Efficient breeding method for directionally improving comprehensive characters of winter wheat

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of crop breeding, and discloses an efficient breeding method for directionally improving comprehensive characters of winter wheat, which comprises the following steps: step (1) cross parent selection and preliminary gene polymerization; (2) early generation gene pool construction and high-pressure disease resistance screening; (3) high generation selection and homozygous acceleration; (4) identifying the eurytopic adaptability of multiple ecological regions; and (5) carrying out directional selection on agronomic characters in the whole growth period. According to the method, a single-spike continuous selection strategy is adopted in F2-F4 generations, compared with traditional single plant selection, more inter-plant variation can be contained, gene differences in the same plant can be reserved, a breeding material gene pool is enriched, recessive excellent gene loss caused by only paying attention to external forms is avoided through collaborative screening of agronomic phenotypic characters, early stress resistance and quality preliminary screening, and the breeding quality is improved. The polymerization probability of high-yield, high-quality, disease-resistant and other target genes is remarkably improved, the pain point of waste of early generation gene resources in the traditional breeding technology is effectively solved, and a solid gene foundation is laid for multi-character collaborative improvement; f5 and above ear row / single plant rapid homozygous stable new materials and guarantee the uniformity of offspring, the breeding efficiency can be improved, and provincial and above regional tests can be participated 2-3 years in advance.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to a highly efficient breeding method for targeted improvement of the comprehensive traits of winter wheat, and specifically to a breeding method for targeted improvement of yield, quality and stress resistance of winter wheat. Background Technology

[0002] Food security is a matter of paramount importance to the nation. Wheat is one of my country's three staple grains, and its yield stability, quality, broad-spectrum resistance to adverse conditions, and ecological adaptability are directly related to national food security and the economic benefits of the agricultural industry. With the complex changes in ecological conditions in major producing areas such as the Huang-Huai winter wheat region and the northern winter wheat region (such as frequent extreme low temperatures and disease outbreaks caused by continuous rain), and the continuous upgrading of market demand for high-quality specialty wheat (strong gluten and medium-strong gluten), cultivating new winter wheat varieties that are "high-yielding, high-quality, multi-resistant, and widely adaptable" has become the core goal of the breeding field. It is also the key to solving the current contradiction in wheat production of "high quality but not high yield, high yield but not disease-resistant, and disease-resistant but not widely adaptable" (cited in "Research on the Matching of Winter Wheat Breeding Technology Innovation and Industrial Demand" in Vol. 47, Chinese Journal of Agricultural Science, 2024).

[0003] Existing winter wheat breeding technology has formed a classic system centered on hybridization breeding, and has made some progress in single-trait improvement. However, significant limitations remain in areas such as multi-trait synergistic improvement, selection efficiency enhancement, and the accuracy of identification systems. Specifically: early generation selection strategies are simplistic, and gene resources are not fully utilized. The current mainstream breeding methods in China still mainly rely on single-plant selection in the early generations (F2-F4) (citation: Approval Announcement of Jimai 325 Variety, National Approval No. 20210012). Although this method can quickly screen individuals with excellent agronomic traits, it is prone to causing latent genetic defects. The loss of superior genes makes it difficult to accommodate more types of variation and aggregate multiple target traits. Some varieties have tried to use single-ear selection technology (such as the breeding method of "Lumai 21", "Research on single-ear cyclical selection technology of winter wheat" in Shandong Agricultural Sciences, Vol. 52, No. 3, 2020). However, it only focuses on morphological traits such as plant type and ear shape, without simultaneously combining internal core traits such as disease resistance and quality for screening. As a result, a large number of breeding materials were eliminated in the later stage due to latent defects (such as potential disease susceptibility and substandard quality), resulting in serious waste of breeding resources and insufficient gene pool richness.

[0004] The disease resistance identification system is inefficient, and the accuracy and stability of resistance screening are insufficient. Traditional disease resistance identification mostly relies on natural disease environment or single artificial inoculation (Cited: Breeding report of wheat variety Lunxuan 20, Acta Agronomica Sinica, Vol. 48, No. 6, 2022, "Breeding of high-yield winter wheat variety Lunxuan 20 resistant to Fusarium head blight"). Natural disease is greatly affected by climatic conditions (temperature and humidity), and the identification results fluctuate significantly from year to year, making it difficult to accurately screen highly resistant materials. A single artificial inoculation can only simulate a single disease cycle and cannot replicate the long-term high-intensity disease pressure in the field, which leads to the screening materials being prone to resistance degradation in production. Although gene marker-assisted breeding techniques exist (such as the screening of powdery mildew resistance genes in "Xinmai 19", "Location and Screening of Powdery Mildew Resistance Genes in Winter Wheat Based on SSR Markers" in the Journal of Triticeae Crops, Vol. 41, No. 8, 2021), they are only applicable to the detection of known resistance genes and cannot cover unknown resistance sites. Furthermore, the detection cost is high (≥50 RMB per sample), making it difficult to apply to early-generation large-scale population (thousand-plant level) screening. In addition, existing technologies have not established a systematic scheme of "susceptible control indicators + multi-generation continuous identification," lack reference standards for disease severity, and cannot accurately distinguish the disease resistance level of materials (highly resistant, moderately resistant, susceptible).

[0005] The timing of quality screening is delayed, and the improvement cycle is long and inefficient. Most varieties concentrate quality testing in high generations (F6 and above) (citation: Approval instructions for Jimai 44 variety, Lu Shenmai 20200005), using national standard methods (GB / T14608-2021, GB / T21119-2007) such as gluten index and SDS sedimentation value for precise testing. However, by this time the breeding materials are basically homozygous, and if the quality does not meet the standards, the breeding investment of the previous years is wasted. Some studies have attempted to use near-infrared technology for related testing (such as the drought-resistant breeding of Luohan 19, "Application of near-infrared technology in drought-resistant breeding of winter wheat" in Arid Zone Agricultural Research, Vol. 40, No. 2, 2022), but it is only used for correlation analysis of drought resistance and other stress resistance traits, and is not used as an early-generation quality screening tool. It cannot achieve early targeted selection of quality traits, resulting in a winter wheat quality improvement cycle of generally 8-10 years, which is far from meeting the needs of rapid market iteration.

[0006] The lack of synergistic improvement of multiple traits limits the overall performance enhancement. Existing varieties often focus on improving a single or a few traits, lacking a comprehensive synergistic design. For example, "Luohan 22" (nationally approved wheat 20220031) focuses on the synergy of drought resistance and high yield, while "Zhongmai 175" (nationally approved wheat 20200023) emphasizes high quality, strong gluten, and cold resistance. Neither has achieved a comprehensive synergistic improvement in yield, quality, cold resistance, lodging resistance, and wide adaptability (Cited: "Research Progress on Multi-resistant and Widely Adaptable Breeding Technology for Winter Wheat", Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology, Vol. 30, No. 11, 2022). In traditional breeding, agronomic trait selection, resistance identification, and quality testing are independent of each other, lacking synergistic planning throughout the entire growth period. This often leads to contradictions such as "high yield but not high quality, high quality but not disease resistance, and disease resistance but not wide adaptability," making it difficult to meet the stringent requirements of production for the comprehensive performance of varieties.

[0007] In summary, existing winter wheat breeding technologies have significant shortcomings in terms of gene resource utilization, accuracy of resistance identification, timeliness of quality screening, synergy of multiple traits, and verification of ecological adaptability. There is an urgent need to establish an efficient, precise, and multi-dimensional synergistic breeding method to shorten the breeding cycle and improve the overall performance of new varieties. Summary of the Invention

[0008] The purpose of this invention is to overcome the technical defects in existing winter wheat breeding technology, such as insufficient utilization of gene resources, insufficient accuracy in disease resistance identification, long quality improvement cycle, poor synergy of multiple traits, and unsystematic wide adaptability identification, and to provide an efficient breeding method for targeted improvement of the comprehensive traits of winter wheat.

[0009] To achieve the aforementioned objectives, this invention employs hybridization, early-generation enrichment of varieties and disease-resistant pressure screening, high-generation homozygous optimization, and multi-ecological verification of agronomic traits throughout the entire growth period. Based on stable spike number, it screens for heavy-spike and large-spike breeding materials, focusing on breakthroughs in spike grain number and thousand-grain weight. It establishes practical breeding techniques that enhance cold resistance in the early stage, stem quality in the middle stage, and yellowing in the later stage, while also incorporating grain shape in an indoor environment. Through the following specific technical measures, it collaboratively addresses the shortcomings of existing technologies, achieving targeted improvement in wheat variety yield, quality, stress resistance, and adaptability. This invention is achieved through the following technical solutions: This invention is a highly efficient breeding method for targeted improvement of comprehensive traits in winter wheat, comprising:

[0010] Furthermore, as stated above.

[0011] The present invention has the following beneficial effects: (1) The present invention adopts a single-ear continuous selection strategy in the F2-F4 generation. Compared with the traditional single-plant selection, it can retain the gene differences of different ears of the same plant, enrich the gene pool of breeding materials, and avoid the loss of recessive excellent genes caused by focusing only on external morphology through synergistic screening of "agronomic phenotypic traits + early stress resistance + quality screening". It significantly increases the aggregation probability of target genes such as high yield, high quality and disease resistance, effectively solves the pain point of "waste of early generation gene resources" in the existing technology, and lays a solid gene foundation for multi-trait synergistic improvement.

[0012] (2) The F5 high-generation materials of this invention are mainly selected by single plant / ear row, and the technical method of simultaneous purification, comparison and propagation is adopted to quickly homozygous and stabilize new materials and ensure the uniformity of offspring, which can improve breeding efficiency and participate in provincial and above regional trials 2-3 years earlier.

[0013] (3) This invention adopts a system of "interval planting of marker-sensitive disease-prone varieties, artificially creating a susceptible environment + multi-generation continuous identification", and strictly follows national standards such as GB / T45211.2-2025 to classify and identify resistance to leaf rust (and other rusts, powdery mildew, etc.), and conducts high-pressure screening for three consecutive generations (F3-F5) to ensure that the disease resistance level of the screened materials is stable at 0-3 (medium resistance or above). At the same time, the indicative role of the marker varieties makes the disease resistance level determination more accurate, improves the hit rate of screening medium resistance materials, and eliminates the need to rely on high-cost molecular marker detection, thus realizing low-cost, large-scale early-generation disease resistance screening.

[0014] (4) This invention advances the quality inspection node to the F5 generation, and eliminates defective materials in a timely manner during the critical period of material homozygosity. Compared with the traditional breeding cycle, the breeding cycle is shortened, which also compresses the breeding cycle and adapts to the market iteration rhythm of high-quality special wheat.

[0015] (5) This invention covers extreme climates and different soil conditions through field trials at 3-5 multi-ecological test sites and for two consecutive growing seasons, ensuring the stability of the variety in complex environments, significantly improving the approval rate of new varieties, and highlighting its value in agricultural production applications.

[0016] Of course, any product implementing this invention does not necessarily need to achieve all of the advantages described above at the same time. Attached Figure Description

[0017] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the accompanying drawings used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0018] Figure 1This is a flowchart of the method of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a flowchart of the hybridization process between the male and female parents in the method of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0019] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0020] Please see Figures 1-2 As shown, this invention is a highly efficient breeding method for targeted improvement of comprehensive traits in winter wheat, comprising the following steps: Step (1) Selection of hybrid parents and preliminary gene aggregation: Select winter wheat varieties with complementary traits as male and female parents for sexual hybridization to obtain F1 generation seeds, wherein the male and female parents meet the following complementary conditions: a. Complementary stress resistance, with at least one having an overwintering survival rate ≥95%, high lodging resistance, and moderate resistance to powdery mildew and rust; b. The quality characteristics meet the standards, with at least one gluten index ≥45 and SDS sedimentation value ≥30mL; c. Excellent yield traits, with ≥40 grains / ear, ≥45g thousand-grain weight and good ear number stability; It should be noted that when selecting parent stock, near-infrared spectroscopy should be used to confirm that the grain protein content is ≥13% and the wet gluten content is ≥28%.

[0021] Step (2) Early generation gene bank construction and high-pressure resistance screening: Multiple generations of continuous single-ear selection were carried out for F2-F5 generations, and an early generation gene bank was constructed simultaneously. Multiple generations of continuous high-pressure resistance identification were conducted through artificially induced susceptible environments. Breeding materials with moderate resistance or above were screened. Among them, F2 generation was planted by spot sowing with a plant spacing of 5cm and a population size of ≥1000 plants. After maturity, ≥40 single ears with excellent agronomic traits were selected and stored separately. For F3-F4 generation, the seeds of the selected single ears from the previous generation were planted in independent rows with each row being 1.5m. Single-ear selection was carried out continuously. In addition, the high-pressure disease resistance identification was carried out as follows: F3-F5 generations were planted in combination, with 3 rows of marked disease-susceptible varieties planted between combinations. After the marked varieties developed the disease, artificial spore dispersal was assisted every 5 days. The experimental site was irrigated every 8-10 days to create a high-humidity environment. 15-20 days after the disease, the identification was carried out according to the NY / T1443.2-2007 standard. Only materials of grade 0-3 were selected to enter the next generation. The identification was carried out for 3 consecutive generations. It should be noted that the marked disease-susceptible variety was Xin Dong 17, which was highly susceptible to leaf rust. Step (3) Selection of high generation and acceleration of homozygosity: Single plant / ear row selection is carried out on F5 and above breeding materials, and quality precision testing is carried out simultaneously to eliminate heterozygous lines and materials with quality defects and accelerate the homozygosity process of materials. Among them, the planting distance between F5 and F6 generations is 15cm and the row distance is 20cm. Stable ear rows with consistent agronomic traits are selected. Quality precision testing is carried out according to GB / T5506.2-2008 to determine the gluten index and GB / T15685-2011 to determine the SDS sedimentation value. Materials with gluten index ≥45 and SDS sedimentation value ≥30mL are screened. Step (4) Multi-ecological zone wide adaptability identification: Field trials of stable F8 generation and above in multiple ecological zones and multiple growing seasons are conducted to comprehensively evaluate yield stability, stress resistance and adaptability. Among them, the multi-ecological zone trial sets up 3-5 test sites in the target planting area. Each test site adopts a randomized block design with 3 replicates. The plot area is 15-20m². It is planted for 2 consecutive growing seasons. The local main variety is used as the control. The varieties with a yield increase of ≥5% and a comprehensive stress resistance evaluation of "strong" are selected. It should be noted that the comprehensive stress resistance evaluation includes three indicators: overwintering survival rate, lodging index and disease resistance level. Among them, the disease resistance level must reach level 3 or below. Step (5) Targeted selection of agronomic traits throughout the entire growth period: During the entire growth period of F2-F8 generations, agronomic traits related to spike number, grain number per spike, thousand-grain weight, stress resistance, and grain quality of winter wheat are screened in a coordinated manner according to preset standards. Among them, the core standard for targeted selection of agronomic traits throughout the entire growth period is: a. The number of ears per unit area remains stable at 350,000-400,000 ears / mu; b. Number of grains per ear ≥ 40 grains / ear, 1000-grain weight ≥ 45g; c. Overwintering survival rate ≥95%; d. The stem wall thickness of the second internode is ≥0.30mm, and the lodging tendency is ≤2. e. Grain plumpness rate ≥90%.

[0022] Implementation Plan (1) Selection of hybrid parents and preliminary gene aggregation: Based on the breeding objectives, winter wheat varieties with complementary traits are selected as male and female parents. The parents must meet the following requirements: complementary stress resistance (overwintering survival rate ≥95%, high lodging resistance, moderate resistance to powdery mildew / rust), quality standards (gluten index ≥45, SDS sedimentation value ≥30mL), excellent yield (number of grains per ear ≥40, thousand-grain weight ≥45g) and qualified near-infrared detection indicators (protein content ≥13%, wet gluten content ≥28%). Sexual hybridization is carried out by artificial emasculation and bagging pollination to harvest F1 generation seeds.

[0023] (2) Early generation gene bank construction and high pressure disease resistance screening: F2 generation was sown at a plant spacing of 5cm, with a population size of ≥1000 plants. Agronomic traits were observed during the growth period. After maturity, 80-120 excellent single ears were selected and stored separately. For F3-F4 generation, the seeds of the selected single ears from the previous generation were planted in independent rows (1.5m per row). Three rows of the disease-prone variety Xin Dong 17 were planted between the combinations. After the disease occurred, artificial spore diffusion was assisted every 5 days. The experimental site was irrigated every 8-10 days to maintain the humidity of the experimental site ≥60%. 15-20 days after the disease occurred, the samples were identified according to the NY / T1443.2-2007 standard. Only single ears of grade 0-3 were retained. The screening was carried out for 3 generations.

[0024] (3) Selection of high generation and homozygosity acceleration: F5-F6 generation was planted with a plant spacing of 15cm and a row spacing of 20cm. The consistency of agronomic traits was observed and heterozygous lines were eliminated. 50-80g of grains were selected and the gluten index and SDS sedimentation value were determined according to GB / T5506.2-2008 and GB / T15685-2011 standards. Materials with a gluten index ≥45 and an SDS sedimentation value ≥30mL were screened.

[0025] (4) Multi-ecological zone wide adaptability identification: Set up 3-5 test sites in the target planting area. Each test site adopts a randomized block design with 3 replicates. The plot area is 15-20m². Plant for 2 consecutive growing seasons. Use the local main varieties as the control. Measure the yield per mu, overwintering survival rate, lodging index, disease resistance level and other indicators. Select the strains that increase the yield by ≥5% compared with the control and whose comprehensive stress resistance evaluation reaches the "strong" level.

[0026] (5) Targeted selection of agronomic traits throughout the entire growth period: from F2 to F8 generations, screening according to the following standards: number of ears per unit area 350,000-400,000 ears / mu, number of grains per ear ≥40 grains / ear, thousand-grain weight ≥45g, overwintering survival rate ≥95%, stem wall thickness of the second internode ≥0.30mm, lodging resistance ≤2 grade, and grain fullness rate ≥90%.

[0027] The present invention also provides the following embodiments for further detailed description: Example 1: Breeding of a new winter wheat variety, Shidong 1290 I. Breeding Objectives Develop new winter wheat varieties with the following comprehensive performance characteristics: ① Yield: ≥5% increase in yield compared to the local main varieties, ≥40 grains per ear, ≥48g per thousand grains; ② Quality: gluten index ≥52, SDS sedimentation value ≥30mL (medium gluten standard); ③ Stress resistance: moderately resistant to leaf rust (resistance level 3), highly resistant to powdery mildew (resistance level 1), and strong stress resistance (overwintering survival rate ≥95%, lodging resistance ≤2); ④ Wide adaptability: winter wheat region of northern Xinjiang. II. Parental selection and hybridization (March-June 2011) Parent selection: The female parent is "Xindong 48" (Xin Shenmai 2015 No. 04). Its characteristics are stable yield (about 650 kg per mu), strong cold resistance (overwintering survival rate of 96%), high lodging resistance (lodging resistance level 1), grain protein content of 14.8%, wet gluten content of 32%, gluten index of 52, SDS sedimentation value of 35.5L, and high thousand-grain weight (53 g). Its disadvantages are moderate susceptibility to leaf rust, moderate ear formation rate, and moderately scattered plant type. The male parent is "Xin Dong 41" (Xin Shen Mai 2013 No. 03). Its characteristics include moderate resistance to leaf rust (GB / T45211.2-2025 identification grade 3), high resistance to powdery mildew, high resistance to lodging (lodging grade 1), grain protein content of 13.1%, wet gluten content of 29.8%, gluten index of 32, SDS sedimentation value of 25.0mL, medium plant type, and strong adaptability. Its disadvantages are that the medium gluten content is relatively weak and the ear formation rate is low. The parent lines meet the selection criteria of "complementary quality and plant type, qualified stress resistance, and synergistic yield traits", thus achieving the initial aggregation of high-quality, high-yield, and disease-resistant genes. Hybridization procedure: Select the main stem spikes (in the incubation stage) of robust female parent Xindong 48, remove the emasculation manually, and isolate them by bagging. 3-5 days later, collect fresh fresh pollen from male parent Xindong 33 for artificial pollination. After pollination, bag the spikes again and mark them. Harvest the hybrid spikes after maturity, thresh them to obtain 62 F1 generation seeds. III. Construction of early generation gene bank and screening for high-pressure disease resistance (October 2012 - June 2015, F2-F4 generations) F2 generation single ear selection (October 2012 - June 2013): Planting: All 62 F1 generation seeds were planted in the experimental field in the order of female parent-hybrid-male parent. After harvesting F2 generation seeds, the planting population was expanded to 1050 plants (row spacing 20cm, plant spacing 5cm). Field management was the same as in conventional fields. Screening: During the growing season, plant type (compact), leaf color (dark green), and stress resistance (no obvious diseases and pests) were observed. After maturity, 43 single ears with excellent agronomic traits were selected, threshed, and individually numbered and stored. F3 generation single-ear selection and high-pressure disease resistance assessment (October 2013 - June 2014): Planting by row: Plant 43 F2 single ear seeds in 43 rows (1.5 meters per row, 20 cm between rows), and then plant 3 rows of the disease-prone variety Xin Dong 17 (highly susceptible to leaf rust and red ears) at intervals in the next combination system. Disease resistance assessment: After the disease on Xindong 17, the ears of Xindong 17 were manually tapped with bamboo poles every 5 days to allow the rust spores to fully proliferate and infect the breeding material with rust spores until the mid-to-late grain filling stage. During this period, the experimental field was irrigated every 8-10 days to maintain a certain level of humidity. Disease resistance assessment was conducted according to NY / T1443.2-2007 "Technical Specification for Evaluation of Wheat Disease and Insect Resistance Part 2: Technical Specification for Evaluation of Wheat Leaf Rust Resistance". Only single ears or rows with moderate resistance of 0-3 or above were selected to enter the next generation, and a total of 68 single ears were retained. The grain color and plumpness (grain plumpness rate ≥90%) were observed during indoor threshing, and 37 single ears were retained. F4 generation single-ear selection and disease resistance identification replication (October 2014 - June 2015): Planting and inoculation: 37 F3 single-ear seeds were planted into 37 rows, and the planting and disease resistance identification process of the F3 generation marker varieties was repeated. Disease resistance assessment: The experimental planting was conducted with reference to the F3 generation. After the disease resistance assessment, 57 single ears with a disease resistance rating of 0-3 for both leaf rust and powdery mildew were retained. The grain characteristics were assessed in the laboratory, and the grain color and plumpness (grain plumpness rate ≥90%) were observed during the threshing process. 43 single ears were retained. IV. High-Generation Selection and Homozygous Acceleration (October 2015 - June 2027, F5-F6 Generations) F5 generation single plant selection and disease resistance identification (October 2015 - June 2016): Single-plant planting: Plant 43 F4 single-ear seeds as single plants (row length 1.5m, row spacing 20cm), for a total of 43 rows of ears; Disease resistance assessment: The experimental planting was conducted with reference to the F4 generation. After disease resistance assessment, plants with a disease resistance rating of 0-3 for leaf rust and powdery mildew were retained. The uniformity of plants within the row was assessed, and heterozygous lines were eliminated. Thirteen stable panicle rows with completely consistent agronomical traits were retained and subjected to indoor panicle row yield comparison tests. 50-80g grains were selected and milled using a cyclone milling machine. The gluten index and SDS sedimentation value were determined according to GB / T5506.2-2008 "Wheat and Wheat Flour Gluten Content Part 2: Instrumental Determination of Wet Gluten" and GB / T15685-2011 "Grain and Oil Inspection: Determination of Wheat Sedimentation Index by SDS Method". ① Ear yield: The ear yield is ≥8% higher than that of the local main varieties, with ≥40 grains per ear and ≥48g of 1000 grains; ② Quality: Gluten index ≥45, SDS sedimentation value ≥30mL (medium gluten standard); ③ Resistance: Six ear varieties are moderately resistant to leaf rust (resistance level 3), highly resistant to powdery mildew (resistance level 3), and have high grain plumpness (grain plumpness rate ≥90%).

[0028] F6 generation family lineage (October 2016 - June 2017): Row planting: The seeds of the six F5 panicles were planted into five panicle lines (the seeding rate was calculated at 350,000 seeds / mu, each row was 1.8m long, the row spacing was 20cm, and 10 rows were planted). The local main varieties were planted on both sides of each combination as a control. The agronomic traits (plant height, growth period, panicle shape, and variability) within the panicle line were observed. Based on the yield, gluten index, SDS sedimentation value, and second internode stem wall thickness data, two panicle lines were promoted. V. Comparative Testing and Multi-Point Identification Comparative trials of F7-F9 generation lines, purification of panicle rows and screening of agronomic traits, and screening for wide adaptability across multiple ecological zones (October 2017 - June 2020): Planting observation: Seeds from two spikelet lines were planted again according to the regional trial requirements of the autonomous region (sowing rate of 350,000 sachets / mu, 7.3m per row, 20cm row spacing, 8 rows planted) to further observe uniformity, change the purification and yield measurement, and retain one stable line; and multi-site trials were conducted at five test sites in Tacheng, Yili, Qitai, Shihezi and Changji in the wheat-growing area of ​​northern Xinjiang; Control varieties: Xindong 33 and Xindong 18, which are the main local varieties, were used as controls. Each line was planted 3 times with a plot area of ​​18m². A randomized block design was used, and field management was carried out according to local conventional techniques. Agronomic traits were measured: plant height (80-85cm), stem wall thickness (≥0.3mm), lodging resistance ≤2, number of grains per ear (≥40 grains / ear), and thousand-grain weight (≥45g). The line with the best overall agronomic traits was selected to enter multi-ecological zone trials. The following indicators were examined at multiple points: ① Yield: yield per mu (667 square meters), number of ears, number of grains per ear, and thousand-grain weight; ② Stress resistance: overwintering survival rate, leaf rust / powdery mildew resistance level, and lodging index; ③ Quality: gluten index and SDS sedimentation value. Screening results: One strain (code Shidong 1290) performed outstandingly, with an average yield of 698 kg / mu, an increase of 10.5% compared to the control; overwintering survival rate of 97%; leaf rust grade 3, powdery mildew grade 1; stem wall thickness = 0.3 mm; lodging resistance grade 1; gluten index of 41; SDS sedimentation value of 30 mL; increased yield compared to the control at different test sites, meeting the screening criteria. VI. Verification of directional selection of agronomic traits throughout the entire growth period “Shidong 1290” was selected according to the full reproductive period selection criteria of this invention in each generation, and the final stable performance was as follows: Yield composition: 340,000 ears per mu (unit area), 48.1 grains per ear, and 54g weight per thousand grains; Stress resistance: Cold resistant (overwintering survival rate 97%), lodging resistant (stem wall thickness 0.3mm), highly resistant to leaf rust and powdery mildew; Quality: Gluten index 41, SDS sedimentation value 32mL, meeting the standard for medium gluten wheat; Wide adaptability: It is planted in the wheat-growing areas of northern Xinjiang. In 2025, it was approved by the second meeting of the Professional Committee of the 11th Major Crop Variety Approval Committee of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and named Shidong 1290.

[0029] Example 2: Breeding of the new winter wheat variety "Shidong 1221" (1) Breeding objectives: To cultivate medium-gluten wheat varieties in the winter wheat region of northern Xinjiang, with a yield increase of ≥8% compared to the control, a gluten index of ≥45, an SDS sedimentation value of ≥30mL, moderate resistance to leaf rust, and lodging resistance of ≤2.

[0030] (2) Parental selection: The female parent "Xindong 33" (medium resistance to leaf rust, high resistance to lodging, cold resistance, medium gluten with slightly weak gluten) and the male parent "Y9407" (high resistance to leaf rust, medium strong gluten, gluten index 68, SDS sedimentation value 33.6mL) meet the complementary conditions of claim 2.

[0031] (3) Hybridization and screening: Repeat the operation procedure of the implementation plan, strengthen single ear selection in F2-F4 generation, identify leaf rust resistance in F3-F5 generation according to NY / T1443.2-2007 standard, screen materials with gluten index ≥45 in F5 generation, and set up 4 test sites in multi-ecological zone experiment.

[0032] (4) Breeding results: "Shidong 1221" yielded 672 kg per mu (9.3% higher than the control), with a gluten index of 56, an SDS sedimentation value of 32 mL, moderate resistance to leaf rust (level 3), and a lodging line of level 1. It is suitable for planting in the winter wheat area of ​​northern Xinjiang. Regional trials and production trials have been completed in the autonomous region, and materials for approval have been submitted.

[0033] Example 3: Breeding of the new winter wheat variety "Shidong 15135" (1) Breeding objectives: To cultivate medium-gluten wheat varieties in the winter wheat region of northern Xinjiang, with a yield increase of ≥8% compared to the control, a gluten index of ≥45, an SDS sedimentation value of ≥30mL, moderate resistance to leaf rust, and lodging resistance of ≤2.

[0034] (2) Parental selection: The female parent "Shidong 021923" (medium resistance to leaf rust, high resistance to lodging, strong cold resistance, late maturity, grain protein content 13.8%, wet gluten content 31.8%, gluten index 31.8, SDS sedimentation value 24.0 mL, stem wall thickness 0.21 mm, lodging resistance grade 3) and the male parent "PH 155" (high resistance to leaf rust, medium strong gluten, gluten index 58, SDS sedimentation value 32.6 mL, stem wall thickness 0.41 mm, lodging resistance grade 1, medium maturity) meet the complementary conditions of claim 2.

[0035] (3) Hybridization and screening: Repeat the operation procedure of the implementation plan, strengthen single ear selection in F2-F4 generation, identify leaf rust resistance in F3-F5 generation according to NY / T1443.2-2007 standard, screen materials with gluten index ≥45 in F5 generation, and set up 4 test sites in multi-ecological zone experiment.

[0036] (4) Breeding results: "Shidong 15135" yielded 676.65 kg per mu (9.61% higher than the control), with a gluten index of 54, an SDS sedimentation value of 32.9 mL, moderate resistance to leaf rust (level 3), stem wall thickness of 0.34 mm, and lodging resistance of level 2. It is suitable for planting in the winter wheat area of ​​northern Xinjiang. It was tested in the winter wheat regional trial of northern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in 2025.

[0037] The preferred embodiments of the present invention disclosed above are merely illustrative of the invention. These preferred embodiments do not exhaustively describe all details, nor do they limit the invention to the specific implementations described. Clearly, many modifications and variations can be made based on the content of this specification. This specification selects and specifically describes these embodiments to better explain the principles and practical applications of the invention, thereby enabling those skilled in the art to better understand and utilize the invention. The invention is limited only by the claims and their full scope and equivalents.

Claims

1. A highly efficient breeding method for targeted improvement of comprehensive traits in winter wheat, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Step (1) Selection of hybrid parents and preliminary gene aggregation: Select winter wheat varieties with complementary traits as male and female parents for sexual hybridization to obtain F1 generation seeds; Step (2) Early generation gene bank construction and high pressure resistance screening: Multiple generations of continuous single ear selection were carried out for F2-F5 generations, and an early generation gene bank was constructed simultaneously. Multiple generations of continuous high pressure resistance identification were carried out through artificially induced disease-susceptible environment, and breeding materials with moderate resistance or above were screened. Step (3) High generation selection and homozygosity acceleration: Single plant / ear row selection is carried out on F5 and above breeding materials, and quality precision testing is carried out simultaneously to eliminate heterozygous lines and materials with quality defects, thereby accelerating the homozygosity process of materials; Step (4) Multi-ecological zone wide adaptability identification: Conduct field trials in multiple ecological zones and multiple growing seasons on stable lines of F8 generation and above, and comprehensively evaluate yield stability, stress resistance and adaptability; Step (5) Targeted selection of agronomic traits throughout the entire growth period: During the entire growth period of F2-F8 generation, the number of spikes, number of grains per spike, weight per spike, weight of a thousand grains, stress resistance and grain quality of winter wheat are screened in a coordinated manner according to the preset standards.

2. The efficient breeding method for targeted improvement of comprehensive traits of winter wheat according to claim 1, characterized in that, The parent and parent described in step (1) satisfy the following complementary conditions: a. Complementary stress resistance, with at least one having an overwintering survival rate ≥95%, high lodging resistance, and moderate resistance to powdery mildew and rust; b. The quality characteristics meet the standards, with at least one gluten index ≥45 and SDS sedimentation value ≥30mL; c. Excellent yield traits, with ≥40 grains per ear, ≥45g thousand-grain weight, and good stability of ear number.

3. The efficient breeding method for targeted improvement of comprehensive traits of winter wheat according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (2), the F2 generation is planted by spot sowing with a plant spacing of 5cm and a population size of ≥1000 plants. After maturity, ≥40 excellent single ears are selected and stored separately based on field agronomic traits and grain traits. For the F3-F4 generation, the seeds of the selected single ears from the previous generation are planted as independent rows with each row being 1.5m, and single ear selection is carried out continuously.

4. The efficient breeding method for targeted improvement of comprehensive traits of winter wheat according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (2), the high-pressure disease resistance identification is as follows: F3-F5 generations are planted in combination, with 3 rows of marked disease-sensitive varieties planted between combinations. After the marked varieties develop the disease, artificial spore diffusion is assisted every 5 days. The experimental site is irrigated every 8-10 days to create a high-humidity environment. 15-20 days after the disease, the identification is carried out according to the NY / T1443.2-2007 standard. Only materials of grade 0-3 are selected to enter the next generation. The identification is carried out for 3 consecutive generations.

5. The efficient breeding method for targeted improvement of comprehensive traits of winter wheat according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (3), the plant spacing of F5-F6 generation is 15cm and the row spacing is 20cm. Stable panicle rows with consistent agronomic traits are selected. The quality is accurately tested according to GB / T5506.2-2008 to determine the gluten index and GB / T15685-2011 to determine the SDS sedimentation value. Materials with a gluten index ≥45 and an SDS sedimentation value ≥30mL are selected.

6. The efficient breeding method for targeted improvement of comprehensive traits of winter wheat according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (4), the multi-ecological zone experiment sets up 3-5 test sites in the target planting area. Each test site adopts a randomized block design with 3 replicates. The plot area is 15-20m². It is planted for 2 consecutive growing seasons. The local main varieties are used as controls. The strains with a yield increase of ≥5% and a comprehensive stress resistance evaluation of "strong" are selected.

7. The efficient breeding method for targeted improvement of comprehensive traits of winter wheat according to claim 1, characterized in that, The core criteria for targeted selection of agronomic traits throughout the entire growth period in step (5) are: a. The number of ears per unit area remains stable at 350,000-400,000 ears / mu; b. Number of grains per ear ≥ 40 grains / ear, 1000-grain weight ≥ 45g; c. Overwintering survival rate ≥95%; d. The stem wall thickness of the second internode is ≥0.30mm, and the lodging tendency is ≤2. e. Grain plumpness rate ≥90%.

8. The efficient breeding method for targeted improvement of comprehensive traits of winter wheat according to claim 2, characterized in that, When selecting parent stock, it is also necessary to confirm through near-infrared spectroscopy that the seed protein content is ≥13%, the wet gluten content is ≥28%, the gluten index is ≥45 after milling, and the SDS sedimentation value is ≥30mL.

9. The efficient breeding method for targeted improvement of comprehensive traits of winter wheat according to claim 4, characterized in that, The marked susceptible variety is Xin Dong 17, which is highly susceptible to red spike leaf rust.

10. The efficient breeding method for targeted improvement of comprehensive traits of winter wheat according to claim 6, characterized in that, The comprehensive evaluation of stress resistance includes three indicators: overwintering survival rate, lodging resistance, and disease resistance level. Among them, the disease resistance level must reach level 3 or below, and the lodging resistance must reach level 2 or below.

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