Transparent metasurface based on Weber beam
By creating a metal pattern layer on a transparent metasurface to generate a self-bending and self-healing Weber beam, the problem of signal obstruction is solved, enabling efficient communication and high-definition image transmission in complex environments.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2026-02-02
- Publication Date
- 2026-04-07
AI Technical Summary
Existing technologies struggle to generate customized Weber beams in transparent environments to bypass obstacles for communication, leading to signal obstruction issues.
By employing a transparent metasurface based on Weber beams, a diffraction-free Weber beam with self-bending and self-healing properties is generated by setting a metal pattern layer on a transparent dielectric layer. Spin angle coding is used to realize beam transmission with a custom path.
It achieves reliable signal transmission in complex obstructed environments, improves communication quality, reduces bit error rate, and maintains high optical transparency and low manufacturing cost.
Smart Images
Figure CN121812948A_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention relates to a transparent metasurface based on Weber beams, belonging to the fields of electromagnetic metamaterials and wireless communication technology. Background Technology
[0002] Metasurfaces, composed of subwavelength units arranged in a specific configuration, enable precise manipulation of the amplitude, phase, and polarization of electromagnetic waves. With advancements in transparent fabrication techniques, particularly the application of indium tin oxide (ITO) and metal meshes, metasurfaces can be seamlessly integrated into electromagnetic systems while maintaining visible light transmittance. This synergistic effect of optical transparency and electromagnetic wave manipulation opens new possibilities for smart windows, augmented reality displays, and transparent antennas. Regarding material fabrication, while ITO possesses excellent transparency, its sheet resistance introduces ohmic losses in high-efficiency microwave applications. While high-resolution metal meshes offer good conductivity, the customization and manufacturing costs of prototypes are high.
[0003] Diffraction-free beams (such as Bessel, Airy, and Weber beams) have shown potential in anti-jamming communications due to their propagation invariance, self-bending, and self-healing properties. These beams are generated by interfering multiple plane waves with different propagation vectors, maintaining their lateral intensity profile without diffusion over long distances. Furthermore, diffraction-free beams possess inherent self-acceleration properties, allowing them to propagate along curved trajectories without external guidance. Moreover, their self-healing properties allow the beam to reconstruct its wavefront through sidelobe interference after encountering obstacles.
[0004] Although families of beams such as Bessel beams, Airy beams, and Weber beams have been studied in the fields of optics and microwaves, the generation of customized Weber beams using transparent metasurfaces and their application in obstacle avoidance communication in communication environments remains an unexplored frontier. Summary of the Invention
[0005] Objective: To overcome the problem of signal obstruction in transparent scenarios, this invention provides a transparent metasurface based on Weber beams. By generating Weber beams with customizable paths, signals can be transmitted around obstacles, thereby improving communication quality.
[0006] Technical solution: To solve the above technical problems, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is as follows:
[0007] A transparent metasurface based on Weber beams includes: a first dielectric layer, a second dielectric layer, and a third dielectric layer. A first metal pattern layer is disposed on the first dielectric layer, a second metal pattern layer is disposed on the second dielectric layer, and a third metal pattern layer is disposed on the third dielectric layer. A fourth dielectric layer is disposed between the first dielectric layer and the second dielectric layer, and a fifth dielectric layer is disposed between the second dielectric layer and the third dielectric layer.
[0008] The first dielectric layer, the second dielectric layer, the third dielectric layer, the fourth dielectric layer, and the fifth dielectric layer are all made of transparent material.
[0009] The first, second, and third metal pattern layers are used to convert the incident electromagnetic wave into a diffraction-free Weber beam with bending self-acceleration and self-healing properties.
[0010] Optionally, the first metal pattern layer is composed of first metal pattern units arranged in an array, wherein the first metal pattern unit includes: a first arc and a second arc, the openings of the first arc and the second arc are arranged at intervals, the two ends of the first arc are respectively provided with inwardly extending first splitting shafts, and the two ends of the second arc are respectively provided with inwardly extending second splitting shafts.
[0011] Optionally, the second metal pattern layer is composed of second metal pattern units arranged in an array, wherein each second metal pattern unit includes a rod-shaped body with a third arc at each end. The angle between the rod-shaped body and the vertical direction within the second dielectric layer is set as a spin angle θ1, wherein the angle between the rod-shaped body and the right side of the vertical line passing through the center of the rod-shaped body is positive, and the angle between the rod-shaped body and the left side of the vertical line passing through the center of the rod-shaped body is negative.
[0012] Optionally, the third metal pattern layer is composed of third metal pattern units arranged in an array. Each third metal pattern unit includes a fourth arc and a fifth arc, with the openings of the fourth and fifth arcs spaced apart. The fourth arc has inwardly extending third splitting axes at both ends, and the fifth arc also has inwardly extending fourth splitting axes at both ends. The first metal pattern unit rotates 90 degrees to overlap with the second metal pattern unit.
[0013] Optionally, the transparent metasurface is arrayed and mapped to the value of a specific spin angle θ1 for each second metal pattern unit based on the amplitude and phase distribution of the two target fields, the orthogonal Weber beam and the semi-automatic focusing Weber beam.
[0014] Optionally, when the transparent metasurface generates orthogonal Weber beams, the amplitude and phase distribution of the target field generated by the transparent metasurface is determined by a one-dimensional Weber function, the expression of which is as follows:
[0015]
[0016]
[0017] in, This represents the amplitude-phase distribution of the transparent metasurface in the x-direction. This represents the amplitude and phase distribution of the transparent metasurface in the y-direction, where k is the wavenumber, a is the attenuation factor, b is the scaling factor, and g is the correction factor. This indicates the lengths of the first, second, and third metal patterned layers in the transparent metasurface. This indicates the width of the first, second, and third metal pattern layers in the transparent metasurface.
[0018] Optionally, when the transparent metasurface generates a semi-automatically focusing Weber beam, the amplitude and phase distribution of the target field generated by the transparent metasurface is calculated using a one-dimensional Weber function. The amplitude and phase distribution in the x-direction is then obtained by rotating the x-direction amplitude and phase distribution around a point using the negative x-axis Weber function. The expression for the one-dimensional Weber function is as follows:
[0019]
[0020] in, This represents the amplitude-phase distribution of the transparent metasurface in the x-direction. This represents the amplitude and phase distribution of the transparent metasurface in the y-direction, where k is the wavenumber, a is the attenuation factor, b is the scaling factor, and g is the correction factor. This indicates the lengths of the first, second, and third metal patterned layers in the transparent metasurface.
[0021] Optionally, the first, second, and third metal pattern layers are made of copper, with a unit period p of 9.6 mm and a metal line width of 0.1 mm.
[0022] Optionally, the first dielectric layer, the second dielectric layer, and the third dielectric layer are made of PET material.
[0023] Optionally, the fourth and fifth dielectric layers are made of PVC material.
[0024] Beneficial Effects: This invention provides a transparent metasurface based on a Weber beam, comprising a flexible transparent substrate and a metasurface structure thereon. This structure, through a metasurface specifically encoded in Weber space, converts incident electromagnetic waves into a diffraction-free Weber beam with self-bending and self-healing properties. This invention achieves optical transparency (transmittance ≥ 73.5%) and efficient microwave control (with a forward transmission coefficient S at 4.9 GHz). 21The standard is -1.9 dB. This invention provides an innovative solution for reliable wireless communication in vehicle cabins and similar complex, obstructed environments. Compared to existing technologies, its advantages are:
[0025] High integration and transparency: While achieving diffraction-free Weber beamforming, the metasurface maintains high optical transmittance (≥73.5%), and can be integrated into various communication scenarios that require high transmittance.
[0026] Strong anti-obstruction capability: Utilizing the self-bending and self-healing physical properties of Weber beams, it can dynamically adapt to the cabin environment, bypassing obstacles such as seats, headrests, and passengers, significantly improving communication robustness in complex and ever-changing scenarios.
[0027] Significant performance improvement: Using this invention can increase the average received power by about 8.37 dB and reduce the bit error rate (BER) to below 1%, successfully achieving lossless transmission of high-definition images.
[0028] Cost and Scalability: Manufactured using mature PCB technology and low-cost materials (copper, PET), it facilitates large-scale production. Its design framework can be extended to other frequency bands and application scenarios such as smart buildings and biomedical devices. Attached Figure Description
[0029] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a transparent metasurface based on Weber beams according to the present invention.
[0030] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the first metal pattern unit of the present invention.
[0031] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the second metal pattern unit of the present invention.
[0032] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the third metal pattern unit of the present invention.
[0033] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of an orthogonal Weber beam (OWB) excited by a side-window metasurface. Among them, Figure 5 Figures (a) and (b) show the energy distribution of the OWB excited by the transparent metasurface in the side window scene in the x and y dimensions, respectively. Figure 5 Figures (c) and (d) show the functional characteristics of the amplitude and phase distribution of the metasurface in the x and y dimensions, respectively, in order to excite the OWB. Figure 5 Figure (e) shows the amplitude and phase distribution of OWB on a two-dimensional plane after the product of two one-dimensional Weber functions in the x and y dimensions.
[0034] Figure 6A schematic diagram of a semi-automatically focused Weber beam (SAFWB) excited by a rear window metasurface. Figure 6 Figures (a) and (b) show the energy distribution of the SAFWB excited by the transparent metasurface in the back window scene in the x and y dimensions, respectively. Figure 6 Figure (c) shows the initial function distribution of SAFWB in the x-dimensional direction. Figure 6 Figure (d) shows the SAFWB amplitude and phase distribution results obtained by sweeping the initial Weber beam in the x-axis with the zero point as the center.
[0035] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the first metal pattern layer on the side window metasurface.
[0036] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the second metal pattern layer on the side window metasurface.
[0037] Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the first metal pattern layer on the metasurface of the rear window.
[0038] Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the second metal pattern layer on the metasurface of the rear window.
[0039] Figure 11 The text describes the properties of metasurface units and provides photographic images of metasurface samples. Figure 11 Figure (a) shows the functional relationship between the amplitude of the cross-polarization transmission coefficient (S21) of the unit cell and the rotation angle θ1. Figure 11 Figure (b) shows the phase difference between configurations with positive and negative θ1 angles. Figure 11 Image (c) in the middle is a real photograph of the transparent metasurface sample. Figure 11 Image (d) in the middle is a close-up of a unit cell of a transparent metasurface. Figure 11 Figure (e) shows the test of visible light transmittance of the transparent metasurface sample.
[0040] Figure 12 : Test diagram of the side-window wireless communication system. Among them, Figure 12 Figure (a) shows the in-vehicle scenario and the testing environment. Figure 12 Figure (b) shows the logic block diagram for testing a wireless communication system. Figure 12 Figure (c) shows a comparison of the bit error rate (BER) measured with and without a loaded transparent metasurface. Figure 12 The middle figure (d) shows the constellation diagrams received at different distances and the corresponding reconstructed images at the selected transmission distance.
[0041] Figure 13 : Test diagram of the rear window wireless communication system. Among them, Figure 13 Image (a) shows a photograph of the test setup and scenario. Figure 13Figure (b) shows the logical framework for wireless communication testing. Figure 13 Figure (c) shows the receiver constellation diagram and corresponding recovered image with and without a transparent metasurface and obstacles. Figure 13 Figure (d) shows the experimental framework for measuring barrier-free signal power. Figure 13 Figure (e) shows a comparison of the received signal power when the transparent metasurface is loaded and unloaded, without any obstacles. Figure 13 Figure (f) shows the experimental framework for measuring signal power when obstacles are present. Figure 13 Figure (g) shows a comparison of the received signal power when the transparent metasurface is loaded and unloaded in the presence of obstacles. Detailed Implementation
[0042] The technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the protection scope of the present invention.
[0043] The present invention will be further described below with reference to specific embodiments.
[0044] Example:
[0045] This embodiment describes a transparent metasurface based on Weber beams, comprising: a first dielectric layer 1, a second dielectric layer 2, and a third dielectric layer 3. A first metal pattern layer 4 is disposed on the first dielectric layer 1, a second metal pattern layer 5 is disposed on the second dielectric layer 2, and a third metal pattern layer 6 is disposed on the third dielectric layer 3. A fourth dielectric layer 7 is disposed between the first dielectric layer 1 and the second dielectric layer 2, and a fifth dielectric layer 8 is disposed between the second dielectric layer 2 and the third dielectric layer 3.
[0046] Among them, the first dielectric layer 1, the second dielectric layer 2, the third dielectric layer 3, the fourth dielectric layer 7 and the fifth dielectric layer 8 are all made of transparent material.
[0047] The first metal pattern layer 4, the second metal pattern layer 5, and the third metal pattern layer 6 are used to convert the incident electromagnetic wave into a diffraction-free Weber beam with bending self-acceleration and self-healing properties.
[0048] Furthermore, such as Figure 2As shown, the first metal pattern layer 4 is composed of first metal pattern units 401 arranged in an array. The first metal pattern unit 401 includes: a first arc 402 and a second arc 403. The openings of the first arc 402 and the second arc 403 are arranged at intervals. The first arc 402 is provided with inwardly extending first splitting shafts 404 at both ends, and the second arc 403 is provided with inwardly extending second splitting shafts 405 at both ends.
[0049] The two split ring arcs with opposing openings together achieve polarization selection of transmitted electromagnetic waves, while the two inwardly extending split axes extend the equivalent length of the arc structure in the electromagnetic domain, thereby achieving miniaturization optimization of the unit structure.
[0050] Furthermore, such as Figure 3 As shown, the second metal pattern layer 5 is composed of second metal pattern units 501 arranged in an array. The second metal pattern unit 501 includes a rod-shaped body 502, and the two ends of the rod-shaped body 502 are respectively provided with a third arc 503.
[0051] To achieve polarization conversion of transmitted electromagnetic waves, an arc is used to extend the electromagnetic equivalent length of the rod-shaped body, thereby optimizing the miniaturization of the unit structure.
[0052] Furthermore, the angle between the rod-shaped body 502 and the vertical direction within the second dielectric layer 2 is set as a spin angle θ1, wherein the angle between the rod-shaped body 502 and the right side of the vertical line passing through the center of the rod-shaped body 502 is positive, and the angle between the rod-shaped body 502 and the left side of the vertical line passing through the center of the rod-shaped body 502 is negative.
[0053] This is used to achieve continuous amplitude and phase control of polarization-converted transmitted electromagnetic waves by changing the spin angle θ1.
[0054] Furthermore, such as Figure 4 As shown, the third metal pattern layer 6 is composed of third metal pattern units 601 arranged in an array. Each third metal pattern unit 601 includes a fourth arc 602 and a fifth arc 603. The openings of the fourth arc 602 and the fifth arc 603 are spaced apart. The fourth arc 602 has inwardly extending third splitting axes 604 at both ends, and the fifth arc 603 has inwardly extending fourth splitting axes 605 at both ends. The first metal pattern unit rotates 90 degrees to overlap with the second metal pattern unit.
[0055] This is used to achieve polarization selection of transmitted electromagnetic waves by using a first metal pattern unit and a second metal pattern unit that are 90 degrees apart.
[0056] Furthermore, the first dielectric layer 1, the second dielectric layer 2, and the third dielectric layer 3 are made of PET (polyethylene terephthalate) material.
[0057] In the processing, the PET copper-clad laminate provides the basis for etching the metal pattern in this invention, and also has high light transmittance and a certain degree of flexibility.
[0058] Furthermore, the fourth dielectric layer 7 and the fifth dielectric layer 8 are made of PVC (polyvinyl chloride).
[0059] This is used to embed two transparent PVC dielectric layers, which, while ensuring sufficient visible light transmittance, provide enough electromagnetic space for the other three dielectric layers to generate amplitude and phase modulation mechanisms. At the same time, the extremely low loss parameters of PVC can ensure high-quality transmission of electromagnetic waves.
[0060] Furthermore, the fabrication of the transparent metasurface requires, according to... Figure 5 (e) and Figure 6 (d) shows the amplitude and phase distributions of the two target fields, the orthogonal Weber beam (OWB) with orthogonal energy distribution and the semi-automatic focusing Weber beam (SAFWB) with cross-focusing energy distribution, respectively, to array and map the value of the specific spin angle θ1 of each second metal pattern unit.
[0061] Furthermore, by spatially encoding the spin angles of all second metal pattern units in the transparent metasurface, the overall phase distribution of which conforms to a preset Weber function is made, thereby generating a Weber beam with self-acceleration and self-repairing characteristics in the transmission space.
[0062] Furthermore, when generating the orthogonal Weber beam (OWB), the amplitude and phase distributions of the transparent metasurface in the x and y directions are determined by the following one-dimensional Weber functions:
[0063] (1)
[0064] (2)
[0065] in, This represents the amplitude-phase distribution of the transparent metasurface in the x-direction. Let represent the amplitude and phase distribution of the transparent metasurface in the y-direction, and k be the wavenumber corresponding to 5.8 GHz. In formula (1), the attenuation factor a is set to 1, the scaling factor b is 0.15, and the correction factor g is 0.91. In formula (2), the attenuation factor a is set to 1, the scaling factor b is 0.18, and the correction factor g is 0.91. This indicates the lengths of the first, second, and third metal patterned layers in the transparent metasurface. This represents the widths of the first, second, and third metal patterned layers in the transparent metasurface. A one-dimensional function in two directions, such as... Figure 5 As shown in (c) and (d), the transmitted Weber beams excited by the Weber functions in the two dimensions are as follows: Figure 5 As shown in (a) and (b).
[0066] Furthermore, when generating the semi-automatic focusing Weber beam (SAFWB), its beaming function is as follows: Figure 6 As shown in (a) and (b), the amplitude-phase distribution of the transparent metasurface is determined by a one-dimensional Weber function, as shown in Equation (1), where the attenuation factor a is set to 0.5, the scaling factor b is set to 0.3, and the values of the remaining parameters are kept consistent with the x-dimensional function in the OWB mode. Figure 6 The field distribution in (d) is achieved by... Figure 6 The negative x-axis Weber function in (c) is obtained by rotating it around the point (x=0, y=0.48).
[0067] Furthermore, the physical realization of the target diffraction-free Weber beam profile requires arranging the second metal pattern units according to the aforementioned two-dimensional amplitude-phase distribution, adjusting the independent spin angle of each second metal pattern unit, and thus forming a transparent metasurface. This approach places two requirements on the performance of the second metal pattern unit: continuous amplitude modulation and 1-bit phase control. To meet these dual requirements, the Pancharatnam–Berry (PB) phase principle is employed in the design of the second metal pattern unit, strategically rotating the spin angle θ1 of the metal structure in the second layer. For example... Figure 11 As shown in (a), when θ1 is gradually rotated from 0° to 45°, the cross-polarization S at 4.9 GHz... 21 The amplitude response will increase from -30 dB to -1.9 dB. A similar amplitude change occurs during the transition from 0° to –45°. Meanwhile, as... Figure 11 As shown in (b), the rotation angle θ1, ranging between positive and negative values, ensures a consistent 180° phase difference for the phase of S21, thus constructing the binary phase required for the Weber beam. Note that we use the positive and negative signs of the amplitude here to represent the 180° phase difference. This method simplifies the element placement process by directly linking the element placement process to the amplitude distribution. The rotation angle θ1 at each location is determined by mapping the field amplitude values using an interpolation function. The microwave cross-polarization transmission coefficient (S) of the element at 4.9 GHz is... 21 The maximum value reached -1.9 dB.
[0068] in accordance with Figure 5 (e) The OWB amplitude and phase distribution, and the final arrangement of the first layer of the metasurface array, as shown in the figure. Figure 7As shown, the second layer is as follows Figure 8 As shown, the distribution of the third layer is consistent with that of the first layer.
[0069] in accordance with Figure 6 (d) The OWB amplitude and phase distribution, and the final arrangement of the first layer of the metasurface array, as shown... Figure 9 As shown, the second layer is as follows Figure 10 As shown, the distribution of the third layer is consistent with that of the first layer.
[0070] Furthermore, the material of the metal pattern layer is copper, the unit period p is 9.6 mm, the metal linewidth is 0.1 mm, and the transmittance of the intelligent metasurface window in the visible light band is not less than 73.5%. Figure 11 As shown in (ce). Overcoming the high sheet resistance of traditional transparent ITO processes and the high cost of metal mesh processes, the 0.1mm linewidth metal structure maintains light transmittance while exhibiting excellent conductivity, providing strong support for the manufacturing and functionality of transparent metasurfaces.
[0071] Example 2:
[0072] This embodiment describes an application example of fabricating a transparent metasurface based on Weber beams for a vehicle window. With the development of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) and 6G technologies, the demand for reliable and high-speed wireless communication within vehicle cabins is increasing. However, the metal body of the vehicle, its complex internal structure, and the random movement of passengers can severely obstruct and interfere with the wireless signal transmission path. Traditional solutions, such as combining reconfigurable smart surfaces (RIS) with multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, can improve coverage, but suffer from high cost and complex integration. On the other hand, existing transparent metasurfaces used for vehicle windows are mostly limited to generating focused beams, with narrow effective gain regions and an inability to intelligently bypass dynamic obstacles within the cabin.
[0073] The wireless communication system for the vehicle window includes a smart metasurface window made of a transparent metasurface based on Weber beams, as well as a host computer, a general software radio peripheral, a transmitting antenna, and a receiving antenna.
[0074] The intelligent metasurface window acts as a relay, positioned along the propagation path between the transmitting and receiving antennas to reconstruct wireless communication links within the vehicle cabin where physical obstructions exist. It can establish or maintain a reliable communication link through the curved beam generated by the window's metasurface when the direct path between the transmitter and receiver is blocked.
[0075] This embodiment is illustrated using a working frequency of 4.9 GHz (belonging to the 5G N79 band), but the present invention is not limited to this frequency band.
[0076] In vehicle-mounted testing, the window effectively allows signals to bypass physical obstacles, significantly improving reception power and reducing bit error rate in obstructed environments. This invention provides an innovative solution for reliable wireless communication within vehicle cabins and similar complex obstructed environments.
[0077] First, determine the field distribution of the target Weber beam, such as... Figure 5 , 6 As shown. For the side windows, based on the location of the active area of the electronic equipment in the cabin, the two-dimensional amplitude and phase distribution functions of formulas (1) and (2) are derived. For the rear window, the amplitude and phase distribution is designed by sweeping a one-dimensional Weber function.
[0078] Secondly, the transparent metasurface was designed. The core functional structure of the transparent metasurface is a three-layer metal pattern layer structure. Each metal pattern layer is etched on a PET dielectric layer. There are two copper first metal pattern layers with arc-shaped gaps, a third metal pattern layer, and a rod-shaped copper second metal pattern layer with rounded ends. The middle layer is separated by a PVC fourth dielectric layer and a fifth dielectric layer.
[0079] The thickness t1 of the first dielectric layer, the second dielectric layer, and the third dielectric layer is 0.125 mm, the thickness t2 of the fourth dielectric layer and the fifth dielectric layer is 1.5 mm, and the periodic dimension p of the first metal pattern layer, the second metal pattern layer, and the third metal pattern layer is 9.6 mm.
[0080] Among them, the interval w1 between the splitting axes on one side of the first metal pattern unit and the third metal pattern unit is 1.9 mm, the interval w2 between the two arcs is 0.46 mm, and the radius r1 of the circle formed by the two arcs is 4.6 mm.
[0081] Among them, the length r2 of half of the rod-shaped body of the second metal pattern unit is 4.6mm, and the angle θ2 formed by the arc and the midpoint of the rod-shaped body is 33°.
[0082] The spin angle of the second metal pattern unit was determined using full-wave electromagnetic simulation software. Perform a parameter scan (-45° to +45°) to establish its relationship with the cross-polarization transmission amplitude (|S 21 The mapping relationship between | and phase.
[0083] Next, phase encoding and layout generation are performed. The complex amplitude value of each pixel in the target field distribution map is mapped to the required rotation angle of the corresponding metasurface unit using an interpolation function. Based on this angle matrix, the fabrication layout of the entire metasurface array is generated, as follows: Figure 7-10As shown, the dimensions of the first, second, and third metal pattern layers on the side window metasurface are 380mm*540mm. The dimensions of the first, second, and third metal pattern layers on the rear window metasurface are 1068mm*480mm.
[0084] Finally, using fine-line PCB technology, copper patterns were etched onto a 0.125 mm thick transparent PET film, and the layers were aligned and bonded using lamination technology to produce a transparent metasurface sample with a total thickness of approximately 3.375 mm. Figure 11 As shown. Measurements showed that the sample's transmittance under visible light was 73.5%, and its microwave transmission efficiency at 4.9 GHz was [missing value]. 21 It can reach up to -1.9dB.
[0085] like Figure 12 As shown, the prepared side window metasurface sample was installed in a simulated vehicle cabin test environment. A USRP (Universal Software Radio Peripheral) was set up as a communication transceiver to transmit an RGB image data stream modulated by QPSK-OFDM. A 200 mm × 200 mm metal plate was placed between the transmitter and receiver as an obstacle to completely block the direct sunlight path.
[0086] Without the metasurface, the received signal was interrupted, with a bit error rate as high as 50%, making image recovery impossible. However, after inserting a side-window metasurface sample between the transmitting antenna and the obstacle, the receiver successfully decoded the signal. Experimental results show that when the distance between the receiving antenna and the obstacle is greater than 0.15 m, the bit error rate drops below 1%, achieving high-fidelity image reconstruction, and the constellation diagram also shows clear convergence. This verifies that the self-healing capability of Orthogonal Weber Beams (OWB) can effectively reconstruct communication links blocked by obstacles.
[0087] like Figure 13As shown, a test of wireless communication enhancement of the rear window metasurface under obstruction is provided, aiming to verify the communication enhancement and obstacle avoidance capabilities of the rear window metasurface when there are large obstacles in the center area of the vehicle's rear window. Addressing the problem of communication link interruptions between the vehicle's rear window and the rear passenger activity area due to signal obstruction by items such as headrests and metal brackets, this embodiment uses a rear window metasurface sample capable of generating a semi-automatically focusing Weber beam (SAFWB). The energy propagation path of this beam is designed to automatically bend and converge from both sides of the window into the cabin, thereby utilizing its self-acceleration and self-healing properties to automatically bypass obstacles and reach the receiver when the center path is obstructed. The experiment was conducted in a simulated vehicle cabin environment. A 500 mm × 500 mm metal plate was placed vertically on one side of the metasurface sample as a "half-obstacle" to completely block the direct sunlight path. The transmitting antenna emitted a 4.9 GHz signal, and the receiving antenna was placed in the simulated rear passenger area, maintaining a variable distance (d5 from 0.30 m to 1.00 m) from behind the headrest. The results compared two conditions: one with and one without a metasurface (blank substrate only). The test results showed that under the harsh condition of the metal half-obstacle, the system with the metasurface exhibited significant advantages: the average received power gain reached 8.37 dB across the entire test distance, thanks to the efficient convergence and guidance of the lobes diffracted from both sides of the obstacle by the SAFWB. The communication quality was further verified by transmitting and demodulating QPSK-OFDM modulated RGB image data streams. Without the metasurface, the received constellation diagram was completely diffused and no valid image could be recovered. However, with the metasurface, the constellation diagram recovered with clear clustering and successfully reconstructed a high-fidelity RGB image, with a significant reduction in the bit error rate. This embodiment, through quantitative testing, fully verifies the beneficial effects of the rear window metasurface in intelligently avoiding obstacles, significantly enhancing signals, and restoring reliable communication links in typical central occlusion scenarios, demonstrating the practicality and effectiveness of the present invention.
[0088] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention. It should be noted that for those skilled in the art, several improvements and modifications can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these improvements and modifications should also be considered within the scope of protection of the present invention.
Claims
1. A transparent metasurface based on Weber beams, characterized in that: include: A first dielectric layer, a second dielectric layer, and a third dielectric layer are provided. A first metal pattern layer is provided on the first dielectric layer, a second metal pattern layer is provided on the second dielectric layer, and a third metal pattern layer is provided on the third dielectric layer. A fourth dielectric layer is also provided between the first dielectric layer and the second dielectric layer, and a fifth dielectric layer is also provided between the second dielectric layer and the third dielectric layer. The first dielectric layer, the second dielectric layer, the third dielectric layer, the fourth dielectric layer, and the fifth dielectric layer are all made of transparent material; The first, second, and third metal pattern layers are used to convert the incident electromagnetic wave into a diffraction-free Weber beam with bending self-acceleration and self-healing properties.
2. The transparent metasurface based on Weber beams according to claim 1, characterized in that: The first metal pattern layer is composed of first metal pattern units arranged in an array. Each first metal pattern unit includes a first arc and a second arc. The openings of the first arc and the second arc are spaced apart from each other. The first arc has an inwardly extending first splitting axis at both ends, and the second arc has an inwardly extending second splitting axis at both ends.
3. The transparent metasurface based on Weber beams according to claim 1, characterized in that: The second metal pattern layer is composed of second metal pattern units arranged in an array. Each second metal pattern unit includes a rod-shaped body with a third arc at each end. The angle between the rod-shaped body and the vertical direction within the second dielectric layer is set as a spin angle θ1. The angle between the rod-shaped body and the right side of the vertical line passing through the center of the rod-shaped body is positive, and the angle between the rod-shaped body and the left side of the vertical line passing through the center of the rod-shaped body is negative.
4. A transparent metasurface based on Weber beams according to claim 1, characterized in that: The third metal pattern layer is composed of third metal pattern units arranged in an array. The composition includes a third metal pattern unit comprising: a fourth arc and a fifth arc, wherein the openings of the fourth arc and the fifth arc are spaced apart from each other, and the two ends of the fourth arc are respectively provided with inwardly extending third splitting axes, and the two ends of the fifth arc are respectively provided with inwardly extending fourth splitting axes; the first metal pattern unit rotates 90 degrees to coincide with the second metal pattern unit.
5. A transparent metasurface based on Weber beams according to claim 3, characterized in that: The transparent metasurface is arrayed and mapped to the specific spin angle θ1 of each second metal pattern unit according to the amplitude and phase distribution of the two target fields, the orthogonal Weber beam and the semi-automatic focusing Weber beam.
6. A transparent metasurface based on Weber beams according to claim 5, characterized in that: When a transparent metasurface generates orthogonal Weber beams, the amplitude and phase distribution of the target field generated by the transparent metasurface is determined by a one-dimensional Weber function, the expression of which is as follows: ； ； in, This represents the amplitude-phase distribution of the transparent metasurface in the x-direction. This represents the amplitude and phase distribution of the transparent metasurface in the y-direction, where k is the wavenumber, a is the attenuation factor, b is the scaling factor, and g is the correction factor. This indicates the lengths of the first, second, and third metal patterned layers in the transparent metasurface. This indicates the width of the first, second, and third metal pattern layers in the transparent metasurface.
7. A transparent metasurface based on Weber beams according to claim 5, characterized in that: When a transparent metasurface generates a semi-automatically focusing Weber beam, the amplitude and phase distribution of the target field generated by the transparent metasurface is calculated using a one-dimensional Weber function. The amplitude and phase distribution in the x-direction is then obtained by rotating the x-direction amplitude and phase distribution around a point using the negative x-axis Weber function. The expression for the one-dimensional Weber function is as follows: ； in, This represents the amplitude-phase distribution of the transparent metasurface in the x-direction. This represents the amplitude and phase distribution of the transparent metasurface in the y-direction, where k is the wavenumber, a is the attenuation factor, b is the scaling factor, and g is the correction factor. This indicates the lengths of the first, second, and third metal pattern layers in the transparent metasurface.
8. A transparent metasurface based on Weber beams according to claim 1, characterized in that: The first, second, and third metal pattern layers are made of copper, with a unit period p of 9.6 mm and a metal line width of 0.1 mm.
9. A transparent metasurface based on Weber beams according to claim 1, characterized in that: The first dielectric layer, the second dielectric layer, and the third dielectric layer are made of PET material.
10. A transparent metasurface based on Weber beams according to claim 1, characterized in that: The fourth and fifth dielectric layers are made of PVC material.