Device and method for simulating causes of stretching structure type rift valleys

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of geological change simulation, and particularly relates to a cause simulation device and method for stretching structure type rift valleys. The formation cause simulation device for the stretching structure type rift valley comprises a first stretching structure, a second stretching structure, a tension transmission structure and a stratum simulation structure, the stratum simulation structure is placed on the tension transmission structure, is used for simulating a stratum structure, and can be fractured when being subjected to external tension; and the tension transmission structure is placed on the first tensile structure and is used for transmitting the tension of the first tensile structure to the stratum simulation structure and simulating the tensile force borne by the stratum. Integrated simulation of stretching structure deformation and the dynamic evolution process of the rift valley landslide is achieved, and the technical scheme of the invention can provide reliable experimental basis and technical support for deeply revealing the stretching structure type rift valley formation mechanism and the dynamic behavior of the associated landslide disaster thereof.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the technical field of geological change simulation, and specifically relates to a device and method for simulating the formation of extensional tectonic rift valleys. Background Technology

[0002] Physical simulation, as an effective means of studying shallow crustal tectonic deformation, is of great value in revealing the mechanisms and dynamic evolution of tectonic deformation. However, existing tectonic physical simulation techniques have the following limitations in simulating the evolution of extensional tectonic rift landslides: First, existing physical model research mainly focuses on the deformation mechanisms of fold-thrust systems under compressional tectonic environments, while model construction and experimental verification for extensional tectonic settings are relatively scarce. In particular, there is almost a lack of related technologies for coupling extensional tectonic simulation with engineering geological disaster processes such as landslides. Currently, there is a lack of dedicated experimental equipment and methods to systematically analyze the impact of stress loading modes, durations, and their combined effects on the deformation evolution of extensional rift valley landslides.

[0003] Secondly, traditional physical simulations of geomorphic evolution typically simplify tectonic movements into vertical uplift processes. This involves applying differential uplift rates to different regions of the model to simulate differential uplift, or using geomorphic response models under strike-slip tectonic conditions. In these models, no shortening or stretching deformation occurs within the experimental material. Therefore, it is difficult to realistically reproduce the tectonic geomorphic evolution process under significant compression or stretching backgrounds, and it is also impossible to simulate the dynamic occurrence mechanism and spatial evolution characteristics of stretching tectonic rift landslides.

[0004] In addition, conventional tectonic deformation sandbox experiments generally use dry granular materials to simulate the deformation process of the upper crust. Their research focus is usually on the formation law of internal tectonic deformation structures. Although some studies have attempted to introduce erosion to form valley landforms in the model, they generally use artificial material removal to simulate the process. Such methods cannot reflect the real tectonic movement process, and are especially difficult to present the natural formation and evolution of extensional tectonic rift valleys and the landslide bodies on both sides. Therefore, it is impossible to achieve the coupled simulation of tectonic deformation process and shallow landslide dynamic process. Summary of the Invention

[0005] This invention provides a device for simulating the formation of extensional tectonic rift valleys, comprising: a first tension structure, a second tension structure, a tension transmission structure, and a stratum simulation structure. The stratum simulation structure is placed on the tension transmission structure to simulate strata structure, which fractures under external tension. The tension transmission structure is placed on the first tension structure to transmit the tension from the first tension structure to the stratum simulation structure, simulating the tensile force on the strata. The first tension structure consists of two parts, which move in opposite directions and away from each other under external force, causing the tension transmission structure to experience two tensions in opposite directions. A reserved space is provided between the two plates to accommodate the redundant part of the tension transmission structure, allowing the tension transmission structure to move relative to the simulated geological structure when subjected to tension. There are two second tension structures, each fixedly connected to both ends of the tension transmission structure and located at opposite ends of the simulated geological structure. When subjected to external force, the two second tension structures move in opposite directions, moving away from each other, with the direction of movement being the same as that of the first tension structure. This allows the tension transmission structure to move relative to the simulated geological structure, thus subjecting the simulated geological structure to tensile force. This invention overcomes the shortcomings of existing technologies in simulating the dynamic coupling evolution of extensional structures and rift landslides, achieving integrated simulation of the deformation of extensional structures and the dynamic evolution of rift landslides. The invented technical solution can provide a reliable experimental basis and technical support for deeply revealing the formation mechanism of extensional rift valleys and the dynamic behavior of associated landslide disasters.

[0006] To address the aforementioned technical problems, this application proposes two aspects.

[0007] In a first aspect, this application provides a device for simulating the formation of extensional tectonic rift valleys, comprising: a first tension structure, a second tension structure, a tension transmission structure, and a stratigraphic simulation structure; the stratigraphic simulation structure is placed on the tension transmission structure to simulate a stratigraphic structure that fractures under external tension; the tension transmission structure is placed on the first tension structure to transmit the tension of the first tension structure to the stratigraphic simulation structure, simulating the tensile force on the stratigraphy; the first tension structure comprises two parts, which can move in opposite directions and move away from each other when subjected to external force, so that the tension transmission structure is subjected to two tensions in opposite directions; the first tension... A reserved space is provided between the two plates of the structure to accommodate the redundant part of the tension transmission structure, so that the tension transmission structure can move relative to the formation simulation structure when subjected to tension. There are two second tension structures, which are fixedly connected to both ends of the tension transmission structure and are located at both ends of the formation simulation structure. When subjected to external force, the two second tension structures can move in opposite directions and move away from each other, and the direction of movement is the same as that of the first tension structure, so that the tension transmission structure moves relative to the formation simulation structure, so that the formation simulation structure is subjected to tension force.

[0008] In some embodiments, the tension transmission structure includes: a geotextile and a conductive layer; the geotextile is laid on the first tension structure, and the conductive layer is laid on the upper surface of the geotextile; the conductive layer is composed of sand particles, which enables the geotextile to move relative to the stratum simulation structure when subjected to tension; the stratum simulation structure is placed on the conductive layer.

[0009] In some embodiments, the stratigraphic simulation structure includes: a crustal simulation layer, a ductile medium layer, and a shallow stratigraphic simulation layer; the ductile medium layer is located between the crustal simulation layer and the shallow stratigraphic simulation layer, and is used to simulate slip zones or weak shear zones in the stratigraphic structure; the bottom of the crustal simulation layer is placed directly on the tensile transfer structure; the crustal simulation layer and the shallow stratigraphic simulation layer have different strengths; marker layers are uniformly arranged in the crustal simulation layer and the shallow stratigraphic simulation layer to facilitate observation of the rift formation process.

[0010] In some embodiments, the device further includes: an adjustable base and a support frame; the included angle between the upper and lower planes of the adjustable base is adjustable, and the lower plane is mounted on a horizontal plane; the support frame is fixedly mounted on the upper plane of the adjustable base; the first tension structure is rolledly connected to the bottom of the support frame; the two sides of the formation simulation structure abut against the side plates of the support frame; a lubricating layer is provided between the formation simulation structure and the side plates to reduce the friction between the formation simulation structure and the side plates.

[0011] In some embodiments, the movement directions of the first tension structure and the second tension structure are perpendicular to the tilt direction of the upper plane.

[0012] In some embodiments, the adjustable base includes: an adjustment rod; one end of the upper plane is hinged to one end of the lower plane; a plurality of adjustment slots are provided on the surface of the lower plane facing the upper plane; one end of the adjustment rod is hinged to the other end of the upper plane; the other end of the adjustment rod is used to be placed in the adjustment slot, and the angle between the placement surface and the support surface is adjusted by changing the adjustment slot in which the adjustment rod is located.

[0013] In some embodiments, the device further includes: a first power source and a second power source; the first power source is used to drive the two first tension structures to move in opposite directions, so that the two first tension structures move away from each other; the second power source is used to drive the two second tension structures to move in opposite directions, so that the two second tension structures move away from each other.

[0014] In some embodiments, the support frame includes: an inner support frame and an outer support frame; a first sliding groove is provided on the bottom plate of the outer support frame; the inner frame bottom plate of the inner support frame has two pieces, the same size as the first tension structure; the first tension structure is fixedly installed on the inner frame bottom plate; a roller is provided on the lower surface of the inner frame bottom plate, the roller is installed in the first sliding groove, so that the inner frame bottom plate can move along the first sliding groove.

[0015] In some embodiments, the apparatus further includes: an image acquisition device; the image acquisition device is used to acquire changes in the simulated geological structure as the simulation progresses.

[0016] Secondly, this application proposes a method for simulating the formation of extensional tectonic rift valleys, comprising: determining the intensity difference between the shallow strata simulation layer and the crustal simulation layer in the stratigraphic simulation structure based on the stratigraphic characteristics of the shallow strata where the target rift valley is located and the crust; designing the stretching rate of the crustal simulation layer at different time periods based on the intensity difference to form a simulation travel time table; applying tension to the crustal simulation layer according to the simulation travel time table; and capturing the change process of the stratigraphic simulation structure during the application of tension to the stratigraphic simulation structure according to the simulation travel time table using an image acquisition device.

[0017] This invention provides a device for simulating the formation of extensional tectonic rift valleys, comprising: a first tensional structure, a second tensional structure, a tension transmission structure, and a stratigraphic simulation structure. The stratigraphic simulation structure, made of a brittle material, is placed on the tension transmission structure to simulate stratigraphic structure. The tension transmission structure, placed on the first tensional structure, transmits the tension from the first tensional structure to the stratigraphic simulation structure, simulating the tensile force experienced by the stratigraphy. The first tensional structure consists of two parts, which can move in opposite directions and move away from each other when subjected to external forces, resulting in the tension transmission structure being subjected to two tension forces in opposite directions. The two plates of the first tensional structure... A reserved space is provided in the middle of the material to accommodate the redundant part of the tension transmission structure, so that the tension transmission structure can move relative to the stratum simulation structure when subjected to tension. There are two second tension structures, each fixedly connected to both ends of the tension transmission structure and located at both ends of the stratum simulation structure. When subjected to external force, the two second tension structures can move in opposite directions and away from each other, with the direction of movement being the same as that of the first tension structure. This allows the tension transmission structure to move relative to the stratum simulation structure, thus subjecting the stratum simulation structure to tensile force. This invention overcomes the shortcomings of existing technologies in simulating the dynamic coupling evolution of extensional structures and rift landslides, achieving integrated simulation of the deformation of extensional structures and the dynamic evolution of rift landslides. The invented technical solution can provide a reliable experimental basis and technical support for deeply revealing the formation mechanism of extensional tectonic rifts and the dynamic behavior of associated landslide disasters. Attached Figure Description

[0018] One or more embodiments are illustrated by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, and these illustrative descriptions do not constitute a limitation on the embodiments.

[0019] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the structure of a device for simulating the formation of an extensional tectonic rift valley provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 2 A side view of an adjustable base provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 3 A side cross-sectional view of a causal simulation device with a support frame provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 4 A schematic diagram of the structure of an adjustable base cause simulation device provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 5 A side cross-sectional schematic diagram of a causal simulation device with a drive mechanism provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 6 The main flowchart is a method for simulating the formation of an extensional tectonic rift valley provided in an embodiment of this application.

[0020] In the diagram: 100-Surveyor simulation structure, 101-Crustal simulation layer, 102-Tough medium layer, 103-Shallow stratum simulation layer, 104-Identifier layer, 110-Second tensile structure, 120-First tensile structure, 130-Tension transmission structure, 200-Adjustable base, 201-Placement surface, 202-Support surface, 203-Adjusting rod, 204-Adjusting slot, 300-Support frame, 301-First slide groove, 302-Side plate, 311-Inner frame bottom plate, 312-Roller, 401-First traction mechanism, 402-Second traction mechanism. Detailed Implementation

[0021] Physical simulation, as an effective means of studying shallow crustal tectonic deformation, is of great value in revealing the mechanisms and dynamic evolution of tectonic deformation. However, existing tectonic physical simulation techniques have the following limitations in simulating the evolution of extensional tectonic rift landslides: First, existing physical model research mainly focuses on the deformation mechanisms of fold-thrust systems under compressional tectonic environments, while model construction and experimental verification for extensional tectonic settings are relatively scarce. In particular, there is almost a lack of related technologies for coupling extensional tectonic simulation with engineering geological disaster processes such as landslides. Currently, there is a lack of dedicated experimental equipment and methods to systematically analyze the impact of stress loading modes, durations, and their combined effects on the deformation evolution of extensional rift valley landslides.

[0022] Secondly, traditional physical simulations of geomorphic evolution typically simplify tectonic movements into vertical uplift processes. This involves applying differential uplift rates to different regions of the model to simulate differential uplift, or using geomorphic response models under strike-slip tectonic conditions. In these models, no shortening or stretching deformation occurs within the experimental material. Therefore, it is difficult to realistically reproduce the tectonic geomorphic evolution process under significant compression or stretching backgrounds, and it is also impossible to simulate the dynamic occurrence mechanism and spatial evolution characteristics of stretching tectonic rift landslides.

[0023] In addition, conventional tectonic deformation sandbox experiments generally use dry granular materials to simulate the deformation process of the upper crust. Their research focus is usually on the formation law of internal tectonic deformation structures. Although some studies have attempted to introduce erosion to form valley landforms in the model, they generally use artificial material removal to simulate the process. Such methods cannot reflect the real tectonic movement process, and are especially difficult to present the natural formation and evolution of extensional tectonic rift valleys and the landslide bodies on both sides. Therefore, it is impossible to achieve the coupled simulation of tectonic deformation process and shallow landslide dynamic process.

[0024] The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has been continuously compressed and collided with the Indian and Eurasian plates, resulting in a series of north-south trending tectonic rift valleys since the Cenozoic era. However, the intense tectonic activity and active internal and external dynamic geological processes in the rift valleys have led to frequent landslides, posing a serious threat to engineering safety, social production, and the ecological environment.

[0025] Limited by existing physical simulation technology, existing methods are unable to simulate the dynamic process of extensional tectonic deformation in nature, and even less able to achieve the dynamic coupling between extensional tectonic deformation and landslide evolution, making it difficult to effectively study the interaction mechanism between the two.

[0026] To address the aforementioned technical problems, this invention proposes a device for simulating the formation of extensional tectonic rift valleys. The implementation details of this device are described below. The following details are provided for ease of understanding and are not essential for implementing this solution.

[0027] Example 1: like Figure 1 As shown, a device for simulating the formation of an extensional tectonic rift valley includes: a first tension structure 120, a second tension structure 110, a tension transmission structure 130, and a stratigraphic simulation structure 100.

[0028] The geological simulation structure 100 is placed on the tensile transmission structure 130 to simulate geological structures, which will fracture when subjected to external tensile forces. Since the rift valley penetrates multiple strata, each with different geological properties, the geological simulation structure 100 described in this application includes: a crustal simulation layer 101, a ductile medium layer 102, and a shallow geological simulation layer 103.

[0029] The tough medium layer 102 is located between the crustal simulation layer 101 and the shallow strata simulation layer 103, and is used to simulate slip zones or weak shear zones in the geological structure. The bottom of the crustal simulation layer 101 rests directly on the tensile transfer structure 130. The crustal simulation layer 101 and the shallow strata simulation layer 103 have different strengths. Marker layers 104 are uniformly arranged in both the crustal simulation layer 101 and the shallow strata simulation layer 103 to facilitate observation of the rift formation process. The crustal simulation layer 101 is a brittle material with a certain degree of elasticity, while the shallow strata simulation layer 103 is a loose material with a certain degree of viscosity.

[0030] Furthermore, the fabrication process of the stratigraphic simulation structure 100 in this application is as follows: the stratigraphic simulation structure 100 is divided into upper and lower layers according to the stratigraphic characteristics. The upper layer is prepared by mixing glass microspheres (40% by mass), silica powder (40%), and plastic powder (20%) to simulate the development of cracks in shallow strata, surface erosion processes, and deformation and failure characteristics of gravity landslides, i.e., the shallow stratigraphic simulation layer 103 in this application. Due to the high content of plastic powder in the shallow stratigraphic material, the structure of the shallow stratigraphic simulation layer is relatively loose and will collapse under the influence of gravity. The lower layer is prepared by mixing glass microspheres (40%), plastic powder (40%), and silica powder (20%) to simulate the brittle fracture behavior of the upper crust, i.e., the crustal simulation layer 101 in this application. Before the experiment, all materials are thoroughly mixed and moistened with water to reach a near-water saturation state, with the water-to-sand ratio controlled at about 25% to ensure that the mechanical properties of the materials meet the requirements of tectonic deformation simulation. To facilitate the identification of the layered structure and the observation of the deformation process, approximately 1% carbon powder is incorporated as a marker layer 104 at approximately 30 mm thickness intervals during material deposition. Furthermore, a ductile material of approximately 1 mm thickness, namely the ductile medium layer 102 in this application, is set at the interfaces of different layered materials to simulate the influence of shear weak zones or detachment layers on topographic evolution, thereby more accurately reflecting the impact of different stratigraphic interfaces on topographic evolution and landslide processes.

[0031] The tension transmission structure 130 is placed on the first tension structure 120 and is used to transmit the tension of the first tension structure 120 to the stratum simulation structure 100 to simulate the tensile force on the stratum. The tension transmission structure 130 includes a geotextile and a conductive layer. The geotextile is laid on the first tension structure 120, and the conductive layer is laid on the upper surface of the geotextile. The conductive layer is composed of sand particles and is used to allow the geotextile to move relative to the stratum simulation structure 100 when subjected to tension. The stratum simulation structure 100 is placed on the conductive layer.

[0032] The first tensile structure 120 consists of two pieces. When subjected to external force, the two pieces of the first tensile structure 120 can move in opposite directions and move away from each other, so that the tension transmission structure 130 is subjected to two tensions in opposite directions. A reserved space is provided between the two plates of the first tensile structure 120. The reserved space is used to accommodate the redundant part of the tension transmission structure 130, so that the tension transmission structure 130 can move relative to the stratum simulation structure 100 when subjected to tension.

[0033] In this embodiment, the first tensile structure 120 can be two plate-like structures. Under normal conditions, the redundant portion of geotextile is filled between the adjacent ends of the two first tensile structures 120, or the middle area of ​​the geotextile is folded and placed between the two first tensile structures 120. Then, the folded portion of the geotextile, i.e., the two end areas, is laid on the two first tensile structures 120. Then, a layer of quartz sand with a thickness of about 1 mm is laid on the upper surface of the geotextile as a conductive layer. Then, the stratum simulation device is placed on the conductive layer, so that the bottom of the crustal simulation layer 101 of the stratum simulation device directly contacts the conductive layer. The tensile force is transmitted to the bottom of the stratum simulation structure 100 by the frictional effect between the geotextile and the quartz sand.

[0034] Therefore, when the first tension structure 120 is subjected to external force, the two pieces of the first tension structure 120 will move away from each other. Since the geotextile is not fixed to the first tension structure 120, but there is friction between them, although the length of the geotextile may increase, relative movement will also occur between the geotextile and the first tension structure 120. When the geotextile moves under the friction of the first tension structure 120, relative movement will also occur between the geotextile and the stratum simulation structure 100. This will cause the two ends of the stratum simulation structure 100 to be subjected to tensile forces from different directions. As the first tension structure 120 moves, the reserved space gradually increases, allowing it to be used not only to store excess geotextile but also to simulate structurally weak zones in the strata. The first tension structure is mainly used to simulate crustal movement beneath the strata. Crustal movement beneath the strata will create larger cavities below the crust, making it easier for rift valleys to form in the strata.

[0035] There are two second tensile structures 110, each fixedly connected to both ends of the force transmission structure 130, and located at both ends of the formation simulation structure 100. When subjected to external force, the two second tensile structures 110 can move in opposite directions and away from each other, with the direction of movement being the same as that of the first tensile structure 120. This allows the force transmission structure 130 to move relative to the formation simulation structure 100, thereby subjecting the formation simulation structure 100 to a tensile force.

[0036] Because the shallow stratum simulation layer of the formation simulation structure is loose, in order to ensure that the formation simulation structure maintains a regular shape when the simulation starts, the height of the second tension structure 110 needs to be greater than the height of the formation simulation structure. Simultaneously, the second tension structure needs to be attached to both ends of the formation simulation structure to prevent the shallow stratum simulation layer from scattering to both sides. Similarly, to prevent the shallow stratum simulation layer from scattering to both sides, side plates 302 are also provided on both sides of the formation simulation structure. The height of the side plates is also greater than the height of the formation simulation structure, and the length of the side plates is greater than the length of the first tension structure. To prevent the side plates from causing frictional effects on the formation simulation structure during the simulation process, a lubrication layer is also provided between the side plates and the formation simulation structure in this application. To ensure the second tension structure does not tip over, this application provides a separate support structure for it. This support structure can include an externally shaped structure to maintain stability, or a sliding groove on the side plate with a slider on the second tension structure to keep it vertical under the action of the side plate. Alternatively, when tension is applied to the second tension structure, a rigid transmission structure can be used to transfer the tension, such as the extension and retraction of a telescopic rod. The fixed connection between the telescopic rod and the second tension structure ensures a fixed position between the end of the telescopic rod and the second tension structure, thus maintaining stability. Furthermore, the bottom of the second tension structure can be placed on top of the second tension structure to simulate the effect of deep strata movement on shallow strata.

[0037] Since this application requires the formation of a rift valley by the formation of strata under stretching force through the formation simulation structure 100, it is necessary to provide tension to the formation simulation structure. The geotextile is laid on the first tension structure 120, and the second tension structure is fixedly connected to the geotextile. Therefore, the tension can be provided by the first tension structure and the second tension structure together. The first tension structure is used to simulate the movement of deep strata and the influence of the tension of the formation simulation structure. The second tension structure can simulate the movement of the surrounding strata and the influence of the surrounding strata on the formation simulation structure. In addition to the tension, the movement of the surrounding strata also causes the shallow surface layer to lose its constraint and collapse.

[0038] Of course, the two first tension structures 120 and the two second tension structures 110 in this application can be driven by any known driving method in the prior art. For example, through some connecting structures, an external force input can enable the two second tension structures 110 or the two second tension structures 110 to move synchronously in opposite directions. Alternatively, each first tension structure 120 or second tension structure 110 can be configured with a driving structure so that the two tension structures are subjected to different external forces. This application does not limit the specific driving method of the tension structures. In this application, the power device driving the first tension structure 120 is referred to as the first power source, and the power device driving the second tension structure 110 is referred to as the second power source. The power source can be human power, electric motor drive, or even other known driving methods. This application also does not specifically limit the power method.

[0039] The simulation device in this application can apply different external forces to the first tension structure 120 and the second tension structure 110 during the simulation, causing the first tension structure 120 and the second tension structure 110 to move at different speeds. At this time, the tension from the first tension structure 120 and the second tension structure 110 will be transmitted to the crustal simulation layer 101 of the stratum simulation structure 100 through the geotextile and the conductive layer, causing the crustal simulation layer 101 to be subjected to horizontal tension. This will first form a tensile fracture within the crustal layer, and then gradually cause the shallow stratum simulation layer 103 to penetrate the fracture. After that, a main control fault will be formed, and finally a rift valley will be formed. After the rift valley is formed, the materials in each stratum that are stretched and broken or lose support will slide into the rift valley under the influence of gravity.

[0040] Furthermore, during the stretching process, the second stretching structure moves away from the simulated geological structure, causing the shallow simulated geological layer to collapse towards the second stretching structure. The collapsed material becomes trapped between the second stretching structure and the simulated crustal layer, creating resistance at the bottom of the simulated geological structure. However, since the collapsed material cannot support the higher position of the simulated crustal layer, the tension transmitted from the bottom of the simulated geological structure causes the top of the simulated crustal layer to fracture first, gradually forming a rift valley. In addition, as the first stretching structure moves away, the reserved space increases, weakening the support force at the bottom of the simulated crustal layer. The fracture at the top of the simulated crustal layer causes the material of the shallow simulated geological layer to collapse towards the crack, increasing the weight above the crack and accelerating rift valley formation. Therefore, the simulation device of this application achieves integrated simulation of the extensional tectonic deformation and the dynamic evolution of rift valley landslides. The invented technical solution can provide a reliable experimental basis and technical support for deeply revealing the formation mechanism of extensional tectonic rift valleys and the dynamic behavior of associated landslide disasters.

[0041] Example 2: In the technical solution of Embodiment 1 of this application, the simulation device needs to be placed on a horizontal surface, where the simulated crustal layer and the shallow surface simulated layer are directly above each other. However, in actual geological activities, the strata are not in a simple vertical relationship between the shallow surface strata and the upper crust; that is, there may be inclined strata. Therefore, the simulation device in this embodiment also includes an adjustable base 200 and a support frame 300. The adjustable base 200 can change the influence of gravity on the stratum simulation structure 100 during the stretching process, effectively simulating the deformation behavior of naturally inclined strata under the coupled action of gravity and tectonic loading, as well as the process of shallow landslide disasters.

[0042] Therefore, in some implementations, the simulation device also includes: an adjustable base 200 and a support frame 300.

[0043] As shown in Figure 2, the angle between the upper and lower planes of the adjustable base 200 is adjustable, and the lower plane is mounted on a horizontal plane. The adjustable base 200 includes an adjusting rod 203. One end of the upper plane is hinged to one end of the lower plane. A plurality of adjusting slots 204 are provided on the surface of the lower plane facing the upper plane. One end of the adjusting rod 203 is hinged to the other end of the upper plane. The other end of the adjusting rod 203 is used to be placed in the adjusting slot 204, and the angle between the placement surface 201 and the support surface 202 is adjusted by changing the adjusting slot 204 in which the adjusting rod 203 is located.

[0044] like Figure 3 As shown, the support frame 300 is fixedly mounted on the upper surface of the adjustable base 200. The first tension structure 120 is rolledly connected to the bottom of the support frame 300. The two sides of the formation simulation structure 100 abut against the side plates 302 of the support frame 300. The movement directions of the first tension structure 120 and the second tension structure 110 are perpendicular to the inclination direction of the upper surface. A lubricating layer is provided between the formation simulation structure 100 and the side plates 302 to reduce the friction between the formation simulation structure 100 and the side plates 302.

[0045] The support frame 300 includes an inner support frame and an outer support frame. A first sliding groove 301 is provided on the bottom plate of the outer support frame. The inner support frame has two bottom plates 311, with dimensions identical to the first tension structure 120. The first tension structure 120 is fixedly mounted on the inner frame bottom plates 311. Rollers 312 are provided on the lower surface of the inner frame bottom plates 311, and the rollers 312 are installed in the first sliding groove 301, allowing the inner frame bottom plates 311 to move along the first sliding groove 301.

[0046] like Figure 4As shown, in order to change the positional relationship between the Earth's crust and the shallow surface during simulation, an adjustable base 200 is provided in this application. A support frame 300 for accommodating the simulation device in Embodiment 1 is provided on the placement surface 201 of the adjustable base 200. The angle between the placement surface 201 and the support surface 202 of the adjustable base 200 is adjusted by an adjusting rod 203, so that the support frame 300 can be tilted at different angles, thereby changing the vertical positional relationship between the shallow stratum simulation layer 103 and the crust simulation layer 101 in the stratum simulation structure 100. In this embodiment, to facilitate the movement and installation of the first tensile structure 120, the support frame 300 includes an inner support frame and an outer support frame. The inner support frame makes it easier to install the first tensile structure 120, allowing it to be directly and fixedly connected to the base plate of the inner support frame. The inner support frame is also roll-connected to the outer support frame, enabling better movement of the first tensile structure 120, and ensuring that its direction of movement is not affected by gravity. In this embodiment, to prevent the stratum simulation structure 100 from slipping, side plates 302 are provided on both sides of the outer support frame. When the formation simulation structure 100 is placed inside the support frame 300, it will abut against the side wall of the support frame 300. This will change the force on the formation simulation device, and it will be subject to frictional force from the side wall. Therefore, in order to reduce the frictional force between the side wall of the support frame 300 and the formation simulation device, a lubricating layer will be provided on the side plate 302. A glycerin layer can be applied to the contact surface between the side plate 302 and the formation simulation structure 100 to reduce the friction coefficient between the side plate 302 and the formation simulation structure 100. This will allow the formation to deform freely according to the stress distribution during the stretching loading process, thereby improving the uniformity of the deformation inside the formation simulation structure 100 and the reliability of the experimental data.

[0047] Of course, the two first tension structures 120 and the two second tension structures 110 in this application can be driven by any known driving method in the prior art. For example, through some connecting structures, an external force input can enable the two second tension structures 110 or the two second tension structures 110 to move synchronously in opposite directions. Alternatively, each first tension structure 120 or second tension structure 110 can be configured with a driving structure so that the two tension structures are subjected to different external forces. This application does not limit the specific driving method of the tension structures. In this application, the power device driving the first tension structure 120 is referred to as the first power source, and the power device driving the second tension structure 110 is referred to as the second power source. The power source can be human power, electric motor drive, or even other known driving methods. This application also does not specifically limit the power method.

[0048] In this embodiment, the experimenter can adjust the adjustment slot 204 where the adjustment rod 203 is located according to the needs, so that the placement surface 201 of the adjustable base 200 and the support surface 202 have a specified angle, thereby making the shallow stratum simulation layer 103 and the crust simulation layer 101 in the stratum simulation structure 100 in a preset positional relationship, and then perform the stretching process mentioned in Embodiment 1, so that the simulation process of the entire simulation device is more in line with the actual situation.

[0049] Regardless of whether it is Example 1 or Example 2, the simulation of the rift formation process is mainly for the purpose of studying the rift formation process. Therefore, the simulation device in this application also includes an image acquisition device, which includes: two high-definition cameras (resolution ≥ 2048×2048) positioned 1.5 meters directly above the geological simulation structure 100, forming a stereoscopic vision measurement system; an auxiliary observation camera positioned 60 centimeters to the side of the geological simulation structure 100 to capture profile deformation features; and a three-dimensional laser scanner mounted on an independent support and spatially calibrated, and synchronized with the loading system in time.

[0050] During the experiment, the stereo camera system continuously recorded key processes such as surface cracks, slope deformation, and landslide initiation at a frequency of 2 frames per second. The lateral camera focused on capturing the key processes of crack initiation, propagation, and landslide initiation. The image data was automatically timestamped for subsequent registration. The loading system performed a 3D laser scan every 5mm displacement increment to obtain a complete point cloud of the model surface, which was used to record the evolution of crack width changes, fault morphology, and the 3D geometry of the landslide.

[0051] The scanned point cloud was imported into point cloud processing software for noise removal, registration, and mesh reconstruction to generate a digital elevation model (DEM) with a mesh resolution of 1mm × 1mm. The elevation change field at each stage was obtained through DEM differential calculation to identify crack development and landslide movement characteristics.

[0052] Using the loading system clock as a reference, a unified time axis of displacement-image-point cloud data is established. The surface displacement field is calculated based on the image sequence using the digital image correlation method. Geometric parameters such as crack width and propagation rate are extracted through point cloud data analysis. Landslide volume change data and movement trajectory are extracted by combining DEM difference results.

[0053] Example 3: To facilitate a better understanding of the technical solution presented in this application, a specific simulation device is proposed. For example... Figure 4 As shown, the simulation includes: an adjustable base 200, an outer support frame, an inner support frame, and a sandbox, wherein the sandbox includes: a geological simulation structure 100, a first tensile structure 120, a second tensile structure 110, geotextile, and a conductive layer.

[0054] The side panels 302 supporting the outer frame are made of plexiglass, each 800 mm long and 200 mm high, providing stable front and rear boundaries for the experiment. The first tension structure 120 consists of two movable base plates of equal size, each 600 mm long and 300 mm wide. After the first tension structures 120 are assembled, the initial model width is 600 mm. The two first tension structures 120 are placed on the base plate of the inner frame supporting the frame. Each first tension structure 120 has a displacement space of 100 mm that can be moved independently to both sides (after both first tension structures 120 are fully stretched and moved 100 mm, the first tension structure 120 reaches the boundary of the base plate 311 of the inner frame of the support frame 300 (the base plate of the inner frame supporting the frame is 800 mm long and 600 mm wide)).

[0055] The second tension structure 110 is composed of two vertical plates, each 600 mm long and 200 mm high, and can move horizontally left and right. The bottoms of the two second tension structures 110 rest on the first tension structure 120. Initially, the two second tension structures 110 are each 200 mm from the center of the model, forming an initial effective model width of 400 mm (to accommodate the formation simulation structure 100). Without applying tensile displacement to the first tension structure 120, each of the two second tension structures 110 has approximately 100 mm of independent outward movement space (beyond this range, the second tension structure 110 will extend beyond the boundary of the first tension structure 120), used to apply lateral stretching deformation.

[0056] This allows the first tension structure 120 and the second tension structure 110 to be loaded synchronously, or for the first tension structure 120 to be subjected to tension, to have their outward movement provide additional boundary support for the second tension structure 110. This allows the second tension structure 110 to continue to have additional movable stroke beyond the initial 100 mm displacement space. Taking a 100 mm outward movement of the first tension structure 120 as an example, under this condition, the second tension structure 110 can obtain a total outward tension displacement space of approximately 200 mm. The bottom of the stratum simulation structure 100 is in continuous contact with the geotextile, ensuring that no material voids or boundary failures occur during lateral tensioning.

[0057] Geotextile is laid on the movable base plate as a traction layer, and a layer of quartz sand with a thickness of about 1 mm is laid between the geotextile and the overlying material as a deformation material. The tensile deformation at the bottom is transmitted by the friction effect between the geotextile and the quartz sand. The two ends of the geotextile are connected to the vertical plate, thereby realizing the synchronous traction of the stratum material by lateral tension. A certain length of geotextile is stored in the gap reserved between the two first tension structures 120, so that the geotextile can automatically adjust its length as it is stretched during the experiment, ensuring the continuity and uniformity of traction deformation.

[0058] According to the predetermined ratio (40% glass microspheres, 40% plastic powder, and 20% silica powder), the lower layer material is thoroughly mixed before laying and moistened with water to achieve a water-sand ratio of approximately 25%, ensuring that the material possesses fracture properties and a suitable internal friction angle consistent with the mechanical characteristics of the brittle crustal layer. The prepared material is then layered and filled into the space between the two second tensile structures 110, with each layer's thickness controlled at approximately 30 mm. After each layer is laid, it is lightly compacted and the surface is leveled. Approximately 1% carbon powder is uniformly added to the surface of this layer as a tracer marker layer, used for subsequent tracking of the development of deep tensile zones, fault initiation locations, and the spatial distribution of deformation gradients, forming the crustal simulation layer 101. After the lower layer material is accumulated to the predetermined thickness, a layer of tough material approximately 1 mm thick is laid on top, simulating a slip zone or weak shear zone in natural strata, and also providing a mechanical interface for the subsequent upper layer material.

[0059] The upper layer material (40% glass microspheres, 40% silica powder, and 20% plastic powder) was mixed in proportion and water was added to near saturation. The material was then layered onto the pre-positioned tough material, with each layer approximately 30mm thick. A carbon powder marker layer 104 was simultaneously placed between the layers to represent the differential deformation characteristics during crack propagation. After all the material was filled, the surface was leveled to ensure initial terrain flatness. Then, a suitable amount of water was added to the surface to create a moderately weak cementing property for the upper layer material, forming a shallow stratum simulation layer 103.

[0060] To effectively reduce the boundary friction effect between the side plates 302 of the supporting outer frame and the formation simulation structure 100, and to prevent it from interfering with the deformation coordination of the formation simulation structure 100, a glycerol layer is uniformly coated on the inner wall of the two side plates 302 of the supporting outer frame. This reduces the friction coefficient between the side plates 302 of the supporting outer frame and the formation simulation structure 100, allowing the formation to deform freely according to the stress distribution during the stretch loading process, thereby improving the uniformity of deformation inside the model and the reliability of experimental data.

[0061] like Figure 5As shown, two sets of traction mechanisms are respectively set on the two end faces of the supporting outer frame, which can be referred to here as the first traction mechanism 401 and the second traction mechanism 402. The height of the first traction mechanism 401 in the supporting outer frame is the same as the height of the bottom plate of the supporting inner frame, and it is used to pull the bottom plate of the supporting frame along the first sliding groove 301 on the bottom plate of the supporting outer frame. The second traction structure is connected to the second tension structure 110 and is used to pull the second tension structure 110. The traction method can be to use rigid materials such as telescopic rods or soft materials such as traction ropes. In order to ensure that the traction force on the second tension structure 110 can be completely transferred to the geotextile, a second sliding groove can be opened on the side wall of the supporting outer frame. Similarly, rollers 312 can be set on both sides of the second tension structure 110 so that the second tension structure 110 can move stably between the side walls of the supporting outer frame.

[0062] In this application, each traction structure can be configured with a corresponding motor, enabling the simulation device to select axial stretching or multi-directional coordinated synchronous stretching according to experimental requirements, thereby simulating different stretching structural environments and rift valley cracking and expansion modes.

[0063] Before the simulation begins, the adjustable base 203 is positioned in the adjustable slot 204, allowing the support frame to be at a preset tilt angle to simulate tilted strata. In this application, the adjustable base 200 can precisely adjust the tilt angle of the sandbox model in 10° intervals, with a maximum tilt angle of approximately 40°, to meet the coupling simulation requirements of tectonic activity and geomorphic evolution under different stratum dip angles.

[0064] During the initialization phase of the experiment, the following key loading parameters were set using the digital control system: Tensile rate, 0.2–2.0 mm / min; Maximum tensile displacement, 110–100 mm for the second tensile structure and 120–100 mm for the first tensile structure; Loading duration, automatically calculated based on the total displacement and rate, ranging from 30 to 180 minutes; Loading mode editing and setting (described below), which allows for loading conditions such as unilateral asymmetric tension, bilateral synchronous symmetric tension, or multi-directional coordinated tension.

[0065] (2) Lateral tensile loading: The outward displacement loading of the second tensile structure 110 is initiated at a preset rate (0.5–1.0 mm / min). The shallow stratum material is first subjected to horizontal tension (because the shallow stratum material has a loose structure, it will collapse towards the second tensile structure when it moves; and because the shallow stratum material has a certain viscosity, the entire shallow stratum simulation layer will be subjected to horizontal tension first), and initial cracks and crack zones appear within 5–20 min. Subsequently, segmented loading is adopted: low-speed tension at 0.3 mm / min for 0–10 minutes; accelerated tension at 1.0 mm / min for 10–25 minutes; and stable tension at 0.5 mm / min after 25 minutes. Pulsating loading can be set to apply a rapid displacement pulse of 2–3 mm every 10 minutes to simulate the intermittent strengthening characteristics of tectonic activity.

[0066] (3) Bottom loading: The first tensile structure 120 is moved outward at a rate of 0.3–1.5 mm / min to preferentially induce deformation in the deep strata. Under synchronous loading conditions, different deformation mechanisms are achieved by adjusting the rate ratio between the first tensile structure 120 and the second tensile structure 110. A 1:1 synchronous loading ratio simulates the synchronous development of shallow and deep fractures; a 1:2 or 1:3 ratio (second tensile structure 110 preferred) simulates the shallow-dominated fracturing process; and a 2:1 ratio (first tensile structure 120 preferred) simulates the formation of deep-controlled rift valleys. Bottom loading continues until the set displacement limit (e.g., 100 mm) is reached or the target rift valley structure is fully developed, at which point loading is stopped.

[0067] (4) Multi-directional collaborative loading and deformation control: The deformation of the extension structure and the dynamic process of shallow landslide are simulated by the collaborative tension of the first tension structure 120 and the second tension structure 110.

[0068] Initial cracking stage (0–10 minutes / 0–10 mm): The first tensile structure is dominated by 120 tensile tension, with tensile fractures initiating in the deep layers; Extension phase (10–40 minutes / 10–40 mm): Second tensile structure 110 acceleration, shallow crack system penetration; Fault shaping stage (40–70 minutes / 40–70 mm): Continuous stretching forms the main controlling fault; Rift formation stage (70–100 minutes / 70–100 mm): The rift landform pattern is formed; Landslide activation stage (≥80 mm displacement): The valley slope material becomes unstable and slides under gravity-tension coupling. The motor-driven tensile control system adjusts the loading parameters according to preset parameters and displays the displacement-time curve through a real-time monitoring interface. During the experiment, the rate can be manually fine-tuned with an accuracy of ±0.1 mm / min to ensure the structure-landslide sequence is clearly discernible.

[0069] This application achieves an integrated physical simulation of the dynamic evolution of extensional tectonic deformation and rift landslides by constructing a precisely controlled multi-source tensile loading system and combining it with stratigraphic models with different mechanical properties. This experimental platform supports coordinated or independent lateral and basal movements, and can reproduce the continuous tectonic development process in extensional structures, from the formation of deep tensional zones and the gradual connection of faults to the shaping of rift valleys. It also simultaneously triggers the fracturing and instability of rift slopes under the superposition of tension and gravity, fully reproducing the dynamic response process between extensional tectonic activity and surface hazards on an experimental scale.

[0070] Relying on high temporal resolution image monitoring and high-precision 3D scanning technology, this invention can simultaneously quantify and extract multiple parameters such as crack propagation paths, fault slippage, landslide trajectories, and volumetric changes, enabling experimental results to accurately reflect spatial morphology, temporal evolution, and dynamic characteristics. This experimental system effectively overcomes the limitations of traditional physical models in simultaneously simulating the evolution of extensional tectonic rupture and landslide disasters, providing a reliable experimental foundation and technical support for in-depth understanding of the formation mechanisms of extensional tectonic rift valleys and the dynamic behavior of associated landslide disasters.

[0071] 4 were implemented: like Figure 6 As shown, this application provides a method for simulating the formation of extensional tectonic rift valleys. This method is applicable to electronic production equipment, which can be a server, mobile terminal, computer, cloud platform, etc. The data processing functionality provided in this application embodiment can be implemented by the processor of the electronic production equipment calling program code, wherein the program code can be stored in a computer storage medium. The method for simulating the formation of extensional tectonic rift valleys includes: Step S1: Determine the intensity difference between the shallow strata simulation layer and the crustal simulation layer in the strata simulation structure based on the shallow strata where the target rift valley is located and the stratigraphic characteristics of the crust.

[0072] By determining the strength difference between the shallow strata simulation layer and the crustal simulation layer when constructing the strata simulation structure based on the stratigraphic characteristics of the target rift valley, the specific composition ratio of the two strata materials is determined. The strata simulation structure is then constructed based on this specific composition ratio.

[0073] Step S2: Based on the strength difference, design the stretching rate of the simulated crustal layer for different time periods to form a simulation travel table.

[0074] The simulation device in this application is designed to simulate the formation process of a rift valley. Due to the different strengths of the two strata, different results will be observed when subjected to different tensile forces. Therefore, in order to make the simulation as expected as possible, it is necessary to preset different actual loading parameters for the motor, namely the simulation travel table mentioned in this application.

[0075] Step S3: Apply tension to the simulated crustal layer according to the simulated travel schedule.

[0076] By simulating the operating status of each motor through a schedule, the simulated geological structure can be subjected to stress as expected.

[0077] Step S4: Use an image acquisition device to capture the changes in the simulated geological structure as a tensile force is applied to the simulated geological structure according to the simulated travel schedule.

[0078] It should be understood that the phrase "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" throughout the specification means that a specific feature, structure, or characteristic related to the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of this application. Therefore, "in one embodiment" or "in an embodiment" appearing throughout the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Furthermore, these specific features, structures, or characteristics can be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. It should be understood that in the various embodiments of this application, the sequence numbers of the above-described processes do not imply a sequential order of execution; the execution order of each process should be determined by its function and internal logic, and should not constitute any limitation on the implementation process of the embodiments of this application. The sequence numbers of the above-described embodiments are merely descriptive and do not represent the superiority or inferiority of the embodiments.

[0079] It should be noted that, in this document, the terms "comprising," "including," or any other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements includes not only those elements but also other elements not expressly listed, or elements inherent to such a process, method, article, or apparatus. Unless otherwise specified, an element defined by the phrase "comprising one..." does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that includes that element.

[0080] In the several embodiments provided in this application, it should be understood that the disclosed devices and methods can be implemented in other ways. The device embodiments described above are merely illustrative. For example, the division of units is only a logical functional division, and in actual implementation, there may be other division methods, such as: multiple units or components can be combined, or integrated into another system, or some features can be ignored or not executed. In addition, the coupling, direct coupling, or communication connection between the various components shown or discussed can be through some interfaces, and the indirect coupling or communication connection between devices or units can be electrical, mechanical, or other forms.

[0081] In the embodiments provided in this disclosure, it should be understood that the disclosed apparatus and methods can also be implemented in other ways. The apparatus embodiments described above are merely illustrative; for example, the flowcharts and block diagrams in the accompanying drawings illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of apparatus, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of this disclosure. In this regard, each block in a flowchart or block diagram may represent a module, segment, or portion of code containing one or more executable instructions for implementing a specified logical function. It should also be noted that in some alternative implementations, the functions marked in the blocks may occur in a different order than those marked in the drawings. For example, two consecutive blocks may actually be executed substantially in parallel, and they may sometimes be executed in reverse order, depending on the functions involved. It should also be noted that each block in a block diagram and / or flowchart, and combinations of blocks in block diagrams and / or flowcharts, can be implemented using a dedicated hardware-based system that performs the specified function or action, or using a combination of dedicated hardware and computer instructions.

[0082] Alternatively, if the integrated units described above are implemented as software functional modules and sold or used as independent products, they can also be stored in a computer-readable storage medium. Based on this understanding, the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application, or the parts that contribute to the prior art, can be embodied in the form of a software product. This computer software product is stored in a storage medium and includes several instructions to cause a controller to execute all or part of the methods described in the various embodiments of this application. The aforementioned storage medium includes various media capable of storing program code, such as mobile storage devices, ROMs, magnetic disks, or optical disks.

[0083] It should be noted that the terms "first," "second," etc., used in the specification, claims, and accompanying drawings of this disclosure are used to distinguish similar objects and are not necessarily used to describe a specific order or sequence. It should be understood that such data can be interchanged where appropriate so that the embodiments of this disclosure described herein can be implemented in orders other than those illustrated or described herein.

[0084] Those skilled in the art will understand that the above embodiments are specific embodiments for implementing this application, and in practical applications, various changes can be made to them in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of this application.

Claims

1. A device for simulating the formation of extensional tectonic rift valleys, characterized in that, Includes: a first tensile structure, a second tensile structure, a tensile force transfer structure, and a formation simulation structure; The formation simulation structure is placed on the tensile transmission structure to simulate the formation structure, and will break when subjected to external tensile force. The tension transmission structure is placed on the first tension structure to transmit the tension of the first tension structure to the formation simulation structure, thereby simulating the tensile force on the formation. The first tension structure has two parts. When the two first tension structures are subjected to external force, they can move in opposite directions and move away from each other, so that the tension transmission structure is subjected to two tension forces in opposite directions. A reserved space is provided between the two plates of the first tensile structure. The reserved space is used to accommodate the redundant part of the tensile force transmission structure, so that the tensile force transmission structure can move relative to the stratum simulation structure when subjected to tensile force. The second tension structure consists of two parts, which are fixedly connected to both ends of the tension transmission structure, and are located at both ends of the formation simulation structure, abutting against both ends of the formation simulation structure. When subjected to external force, the two second tensile structures can move in opposite directions and move away from each other, and the direction of movement is the same as that of the first tensile structure. This is used to make the tensile force transmission structure move relative to the formation simulation structure, so that the formation simulation structure is subjected to tensile force.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The tensile force transmission structure includes: geotextile and conductive layer; The geotextile is laid on the first tensile structure, and a conductive layer is laid on the upper surface of the geotextile. The conductive layer is composed of sand grains, which allows the geotextile to move relative to the simulated geological structure when subjected to tensile force. The formation simulation structure is placed on the conductive layer.

3. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The simulated geological structure includes: a simulated crustal layer, a ductile medium layer, and a simulated shallow geological layer; The tough medium layer is located between the crustal simulation layer and the shallow strata simulation layer, and is used to simulate slip zones or weak shear zones in the strata structure. The crustal simulation layer and the shallow stratum simulation layer have different strengths, wherein the crustal simulation layer is a brittle material with a certain degree of elasticity, and the shallow stratum simulation layer is a loose material with a certain degree of viscosity. The height of the second tensile structure is greater than or equal to the height of the formation simulation structure; The bottom of the crustal simulation layer is placed directly on the tensile transmission structure; The crustal simulation layer and the shallow stratum simulation layer are uniformly marked with marker layers to facilitate observation of the rift formation process.

4. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The device also includes: an adjustable base and a support frame; The angle between the upper and lower planes of the adjustable base is adjustable, and the lower plane is mounted on a horizontal plane; The support frame is fixedly installed on the upper surface of the adjustable base; The first tension structure is rolled to the bottom of the support frame; The two sides of the geological simulation structure abut against the side plates of the support frame; A lubrication layer is provided between the formation simulation structure and the side plate to reduce the friction between the formation simulation structure and the side plate.

5. The apparatus according to claim 4, characterized in that, The movement directions of the first tension structure and the second tension structure are perpendicular to the tilt direction of the upper plane.

6. The apparatus according to claim 4, characterized in that, The adjustable base includes: an adjustment rod; One end of the upper plane is hinged to one end of the lower plane; Multiple adjustment slots are provided on the surface of the lower plane facing the upper plane; One end of the adjusting rod is hinged to the other end of the upper plane; The other end of the adjusting rod is used to be placed in the adjusting slot, and the angle between the placement surface and the supporting surface is adjusted by changing the adjusting slot in which the adjusting rod is located.

7. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The device further includes: a first power source and a second power source; The first power source is used to drive the two first tension structures to move in opposite directions, so that the two first tension structures move away from each other. The second power source is used to drive the two second tension structures to move in opposite directions, so that the two second tension structures move away from each other.

8. The apparatus according to claim 5, characterized in that, The support frame includes: an inner support frame and an outer support frame; A first sliding groove is provided on the bottom plate of the supporting outer frame; The inner frame base plate of the supporting inner frame has two pieces, and the size is the same as that of the first tension structure. The first tension structure is fixedly installed on the inner frame bottom plate; The lower surface of the inner frame bottom plate is provided with rollers, which are installed in the first slide groove, so that the inner frame bottom plate can move along the first slide groove.

9. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The device further includes: an image acquisition device; The image acquisition device is used to capture the changes in the simulated geological structure as the simulation progresses.

10. A method for simulating the genesis of extensional tectonic rift valleys, characterized in that, include: The intensity difference between the shallow strata simulation layer and the crustal simulation layer in the stratigraphic simulation structure is determined based on the stratigraphic characteristics of the shallow strata where the target rift valley is located and the crustal simulation structure. Based on the strength differences, the tensile rates of the simulated crustal layer at different time periods are designed to form a simulation travel schedule; Tension is applied to the simulated crustal layer according to the simulated travel schedule; The changes in the simulated geological structure are captured by an image acquisition device during the application of tensile force to the simulated geological structure according to the simulated travel schedule.

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