclosure, the spinach system disclosed herein aims for an airflow of 25 L / min through an 8-inch air diffuser in a 20-gallon reservoir. Various diffusers can be used, provided they have a high airflow capacity. In some embodiments, the disclosed method includes pumping a large volume of dissolved oxygen to bubbly introduce a nutrient solution specific to the leafy green vegetable being cultivated.

[0051] In one embodiment, the aeration rate used in the disclosed method is greater than 3 L / min / 20 gallons, where this dissolved oxygen directly affects the roots of each growing plant. This is not possible in current systems using large cultivation ponds. In some embodiments, it has been found that bubbling in its NS at the amounts and locations described herein (just at the root surface) induces vigorous aeration and prevents root pathogen infection. Consequently, the disclosed systems and methods have shown increased yields of harvested plants. The high-intensity bubbling in the disclosed mobile pot system has been shown to be effective in mitigating and preventing Pythium spp. and other root pathogen infections in hydroponically grown plants such as spinach.

[0052] In some implementations, it has been demonstrated that spinach can be cultivated healthily even in the presence of Pythium spp. propagules in the NS, provided with vigorous aeration through the disclosed pot spinach system. In one implementation, it has been shown that high-yield, healthy crops can be cultivated for several cycles in the same water without draining the water, while only the water used by the plants is replaced to keep the reservoir full.

[0053] More generally, in some embodiments, the fully isolated mobile pot system (MTS) and its method of use according to this disclosure begin with sowing seeds in the described seedling trays. Sowing depth, water content of the soilless mixture, germination temperature / duration, and soil compaction are controlled such that: (a) the seed coat is removed from more than 95% of the emerging seedlings; (b) the seedlings emerge uniformly; and (c) the roots protrude from the bottom of the tray before being planted into the pot system. This ensures that the root tips of the most vulnerable parts of the seedlings are immediately immersed in the bubbling waterfall, and that the root tips do not remain for too long in waterlogged soil where they could be rapidly infected. The inventors have found that the success of the system begins with the seedling trays.

[0054] In some embodiments, a seedling tray configured to hold and germinate plants is described. The seedling tray described herein is configured to sit on and float on an aqueous solution contained in a pot, wherein the seedling tray has a top surface and a bottom surface having a plurality of openings that completely penetrate the top surface and the bottom surface. Figure 1A The top surface of a seedling tray 100 with multiple openings 110 is shown. In some embodiments, the openings 110 have an elliptical shape.

[0055] In some embodiments, the seedling tray has a rectangular shape with a width of 450 mm to 550 mm (e.g., 475 mm to 500 mm). In some embodiments, the seedling tray is 700 mm to 800 mm long, e.g., 725 mm to 775 mm long. In some embodiments, the seedling tray is 50 mm to 60 mm thick, e.g., 52 mm to 58 mm thick. In some embodiments, the seedling tray has 400 to 450 openings, e.g., 410 to 430 openings, or even 415 to 420 openings, and can cultivate 500 to 1200 plants, e.g., 600 to 800 plants.

[0056] In some embodiments, multiple openings 110 are configured to contain soil and allow seeds in the soil to germinate. In some embodiments, the volume of each opening 110 is in the range of 8 ml to 10 ml (such as 9 ml).

[0057] refer to Figure 1B and Figure 1C In some embodiments, the plurality of openings 110 include at least three regions, including a top region 120 having a top opening 118 and sidewalls 121, the top opening being sufficient to allow sprouting plants to grow through the top surface, and the sidewalls having a tapered shape toward a narrower transition region 122. In some embodiments, the sidewalls of the top region 121 have a taper angle of 2 to 4 degrees (such as 3 degrees) relative to a vertical plane drawn through the center of the opening. In some embodiments, the top region 120 has a concave bottom 123 leading to the transition region.

[0058] The multiple openings 110 also include a second region, which is a transition region having sidewalls that taper further toward a narrower end region 122. In some embodiments, the sidewalls of the transition region have a taper angle of 26 to 28 degrees relative to a vertical plane drawn through the center of the opening.

[0059] The multiple openings 110 also include a third region, which is an end region with straight sidewalls and a bottom opening for plant roots to grow through the bottom surface and contact the aqueous solution contained in the pot 124.

[0060] In some embodiments, the multiple openings have an elliptical shape 118 on the top surface of the seedling tray 100 and a circular shape on the bottom surface 126. In some embodiments, the diameter of the elliptical shape on the top surface 118 of the seedling tray 100, with its longest axis, is 18 mm to 20 mm, such as 18.5 mm to 19.5 mm. In some embodiments, the diameter of the circular shape 126 on the bottom surface of the seedling tray 100 is 8 mm to 10 mm.

[0061] In some embodiments, the top surface of the seedling tray 100 includes a boundary without openings 105 surrounding the edge. In some embodiments, the boundary 105 is at least as wide as the longest axis of the elliptical opening 118.

[0062] In some embodiments, the top surface of the seedling tray 100 includes a plurality of protrusions 107 located on the boundary 105. The plurality of protrusions 107 are configured to allow the seedling trays to be stacked on top of each other, without the bottom surface of the top seedling tray contacting the top surface of the bottom seedling tray stacked on top of it.

[0063] In some embodiments, a seedling tray configured to hold and germinate plants is described. In some embodiments, the seedling tray comprises expanded polystyrene (EPS) and is configured to sit on and float on an aqueous solution contained within the tray.

[0064] In some embodiments, the seedling tray has a top surface and a bottom surface, the top surface and the bottom surface having 400 to 450 elliptical openings that completely penetrate the top surface and terminate at the bottom surface with circular openings. In some embodiments, the elliptical openings are configured to contain soil and allow seeds in the soil to germinate, and include at least three regions: a top region, a transition region, and a bottom region.

[0065] In some embodiments, the top region has an elliptical opening with a diameter of 18 mm to 20 mm as its longest axis and tapered sidewalls with a taper angle of 2 to 4 degrees relative to a vertical plane drawn through the center of the opening, wherein the top region has a concave bottom leading to a transition region.

[0066] In some implementations, the transition region with tapered sidewalls has a taper angle of 26 to 28 degrees relative to a vertical plane drawn through the center of the opening leading to a narrower end region.

[0067] In some embodiments, the end region has straight sidewalls and a bottom opening with a circular shape and a diameter of 8 mm to 10 mm, allowing plant roots to extend downward through the bottom surface and contact the aqueous solution contained in the pot.

[0068] refer to Figures 2A to 2C and Figures 3A to 3B In some embodiments, a pot 200 is described, which is configured to have a seedling tray floating thereon and seated therein, and to contain an aqueous mixture of water and nutrient solution for cultivating plants. In some embodiments, the pot includes a top having a rectangular shape similar to or the same as the seedling tray and a lip around the inner periphery configured to receive the seedling tray 210.

[0069] In some embodiments, the basin includes a bottom closure 220 having a rectangular shape smaller than the top 210. The bottom closure 220 may include at least one attachment mechanism 230 for removably attaching the basin 200 to a frame. (Reference) Figure 4A and Figure 4B The basin includes a bottom closure 220 and an air diffuser 240 configured to generate turbulence in the water-containing mixture located in the basin 200.

[0070] In some implementations, the air diffuser 240 produces a ventilation rate greater than 3 L / min / 20 gallons. For example, in some implementations, the air diffuser produces a ventilation rate of 25 L / min through an 8-inch air diffuser in a 20-gallon reservoir.

[0071] In some embodiments, the sidewalls of the pot taper 225 from the top 210 to the bottom closure 220, wherein the taper sidewalls 225 are configured to allow roots hanging from the seedling tray to grow toward the center of the pot and be affected by turbulence of the water-containing mixture located in the pot 200. In some embodiments, a majority of the roots growing from the seedling tray toward the center of the pot are in contact with this aeration.

[0072] In some embodiments, the lip surrounding the inner periphery of the top 210 is configured to receive a seedling tray with a thickness of 50 mm to 60 mm. In some embodiments, the lip surrounding the inner periphery of the top 210 includes a shelf 255 for supporting the seedling tray when the amount of water-containing mixture in the pot is insufficient to allow the seedling tray to float.

[0073] refer to Figure 5A and Figure 5B In some embodiments, the lip surrounding the top 210 includes a structure 245 at at least one corner of the top for preventing the seedling tray from floating out of the pot when the pot is filled with the aqueous mixture. The structure 245 may also include an opening for removing excess aqueous mixture from the pot.

[0074] Figure 6A and Figure 6B This is a cross-sectional view of a seedling tray 610 sitting downwards on the inner lip 615 of an unfilled pot 620 (indicated by the downward arrow 618). Figure 6A It is a side perspective view at 600 degrees, and Figure 6B Through Figure 6A The cross-sectional perspective view 601 of the AA plane shown is shown.

[0075] and Figure 6A and Figure 6B Compared to the unfilled basin 620 shown, Figure 7A and Figure 7BThe position of the floating seeds 710 is shown when the pot 720 is filled with a nutrient-rich solution. Figure 7A It is a side perspective view of 700, and Figure 7B It is a cross-sectional view 701 ( Figure 7A The cross section AA shows how the seedling tray 710 floats above the upper lip of the tray due to the aqueous nutrient solution in the filled tray (indicated by the upward arrow 719).

[0076] Figure 8A and Figure 8B They are similar to Figure 6B and Figure 7B In particular, with Figure 6B similar, Figure 8A It is a cross-sectional view of an unfilled pot 820, in which a seedling tray 810 sits on the top lip 815 of the pot 820. Figure 8B This is a side perspective view showing how, consistent with some disclosed embodiments, the seedling tray floats above the upper lip of the pot due to the aqueous nutrient solution in the filled pot. Specifically, similar to... Figure 7B , is a cross-sectional view of the filled pot 820, in which the seedling tray 810 floats above the top lip 815 of the pot 820, as indicated by arrow 819.

[0077] Figure 8C yes Figure 8B Detail A shows an exploded view of the apex of the basin, which is described as an overflow feature to allow access to water and nutrient-rich solutions leaving the basin 820.

[0078] refer to Figure 9A , Figure 9B and Figure 9C Different perspective views of guide rail systems consistent with some disclosed embodiments are shown. For example, Figure 9A A top perspective view of the seedling trays 910 arranged side by side is shown. Figure 9B A side perspective view is shown with a seedling tray 910 on top of the pot 920. Finally, Figure 9C A bottom perspective view of a basin 920 connected to a guide rail 930 via at least one attachment mechanism 940 is shown.

[0079] Figure 10A An example is illustrated of a method for moving multiple fully isolated mobile basins according to an embodiment consistent with this disclosure. Figures 9A to 9C Different perspective views of the guide rail system are shown. For example, Figure 10A A basin 1010 is shown, removably attached to a member 1050 perpendicular to the guide rail member 1060. Figure 10B further illustrates... Figure 10A The image shows a side perspective view of a completely isolated movable basin.

[0080] Figure 11A An example is illustrated of a guide rail system for moving multiple fully isolated mobile basins according to an embodiment consistent with this disclosure. Figure 11A A side perspective view is shown of a guide system for moving a plurality of fully isolated movable basins 1100 on guide member 1120 and rollers 1130 and 1140, the guide member and rollers allowing the plurality of fully isolated movable basins 1100 to move in multiple directions. Figure 11B This is an exploded view of a connecting member 1150 that removably attaches the basin 1110 to a guide rail member 1120 that also includes a roller 1130. Figure 11C This is an exploded view of roller assembly 1140. In some embodiments, the combination of rollers 1130 and 1140 allows the basin to move in the X and Y directions, such as at 90 degrees to each other.

[0081] Consistent with this disclosure, and referenced to Figure 12 The text describes a hydroponic cultivation system 1200. In some embodiments, the hydroponic cultivation system includes a method of cultivating plants without soil by using a nutrient-rich water-based solution to deliver essential minerals and nutrients directly to the plant roots.

[0082] In some implementations, the system is based on a process that typically begins with a clean and sterilized seedling tray 1205 for sowing. Step (A). In some implementations, a seeder may be used to automate the process of planting seeds or seedlings in step (A). Figures 1A to 1C Non-limiting implementations of seedling trays that can be used in the disclosed systems are shown and described more fully.

[0083] As described herein, seeds are typically sown in trays, shallow boxes, or seedbeds filled with a cultivation medium, such as nutrient-rich soil. In some embodiments, seedling trays for hydroponics may be made of durable and food-safe materials, such as plastic or polystyrene foam. These materials are lightweight, easy to clean, and resistant to water and nutrient solutions. In some embodiments, seedling trays come in various sizes and shapes, and are typically rectangular or square.

[0084] In some implementation schemes, such as Figures 1A to 1CAs shown, the seedling tray is divided into multiple compartments or cells, each of which can hold one or more seeds. These compartments help keep the seeds neatly arranged and prevent them from tangling or competing for resources during growth. In some embodiments, the seedling tray is made of expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam or a material capable of floating on water or liquids used in a hydroponic system. The tray may be made of other materials, such as plastics, organic composites, metals, and / or combinations thereof, provided that the material is capable of floating on top of a pond filled with liquid. In some embodiments, the seedling tray may be, for example, expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam seedling trays or shallow boxes. In some embodiments, individual plastic sleeves may be inserted into the cells of the shallow box or seedling tray first, and then filled with cultivation medium.

[0085] The size and construction of a specific seedling tray will vary depending on the type of crop being grown in the tray. For smaller plants, the cells will naturally be closer together, while for larger plants, they will be spaced further apart, and so on. The following details regarding tray dimensions are specific to kale or a cultivar and are provided for illustrative purposes. Other crops or cultivars will require different construction dimensions, but such variations will not depart from the concept of the invention, as those skilled in the art will understand once they grasp the concept and will be able to adapt the tray to a specific crop without departing from it. In the example tray, the longitudinal axis is... Inches, measured on the minor axis or the latitudinal axis. The disc is 2 17 / 64 inches thick. Each elliptical cell within the elliptical cells has a major axis of 13 / 16 inches at the top of the ellipse and a minor axis of 11 / 16 inches at the top of the ellipse. The disc can be made of expanded polystyrene or any other similar lightweight, moldable, and buoyant material. In the prior art, a floating disc is simply a matrix of cells covering the entire disc.

[0086] After sowing, in step (B) the seeds are germinated by placing the seedling tray 1210 into the germination chamber. In some embodiments, the seedling trays are stacked inside the germination chamber, with two or more trays stacked on top of each other. To allow the trays to be stacked without inhibiting or damaging the germinating plants, each tray includes at least one protrusion configured to provide space between the trays when stacked. In some embodiments, each tray includes multiple protrusions located around the edge of the seedling tray, such as at the corners of the tray.

[0087] The germination chamber used in step B (also known as a seed germination chamber or seedling incubator) is a specialized environment designed to promote seed germination and early seedling growth in hydroponic and conventional agricultural systems. It provides controlled conditions, such as temperature, humidity, and sometimes light, to optimize the germination process.

[0088] In some implementations, the germination chamber maintains a consistent and controlled temperature, typically between 70℉ and 85℉ (21℃ to 29℃), which is optimal for seed germination. This temperature control helps accelerate the germination process and ensure uniformity. The germination chamber also maintains high humidity to prevent seeds from drying out. This is usually achieved using a misting system or a humidifier.

[0089] In some implementations, the germination chamber may be equipped with an adjustable lighting system to provide a consistent light source for the seedlings. Alternatively or additionally, once germination occurs, the germination chamber may be placed in a separate growing area with appropriate lighting.

[0090] Adequate air circulation prevents moisture buildup and ensures that the air around the seeds remains fresh and oxygen-rich. This can include a small fan or ventilation system.

[0091] After germination step (B) is completed, a cultivation tray containing the sprouted seedlings is obtained. The tray 1205 is removed from the germination chamber 1215 and floated on top of the pot 1220. Step (C). Consistent with some implementation schemes, the pot has been cleaned and sterilized, and filled with a nutrient-rich solution.

[0092] In some embodiments, the pot 1220 with the budding seedling tray 1215 can be placed on a workbench (step D). In some embodiments, the workbench includes one or more orifices for receiving compressed air. In some embodiments, one or more orifices may be directly connected to the bottom of the pot to ensure that the turbulence impacts the roots of the growing plant. In some embodiments, one or more orifices are connected to a hub that allows compressed air to be distributed to multiple pots simultaneously.

[0093] In some embodiments, as shown in step D, the workbench may be movable to allow it to be repositioned, such as into or around a greenhouse. For example, in one embodiment, the workbench may be moved (e.g., rolled) into a greenhouse where the plants will grow to maturity, typically 11 to 16 days for spinach, such as 12 to 15 days or 12 to 14 days. Step (D). In some embodiments, the pot itself may be constructed to move independently of other pots.

[0094] To aid seedling development and promote vegetative growth, lighting and environmental conditions can be adjusted, typically including more hours of light per day. Additionally, the nutrient solution is monitored and adjusted to provide the necessary macronutrients and micronutrients.

[0095] Once the plants have matured, they are ready for harvesting (Step (E)). In some embodiments, harvesting machines are used for harvesting. These machines are particularly valuable in large-scale commercial hydroponic operations where efficiency, speed, and accuracy are critical. In some embodiments, the harvesting machines are equipped with mechanisms for efficiently and gently handling the harvested crop. These mechanisms may include conveyors, robotic arms, or cutting blades, depending on the crop. One of the main benefits of harvesting machines is their ability to significantly increase the speed and efficiency of the harvesting process. They can harvest large quantities of crop in a short time, thereby reducing labor costs and increasing productivity. Another benefit of the disclosed system is the ability to move the entire workbench along with the mature plants in the disclosed pot through the harvesting machine without having to remove the plants from the pot or the pot from the workbench. This allows the harvesting step to be both efficient and economical.

[0096] After harvesting, move the harvested plants to cold storage 1230. Then remove the seedling trays from the pots. Step F. Remove any remaining nutrient solution from the pots. Step J. In some embodiments, the used nutrient solution can be filtered and reused. For example, in some embodiments, basic mechanical filtration (such as filtering the nutrient solution with a 5-micron filter) is used to eliminate spores. In some embodiments, the filtered nutrient solution can then be further cleaned, such as by one or more methods (including chemical sterilization, ozone treatment, or UV radiation).

[0097] In some implementations, both the pots and seedling trays are thoroughly cleaned and sterilized when preparing for the next growth cycle. For example, once the remaining NS has been poured out for filtration (step J), the dirty pot 1235 is cleaned and sterilized, as are the workbenches and any other components used during the growth cycle. Step K, resulting in a cleaned and sterilized pot 1240 for filling with fresh NS and reuse. Step L.

[0098] Similarly, after separating the trays from the pots following harvest (step F), any remaining stems and roots are cut off from the cultivation substrate 1250, leaving dirty trays 1245, which are then washed and disinfected. In some embodiments, the washing step may include washing the trays with water (and / or a desired solution) and cleaning them with a chemical cleaner. Step (G). In one embodiment, a tray washing station filled with a chemical cleaner is described. The trays may be immersed in the chemical cleaner. Prior to chemical cleaning, the trays may first be washed with water (or another solution) (i.e., washed with a chemical cleaner). After the trays have been used at least once, dirt, debris, film, or other deposits may accumulate on the trays. In the context, "on the tray" means on any part of the tray, including but not limited to the top, bottom, sides, and inside and outside of the tray cells. Examples of deposits may include excess plant matter, cultivation medium, algae growth, slime, residue, or other films or substances that may accumulate on the trays when used in a hydroponic system. The purpose of this washing is to remove any dirt, debris, film, or other buildup on the trays. This can be done, for example, with water alone or with a soap solution. Removing buildup allows for more effective sterilization of the seedling trays in subsequent steps. The trays can be subjected to powerful scrubbing, rinsing, soaking, immersion, spraying, and / or scrubbing. In one embodiment, a high-pressure spray gun is used for powerful washing of the trays.

[0099] In some implementations, after washing with water, the trays are then washed with a chemical cleaner. This step involves immersing the trays in the chemical cleaner, coating them with the chemical cleaner, filling them with the chemical cleaner, covering them with the chemical cleaner, rinsing them with the chemical cleaner, and / or surrounding them with the chemical cleaner. The chemical cleaner can be in a liquid, semi-liquid, vaporized, or gaseous state. The chemical cleaner can include, for example, soap, alcohol, detergent, acid, or alkali, depending on the type of tray and the substance to be removed from it. Other examples may include hydrogen peroxide, bleach (sodium hypochlorite), quaternary ammonium solutions, low-foaming alkaline detergents, peracetic acid, or combinations thereof. The chemical cleaner may be diluted as needed to ensure safety for people, plants, and the trays. For example, the chemical cleaner should not be so corrosive as to melt or damage the trays, rendering them unusable in a hydroponic system.

[0100] In some implementations, low-foaming alkaline detergents (such as Master MHW) are advantageous because they are formulated to emulsify dirt, oil, and organic materials such as biofilms without generating excessive foam due to the high agitation of automatic washers. Quaternary ammonium compounds (such as Kleengrow) can also be used alone or in combination with Master MHW for washing trays because they provide durable and effective broad-spectrum microbial control. Quaternary ammonium compounds work by disrupting the membrane through protein denaturation, making them ideal for removing biofilms for durable microbial control. The positively charged chemical components attack negatively charged pests found on the trays. Unlike other chemicals, performance is not impaired by pH changes or exposure to light or temperature used to maintain plant growth. Because quaternary ammonium compounds are very stable, the use of Kleengrow leaves approximately 30 days of residue on all propagation trays. The use of Sanidate 5.0 (i.e., a disinfectant combining hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid) can also be used for washing trays and removing biofilms; however, this solution is much less stable than that using quaternary ammonium compound disinfectants, and the cleaning solution degrades rapidly.

[0101] In some implementations, the seedling trays are first rinsed with a chemical cleaner and then immersed in a bath of the chemical cleaner. In one example, they are rinsed with a quaternary ammonium disinfectant spray and then immersed in a high-concentration quaternary ammonium solution for less than one minute. The trays may be immersed in a high-concentration quaternary ammonium solution or other chemical cleaners for less than 10 minutes. The amount of time will depend on the type of cleaner used, the concentration of the cleaner, and the construction of the trays. If the cleaner is particularly friendly to the trays (meaning it will not damage the trays), the trays may be left in the cleaner for a longer period of time (e.g., overnight).

[0102] In another embodiment, the trays are cleaned with Master MHW (a low-foaming alkaline detergent) and Kleengrow (a quaternary ammonium compound solution). Master MHW can be diluted to approximately 1 to 3 ounces per gallon of water. Kleengrow can be diluted to approximately 0.25 to 0.50 ounces per gallon of water, which corresponds to approximately 150 to 300 ppm of the quaternary ammonium compound. Preferably, a solution of approximately 200 ppm of the quaternary ammonium compound is used for tray washing. Any concentration higher than approximately 300 ppm is considered unsuitable for treating the trays if the disinfectant solution is not rinsed off before planting. Any concentration higher than 300 ppm may leave excessive residue, which will negatively impact reproduction. Concentrations lower than approximately 150 ppm are ineffective in breaking down bacterial biofilms.

[0103] After chemical cleaning, the trays may optionally be rinsed with water to ensure that no harmful chemicals affect the cultivation system and plants. The water may be filtered, sterilized, deuterated, distilled, and / or tap water.

[0104] In some implementations, the washed trays are thoroughly dried to near-zero moisture content (1255) before being reused in the next growth cycle. In some implementations, the total moisture content may be less than about 5%, such as less than 4%, 3%, 2%, or even less than 1%. The moisture percentage can be determined using a moisture content reader, spectral analysis, or by comparing the weight of the trays before and after washing. If weight is used to determine the moisture percentage, the trays can be measured individually or in groups. Random sampling and testing of the trays is also possible.

[0105] The desired moisture content can also be determined and assessed through physical inspection of the disc (such as whether the disc feels dry or free of water droplets or puddles). A disc that feels dry or free of water droplets or puddles will have a sufficiently high moisture percentage to kill pathogens during the dielectric step, but low enough to prevent disc damage.

[0106] The features and advantages of the pots, cultivation methods and systems for cultivation disclosed herein are illustrated by the following examples, which should not be construed as limiting the scope of this disclosure in any way.

[0107] and Figure 12 Compared to the illustrated mobile basin system that conforms to some embodiments of the invention, Figure 13 This is a flowchart of a pond system 1300 for hydroponic plant cultivation. The pond system is also based on a process that begins with a cleaned and sterilized seedling tray 1305 for the sowing step (A). In some embodiments, a seeder may be used to automate the process of planting seeds or seedlings in step (A).

[0108] As described herein, seeds are typically sown in trays, shallow boxes, or seedbeds filled with a cultivation medium, such as nutrient-rich soil. In some embodiments, seedling trays for hydroponics may be made of durable and food-safe materials, such as plastic or polystyrene foam. These materials are lightweight, easy to clean, and resistant to water and nutrient solutions. In some embodiments, seedling trays come in various sizes and shapes, and are typically rectangular or square.

[0109] After sowing, in step (B), the seeds are germinated by placing the seedling tray 1310 into the germination chamber, as previously described.

[0110] After germination step (B) is completed, cultivation trays containing sprouted seedlings are obtained. The trays 1315 are removed from the germination chamber and floated in ponds 1320 where water and nutrients have been added. The sprouted seedling trays are left to float in these ponds for 12 to 30 days, depending on the plant.

[0111] Once the plants have matured, they are ready for harvesting 1325 and step E. In some embodiments, harvesting is carried out using a harvesting machine. After harvesting 1230, the harvested plants are moved to a cold storage 1235. After harvesting, any remaining stems and roots are cut off from the growing medium to leave dirty trays 1245, which are then washed, sterilized, and dried to the desired moisture content 1250 before being reused in the next growing cycle.

[0112] Figure 14 The illustration shows a top raft 1401 floating on nutrient-rich water as the plant develops. Typically, for the first few days when the plant 1405 and roots 1410 are young, they need to be submerged in nutrient-rich water. As the water level 1420 drops due to plant use and evaporation, the floating raft 1440 is lowered into a specially designed trough in the pot 1445. From this point, the water level 1420 will drop below the bottom of the floating raft. The roots 1430 will descend with the water level 1420, and the highest part of the roots 1430 will be exposed to air. The raft 1440 is positioned in the trough at a level that allows for commercial harvesting of the plant by a machine (not shown) that prunes the upper part of the plant.

[0113] In one embodiment, the pot has a connecting hose that allows the pot to be connected to an air source supplying air to a bubbler fitted into the bottom of the pot. The bubbler is sized to fit the specially designed pot, such that the emitted bubbles create turbulence throughout the root system of the leafy green vegetable. This turbulence is an important part of the disclosed process. Without being bound by theory, it is expected that the turbulence induced by the bubbler prevents bacteria and diseases from attaching to the roots. It is also expected that the turbulence induced by the bubbler helps remove extrudate released from the roots, which is a food source for bacteria and diseases. At least for these reasons, the bubbler operates for most of the growth process, and in some embodiments, continuously throughout the entire growth process.

[0114] In other embodiments, alternative cultivation methods are disclosed to accelerate plant growth cycles to reduce disease development time. For example, in one embodiment, supplemental lighting is used to accelerate the growth process. Similarly, nutrient levels in the water source are carefully balanced to optimize plant growth. Furthermore, the temperature of the water and air above the plants is controlled to achieve optimal growth characteristics.

[0115] After the growing season (in some cases as short as 14 days), the plants are harvested, and the pots and rafts are thoroughly sterilized. This document describes plants grown in isolated batches, where bubbling continues, and complete sterilization is performed after each growing cycle. In one embodiment, the disclosed pots are arranged in special supports that allow two or more pots to be joined together. In one example, a support may hold 6 to 12 pots. Please refer to Figure 6. Here, the pots 610 described herein are shown positioned in a support 675, which rests on wheels 680, allowing them to move into areas where they are joined together to form a large, dense patch of growing plants. The system described herein has multiple rollers 685 that allow the supports of the pots to rest on wheels that roll on concrete or on rollers that roll on guide rails.

[0116] The system described herein enables the supports to be moved throughout the entire life cycle of plant growth. In one embodiment, multiple pots, such as groups of 5 to 15 (e.g., 6 to 12 or 5 to 12), are seated on a platform with shared air and drainage lines. This platform is referred to as a “row.” Rows can be transported throughout the greenhouse on rails equipped with pneumatic lifts. As shown in Figures 6 and 7, a mechanized system is described that moves rows of pots or supports through the cultivation system, into the harvesting system, into the cleaning and sterilization system, into the sowing system, and back to the cultivation area. This system allows large greenhouses (e.g., ten (10)-acre greenhouses) to operate efficiently without a large workforce.

[0117] In some implementations, the disclosed invention is best understood by comparing it, including a mobile pot system with distributing air, with currently available commercial cultivation systems. For crops like leafy greens and herbaceous plants, it is ideal to have centralized areas for seedling / germination and for harvesting / packaging and other intercropping cycle activities—this is often referred to as a “seedling processing center.” This means that the plants themselves must be moved from the “seedling processing center” to a greenhouse, where they will grow to maturity, and then returned to the “seedling processing center” for further processing.

[0118] Once plants are introduced into a greenhouse, they require light, air, and water. The greenhouse structure provides the air and light that plants need. However, growers use several different strategies to deliver water to their plants. These include (1) elevated irrigation via mobile cantilever and / or stationary sprayers; (2) drip irrigation lines / pipes and / or drippers, where water is delivered to the plants at a low flow rate through distribution lines via pressure-compensated drippers. This is often used for plants that will be kept still for long periods, such as cucumbers, strawberries, and tomatoes. This method requires a lot of labor in setting up the drip lines / drippers, and they often need to be flushed to avoid buildup / clogging; (3) flooding systems, which, when implemented on the greenhouse floor, are often used for ornamental plants with longer growing periods; (4) NFT troughs, where water is dripped intermittently or continuously through low-flow pipes running throughout the greenhouse via trenches; and (5) deep hydroponics (DWC) ponds, where large ponds filled with recycled nutrient solutions both transport plants in floating seedling trays and provide them with nutrient water as they grow. These systems are difficult to clean, and because waterborne root pathogens can move freely throughout the pond, they are undesirable for sensitive root crops. Furthermore, the cost of closing the pond can be very high if an outbreak occurs and complete cleaning is required.

[0119] The fully isolated mobile pot system described herein differs from the aforementioned systems in that it irrigates plants without relying on the movement of water throughout the crop cycle. This paper describes a system that delivers only low-pressure air throughout the greenhouse to provide turbulent flow of nutrient solution to the root zone, rather than pumping fertilizer-containing nutrient solutions throughout the greenhouse. In some embodiments, the air lines in the disclosed system contain a continuous, rapidly flowing stream of warm, dry air, and therefore are not a suitable environment for pathogens to thrive. This contrasts sharply with other piping systems that are ambient in temperature, humid, and contain all the nutrients necessary for the growth of algae and other microorganisms within and near the irrigation lines.

[0120] In the system of this invention, once the pots are filled at the start of the crop cycle, no water enters and leaves the pots except through evaporation and biomass accumulation. After filling, the pots, attached to a rotating worktable along with other freestanding pots, are sent into the greenhouse along with all the water required to reach maturity. This fundamental difference makes it a more robust method for mitigating the spread of waterborne pathogens. It has also been found that vigorous agitation achieved with large air diffusers and high airflow provides additional protection against root infections and promotes vigorous growth. Therefore, the disclosed design and configuration offer significant benefits for the cultivation of leafy vegetables and herbs, especially for mechanical harvesting.

[0121] The system described in this article includes a worktable that is significantly heavier than those used in traditional horticultural techniques for cultivating potted plants. The traditional "Dutch rolling worktable" is a multi-functional worktable-rail system popular for cultivating potted plants. Unlike the completely isolated mobile pot system described, the Dutch rolling worktable utilizes a watering system with drip or cantilevered irrigation and a tidal system for herbaceous plants.

[0122] The system described herein, comprising workbenches significantly heavier than those used in conventional horticultural techniques, can use pneumatic cylinders to move larger loads (such as the pots described) from the processing area down a conveyor and into a greenhouse compartment, altering the orientation to vertical. In some embodiments, the described workbenches can be configured to supply mature plants via a harvester.

[0123] In some embodiments, the worktable used in this disclosure may be made of extruded aluminum. In some embodiments, the frame has two aluminum pieces, such as 4×2” pieces, extending along the length of the worktable, connected by transverse members on the top and bottom of the tray. This edge allows the worktable to roll on a conveyor that operates perpendicular to the greenhouse compartment.

[0124] In some embodiments, three transverse members may be present on the underside of the worktable, serving both structural and wheel mounting locations. In some embodiments, two types of wheels may be present on the bottom of the worktable: guide wheels and drive wheels. The guide wheels grip the guide rails from the sides to maintain linear movement of the worktable, and the drive wheels roll only on top of the guide rails. The middle transverse member has two drive wheels, while each side transverse member has two guide wheels. Thus, in some embodiments, each worktable may have six wheels on its transverse members (two guide wheels and four drive wheels). These wheels allow the worktable to roll on guide rails within the greenhouse partition area.

[0125] The top of the workbench may include two (2) lighter-sized transverse members (crossbars) to support each basin. In some embodiments, these crossbars have holes drilled to match the holes of the basins, so that the basins can be bolted to the workbench crossbars via watertight connectors.

[0126] In some embodiments, the workbench includes an integrated air manifold. For example, in some embodiments, there is an air manifold located between the wheel lateral member and the crossbar. In some embodiments, this manifold may be... The workbench is constructed of Schedule 80 PVC pipe, which extends along its length. For each basin, there are taps. Pipe, and insert a hose barb. Small diameter ( (ID) The hose connects the barbs at each basin to the diffuser at the bottom of the basin.

[0127] In some implementations, a removable cap is provided at one end of the workbench manifold to allow the manifold to be cleaned / cleaned. At the other end of the manifold, there is a connector for attaching the manifold to the main air line.

[0128] In some implementations, the workbenches include integrated air manifolds. In some implementations, the integrated air manifold may be attached to a main air duct. For example, the main air duct may be a 2” Schedule 80 PVC pipe supplied from a single blower. A 3.5HP blower can be used to supply air to up to 25 workbenches at a time, allowing a single 200ft greenhouse compartment to have three or more blowers to supply air to 60 to 70 workbenches (600 to 700 pots). For each workbench in the compartment, a branch air duct connects to the main air duct, and the longer branch... The workbench is attached to the air manifold via a threaded connector. The workbench with the air manifold is configured as a diffuser to deliver air to each basin. In some embodiments, the manifold is located beneath each workbench and has a connector to the air manifold to connect the entire workbench to the air line via a single connector.

[0129] In some implementations, the aforementioned workbench is used in conjunction with the tray and basin described herein, which allows the basin, which includes a large diffuser and is configured with a lip, to hold the tray in place.

[0130] In some embodiments, a system is described in which the disclosed workbenches are configured to be supplied by a harvester without handling the trays. More generally, the system includes one or more workbenches arranged in rows, made of aluminum, to which pots are bolted. An air manifold is located below the workbenches and supplies air to a diffuser in each pot, which is screwed into the bottom of each pot. As described above, the air manifold can be connected to an air "main line" supplying air to each row of workbenches, i.e., disconnected once each time the workbenches are repositioned. In the disclosed system, the workbenches have two to four sets of wheels below them, allowing the workbenches to roll along guide rails along the intervals of the greenhouse. In some embodiments, at the ends of the intervals, conveyor wheels clamp the workbenches on their undersides to move them vertically. Due to the design of the pots and the end position of the trays within the pots, during harvesting, the entire row, along with the trays, is conveyed through the harvester.

[0131] The features and advantages of the present invention will be more fully shown by the following embodiments, which are provided for illustrative purposes and should not be construed as limiting the invention in any way.

[0132] Example

[0133] Example 1

[0134] The purpose of this embodiment is to investigate whether the growth rate and severity of Pythium infection in spinach grown hydroponically are affected by the source water used for cultivation. This experiment was conducted to determine the reasons for the different growth rates in different independent production reservoirs (ponds), at least some of which are attributed to variations in the initial concentrations of Pythium spores / other pathogenic or potential symbiotic microorganisms in the reservoirs. It is believed that reservoirs with the best performance and pots filled with tap water (presumably spore-free) will produce the highest yields (in terms of the fresh weight produced), primarily because the plants will be less susceptible to Pythium infection due to the lower initial spore concentrations.

[0135] Method: After germination, remove the trays from the stacked cart and place them in their respective pots. Each tray should be placed in its own pot. At this point, the trays may also be misted from above. When the water level is above the upper water level of the pot, the pot's contour allows the trays to float. As the water level drops, the trays will descend until they sit on the lip of the lip approximately 3 inches below the highest water level of the pot.

[0136] According to the table below, cleaned and sterilized insulated pots were filled with water. Fresh fertilizer and acid were added to pot 5, which was already filled with fresh well water, to match the pH and nutrient characteristics of our production reservoir water. A 9” air diffuser was placed at the bottom of each pot to provide aeration and vigorous turbulence to the water in the pot, which we had previously observed to help prevent infection. The air diffusers were supplied with air by a 3 / 4HP compressor. The pots were not actively cooled throughout the growing cycle. Four pots were grown under HPS (high-pressure sodium) lamps, and the remaining two were grown under LED lamps. This light supplemented the natural light the plants received in the greenhouse. After the pots were prepared, a tray of spinach sown in new EPS trays and allowed to germinate for 5 days was placed in each pot.

[0137] After planting in pots, allow to grow for 14 days. Do not add fertilizer or adjust pH during this period. When mature, harvest the trays and record the weight. Take photos of the canopy and roots and monitor plant health. Also record the amount of aeration and turbulence in each pot, as can be seen in the "Bubblehead Status" column.

[0138]

[0139] This experiment yielded some important observations. Even when compressed air was vigorously bubbled through the pot, the heat gain was easily controlled. This is significant because our research on designing our system around this showed that maintaining the root zone temperature below 20°C is ideal for slowing Pythium growth and increasing the time required for its reproduction, thus helping to mitigate infection. The fact that the warmest pot at the end of the experiment was only 21°C strongly suggests that this heat gain can be overcome with our existing water cooling capabilities, and that we can comfortably maintain our production reservoir within the ideal range of 18°C ​​to 20°C.

[0140] As shown in the far right column of the table, the diffuser in basin 2 became contaminated (with algal / mineral deposits) throughout the experiment. This resulted in lower levels of aeration and turbulence in that basin, as can be seen in the photographs of control basins 2 and 3 below. Unsurprisingly, basin 2 was the basin where Pythium infection was most severely observed.

[0141] Furthermore, the air diffuser in pot 2 is also slightly off-center. As a result, the root morphology on different sides of the pot is very different. This contrast supports the view that intense turbulence does indeed affect the infection process, and that a lack of intense bubbles / turbulence will lead to faster-developing infections and more severe symptoms, even in very localized areas, manifested as shorter, weaker roots with more lateral branching.

[0142] While the source water appears to have some impact on yield, it does not seem to be the most important factor in terms of plant health or overall productivity. Considering that pot 5, initially filled with fresh water and fertilizer, only achieved a mid-range yield in this experiment, this undoubtedly challenges our hypothesis that the absence of Pythium in the fresh water pot and / or the pot's performance would be related to the initial concentration of spores we perceive in that water source. Furthermore, given that pot 2, with water from our best-performing reservoir, was still infected with low-bubbling conditions, bubble / turbulence appears to be a more significant variable.

[0143] This indicates that even when filled with fresh water, Pythium may inevitably be present at some concentration in our reservoirs. Despite our best efforts, Pythium can be introduced into clean reservoirs via airborne spores, reusable EPS discs, or through fungal midges flying between infected and healthy plants, to name just a few possible pathways. Given the appropriate conditions in the reservoir, even a very low initial concentration of spores, introduced unintentionally, can rapidly multiply to reach a critical threshold at which it begins to cause damage.

[0144] Furthermore, the root morphology in the freshwater tray was closer to that of the infected portion similar to tray 2 than in any other tray. The roots in the best-performing tray were consistently long and taproot-like. Less healthy roots were shorter and had more lateral branching, suggesting that root morphology can be used as an indicator of plant health.

[0145] Spinach grown on high-bubbles can reach harvestable size in as little as 12 days and is almost as productive as lettuce varieties (in grams of fresh weight per day).

[0146] During harvesting, rows are conveyed to a mechanical harvester on rails that cut off saleable leaves. Afterward, remaining root and stem material is removed, and trays and pots are prepared for replanting. The trays are washed and then further disinfected using chemical disinfectants, microwaves, and drying. Any remaining water in the pots is drained for filtration. The pots are washed and disinfected before being refilled with fresh or filtered and reused NS (Natural Sodium).

[0147] Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the description and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the description and examples be considered exemplary only, and that the true scope and spirit of the invention are indicated by the following claims.

Claims

1. A system for hydroponically cultivating plants, wherein the plants are cultivated in isolated batches, the system comprising: A seedling tray, configured to hold plants and allow them to germinate. A pot, the pot being constructed to contain an amount of aqueous solution sufficient to allow the germinating plant to mature, without adding any additional aqueous solution. The basin is attached to a workbench having at least one air manifold connected thereto, wherein the at least one air manifold is attached to an air diffuser located at the bottom of the basin.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the workbench includes an integrated air manifold attached to the at least one air manifold.

3. The system of claim 2, further comprising at least one blower attached to the integrated air manifold.

4. The system of claim 3, wherein the at least one blower supplies air to up to 25 worktables at a time.

5. The system of claim 3, wherein the attachment mechanism for accessing or exiting the integrated air manifold includes a threaded connection.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein the worktable is made of a frame comprising at least two elongated members extending along the length of the worktable and a plurality of transverse members extending along the width of the worktable and substantially perpendicular to the elongated members.

7. The system of claim 6, wherein the frame is made of aluminum or an alloy thereof.

8. The system of claim 6, wherein the at least two elongated members extending along the length of the worktable include guide wheels configured to laterally clamp the elongated members to maintain linear movement of the worktable in the direction of the elongated members.

9. The system of claim 8, wherein the plurality of transverse members include drive wheels configured to allow the worktable to move in the direction of the transverse members and perpendicular to the elongated member.

10. The system of claim 9, wherein each workbench has two guide wheels and four drive wheels, the guide wheels and the drive wheels allowing the workbench to move mechanically between a cultivation position, a harvesting position, a cleaning position and a replanting position.

11. The system of claim 6, wherein the plurality of transverse members support each basin and include drilled holes to mate with holes in the bottom of the basins, wherein the mate holes allow the basins to be bolted to the worktable via watertight connector bolts.

12. The system of claim 1, wherein the workbench is configured to supply mature plants by a harvester without removing the pot from the workbench or removing the plants from the pot.

13. The system of claim 1, wherein the seedling tray is further configured to sit and float on an aqueous solution contained in a pot, wherein the seedling tray has a top surface and a bottom surface, the top surface and the bottom surface having a plurality of openings that completely penetrate the top surface and the bottom surface. The plurality of openings are configured to contain soil and allow seeds in the soil to germinate, and the plurality of openings include at least three regions: The top region has a top opening and sidewalls, the top opening being large enough to allow sprouting plants to grow through the top surface, and the sidewalls having a tapered shape toward a narrower transition region; A transition region having sidewalls that taper further toward a narrower end region; and The end region has straight sidewalls and a bottom opening, the bottom opening allowing plant roots to grow through the bottom surface and contact the aqueous solution contained in the pot.

14. The system of claim 13, wherein the plurality of openings have an elliptical shape on the top surface and a circular shape on the bottom surface.

15. The system of claim 14, wherein the diameter of the elliptical shape on the top surface, which is its longest axis, is 18 mm to 20 mm.

16. The system of claim 15, wherein the diameter of the circular shape on the bottom surface is 8 mm to 10 mm.

17. The system of claim 13, wherein the sidewall of the top region has a taper angle of 2 to 4 degrees relative to a vertical plane drawn through the center of the opening.

18. The system of claim 13, wherein the top region has a concave bottom leading to the transition region.

19. The system of claim 13, wherein the sidewall of the transition region has a taper angle of 26 to 28 degrees relative to a vertical plane drawn through the center of the opening.

20. The system of claim 13, wherein the system is made of expanded polystyrene (EPS).

21. The system of claim 13, wherein the top surface includes a boundary without openings surrounding the edge, wherein the dimension of the boundary is at least as wide as the longest axis of the elliptical opening.

22. The system of claim 21, wherein the boundary includes a plurality of protrusions configured to allow seedling trays to be stacked on top of each other, wherein the bottom surface of the top seedling tray does not contact the top surface of the bottom seedling tray stacked on top of it.

23. The system of claim 13, wherein the system is a rectangular shape with a width of 450 mm to 550 mm, a length of 700 mm to 800 mm, and a thickness of 50 mm to 60 mm.

24. The system of claim 13, wherein each seedling tray comprises 400 to 450 openings.

25. The system of claim 13, wherein the volume of each opening is in the range of 8 ml to 10 ml.

26. The system of claim 13, wherein each seedling tray is capable of cultivating 500 to 1200 plants.

27. The system of claim 1, wherein the basin comprises: The top has a rectangular shape and includes a lip around the inner periphery that is configured to receive a seedling tray; The bottom closure has a rectangular shape with a smaller size than the top, and the bottom closure includes at least one attachment mechanism for removably attaching the basin to the frame and an air diffuser configured to generate turbulence of the water-containing mixture in the basin. as well as The sidewalls taper from the top to the bottom closure, wherein the tapering sidewalls are configured to allow roots hanging from the seedling tray to grow toward the center of the pot.

28. The system of claim 27, wherein the lip surrounding the inner periphery of the top is configured to receive a seedling tray with a thickness of 50 mm to 60 mm.

29. The system of claim 27, wherein the lip surrounding the inner periphery of the top includes a support for resting the seedling tray when the amount of water-containing mixture in the pot is insufficient to make the seedling tray float.

30. The system of claim 27, wherein at least one corner of the top includes a structure for preventing the seedling tray from floating out of the pot when the pot is filled with the aqueous mixture.

31. The system of claim 30, wherein the structure further includes an opening for removing excess aqueous mixture from the basin.

32. The system of claim 27, wherein the air diffuser produces an airflow rate greater than 3 L / min / 20 gallons.

33. The system of claim 32, wherein the air diffuser produces a flow rate of 25 L / min in a 20-gallon reservoir via an 8-inch air diffuser.

34. The system of claim 27, wherein a majority of the roots of the roots growing from the seedling tray toward the center of the pot are in contact with the aeration.

35. The system of claim 27, wherein the surface area of ​​the basin is 15 square feet or less.

36. The system of claim 27, wherein the bottom closure includes four attachment mechanisms for removably attaching the basin to the frame and an air diffuser configured to be positioned at the center of the four attachment mechanisms.

37. The system of claim 27, wherein the bottom closure of the basin includes four attachment mechanisms for removably attaching the basin to a frame and an air diffuser configured to be positioned at the center of the four attachment mechanisms.

38. The system of claim 1, wherein the seedling tray and the pot are configured to allow the seedling tray to float on the water in the pot while the water level drops as the plant develops its roots in the early stages, and after plant utilization and evaporation, the tray is allowed to drop with the water level until the tray sits on the lip of the pot.

39. The system of claim 38, wherein the seedling tray and the pot are configured such that as the water level continues to drop, the roots descend with the water level, such that a portion of the roots remains exposed to air, and a portion of the roots is in contact with a mixture of water and nutrient solution.

40. The system of claim 1, wherein a plurality of the individual basins are connected in a frame that accommodates 5 to 20 basins in rows.

41. The system of claim 1, wherein the seedling tray and the pot are configured to be sterilized after each growth cycle.

42. The system of claim 1, further comprising a filter to clean any remaining aqueous mixture of water and nutrient solution left in the pot after harvesting the plants.

43. The system of claim 42, wherein the filter comprises a size exclusion filter to eliminate spores.

44. The system of claim 43, wherein the size exclusion filter filters spores of 5 micrometers or larger.

45. The system of claim 44, further comprising at least one additional method for cleaning the aqueous mixture of water and nutrient solution after filtration, the additional method being selected from chemical sterilization, ozone treatment, and UV radiation.

46. ​​A method for cultivating plants hydroponically using an isolated cultivation system, the method comprising: Multiple seeds are planted in a cultivation medium held in multiple trays, the trays being configured to float on top of a pot and, while floating, provide the crop with access to a water-containing mixture of water and nutrient solution. The seeds are germinated to produce a disc containing the germinated seeds; Transfer the tray containing the germinated seeds to the top of the pot; as well as This causes the plate to float on top of the basin. The method includes at least one aeration step, which causes turbulent flow of the aqueous mixture to impact the roots of the plant in contact with the aqueous mixture.

47. The method of claim 46, wherein the growth cycle of the plant is altered to reduce the chance of pathogen growth on the roots.

48. The method of claim 46, wherein the growth cycle of the plant is altered to accelerate growth by: using a water-based nutrient preparation tailored to the plant being cultivated, increasing lighting, controlling the temperature of water and air, or a combination thereof.

49. The method of claim 46, wherein the volume of the aqueous mixture of water and nutrient solution in the basin is reduced to allow the top dish to sit on the basin.

50. The method of claim 49, wherein the volume of the aqueous mixture of water and nutrient solution in the pot continues to decrease to allow a portion of the root to be exposed to air and to contact the aqueous mixture of water and nutrient solution.

51. The method of claim 46, wherein the at least one ventilation step that causes turbulence comprises an airflow of at least 5 L / min through an 8-inch air diffuser in a 20-gallon reservoir.

52. The method of claim 51, wherein the at least one ventilation step causing turbulence comprises an airflow of at least 15 L / min through an 8-inch air diffuser in a 20-gallon reservoir.

53. The method of claim 51, wherein the at least one ventilation step that causes turbulence comprises an airflow in the range of 20 L / min to 25 L / min through an 8-inch air diffuser in a 20-gallon reservoir.

54. The method of claim 46, wherein the plant is spinach or kale.

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