Intelligent ecological improvement and surface soil in-situ protection method for high-standard farmland in black soil area
By combining UAV LiDAR and RTK measurements with intelligent equipment for construction planning, rapid ecological improvement and in-situ protection of topsoil in high-standard farmland in the black soil region have been achieved. This has solved the problems of soil structure damage and long-term restoration in traditional methods, and achieved efficient and rapid improvement of soil quality and restoration of production capacity.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2026-02-03
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-24
AI Technical Summary
Traditional farmland improvement methods neglect the protection of the black soil topsoil, leading to soil structure damage and organic matter loss. Furthermore, the soil fertility recovery cycle is long, making it impossible to quickly respond to the needs of building "ton-grain fields." They also lack precise responses to soil spatial heterogeneity, resulting in low efficiency.
A high-precision digital elevation model is generated by using LiDAR and RTK measurements from drones. Combined with three-dimensional earthwork volume calculation and construction planning, topsoil is stripped and stacked in layers. Combined with intelligent fertilizer spreaders and underground pipe salt drainage systems, a double-layer tillage layer of "fertilized top and compacted bottom" is constructed. Intelligent equipment is used to achieve multi-machine collaborative operation.
It achieved a black soil organic matter loss rate of less than 3%, restored production capacity to 67%-76% of normal levels, shortened the production capacity recovery cycle by 50%, improved operational efficiency by 35%, reduced labor intensity by 60%, and enhanced soil water retention capacity by 40%.
Smart Images
Figure CN121713731A_ABST
Abstract
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of agricultural engineering, in particular to a high-standard farmland intelligent ecological improvement and topsoil in-situ protection method in black soil area. BACKGROUND
[0002] The traditional farmland improvement method mainly focuses on physical engineering such as field leveling and ditch excavation, and usually adopts large-scale replacement of guest soil or simple leveling. This kind of method has significant defects: on the one hand, the precious black soil plough layer is often ignored in the construction process, and extensive operation such as mixed excavation and mixed filling is often used, which causes "moving of fertile soil", soil structure damage and large loss of organic matter, and essentially is a secondary damage to black soil resources; on the other hand, the soil fertility recovery after improvement completely depends on the natural process and subsequent fertilization for many years, and usually needs five to eight years or even longer time to reach stable production capacity, which is a long cycle and cannot quickly respond to the urgent needs of "ton of grain per mu" construction. In addition, traditional construction relies on manual operation and experience judgment, which is low in efficiency and uneven in quality, lacks precise response to soil spatial heterogeneity, and is difficult to realize rapid management of large area, high standard and homogenization. Therefore, an integrated ecological improvement method that can balance the in-situ protection of black soil resources, rapid improvement of soil quality and intelligent and precise construction is urgently needed to break through the technical bottleneck of current black soil protection and rapid recovery of production capacity. SUMMARY
[0003] The purpose of the present application is to provide a high-standard farmland intelligent ecological improvement and topsoil in-situ protection method in black soil area to solve the problems in the background art.
[0004] To achieve the above purpose, the present application provides a high-standard farmland intelligent ecological improvement and topsoil in-situ protection method in black soil area, comprising the following steps: S1, unmanned aerial vehicle LiDAR aerial survey and RTK measurement are performed on the farmland to be improved, a high-precision digital elevation model is generated, and a three-dimensional earthwork volume model is generated based on this to perform three-dimensional earthwork volume calculation and construction planning; S2, the surface treatment is performed to remove crop residues, water-soaked miscellaneous soil and other sundries on the surface of the farmland to be improved; S3, the strip layer peeling of the original 0-30cm plough layer topsoil of the farmland to be improved is performed by using excavator, and the peeled topsoil is transported to a designated storage area with high dry terrain, stacked into a trapezoidal section with an impermeable bottom, and fully covered and compacted by using rainproof cloth, so that the soil organic matter loss rate during storage is less than 3%; S4, the lower layer after peeling the topsoil is leveled, the transported guest soil is backfilled to the low-lying area, and is compacted in layers until the designed elevation is reached; S5, in the flattened farmland, according to the 50m*50m grid point, the soil pH value, organic matter content and cation exchange capacity are detected on site, and a digital soil improvement prescription map is generated based on the detection data; S6, the topsoil stored in S3 is mixed with fertilizer to form improved topsoil and backfilled to the surface layer of farmland, and then according to the soil improvement prescription map, the intelligent fertilizer spreading vehicle is controlled to perform variable application of organic fertilizer or soil conditioner on the surface of farmland; S7, on the backfilled improved topsoil, the transported planting soil meeting the fertility standard is filled to form a double-layer tillage layer structure with a total thickness of not less than 58cm, and finally rotary tillage and ridging operations are performed; S8, green manure crops are sown in the farmland after ridging, and salt-tolerant microbial inoculant is inoculated, and the underground drainage system is laid under the farmland ridge to complete the systematic ecological improvement and soil fertility cultivation of high-standard farmland.
[0005] Preferably, the construction plan in S1 is implemented through the deployment of "Beidou + 5G" fleet scheduling system along the whole line, and the excavator, bulldozer and road roller are cooperatively operated.
[0006] Preferably, the crop residues on the surface of the farmland to be improved in S2 are removed by using a stubble cleaner, and the removed crop residues are crushed and then treated by returning to the field.
[0007] Preferably, the full coverage compaction storage in S3 means that the top and four sides of the stored topsoil are covered with rainproof cloth and compacted.
[0008] Preferably, the specific operation of the guest soil backfilling in S4 is that the grid point control is used for material distribution, the point spacing is not greater than 20cm, the layer thickness is not greater than 50cm during backfilling, and a road roller with a weight of not less than 18t is used for rolling.
[0009] Preferably, the specific operation of generating the digital soil improvement prescription map in S5 is that the soil detection data of each grid point are compared with the preset target fertility threshold, the variable application amount and ratio of organic fertilizer or soil conditioner are calculated, and a variable operation instruction map for the intelligent fertilizer spreading vehicle to read and execute is formed.
[0010] Preferably, the rotary tillage and ridging operation in S7 is continuously completed by the same rotary tiller in one pass, the rotary tillage depth is 20-25cm, and the final formed ridge height is 20-25cm and the ridge distance is 60cm.
[0011] Preferably, the transported guest soil is loess, the sand content is controlled to be 15%-25%, and the plasticity index is 10-17; the transported planting soil has an organic matter content of not less than 1.5% and a pH value of 6.5-7.5.
[0012] Therefore, the present application adopts the above-mentioned intelligent ecological improvement and surface soil in-situ protection method for high-standard farmland in black soil area, and has the following beneficial effects: (1) The present application adopts the "strip stripping-ladder section film mulching storage" in-situ protection process, through the fine control of anti-seepage, covering pressure and frost prevention, ensures that the loss rate of organic matter in the stripped black soil plough layer is less than 3%, and the soil activity and fertility are preserved to the maximum extent. Combined with the intelligent fertilization system of "grid detection-prescription map generation-variable fertilization", and the "double insurance" design of "upper fertilizer and lower real" double-layer plough layer construction, green manure inoculation and underground drainage salt drainage, the long stalemate of traditional rehabilitation land recovery is broken; application examples show that the crop yield of the first year after treatment can recover to 67%-76% of the normal farmland level, the seedling survival rate is more than 90%, and the predetermined goal of "one-time treatment, three-year production, five-year high yield" is truly realized, and the production recovery cycle is shortened by more than 50%.
[0013] (2) The present application realizes the centimeter-level collaborative operation of multiple machine types such as excavation, transportation, leveling, compaction and fertilizer application by deploying "Beidou+5G" machine group scheduling system along the line, changes the traditional discrete flow operation into integrated intelligent construction, and the operation efficiency is improved by more than 35%, and the invalid excavation and filling workload is reduced by 10%; the measurement technology of unmanned aerial vehicle LiDAR combined with RTK makes the error in elevation control not more than 1 centimeter, which lays a solid foundation for subsequent precision irrigation and mechanized planting. The intelligent fertilizer spreading vehicle performs variable operation according to the prescription map, so that the fertilizer utilization rate is increased by 18%, the uniformity coefficient of fertilization is not more than 15%, and the qualitative change from "uniform fertilization" to "on-demand fertilization" is realized.
[0014] (3) The present application is highly mechanized and intelligent, reduces the labor intensity by 60%, and forms a standardized technical mode that can be replicated and popularized; in the ecological aspect, the soil erosion modulus is greatly reduced after the implementation of the method, and the water retention capacity of the farmland is improved by 40%, and through the ways of straw full amount returning to field and soil carbon sink increase, the dual strategic objectives of "storing grain in land and technology" and black soil protection are realized, which provides a solid technical guarantee for national food security and sustainable use of black soil resources.
[0015] The technical solutions of the present application will be further described in detail below through the drawings and examples. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0016] Figure 1 A flow chart of the present application, a black soil area high-standard farmland intelligent ecological improvement and surface soil in-situ protection method. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0017] The following detailed description of embodiments of the invention provided in the accompanying drawings is not intended to limit the scope of the claimed invention, but merely to illustrate selected embodiments of the invention. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without inventive effort are within the scope of protection of the invention.
[0018] Example like Figure 1 As shown, this invention provides a method for intelligent ecological improvement and in-situ protection of topsoil in high-standard farmland in black soil areas, comprising the following steps: This example uses the 2024 high-standard farmland construction project (ultra-long-term special national debt project) in Gongzhuling City, Jilin Province as the background, with a total remediation area of 11,700 mu.
[0019] S1. For the farmland areas to be remediated, aerial surveying was first conducted using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) radar. Simultaneously, 10 RTK (Real-Time Differential) receivers (model: Hi-Target TS5PRO) were deployed on the ground for synchronous verification. Through air-to-ground data fusion, a high-precision digital elevation model (DEM) with an elevation error ≤1 cm was generated. Based on this model, three-dimensional earthwork volume calculations were performed, and cut and fill operations were precisely planned, reducing ineffective earthwork transportation by approximately 10%. Construction planning instructions were issued through a deployed "BeiDou + 5G" fleet scheduling system, providing a foundation for the coordinated operation of subsequent earthwork construction machinery.
[0020] S2. For fields where the previous crop was corn and a large amount of stubble remains on the surface, six stubble removers with a working width of 80 cm are used to remove the corn stubble to a thickness of less than 5 cm. Simultaneously, obstacles such as debris and stones accumulated on the surface due to waterlogging are cleared to create a working surface for subsequent finer construction. The removed crop residues, after being crushed, can be returned to the field on-site.
[0021] S3. Using an excavator with a bucket capacity of 1.9 cubic meters, the valuable original 0-30 cm topsoil layer of black soil in the area to be treated is stripped in layers. During the stripping process, minimal disturbance to the soil layers is ensured. The stripped topsoil is transported to a designated storage area with high elevation, dryness, and good drainage. In the storage area, the topsoil is piled into a trapezoidal cross-section, with the top and sides fully covered with tarpaulin and the edges compacted, forming a "film-covered, frost-resistant storage" structure. This standardized process ensures that the organic matter loss rate of the stored black soil can be effectively controlled below 3% during subsequent construction periods (especially during freeze-thaw seasons).
[0022] S4, the lower base layer formed after stripping the topsoil is initially leveled. To solve the problem of the original low-lying areas in the plot, the required guest soil (in this case, loess) is transported for filling. The key parameters of the guest soil are controlled as follows: sand content 15%-25%, plasticity index 10-17. When backfilling, the "grid method" is used for distribution, with each grid area not exceeding 20m x 20m, and the virtual paving thickness of each layer not exceeding 50 cm. Each layer is rolled using a vibrating roller of more than 18 tons, with a compaction degree of not less than 90% (determined in accordance with the GB 50202 standard), and the filling is carried out layer by layer to the design elevation, with the surface flatness deviation controlled within ±5 cm.
[0023] S5, on the leveled plot, points are arranged according to a regular grid of 50m x 50m. Using portable rapid detection equipment, the key indicators of the soil at each grid point, such as pH value, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity (CEC), etc., are determined on site. The detection data are input into the system, compared and analyzed with the preset target fertility threshold, and a digital "soil improvement prescription map" is automatically generated; the prescription map accurately indicates the types and variable quantities of organic fertilizer or soil conditioner required for different areas in the plot.
[0024] S6, the original black soil properly stored in S3 is first mixed with matured manure (organic matter ≥45%) at a volume ratio of 10:1 to form a uniform improved topsoil, which is then backfilled to the surface of the plot and initially leveled; then, according to the "soil improvement prescription map" generated in S5, an intelligent fertilizer spreading vehicle (model such as 2FGH-8H) is dispatched for precision variable operation. The fertilizer spreading vehicle adjusts the fertilizer application rate in different grids according to the prescription instructions to achieve on-demand supply, with a uniformity coefficient of not more than 15%, effectively improving the fertilizer utilization rate.
[0025] S7, on the backfilled improved topsoil, high-quality planting soil purchased from outside is covered and filled. The planting soil requires an organic matter content of ≥1.5% and a pH value of 6.5-7.5. A bulldozer with a laser leveling system is used for fine leveling; then, a rotary tillage and ridge forming machine is used to complete the operation in one pass: the rotary tillage blade shaft rotates in the opposite direction, with a deep tillage of 20-25 cm to achieve soil crushing and weed removal; then, the ridge type slide plate attached to the rear of the machine simultaneously extrudes and forms the ridge, forming a regular ridge type with a ridge height of 20-25 cm and a ridge distance of 60 cm, ensuring that the ridge surface height difference of the entire field is ≤3 cm. Thus, a "fertilizer on the bottom" double-layer tillage layer structure with a total thickness of not less than 58 cm is constructed.
[0026] S8, on the formed ridge field, immediately implement two ecological strengthening measures to ensure rapid recovery of production capacity: one is to sow green manure crops (such as rape or hairy vetch) on the ridge and inoculate salt-tolerant microbial inoculants to quickly activate and rebuild the soil microbial community; two is to simultaneously lay a buried pipe salt drainage system directly below the ridge, combined with the ridge and furrow sowing structure on the ground, forming a "three-dimensional drainage and irrigation salt control" system. Application results show that this combined measure can make the survival rate of crops in the first year after treatment reach more than 90%, and the yield recover to about 70% of the normal local farmland level.
[0027] Through the practice application in the above-mentioned 11700 mu project, the embodiment embodies significant benefits: the production capacity recovery period is expected to be shortened by more than 50% compared with traditional methods; mechanized cooperative operation improves construction efficiency by about 35%; through the measures of in-situ protection of topsoil and full-straw return, the soil fertility is improved, and the soil's carbon sequestration and water retention capacity are also enhanced; the successful application of the embodiment in Gongzhuling City's 11700 mu project has cumulatively restored about 8.6 million kilograms of annual production capacity, benefiting more than 3200 households of farmers.
[0028] Therefore, the present application adopts the above-mentioned high-standard farmland intelligent ecological improvement and topsoil in-situ protection method in black soil areas, which can quickly and effectively improve degraded farmland in black soil areas by integrating intelligent equipment, ecological engineering and precision agriculture, significantly shortening the production capacity recovery period, and improving overall soil quality, operation efficiency and ecological benefits.
[0029] Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present application but not to limit it, although the present application has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that: it can still modify or equivalently replace the technical solutions of the present application, and these modifications or equivalent replacements also cannot make the modified technical solutions deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present application.
Claims
1. A method for intelligent ecological improvement and in-situ topsoil protection of high-standard farmland in black soil areas, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1. Conduct UAV LiDAR aerial surveys and RTK measurements on the farmland to be remediated to generate a high-precision digital elevation model, and based on this, generate a three-dimensional earthwork volume model for three-dimensional earthwork volume calculation and construction planning. S2. Carry out surface clearing treatment, remove crop residues, waterlogged soil and other debris from the surface of the farmland to be treated; S3. Using an excavator, the original 0-30cm topsoil of the farmland to be treated is stripped in layers. The stripped topsoil is then transported to a designated high and dry storage area, piled into a trapezoidal cross-section with an impermeable bottom, and fully covered and compacted with a rainproof cloth to ensure that the soil organic matter loss rate is less than 3% during storage. S4. Level the lower base layer after stripping the topsoil, backfill the transported soil into the low-lying area, and compact it in layers until the design elevation is reached. S5. In the leveled farmland, the soil pH value, organic matter content and cation exchange capacity are quickly tested on-site according to a 50m×50m grid. A digital soil improvement prescription map is generated based on the test data. S6. Mix the topsoil stripped and stockpiled in S3 with fertilizer to form improved topsoil and backfill it onto the farmland surface. Then, according to the soil improvement prescription diagram, control the intelligent fertilizer spreader to apply organic fertilizer or soil conditioner on the farmland surface in a variable manner. S7. On top of the backfilled improved topsoil, cover with off-site planting soil that meets fertility standards to form a double-layer tillage structure with a total thickness of not less than 58cm, and finally carry out rotary tillage and ridging operations. S8. Sow green manure crops and inoculate with salt-tolerant microbial agents in the completed ridged farmland. At the same time, lay a subsurface salt drainage system under the ridges of the farmland to complete the systematic ecological improvement and soil fertility cultivation of high-standard farmland.
2. The method for intelligent ecological improvement and in-situ topsoil protection of high-standard farmland in black soil areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The construction plan for S1 utilizes a "BeiDou + 5G" fleet scheduling system deployed along the entire line to coordinate the operation of excavators, bulldozers, and road rollers.
3. The method for intelligent ecological improvement and in-situ topsoil protection of high-standard farmland in black soil areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: In S2, a stubble remover is used to remove crop residues from the surface of the farmland to be treated. The removed crop residues are then crushed and returned to the field on-site.
4. The method for intelligent ecological improvement and in-situ topsoil protection of high-standard farmland in black soil areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: In S3, full-coverage compacted stockpiling refers to covering the top and sides of the stockpiled topsoil with a tarpaulin and compacting it.
5. The method for intelligent ecological improvement and in-situ topsoil protection of high-standard farmland in black soil areas according to claim 1, characterized in that, The specific operation of backfilling in S4 is as follows: use grid points to control the placement of materials, with a spacing of no more than 20cm between control points, and the thickness of each layer during backfilling should not exceed 50cm. A roller with a capacity of no less than 18t should be used for compaction.
6. The method for intelligent ecological improvement and in-situ topsoil protection of high-standard farmland in black soil areas according to claim 1, characterized in that, The specific operation of generating a digital soil improvement prescription map in S5 is as follows: compare the soil test data of each grid point with the preset target fertility threshold, calculate the variable application amount and ratio of organic fertilizer or soil conditioner, and form a variable operation instruction map for intelligent fertilizer spreading vehicle to read and execute.
7. The method for intelligent ecological improvement and in-situ topsoil protection of high-standard farmland in black soil areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the S7, rotary tillage and ridging operations are completed continuously by the same rotary tiller in one pass. The tillage depth is 20-25cm, and the final ridge height is 20-25cm with a ridge spacing of 60cm.
8. The method for intelligent ecological improvement and in-situ topsoil protection of high-standard farmland in black soil areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The soil transported out is loess, with a sand content controlled at 15%-25% and a plasticity index of 10-17; the organic matter content of the soil transported out is not less than 1.5%, and the pH value is 6.5-7.5.