Pressure sensing device and manufacturing method thereof

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a pressure sensing device comprising: a pressure sensing layer comprising a first polymer layer comprising a microstructure on a first surface thereof and a second polymer layer adjacent to the microstructure on the first surface; a transparent electrode layer configured to be electrically conductive; the electroluminescent layer comprises luminescent particles, and the 10 electroluminescent layers are clamped between the second polymer layer of the pressure sensing layer and the transparent electrode layer; wherein the pressure sensing layer is electrically communicated with the transparent electrode layer; wherein the microstructures are configured to electrically respond to changes in their topography; and wherein the electroluminescent layer is configured to provide an electroluminescent output, and the transparent electrode layer is configured to generate a capacitive output in response to the pressure sensed at the pressure sensing layer. The invention further relates to a method for manufacturing the pressure sensing device.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates generally to pressure sensing devices and manufacturing methods. Background Technology

[0002] Pressure mapping is widely used in various healthcare settings, including foot pressure mapping, which can help diagnose and treat a variety of foot-related conditions.

[0003] Pressure sensing devices can be used for pressure mapping. Current foot pressure measurement products (such as pressure-sensing pads and smart insoles) face certain challenges. These devices require bulky equipment and communication systems to acquire and interpret data, resulting in expensive and inconvenient platforms for users. Furthermore, they are limited in resolution for pressure mapping because they can only achieve spatial pressure mapping by using sensor arrays.

[0004] Electronic skin (E-skin) is a pressure sensing device. For example, electronic skin can utilize capacitive response in a low pressure range and luminescent response in a high pressure range. However, the need to switch detection methods during use limits its application. Furthermore, current electronic skins can only exert a luminescent response in the high pressure range, which limits their ability to visualize pressure mappings of small stimuli. An electroluminescent pressure-sensing display has been proposed, allowing direct visualization of static and dynamic information about the position, shape, and size of a pressurized object on a single device platform. However, the materials chosen for the display may limit its flexibility and stretchability, and the display resolution is not very high. Some electronic skins have complex manufacturing techniques and can only produce a luminescent response, lacking the ability to quantitatively measure pressure.

[0005] Desirable is overcoming or improving at least one of the above problems. Summary of the Invention

[0006] This disclosure relates to a pressure sensing device, which includes: a) A pressure sensing layer comprising a first polymer layer and a second polymer layer, the first polymer layer comprising microstructures on a first surface thereon, and the second polymer layer being adjacent to the microstructures on the first surface. b) A transparent electrode layer configured to be electrically conductive; c) An electroluminescent layer comprising luminescent particles, the electroluminescent layer being sandwiched between the second polymer layer of the pressure sensing layer and the transparent electrode layer; The pressure sensing layer is electrically connected to the transparent electrode layer; The microstructures are configured to be electrically responsive to changes in their morphology; and The electroluminescent layer is configured to provide electroluminescent output, and the transparent electrode layer is configured to generate capacitive output in response to pressure sensed at the pressure sensing layer.

[0007] In some implementations, the microstructure is an array of microdomes.

[0008] In some embodiments, the microstructure is characterized by a diameter of about 10 μm to about 40 μm.

[0009] In some implementations, the microstructure is characterized by a diameter of approximately 20 μm.

[0010] In some implementations, the microstructure is characterized by a height of about 5 μm to about 30 μm.

[0011] In some implementations, the microstructure is characterized by a height of approximately 15 μm.

[0012] In some implementations, the microstructure is characterized by a spacing of about 5 μm to about 20 μm.

[0013] In some implementations, the microstructure is characterized by a spacing of approximately 10 μm.

[0014] In some implementations, the first polymer layer is formed of PDMS.

[0015] In some embodiments, the first polymer layer is characterized by a thickness of about 5 μm to about 250 μm.

[0016] In some embodiments, the first polymer layer is characterized by a thickness of about 10 μm.

[0017] In some implementations, the second polymer layer is formed from a combination of PEDOT:PSS and PU.

[0018] In some implementations, the combination of PEDOT:PSS and PU is characterized by a weight ratio of about 1:1 to about 3:1.

[0019] In some implementations, the combination of PEDOT:PSS and PU is characterized by a weight ratio of approximately 7:4.

[0020] In some embodiments, the first polymer layer is bonded to the second polymer layer via electrostatic and / or van der Waals interactions.

[0021] In some embodiments, the first polymer layer is bonded to the second polymer layer via van der Waals interactions.

[0022] In some embodiments, the second polymer layer is characterized by a thickness of about 500 nm to about 1000 nm.

[0023] In some implementations, the second polymer layer is characterized by a thickness of approximately 800 nm.

[0024] In some implementations, the pressure sensing layer also includes metal nanowires.

[0025] In some implementations, the metal nanowires are uniformly dispersed within a first polymer layer, uniformly dispersed within a second polymer layer, or arranged in layers adjacent to the microstructure.

[0026] In some implementations, the metal nanowires in the pressure sensing layer are characterized by a load weight of about 20% to about 60% by weight.

[0027] In some implementations, the metal nanowires in the pressure sensing layer are characterized by approximately 40% by weight of the load weight.

[0028] In some implementations, the pressure sensing layer is characterized by a thickness of about 10 μm to about 280 μm.

[0029] In some implementations, the pressure sensing layer is characterized by a thickness of approximately 10 μm.

[0030] In some embodiments, the transparent electrode layer includes a third polymer layer and a fourth polymer layer adjacent to the third polymer layer.

[0031] In some implementations, the third polymer layer is formed of PDMS.

[0032] In some embodiments, the third polymer layer is characterized by a thickness of about 5 μm to about 250 μm.

[0033] In some implementations, the third polymer layer is characterized by a thickness of about 10 μm.

[0034] In some embodiments, the fourth polymer layer is formed from a combination of PEDOT:PSS / PU.

[0035] In some implementations, the combination of PEDOT:PSS and PU is characterized by a weight ratio of about 1:1 to about 3:1.

[0036] In some implementations, the combination of PEDOT:PSS and PU is characterized by a weight ratio of approximately 7:4.

[0037] In some embodiments, the third polymer layer is bonded to the fourth polymer layer via electrostatic and / or van der Waals interactions.

[0038] In some embodiments, the third polymer layer is bonded to the fourth polymer layer via van der Waals interactions.

[0039] In some embodiments, the fourth polymer layer is characterized by a thickness of about 500 nm to about 1000 nm.

[0040] In some implementations, the fourth polymer layer is characterized by a thickness of approximately 800 nm.

[0041] In some implementations, the transparent electrode layer also includes metal nanowires.

[0042] In some embodiments, the metal nanowires are uniformly dispersed within a third polymer layer, uniformly dispersed within a fourth polymer layer, or arranged in layers adjacent to the surface of the third polymer layer.

[0043] In some implementations, the metal nanowires are dispersed in the form of a layer between a third polymer layer and a fourth polymer layer.

[0044] In some embodiments, the metal nanowires in the transparent electrode layer are characterized by a loading weight of about 20% to about 60% by weight.

[0045] In some implementations, the metal nanowires in the transparent electrode layer are characterized by a load weight of approximately 40% by weight.

[0046] In some embodiments, the transparent electrode layer is characterized by a thickness of about 5 μm to about 250 μm.

[0047] In some implementations, the transparent electrode layer is characterized by a thickness of approximately 10 μm.

[0048] In some implementations, the electroluminescent layer also includes a fluorinated elastomer.

[0049] In some implementations, the fluorinated elastomer is PVDF.

[0050] In some implementations, the luminescent particles are uniformly dispersed within the electroluminescent layer or arranged in layers adjacent to the surface of the electroluminescent layer.

[0051] In some implementations, the luminescent particles are selected from ZnS:Cu, ZnS:Mn, ZnS:TbF3, ZnS:SmF3, CaS:Ce and their doped derivatives.

[0052] In some implementations, the luminescent particles are ZnS:Cu.

[0053] In some implementations, the electroluminescent layer is characterized by a concentration of luminescent particles of about 25% to about 75% by weight.

[0054] In some implementations, the electroluminescent layer is characterized by a concentration of luminescent particles of about 50% by weight.

[0055] In some implementations, the electroluminescent layer is characterized by a thickness of about 40 μm to about 120 μm.

[0056] In some implementations, the electroluminescent layer is characterized by a thickness of approximately 80 μm.

[0057] In some implementations, these layers are adhesively bonded to each other.

[0058] In some implementations, the pressure sensing layer and the transparent electrode layer are electrically connected via wires.

[0059] In some implementations, the microstructure is configured to deform under pressure.

[0060] In some implementations, the capacitor output is characterized by a pressure of 0 kPa to approximately 180 kPa.

[0061] In some implementations, the capacitive output response is characterized by a sensitivity of approximately 0.01 kPa when the pressure is from 0 kPa to approximately 30 kPa. -1 To approximately 0.05 kPa -1 between.

[0062] In some implementations, the capacitive output response is characterized by a sensitivity of approximately 0.001 kPa when the pressure is from approximately 30 kPa to approximately 180 kPa. -1 To approximately 0.005 kPa -1 .

[0063] In some implementations, the device is configured to be powered by an AC power source of about 100 V to about 250 V.

[0064] In some implementations, the device is configured to be powered by an AC power source of approximately 150 V.

[0065] In some implementations, the electroluminescent output is characterized by a frequency of 0 kHz to about 5 kHz.

[0066] In some implementations, the electroluminescent output is characterized by a frequency of approximately 1 kHz.

[0067] In some implementations, the electroluminescence output is characterized by a pressure of 0 kPa to approximately 180 kPa.

[0068] In some implementations, the electroluminescence output is characterized by a sensitivity of about 1 kPa when the pressure is from 0 kPa to about 30 kPa. -1 Approximately 1.5 kPa -1 .

[0069] In some implementations, the electroluminescence output is characterized by a sensitivity of about 0.1 kPa when the pressure is from about 30 kPa to about 180 kPa.-1 Approximately 0.5 kPa -1 .

[0070] In some embodiments, the device is characterized by a strain of about 30% to about 55%.

[0071] In some embodiments, the device is characterized by a strain of about 45%.

[0072] This disclosure also relates to a method of manufacturing a pressure sensing device as disclosed herein, the method comprising: a) Bond the pressure sensing layer to the surface of the electroluminescent layer, such that the second polymer layer of the pressure sensing layer is in contact with the surface of the electroluminescent layer; b) Bonding the other surface of the electroluminescent layer to the transparent electrode layer, such that the electroluminescent layer is sandwiched between the second polymer layer of the pressure sensing layer and the transparent electrode layer; and c) Electrically connected pressure sensing layer and transparent electrode layer.

[0073] In some implementations, the bonding in step a) is performed using an adhesive.

[0074] In some implementations, the bonding in step b) is performed using an adhesive.

[0075] In some implementations, the pressure sensing layer and the transparent electrode layer are electrically connected using wires and / or a metal paste.

[0076] This disclosure also relates to a method for detecting pressure, which includes: a) Applying pressure to a pressure sensing device as disclosed herein; and b) Obtain electroluminescent output and / or capacitive output from the pressure sensing device. Attached Figure Description

[0077] Embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of non-limiting example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 The structure of the device is shown.

[0078] Figure 2 The manufacturing method of each component of the device is shown.

[0079] Figure 3 The micromorphology of the pressure sensing layer is shown.

[0080] Figure 4 SEM images of the electroluminescent layer and the transparent electrode are shown.

[0081] Figure 5 The capacitive response of the device is shown.

[0082] Figure 6 The response time of the capacitor is shown. When pressure is applied, the response time is approximately 110 ms for 0 ∆C / C0 to 0.3 ∆C / C0, and when recovering, the response time is approximately 150 ms for 0.3 ∆C / C0 to 0 ∆C / C0.

[0083] Figure 7 Cyclic stability tests are shown.

[0084] Figure 8 The electroluminescence intensity of the device is shown when an increased AC power supply frequency is applied.

[0085] Figure 9 The luminous intensity of the device with various power supply voltages and applied pressures is shown.

[0086] Figure 10 The response time of the light emission response is shown.

[0087] Figure 11 The pressure mapping resolution of the device is shown.

[0088] Figure 12 A real-time dynamic pressure visualization is shown.

[0089] Figure 13 The real-time pressure mapping of the fingerprint is shown.

[0090] Figure 14 A schematic diagram of foot pressure mapped by the device is shown.

[0091] Figure 15 A demonstration of foot pressure mapping using the device is shown.

[0092] Figure 16 The tensile properties of the device are shown. Detailed Implementation

[0093] This disclosure relates to a pressure-sensitive device integrating dual-mode capacitance and electroluminescence response for in-situ pressure imaging and tactile sensing. The device exhibits a wide sensing range with two linear regions, ensuring linearity and sensitivity in both sensing modes. The device can capture complex patterns, such as fingerprints, with high spatial resolution for pressure mapping. The device remains flexible through convenient manufacturing methods and retains its sensing performance after bending cycles.

[0094] This device can be high-resolution and flexible. It can be used to replicate the pressure-sensing capabilities of human skin, serving as electronic skin or a system that converts pressure stimuli into visible light signals. The intensity of the light emission can be configured to correspond to the magnitude and location of the applied pressure. This not only enables foot pressure mapping for diabetic patients but can also be used for medical training. It can guide doctors and nurses by indicating the appropriate amount of pressure applied during procedures such as blood vessel blockage, needle insertion, compression bandage therapy, and more. This can help in developing effective prevention and treatment plans.

[0095] The currently disclosed device is also electroluminescent, thus providing real-time pressure visualization. By fully utilizing electroluminescence, the device achieves accurate and high-resolution pressure visualization without requiring bulky equipment or complex communication systems. This feature addresses the shortcomings of existing products by providing a user-friendly and cost-effective alternative.

[0096] Therefore, this disclosure relates to a pressure sensing device, which includes: a) A pressure sensing layer comprising a first polymer layer and a second polymer layer, the first polymer layer comprising microstructures on a first surface thereon, and the second polymer layer being adjacent to the microstructures on the first surface. b) A transparent electrode layer configured to be electrically conductive; c) An electroluminescent layer comprising luminescent particles, the electroluminescent layer being sandwiched between the second polymer layer of the pressure sensing layer and the transparent electrode layer; The pressure sensing layer is electrically connected to the transparent electrode layer; The microstructures are configured to be electrically responsive to changes in their morphology; and The electroluminescent layer is configured to provide electroluminescent output, and the transparent electrode layer is configured to generate capacitive output in response to pressure sensed at the pressure sensing layer.

[0097] The electrode layer can work in conjunction with the pressure sensing layer (which is separated from the electroluminescent layer) to provide capacitive output.

[0098] This device is easy to use and eliminates the need for expensive and bulky pressure sensor arrays and complex communication and interpretation systems (for visualizing pressure maps). Capable of dual-mode sensing and multifunctional, it acquires both electrical and visual optical signals, making it applicable to a variety of applications. It can be used as a tool to visually warn patients with peripheral nerve dysfunction of abnormal pressure, helping to prevent ulcers. It can also serve as a warning system for bionic robots or amputees, notifying them of high-risk, high-pressure situations. Furthermore, the device can detect both static pressure and dynamic tactile trajectories, further expanding its functionality. The device can have high spatial resolution to visualize minute pressure patterns, including intricate details such as fingerprints. It can be flexible and applied to curved structures such as human skin. Flexibility allows the device to conform and adhere to curved surfaces, enabling seamless integration and accurate pressure sensing across different contours.

[0099] like Figure 1 As shown, the device comprises three layers: a pressure-sensing layer, a transparent electrode, and an electroluminescent layer. These layers can be adhesively bonded to each other. Alternatively, the layers can be laminated together. The pressure-sensing layer includes a first polymer layer and a second polymer layer. The first polymer layer includes microstructures on its first surface, and the second polymer layer is adjacent to the microstructures on the first surface. The microstructures may be an array of microdots (…). Figure 3 The microstructures are configured to be electrically responsive to changes in their morphology. The resilience of the pressure-sensing layer increases stability and the response time of the microstructures to changes in their morphology.

[0100] In some embodiments, the microstructure is characterized by a diameter of about 10 μm to about 40 μm. In other embodiments, the diameter is about 10 μm to about 35 μm, about 10 μm to about 30 μm, about 10 μm to about 25 μm, about 10 μm to about 20 μm, or about 15 μm to about 20 μm. In other embodiments, the diameter is about 20 μm.

[0101] In some embodiments, the microstructure is characterized by a height of about 5 μm to about 30 μm. In other embodiments, the height is about 5 μm to about 25 μm, about 5 μm to about 20 μm, about 5 μm to about 15 μm, about 10 μm to about 30 μm, about 10 μm to about 20 μm, or about 15 μm to about 30 μm. In other embodiments, the height is about 15 μm.

[0102] In some embodiments, the microstructures are characterized by a spacing of about 5 μm to about 20 μm. In this sense, the microstructures are spaced apart from each other (longitudinally and / or laterally) by about 5 μm to about 20 μm. In other embodiments, the spacing is about 5 μm to about 15 μm, about 5 μm to about 10 μm, or about 10 μm to about 20 μm. In other embodiments, the spacing is about 10 μm.

[0103] In some embodiments, the first polymer layer of the pressure sensing layer is formed of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyaniline (PANI), or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the polymer is PDMS. For example, the first polymer layer may be formed from a PDMS mixture (consisting of a base material and a curing agent in a w / w ratio of about 10:1). The PDMS mixture may be cured at about 70°C for about 4 hours to form a PDMS film including microstructures.

[0104] In some implementations, the microstructure is configured to deform under pressure. The stiffness of the microstructure can be the same as that of the first polymer layer and / or the second polymer layer of the pressure sensing layer. For example, the microstructure can have the same stiffness as the PDMS layer. When pressure is applied, the microstructure is compressed and at least partially deformed, reducing the height of the microstructure. This increases the contact area between the microstructure and the electroluminescent layer and / or the electrode layer.

[0105] In some embodiments, the microstructure is characterized by a stiffness of about 0.8 MPa to about 10 MPa. For example, if PDMS is used to form the microstructure, the stiffness of the PDMS can be varied by changing the ratio of PDMS to the curing agent base from 19:1 to 2:1. In other embodiments, the stiffness is about 1 MPa to about 10 MPa, about 1.5 MPa to about 10 MPa, about 2 MPa to about 10 MPa, about 2.5 MPa to about 10 MPa, about 3 MPa to about 10 MPa, about 3.5 MPa to about 10 MPa, about 4 MPa to about 10 MPa, about 4.5 MPa to about 10 MPa, about 5 MPa to about 10 MPa, about 5.5 MPa to about 10 MPa, about 6 MPa to about 10 MPa, about 6.5 MPa to about 10 MPa, about 7 MPa to about 10 MPa, about 7.5 MPa to about 10 MPa, or about 8 MPa to about 10 MPa.

[0106] In some embodiments, the thickness of the first polymer layer is from about 5 μm to about 250 μm. In other embodiments, the thickness is about 5 μm to about 200 μm, about 5 μm to about 150 μm, about 5 μm to about 100 μm, about 5 μm to about 50 μm, about 10 μm to about 250 μm, about 10 μm to about 200 μm, about 10 μm to about 150 μm, about 10 μm to about 100 μm, about 20 μm to about 250 μm, about 20 μm to about 200 μm, about 20 μm to about 150 μm, about 20 μm to about 100 μm, about 30 μm to about 250 μm, about 30 μm to about 200 μm, about 30 μm to about 150 μm, about 30 μm to about 100 μm, about 50 μm to about 250 μm, about 50 μm to about 200 μm, about 50 μm to about 150 μm, or about 50 μm to about 100 μm. In other embodiments, the thickness is approximately 10 μm.

[0107] In some embodiments, the second polymer layer is formed from a combination of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and polyurethane (PU).

[0108] The second polymer layer of PEDOT:PSS and PU forms a hybrid conductive film that enhances the conductivity and flexibility of the pressure sensing layer.

[0109] Polymers used herein also include their derivatives. Examples include polydiphenylsiloxane, polydibenzylsiloxane, polydiethylethylenesiloxane, polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene, polyalkylaniline, polyalkoxyaniline, and hydroxymethyl-PEDOT.

[0110] In some embodiments, the combination of PEDOT:PSS and PU is characterized by a weight ratio of about 1:1 to about 3:1. In other embodiments, the ratio is about 1:1 to about 11:4, about 1:1 to about 5:2, about 1:1 to about 9:4, about 1:1 to about 2:1, about 1:1 to about 7:4, about 1:1 to about 3:2, about 1:1 to about 5:4, about 5:4 to about 3:1, about 5:4 to about 11:4, about 5:4 to about 5:2, about 5:4 to about 9:4, about 5:4 to about 2:1, about 5:4 to about 7:4, about 5:4 to about 3:2, about 3:2 to about 3:1, about 3:2 to about 11:4, about 3:2 The ratios are approximately 5:2, approximately 3:2 to approximately 9:4, approximately 3:2 to approximately 2:1, approximately 3:2 to approximately 7:4, approximately 7:4 to approximately 3:1, approximately 7:4 to approximately 11:4, approximately 7:4 to approximately 5:2, approximately 7:4 to approximately 9:4, approximately 7:4 to approximately 2:1, approximately 2:1 to approximately 3:1, approximately 2:1 to approximately 11:4, approximately 2:1 to approximately 5:2, approximately 2:1 to approximately 9:4, approximately 9:4 to approximately 3:1, approximately 9:4 to approximately 11:4, approximately 9:4 to approximately 5:2, approximately 5:2 to approximately 3:1, or approximately 5:2 to approximately 11:4. In other embodiments, the ratio is approximately 7:4.

[0111] In some embodiments, the PEDOT:PSS in the polymer layer is characterized by a weight percentage of about 40 wt% to about 80 wt%. In other embodiments, the weight percentages are about 40 wt% to about 75 wt%, about 40 wt% to about 70 wt%, about 40 wt% to about 65 wt%, about 40 wt% to about 60 wt%, about 40 wt% to about 55 wt%, about 40 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 50 wt% to about 80 wt%, about 50 wt% to about 75 wt%, about 50 wt% to about 70 wt%, about 50 wt% to about 65 wt%, about 50 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 50 wt% to about 55 wt%, about 5 ...%. About 80% by weight, about 55% by weight to about 75% by weight, about 55% by weight to about 70% by weight, about 55% by weight to about 65% by weight, about 55% by weight to about 60% by weight, about 60% by weight to about 80% by weight, about 60% by weight to about 75% by weight, about 60% by weight to about 70% by weight, about 60% by weight to about 65% by weight, about 65% by weight to about 80% by weight, about 65% by weight to about 75% by weight, about 65% by weight to about 70% by weight, about 70% by weight to about 80% by weight, or about 70% by weight to about 75% by weight. In other embodiments, the weight percentage is about 64% by weight.

[0112] In some embodiments, the PU in the polymer layer is characterized by a weight percentage of about 20 wt% to about 60 wt%. In other embodiments, the weight percentages are about 20 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 45 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 40 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 35 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 30 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 25 wt%, about 25 wt% to about 60 wt%, about 25 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 25 wt% to about 45 wt%, about 25 wt% to about 40 wt%, about 25 wt% to about 35 wt%, about 25 wt% to about 30 wt%, and about 30 wt% to about 60 wt%. Approximately 30% to 50% by weight, approximately 30% to 45% by weight, approximately 30% to 40% by weight, approximately 30% to 35% by weight, approximately 35% to 60% by weight, approximately 35% to 50% by weight, approximately 35% to 45% by weight, approximately 35% to 40% by weight, approximately 40% to 60% by weight, approximately 40% to 50% by weight, approximately 40% to 45% by weight, approximately 45% to 60% by weight, or approximately 50% to 60% by weight. In other embodiments, the weight percentage is approximately 36% by weight.

[0113] In some embodiments, PEDOT:PSS is characterized by a weight percentage of about 40% to about 80% relative to PEDOT:PSS and PU. In other embodiments, the weight percentages are about 40% to about 75% of the total weight, about 40% to about 70% of the total weight, about 40% to about 65% of the total weight, about 40% to about 60% of the total weight, about 40% to about 55% of the total weight, about 40% to about 50% of the total weight, about 50% to about 80% of the total weight, about 50% to about 75% of the total weight, about 50% to about 70% of the total weight, about 50% to about 65% of the total weight, about 50% to about 50% of the total weight, about 50% to about 55% of the total weight, about 5 .... About 80% by weight, about 55% by weight to about 75% by weight, about 55% by weight to about 70% by weight, about 55% by weight to about 65% by weight, about 55% by weight to about 60% by weight, about 60% by weight to about 80% by weight, about 60% by weight to about 75% by weight, about 60% by weight to about 70% by weight, about 60% by weight to about 65% by weight, about 65% by weight to about 80% by weight, about 65% by weight to about 75% by weight, about 65% by weight to about 70% by weight, about 70% by weight to about 80% by weight, or about 70% by weight to about 75% by weight. In other embodiments, the weight percentage is about 64% by weight.

[0114] In some embodiments, the first polymer layer is bonded to the second polymer layer via electrostatic interactions and / or van der Waals interactions. In other embodiments, the interactions are van der Waals interactions.

[0115] In some embodiments, the thickness of the second polymer layer is from about 500 nm to about 1000 nm. In other embodiments, the thickness is from about 500 nm to about 900 nm, from about 500 nm to about 800 nm, from about 600 nm to about 1000 nm, from about 600 nm to about 900 nm, from about 600 nm to about 800 nm, from about 700 nm to about 1000 nm, from about 700 nm to about 900 nm, or from about 700 nm to about 800 nm. In other embodiments, the thickness is 800 nm.

[0116] In some implementations, the pressure-sensing layer acts as the opposite electrode of the transparent electrode layer. For this purpose, the pressure-sensing layer may comprise a conductive polymer or material. When the two electrodes of the device are connected to a multimeter, it performs digital capacitive pressure sensing.

[0117] In some embodiments, the pressure sensing layer further includes metal nanowires. In some embodiments, the pressure sensing layer further includes gold nanowires and / or silver nanowires. The metal nanowires may be uniformly dispersed within a first polymer layer, uniformly dispersed within a second polymer layer, or layered adjacent to the microstructure. Layering the nanowires on the microstructure can increase its surface roughness, thereby improving its pressure sensing capability. The metal nanowires form a conductive network in the pressure sensing layer, thereby allowing the pressure sensing layer to be conductive. The polymer layer can protect the metal nanowires from oxidation. Combined with an electrode layer, the metal nanowires can provide a localized electrical output in response to pressure.

[0118] In some embodiments, the metal nanowires in the pressure sensing layer are characterized by a load weight percentage of about 20 wt% to about 60 wt%. In other embodiments, the load weight percentage is about 20 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 40 wt%, about 30 wt% to about 60 wt%, about 30 wt% to about 50 wt%, or about 30 wt% to about 40 wt%. In other embodiments, the load weight percentage is about 40 wt%.

[0119] In some embodiments, the pressure-sensing layer is characterized by a thickness of about 10 μm to 280 μm. In other embodiments, the thickness is about 10 μm to 250 μm, about 10 μm to 200 μm, about 10 μm to 150 μm, about 10 μm to 100 μm, about 10 μm to 50 μm, about 20 μm to 280 μm, about 20 μm to 250 μm, about 20 μm to 200 μm, about 20 μm to 150 μm, about 20 μm to 100 μm, about 20 μm to 50 μm, about 50 μm to 280 μm, about 50 μm to 250 μm, about 50 μm to 200 μm, about 50 μm to 150 μm, or about 50 μm to 100 μm. In other embodiments, the thickness is 10 μm.

[0120] The transparent electrode layer is configured to be electrically conductive. In some embodiments, the transparent electrode layer includes a third polymer layer and a fourth polymer layer adjacent to the third polymer layer.

[0121] In some implementations, the third layer is formed by PDMS.

[0122] In some implementations, the thickness of the layer is from about 5 μm to about 250 μm. In other embodiments, the thickness is about 5 μm to about 200 μm, about 5 μm to about 150 μm, about 5 μm to about 100 μm, about 5 μm to about 50 μm, about 10 μm to about 250 μm, about 10 μm to about 200 μm, about 10 μm to about 150 μm, about 10 μm to about 100 μm, about 20 μm to about 250 μm, about 20 μm to about 200 μm, about 20 μm to about 150 μm, about 20 μm to about 100 μm, about 30 μm to about 250 μm, about 30 μm to about 200 μm, about 30 μm to about 150 μm, about 30 μm to about 100 μm, about 50 μm to about 250 μm, about 50 μm to about 200 μm, about 50 μm to about 150 μm, or about 50 μm to about 100 μm. In other embodiments, the thickness is approximately 10 μm.

[0123] In some embodiments, the fourth polymer layer is formed from a combination of PEDOT:PSS and PU.

[0124] The fourth polymer layer of PEDOT:PSS and PU forms a hybrid conductive film that enhances the conductivity and flexibility of the transparent electrode layer.

[0125] In some embodiments, the combination of PEDOT:PSS and PU is characterized by a weight ratio of about 1:1 to about 3:1. In other embodiments, the ratio is about 1:1 to about 11:4, about 1:1 to about 5:2, about 1:1 to about 9:4, about 1:1 to about 2:1, about 1:1 to about 7:4, about 1:1 to about 3:2, about 1:1 to about 5:4, about 5:4 to about 3:1, about 5:4 to about 11:4, about 5:4 to about 5:2, about 5:4 to about 9:4, about 5:4 to about 2:1, about 5:4 to about 7:4, about 5:4 to about 3:2, about 3:2 to about 3:1, about 3:2 to about 11:4, about 3:2 The ratios are approximately 5:2, approximately 3:2 to approximately 9:4, approximately 3:2 to approximately 2:1, approximately 3:2 to approximately 7:4, approximately 7:4 to approximately 3:1, approximately 7:4 to approximately 11:4, approximately 7:4 to approximately 5:2, approximately 7:4 to approximately 9:4, approximately 7:4 to approximately 2:1, approximately 2:1 to approximately 3:1, approximately 2:1 to approximately 11:4, approximately 2:1 to approximately 5:2, approximately 2:1 to approximately 9:4, approximately 9:4 to approximately 3:1, approximately 9:4 to approximately 11:4, approximately 9:4 to approximately 5:2, approximately 5:2 to approximately 3:1, or approximately 5:2 to approximately 11:4. In other embodiments, the ratio is approximately 7:4.

[0126] In some embodiments, the PEDOT:PSS in the polymer layer is characterized by a weight percentage of about 40 wt% to about 80 wt%. In other embodiments, the weight percentages are about 40 wt% to about 75 wt%, about 40 wt% to about 70 wt%, about 40 wt% to about 65 wt%, about 40 wt% to about 60 wt%, about 40 wt% to about 55 wt%, about 40 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 50 wt% to about 80 wt%, about 50 wt% to about 75 wt%, about 50 wt% to about 70 wt%, about 50 wt% to about 65 wt%, about 50 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 50 wt% to about 55 wt%, about 5 ...%. About 80% by weight, about 55% by weight to about 75% by weight, about 55% by weight to about 70% by weight, about 55% by weight to about 65% by weight, about 55% by weight to about 60% by weight, about 60% by weight to about 80% by weight, about 60% by weight to about 75% by weight, about 60% by weight to about 70% by weight, about 60% by weight to about 65% by weight, about 65% by weight to about 80% by weight, about 65% by weight to about 75% by weight, about 65% by weight to about 70% by weight, about 70% by weight to about 80% by weight, or about 70% by weight to about 75% by weight. In other embodiments, the weight percentage is about 64% by weight.

[0127] In some embodiments, the PU in the polymer layer is characterized by a weight percentage of about 20 wt% to about 60 wt%. In other embodiments, the weight percentages are about 20 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 45 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 40 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 35 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 30 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 25 wt%, about 25 wt% to about 60 wt%, about 25 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 25 wt% to about 45 wt%, about 25 wt% to about 40 wt%, about 25 wt% to about 35 wt%, about 25 wt% to about 30 wt%, and about 30 wt% to about 60 wt%. Approximately 30% to 50% by weight, approximately 30% to 45% by weight, approximately 30% to 40% by weight, approximately 30% to 35% by weight, approximately 35% to 60% by weight, approximately 35% to 50% by weight, approximately 35% to 45% by weight, approximately 35% to 40% by weight, approximately 40% to 60% by weight, approximately 40% to 50% by weight, approximately 40% to 45% by weight, approximately 45% to 60% by weight, or approximately 50% to 60% by weight. In other embodiments, the weight percentage is approximately 36% by weight.

[0128] In some embodiments, PEDOT:PSS is characterized by a weight percentage of about 40% to about 80% relative to PEDOT:PSS and PU. In other embodiments, the weight percentages are about 40% to about 75% of the total weight, about 40% to about 70% of the total weight, about 40% to about 65% of the total weight, about 40% to about 60% of the total weight, about 40% to about 55% of the total weight, about 40% to about 50% of the total weight, about 50% to about 80% of the total weight, about 50% to about 75% of the total weight, about 50% to about 70% of the total weight, about 50% to about 65% of the total weight, about 50% to about 50% of the total weight, about 50% to about 55% of the total weight, about 5 .... About 80% by weight, about 55% by weight to about 75% by weight, about 55% by weight to about 70% by weight, about 55% by weight to about 65% by weight, about 55% by weight to about 60% by weight, about 60% by weight to about 80% by weight, about 60% by weight to about 75% by weight, about 60% by weight to about 70% by weight, about 60% by weight to about 65% by weight, about 65% by weight to about 80% by weight, about 65% by weight to about 75% by weight, about 65% by weight to about 70% by weight, about 70% by weight to about 80% by weight, or about 70% by weight to about 75% by weight. In other embodiments, the weight percentage is about 64% by weight.

[0129] In some embodiments, the third polymer layer is bonded to the fourth polymer layer via electrostatic interactions and / or van der Waals interactions. In other embodiments, the interactions are van der Waals interactions.

[0130] In some embodiments, the thickness of the fourth polymer layer is from about 200 nm to about 1000 nm. In other embodiments, the thickness is from about 300 nm to about 1000 nm, from about 400 nm to about 1000 nm, from about 500 nm to about 1000 nm, from about 500 nm to about 900 nm, from about 500 nm to about 800 nm, from about 600 nm to about 1000 nm, from about 600 nm to about 900 nm, from about 600 nm to about 800 nm, from about 700 nm to about 1000 nm, from about 700 nm to about 900 nm, or from about 700 nm to about 800 nm. In other embodiments, the thickness is 800 nm.

[0131] In some embodiments, the transparent electrode layer further includes metal nanowires. The metal nanowires may be dispersed within the transparent electrode layer, uniformly dispersed within the fourth polymer layer, or dispersed as a layer adjacent to the surface of the transparent electrode layer.

[0132] In some embodiments, the metal nanowires are dispersed in the form of a layer between a third polymer layer and a fourth polymer layer. The metal nanowires can be gold nanowires and / or silver nanowires. For example, a silver nanowire / PEDOT:PSS / PU film formed on a silicone rubber substrate can form a well-manufactured conductive layer, wherein the silver nanowires are well connected to form a conductive network, and the PEDOT:PSS / PU fills the gaps to increase conductivity, such as... Figure 4 As shown in b.

[0133] In some embodiments, the silver nanowires in the transparent electrode layer are characterized by a loading weight percentage of about 20 wt% to about 60 wt%. In other embodiments, the loading weight percentage is about 20 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 40 wt%, about 30 wt% to about 60 wt%, about 30 wt% to about 50 wt%, or about 30 wt% to about 40 wt%. In other embodiments, the loading weight percentage is about 40 wt%.

[0134] In some implementations, the transparent electrode layer is characterized by a thickness of about 5 μm to 250 μm. In other embodiments, the thickness is about 5 μm to about 200 μm, about 5 μm to about 150 μm, about 5 μm to about 100 μm, about 5 μm to about 50 μm, about 10 μm to about 250 μm, about 10 μm to about 200 μm, about 10 μm to about 150 μm, about 10 μm to about 100 μm, about 20 μm to about 250 μm, about 20 μm to about 200 μm, about 20 μm to about 150 μm, about 20 μm to about 100 μm, about 30 μm to about 250 μm, about 30 μm to about 200 μm, about 30 μm to about 150 μm, about 30 μm to about 100 μm, about 50 μm to about 250 μm, about 50 μm to about 200 μm, about 50 μm to about 150 μm, or about 50 μm to about 100 μm. In other embodiments, the thickness is 10 μm.

[0135] An electroluminescent layer is sandwiched between the second polymer layer of the pressure-sensing layer and the transparent electrode layer. In this respect, the microstructure faces inward and is not exposed. The intermediate electroluminescent layer also serves as a dielectric, allowing the device to be considered a capacitor.

[0136] In some embodiments, the electroluminescent layer further includes a fluorinated elastomer. In some embodiments, the fluorinated elastomer is PVDF.

[0137] The electroluminescent layer comprises luminescent particles. These particles emit light when exposed to radiant energy. Luminescent particles refer to both fluorescent and phosphorescent particles. Fluorescent particles emit light immediately upon exposure to radiant energy and cease emission when the radiant energy is removed. Phosphorescent particles emit light after a delay upon exposure to radiant energy and continue emitting light after the radiant energy is removed, with their brightness decaying over periods ranging from milliseconds to days.

[0138] As used herein, "luminescent particles" refers to nanoparticles and / or micro-sized particles capable of emitting light. Micro-sized particles are particularly preferred. It is believed that micro-sized particles provide greater long-term stability and therefore greater usability to the device.

[0139] In some embodiments, the luminescent particles are characterized by a particle size of about 5 μm to about 25 μm. In other embodiments, the particle size is about 5 μm to about 20 μm, about 5 μm to about 15 μm, about 5 μm to about 10 μm, about 10 μm to about 25 μm, about 10 μm to about 20 μm, about 15 μm to about 25 μm, or about 15 μm to about 20 μm. In other embodiments, the particle size is about 10 μm to about 15 μm.

[0140] In some implementations, the luminescent particles are uniformly dispersed within the electroluminescent layer or arranged in layers adjacent to the surface of the electroluminescent layer.

[0141] In some embodiments, the luminescent particles are phosphorescent particles. The phosphorescent particles can be ZnS:Cu, ZnS:Mn, ZnS:TbF3, ZnS:SmF3, CaS:Ce, or their doped derivatives. In some embodiments, the luminescent particles are ZnS:Cu.

[0142] In some embodiments, the electroluminescent layer is characterized by a concentration of luminescent particles of about 25 wt% to about 75 wt%. In other embodiments, the concentration is about 25 wt% to about 60 wt%, about 25 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 30 wt% to about 75 wt%, about 30 wt% to about 60 wt%, about 30 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 40 wt% to about 75 wt%, about 40 wt% to about 60 wt%, about 40 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 50 wt% to about 75 wt%, or about 50 wt% to about 60 wt%. In other embodiments, the concentration is about 50 wt%.

[0143] In some embodiments, the electroluminescent layer is characterized by a thickness of about 40 μm to about 120 μm. In other embodiments, the thickness is about 40 μm to about 100 μm, about 40 μm to about 80 μm, about 50 μm to about 120 μm, about 50 μm to about 100 μm, about 50 μm to about 80 μm, about 60 μm to about 120 μm, about 60 μm to about 100 μm, about 60 μm to about 80 μm, about 70 μm to about 120 μm, about 70 μm to about 100 μm, about 70 μm to about 80 μm, about 80 μm to about 120 μm, or about 80 μm to about 100 μm. In other embodiments, the thickness is about 80 μm.

[0144] In some implementations, these layers are adhesively bonded to each other.

[0145] The pressure-sensing layer is electrically connected to the transparent electrode layer. In some embodiments, the electrical connection is via wires. For example, copper wires are connected to the pressure-sensing layer and the transparent electrode using a silver paste. In this sense, the pressure-sensing layer acts as one electrode, and the transparent electrode layer acts as the other. These layers are separated by a non-conductive electroluminescent layer.

[0146] A transparent electrode layer is configured to generate a capacitive output in response to pressure sensed at a pressure sensing layer. When pressure is applied, deformation of the microstructures on the pressure sensing layer results in an increase in contact area and a decrease in the distance between the pressure sensing layer and the transparent electrode layer. The capacitive output varies in response to the changes in contact area and distance between the pressure sensing layer and the transparent electrode layer. The capacitive output can cause luminescent particles in the electroluminescent layer to emit light at different intensities relative to the separation distance.

[0147] In some embodiments, the capacitor output is characterized by a pressure of 0 kPa to about 180 kPa. In other embodiments, the pressure is 0 kPa to about 150 kPa, 0 kPa to about 100 kPa, 0 kPa to about 50 kPa, about 10 kPa to about 180 kPa, about 10 kPa to about 150 kPa, about 10 kPa to about 100 kPa, about 10 kPa to about 50 kPa, about 30 kPa to about 180 kPa, about 30 kPa to about 150 kPa, about 30 kPa to about 100 kPa, about 30 kPa to about 50 kPa, about 50 kPa to about 180 kPa, about 50 kPa to about 150 kPa, about 50 kPa to about 100 kPa, about 100 kPa to about 180 kPa, or about 100 kPa to about 150 kPa. In other embodiments, the pressure is 0 kPa to about 30 kPa. In other embodiments, the pressure is about 30 kPa to about 180 kPa.

[0148] In some implementations, the capacitive output response is characterized by a sensitivity of approximately 0.001 kPa. -1 To approximately 0.050 kPa -1 In other embodiments, the sensitivity is approximately 0.001 kPa. -1 To approximately 0.010 kPa -1 Approximately 0.001 kPa -1 To approximately 0.005 kPa -1 Approximately 0.005 kPa -1 To approximately 0.050 kPa -1 Approximately 0.005 kPa -1 To approximately 0.010 kPa -1 or approximately 0.010 kPa -1 To approximately 0.050 kPa -1 .

[0149] In some implementations, when the sensed pressure is from about 30 kPa to about 180 kPa, the capacitive output response of the device is characterized by a sensitivity of about 0.001 kPa. -1 To approximately 0.005 kPa -1 In other embodiments, the sensitivity is approximately 0.001 kPa.-1 To approximately 0.004 kPa -1 Approximately 0.001 kPa -1 Approximately 0.003 kPa -1 Approximately 0.001 kPa -1 To approximately 0.002 kPa -1 Approximately 0.002 kPa -1 To approximately 0.005 kPa -1 Approximately 0.002 kPa -1 To approximately 0.004 kPa -1 Approximately 0.002 kPa -1 Approximately 0.003 kPa -1 Approximately 0.003 kPa -1 To approximately 0.005 kPa -1 Approximately 0.003 kPa -1 To approximately 0.004 kPa -1 or approximately 0.004 kPa -1 To approximately 0.005 kPa -1 In other embodiments, the sensitivity is approximately 0.002 kPa. -1 .

[0150] In some implementations, when the sensed pressure is from about 0 kPa to about 30 kPa, the capacitive output response of the device is characterized by a sensitivity of about 0.01 kPa. -1 To approximately 0.05 kPa -1 In other embodiments, the sensitivity is approximately 0.01 kPa. -1 Approximately 0.04 kPa -1 Approximately 0.01 kPa -1 Approximately 0.03 kPa -1 Approximately 0.01 kPa -1 To approximately 0.02 kPa -1 Approximately 0.02 kPa -1 To approximately 0.05 kPa -1 Approximately 0.02 kPa -1 Approximately 0.04 kPa -1 Approximately 0.02 kPa -1 Approximately 0.03 kPa -1 Approximately 0.03 kPa -1 To approximately 0.05 kPa -1 Approximately 0.03 kPa -1 Approximately 0.04 kPa -1 or approximately 0.04 kPa -1 To approximately 0.05 kPa -1 In other embodiments, the sensitivity is approximately 0.011 kPa. -1.

[0151] The electroluminescent layer is configured to provide electroluminescence output in response to pressure sensed at the pressure-sensing layer. For example, when connected to a high-voltage alternating current (AC) power source, particles such as ZnS:Cu can produce luminescence proportional to the local electric field strength. When pressure is applied, deformation of the microstructures on the pressure-sensing layer causes a decrease in the distance between the pressure-sensing layer and the transparent electrode. This results in an increase in the electric field strength. The electroluminescence response changes in response to the change in electric field strength caused by the varying pressure applied to the pressure-sensing layer.

[0152] For example, a PVDF electroluminescent layer with embedded ZnS:Cu phosphor particles forms a uniform and elastic film. Figure 4 a) The porous structure of the PVDF substrate contributes to a significant change in capacitance when pressure is applied, resulting in enhanced mechanical sensitivity.

[0153] When patterned pressure is applied to the non-conductive side of the pressure sensing layer, a pressure distribution can be transmitted between the pressure sensing layer and the electroluminescent layer, resulting in an increase in the electric field and the luminescence intensity at the pressure application site. A thinner pressure sensing layer can have higher resolution than a thicker sensing layer.

[0154] In some embodiments, the device is configured to be powered by an AC power supply of about 100 V to about 250 V. In other embodiments, the power supply is about 100 V to about 200 V, about 100 V to about 150 V, about 150 V to about 250 V, or about 150 V to about 200 V. In other embodiments, the power supply is about 150 V.

[0155] Besides voltage and applied pressure, the frequency of the power supply also affects the intensity of electroluminescence. Figure 8 For example, when the voltage is fixed at 100 V and the pressure is maintained at 30 kPa, the luminous intensity increases as the frequency increases from 0 to 5 kHz. When the frequency increases from 0 kHz to 1 kHz, the luminous intensity shows a significant increase, such as... Figure 8 As shown. However, above 1 kHz, the rate of increase in luminous intensity is relatively low. 0-1 kHz can be chosen as the optimal operating frequency for the device because the rate of change in luminous intensity is more significant, while maintaining a balance between power consumption and noise levels.

[0156] In some embodiments, the electroluminescent output is characterized by a frequency of 0 kHz to about 5 kHz. In other embodiments, the frequency is 0 kHz to about 4 kHz, 0 kHz to about 3 kHz, 0 kHz to about 2 kHz, 0 kHz to about 1 kHz, about 1 kHz to about 5 kHz, about 1 kHz to about 4 kHz, about 1 kHz to about 3 kHz, about 1 kHz to about 2 kHz, about 2 kHz to about 5 kHz, about 2 kHz to about 4 kHz, about 2 kHz to about 3 kHz, about 3 kHz to about 5 kHz, about 3 kHz to about 4 kHz, or about 4 kHz to about 5 kHz. In other embodiments, the frequency is about 1 kHz.

[0157] In some embodiments, the electroluminescent output is characterized by a pressure of 0 kPa to about 180 kPa. In other embodiments, the pressure is 0 kPa to about 150 kPa, 0 kPa to about 100 kPa, 0 kPa to about 50 kPa, about 10 kPa to about 180 kPa, about 10 kPa to about 150 kPa, about 10 kPa to about 100 kPa, about 10 kPa to about 50 kPa, about 30 kPa to about 180 kPa, about 30 kPa to about 150 kPa, about 30 kPa to about 100 kPa, about 30 kPa to about 50 kPa, about 50 kPa to about 180 kPa, about 50 kPa to about 150 kPa, about 50 kPa to about 100 kPa, about 100 kPa to about 180 kPa, or about 100 kPa to about 150 kPa. In other embodiments, the pressure is 0 kPa to about 30 kPa. In other implementations, the pressure is from about 30 kPa to about 180 kPa.

[0158] The sensitivity of the electroluminescence output can be changed by adjusting the voltage of the AC power supply.

[0159] In some implementations, the electroluminescence output is characterized by a sensitivity of approximately 0.1 kPa. -1 Approximately 1.5 kPa -1 In other embodiments, the sensitivity is approximately 0.1 kPa. -1 Approximately 1.0 kPa -1 Approximately 0.1 kPa -1 Approximately 0.8 kPa -1 Approximately 0.1 kPa -1 Approximately 0.5 kPa -1 Approximately 0.20 kPa -1 Approximately 1.5 kPa -1 Approximately 0.2 kPa -1 Approximately 1.0 kPa -1 Approximately 0.2 kPa -1 Approximately 0.80 kPa -1Approximately 0.2 kPa -1 Approximately 0.5 kPa -1 Approximately 0.5 kPa -1 Approximately 1.5 kPa -1 Approximately 0.5 kPa -1 Approximately 1.0 kPa -1 Approximately 0.5 kPa -1 Approximately 0.8 kPa -1 or about 1 kPa -1 Approximately 1.5 kPa -1 .

[0160] In some implementations, when the sensed pressure is from about 30 kPa to about 180 kPa, the electroluminescence output of the device is characterized by a sensitivity of about 0.1 kPa. -1 Approximately 0.5 kPa -1 In other embodiments, the sensitivity is approximately 0.1 kPa. -1 Approximately 0.4 kPa -1 Approximately 0.1 kPa -1 Approximately 0.3 kPa -1 Approximately 0.1 kPa -1 Approximately 0.2 kPa -1 Approximately 0.2 kPa -1 Approximately 0.5 kPa -1 Approximately 0.2 kPa -1 Approximately 0.4 kPa -1 Approximately 0.2 kPa -1 Approximately 0.3 kPa -1 Approximately 0.3 kPa -1 Approximately 0.5 kPa -1 Approximately 0.3 kPa -1 Approximately 0.4 kPa -1 or approximately 0.4 kPa -1 Approximately 0.5 kPa -1 In other embodiments, the sensitivity is approximately 0.15 kPa. -1 .

[0161] In some implementations, when the sensed pressure is from 0 kPa to approximately 30 kPa, the electroluminescence output of the device is characterized by a sensitivity of approximately 1 kPa. -1 Approximately 1.5 kPa -1 In other implementations, the sensitivity is approximately 1 kPa. -1 Approximately 1.4 kPa -1 Approximately 1 kPa -1 Approximately 1.3 kPa -1 Approximately 1 kPa -1 Approximately 1.2 kPa -1Approximately 1.1 kPa -1 Approximately 1.5 kPa -1 Approximately 1.1 kPa -1 Approximately 1.4 kPa -1 Approximately 1.1 kPa -1 Approximately 1.3 kPa -1 Approximately 1.1 kPa -1 Approximately 1.2 kPa -1 Approximately 1.2 kPa -1 Approximately 1.5 kPa -1 Approximately 1.2 kPa -1 Approximately 1.4 kPa -1 Approximately 1.2 kPa -1 Approximately 1.3 kPa -1 Approximately 1.3 kPa -1 Approximately 1.5 kPa -1 Approximately 1.3 kPa -1 Approximately 1.4 kPa -1 or approximately 1.4 kPa -1 Approximately 1.5 kPa -1 In other embodiments, the sensitivity is approximately 1.12 kPa. -1 .

[0162] The pressure sensing device can be stretchable. The presence of PEDOT:PSS / PU can enhance the connectivity and stability of the metal nanowire network. For example, the addition of PEDOT:PSS / PU sprayed onto the metal nanowire can result in approximately 45% strain before fracture during stretching.

[0163] In some embodiments, the device is characterized by a strain of about 30% to about 60%. In other embodiments, the strain is about 30% to about 55%, about 30% to about 50%, about 30% to about 45%, about 35% to about 60%, about 35% to about 55%, about 35% to about 50%, about 35% to about 45%, about 40% to about 60%, about 40% to about 55%, about 40% to about 50%, about 40% to about 45%, about 45% to about 60%, about 45% to about 55%, or about 45% to about 50%. In some embodiments, the strain is about 45%.

[0164] This disclosure also relates to a method of manufacturing a pressure sensing device as disclosed herein, the method comprising: a) Bond the pressure sensing layer to the surface of the electroluminescent layer, such that the second polymer layer of the pressure sensing layer is in contact with the surface of the electroluminescent layer; b) Bonding the other surface of the electroluminescent layer to the transparent electrode layer, such that the electroluminescent layer is sandwiched between the second polymer layer of the pressure sensing layer and the transparent electrode layer; and c) Electrically connected pressure sensing layer and transparent electrode layer.

[0165] For example, such as Figure 2 As shown, a polymer film is cured onto a silicon wafer with complementary microstructures, followed by coating with a mixture of silver nanowire solution and polymer layer. Silver nanowires and polymer layer can be sprayed onto the polymer film to form a pressure-sensing layer. A transparent electrode layer is formed by coating a layer of silver nanowires and a layer of polymer onto a silicone rubber substrate without microstructures. Silver nanowires and polymer layer can be sprayed. An electroluminescent layer is formed by coating a mixture of polymer and ZnS:Cu. Coating can be performed by blade coating. These layers are then assembled.

[0166] In some embodiments, the bonding in step a) is performed using an adhesive. In some embodiments, the adhesive is double-sided tape.

[0167] In some embodiments, the bonding in step b) is performed using an adhesive. In some embodiments, the adhesive is double-sided tape.

[0168] In some embodiments, the pressure sensing layer and the transparent electrode layer are electrically connected using wires and / or a metallic paste. In some embodiments, the pressure sensing layer and the transparent electrode layer are electrically connected using copper wires and a silver paste.

[0169] This disclosure also relates to a method for detecting pressure, comprising: a) Applying pressure to a pressure sensing device as disclosed herein; and b) Obtain electroluminescent output and / or capacitive output from the pressure sensing device. Example

[0170] Manufacturing of pressure sensing devices The device consists of a three-layer structure, including a pressure-sensing layer, transparent electrodes, and an electroluminescent layer sandwiched between them. Figure 1As shown, photolithography was used to construct the pressure-sensing layer to fabricate a silicon wafer with complementary microstructures measuring 20 μm in diameter, 15 μm in height, and 10 μm in spacing. A PDMS mixture consisting of a base and a curing agent (w / w = 10:1) was then poured into a template and cured at 70°C for approximately 4 hours to obtain a PDMS film with a micro-dome structure. The resulting film was treated with a tergeo plasm cleaner at 15 W for 2 minutes, followed by spraying a solution of silver nanowires (AgNWs) (5 mg / ml; 90 nm; 50 μm) onto a hot plate at 70°C. To enhance the tensile strength and flexibility of the conductive network on the film, a mixture of PEDOT:PSS / PU was sprayed onto it. The pressure-sensing layer was then heated on a hot plate at 120°C for 30 minutes. The same method was used to fabricate the transparent electrode, except that the substrate used was a silicone rubber sheet without microstructures.

[0171] To create the electroluminescent layer, a fluorinated elastomer is mixed with acetone, followed by the addition of 50 wt% ZnS:Cu and coated to form a thin film. For example, ZnS:Cu can be mixed with a 4 wt% PVDF solution at a 1:1 ratio. Copper wires are connected to the pressure sensing layer and the transparent electrode via silver paste, and the device is assembled layer by layer using double-sided tape. Figure 2 As shown, where Figure 2 a shows a method for manufacturing the pressure sensing layer. Figure 2 b illustrates a method for manufacturing an electroluminescent layer, and Figure 2 c illustrates a method for manufacturing a transparent electrode.

[0172] Micromorphology of each component of the pressure sensing device The micromorphology of the pressure sensing layer was examined using SEM. The micro-dots on this layer exhibited a height of 15 μm and a diameter of 20 μm, and were uniformly spaced at 10 μm intervals. Figure 3 As shown in Figure a. After being coated with the AgNW dispersion, the AgNW becomes well-connected and forms a conductive network after curing, as shown in Figure a. Figure 3 As shown in c. To further improve the conductivity and flexibility of this layer, a PEDOT:PSS / PU solution is applied, resulting in the formation of a hybrid conductive film, such as... Figure 3 As shown in d. Top view of the layer coated with the hybrid conductive film. Figure 3 As shown in b.

[0173] Figure 3 a shows a side view of the micro-dot array on the pressure sensing layer. Figure 3 b shows a top view of a micro-dot array coated with AgNW and PEDOT:PSS / PU. Figure 3 c shows a single dome coated with AgNW. Figure 3Figure d shows a single dome coated with AgNW and PEDOT:PSS / PU.

[0174] like Figure 4 As shown in Figure a, the PVDF electroluminescent layer contains embedded ZnS:Cu phosphor particles and forms a uniform and elastic film. The porous structure of the PVDF substrate contributes to a significant change in capacitance under pressure, resulting in enhanced mechanical sensitivity. Furthermore, an AgNWs / PEDOT:PSS / PU film is formed on a transparent electrode, exhibiting a well-manufactured conductive layer, in which AgNWs are well interconnected to form a conductive network, and PEDOT:PSS / PU fills the gaps to increase conductivity, such as... Figure 4 As shown in b.

[0175] Figure 4 a shows ZnS:Cu particles embedded in PVDF. Figure 4 b shows the AgNWs / PEDOT:PSS / PU film on the transparent electrode.

[0176] Capacitive response of pressure sensing device Electronic skin is characterized by two sensing modes: capacitive response and electroluminescent response.

[0177] The capacitance of the electronic skin can be expressed as: (1) Where ε0 represents the dielectric constant of vacuum, ε r Let represent the relative permittivity, A be the effective area of ​​the electrodes, and d correspond to the spacing between the plates. When pressure is applied to the device, the microstructures on the pressure-sensing layer undergo deformation. This deformation results in an increased contact area and a decreased distance between the two electrodes. The sensitivity of the capacitive response is defined as: (2) Where P is the applied pressure, and ΔC and C0 are the capacitance change and initial capacitance of the device, respectively. Regarding the capacitive pressure response, the device exhibits two linear regions when pressures in the range of 0-180 kPa are applied. The first region, covering the low pressure range (<30 kPa), indicates a linear response at 0.011 kPa. -1 Sensitivity. The second region, covering the high pressure range (30-180 kPa), showed 0.002 kPa. -1 Sensitivity. Figure 5 Figure a presents the response curves illustrating these sensitivities. The device's high sensitivity in the low-pressure region, along with its wide sensing range, indicates its ability to detect small stimuli while also accurately measuring large stimuli across a wide range. Furthermore, the device exhibits high stability and flexibility, maintaining its pressure-sensing performance even after 1000 bending cycles. Figure 5 As shown in b.

[0178] Figure 5 a shows the capacitive pressure-sensing curve. Figure 5 b shows the pressure sensing curves before and after 1000 bending cycles.

[0179] To assess the device's response time, a sudden pressure is applied to it. For example... Figure 6 As shown in Figure a, after pressure is applied, the device exhibits a short response time of 110 ms to reach a steady state. After the pressure is removed, the device rapidly recovers to its initial state within only 150 ms. This response and recovery time highlights the device's ability to quickly adapt to changes in pressure stimulation. Furthermore, when a series of finger touches are applied to the device, it can detect gentle finger pressure events, demonstrating high sensitivity and rapid response, such as... Figure 6 As shown in b. (As shown in...) Figure 7 As shown, when at 10 kPa s -1 When subjected to 4000 load-unload cycles at a load rate, the device exhibits good cycle stability.

[0180] Figure 6 a illustrates the response and recovery of a device subjected to sudden pressure. Figure 6 b illustrates a finger press event on the device.

[0181] Figure 7 The display shows the cyclic stability of the device after 4000 load-unload cycles. Figure 7 b shows Figure 7 An enlarged view of the cyclic stability plot in a.

[0182] Electroluminescence response of pressure sensing device When connected to a high-voltage AC power supply, the optical particles ZnS:Cu within the electroluminescent layer emit light proportional to the local electric field strength. Pressure applied to the device reduces the distance between the pressure-sensing layer and the transparent electrode, resulting in an increase in the electric field strength. This change in electric field strength helps to modulate the luminescence in response to varying pressure levels.

[0183] Besides voltage and applied pressure, the frequency of the power supply also affects the intensity of electroluminescence. When the voltage is fixed at 100 V and the pressure is maintained at 30 kPa, the luminescence intensity shows an increasing trend as the frequency increases from 0 to 5 kHz. Notably, when the frequency increases from 0 kHz to 1 kHz, the luminescence intensity shows a significant increase, such as... Figure 8 As shown. However, above 1 kHz, the rate of increase in luminous intensity becomes relatively low, accompanied by higher power consumption and greater noise. 0-1 kHz was determined to be the optimal operating frequency for the device because the rate of change in luminous intensity is more significant, while maintaining a balance between power consumption and noise levels.

[0184] To investigate the light emission pressure sensing performance of the device, increasing pressures ranging from 0 to 180 kPa were applied, with a voltage range of 100-250 V and an operating frequency of 1 kHz. The results show that the device exhibits high sensitivity in its light emission response within a low pressure range of 0-30 kPa. However, above 30 kPa, the sensitivity decreases, as shown in the results. The sensitivity of the light emission response is defined as: (3) Where P represents the applied pressure, and ΔL and L0 are the light emission change and initial light emission of the device, respectively. Figure 9 As shown, it can be observed that the slope of the sensing curve increases with the increase of the AC power supply voltage, indicating an increase in the sensitivity of the device. Therefore, the sensitivity can be changed by adjusting the AC power supply voltage.

[0185] The device exhibits a short response time for light emission. To test the changes in light emission, a pen tip was pressed against the device, and the light emission was recorded using a camera. Figure 10 As shown, after pressing the pen tip, it takes approximately 30ms for the pressed area to reach its maximum luminous intensity. After removing the pen tip, the device takes another 30ms to fully decay.

[0186] Overall, the electronic skin exhibits good sensing performance with dual sensing modes, making it suitable for various application scenarios.

[0187] Pressure mapping with high spatial resolution This device enables high-resolution pressure mapping, such as fingerprints, with minimal distortion. When patterned pressure is applied to the non-conductive side of the pressure-sensing layer (i.e., on the outward surface of the first polymer layer), the pressure distribution is transmitted between the pressure-sensing layer and the electroluminescent layer, resulting in an increase in the electric field and the intensity of luminescence at the pressure application site. Resolution is characterized by pressing an array of pillars with different densities onto the device. Two pressure-sensing layers of different thicknesses (200 μm and 10 μm) were tested for comparison.

[0188] Devices with a 200 μm thick pressure sensing layer exhibit low mapping resolution, capable of distinguishing only column arrays with a 400 μm radius and 400 μm gap, but unable to distinguish column arrays with a 200 μm radius and 200 μm gap, nor can they distinguish fingerprints, such as... Figure 11 As shown in figure a. However, utilizing a 10μm thick pressure-sensing layer, the device can identify both columnar arrays and fingerprints, as shown in figure a. Figure 11 As shown in b. These results demonstrate the high potential of this device for high-resolution pressure mapping applications.

[0189] To mimic the pressure-sensing function of human skin, the device's capabilities have been expanded beyond detecting static pressure to include dynamic stimuli. This was demonstrated by writing the letter "L" on the device with a brush. The trajectory was recorded at 0.5-second intervals, as shown... Figure 12 As shown. By assembling these trajectories, the letter "L" is clearly displayed. This dynamic sensing capability highlights the device's potential for applications such as haptic feedback and prosthetics.

[0190] For high-resolution pressure mapping, an image of the fingerprint emission distribution on the capture device is used. For the region within the dashed box, pixel intensity is calculated, which not only reveals spatial detail but also the relative magnitude of the pressure, such as... Figure 13 As shown. This method allows for quantitative analysis of pressure distribution and can be used to provide feedback in applications such as touchscreens and robots.

[0191] Biomedical Applications - Foot Pressure Mapping Pressure mapping is widely used in various healthcare scenarios, including foot pressure mapping. The proposed device for pressure mapping... Figure 14 As shown in the diagram, when people stand on the device, the emitted light can be reflected by a mirror, making it easily observable to the naked eye or captured by a camera for further signal processing. This method provides a non-invasive and convenient way to analyze pressure distribution on the foot, which can aid in the diagnosis and treatment of various foot-related conditions.

[0192] The 3D-printed model was applied to a 4cm x 4cm pressure sensing device. The AC power supply had a voltage of 150V and a frequency of 1kHz. The emission distribution was captured and... Figure 15 As shown in b. To obtain the pressure distribution, when a 1cm × 1cm 3D printed stamp is applied to the device at different pressures, a curve is generated by capturing images of the light emission distribution, and then the corresponding average pixel intensity is calculated, such as... Figure 15 As shown in a. Calculation from the raw image captured by the camera. Figure 15 The pixel intensity distribution in c. Using the conversion curve between pressure and emission, a pressure mapping for the model is generated, such as... Figure 15 As shown in d. These results demonstrate the potential of pressure sensing devices for pressure mapping applications involving various anatomical structures.

[0193] Figure 15 a shows the relationship between pixel intensity and applied pressure. Figure 15 b shows a glowing image of a foot model pressed against the device. Figure 15 c shows Figure 15 The distribution of pixel intensity in the image presented in b. Figure 15 d shows the use of Figure 15 The characteristic curve depicted in a is from Figure 15 c-derived pressure mapping.

[0194] Tensile properties of pressure sensing devices To evaluate the tensile strength of the pressure sensing device, the inventors fabricated transparent electrodes coated with AgNW and varying amounts of sprayed PEDOT:PSS / PU, and then tested them using a tensile testing machine. Figure 16 As shown in figure a. The electrode size is 2cm × 2cm, and 50mL or 100mL of PEDOT:PSS / PU is sprayed onto the electrode. The corresponding results are shown in Figure 16 As shown in b. Initially, using only AgNW, the electrode exhibited weak interconnectivity and slight overlap of the AgNW. The introduction of PEDOT:PSS / PU enhanced the connectivity and stability of the AgNW network. With the addition of 50 ml of PEDOT:PSS / PU, the partially formed film resulted in partial coverage of the electrode and approximately 8% tensile strain. Using 100 ml of PEDOT:PSS / PU produced a fully formed film (approximately 200 to 600 nm thick) and an electrode that remained intact until stretched to 45% strain, demonstrating excellent tensile properties.

[0195] It should be understood that numerous further modifications and substitutions are possible for the various aspects of the described embodiments. Therefore, the described aspects are intended to include all such changes, modifications, and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

[0196] Throughout this specification and the following claims, unless the context otherwise requires, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as “comprises” and “comprising”, shall be understood to imply inclusion of the stated integer or step or group of integers or steps, without excluding any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.

[0197] Throughout this specification and the following claims, unless the context otherwise requires, the phrase “consistently of…” and variations thereof, such as “consistently of…”, shall be understood to indicate that the listed element(s) is essential, i.e., a necessary element of the invention. This phrase allows for the presence of other undescribed elements that do not substantially affect the characteristics of the invention, but does not include additional unspecified elements that would affect the fundamental and novel features of the defined method.

[0198] References to any previously disclosed (or derived) or known substances in this specification do not and should not be construed as an admission or acceptance, or in any way implying, that such previously disclosed (or derived) or known substances constitute part of the relevant common general knowledge in the field to which this specification pertains.

Claims

1. A pressure sensing device, comprising: a) A pressure sensing layer comprising a first polymer layer and a second polymer layer, the first polymer layer comprising microstructures on a first surface thereon, and the second polymer layer being adjacent to the microstructures on the first surface. b) A transparent electrode layer configured to be electrically conductive; c) An electroluminescent layer comprising luminescent particles, the electroluminescent layer being sandwiched between the second polymer layer of the pressure sensing layer and the transparent electrode layer; The pressure sensing layer is electrically connected to the transparent electrode layer; The microstructures are configured to be electrically responsive to changes in their morphology; and The electroluminescent layer is configured to provide electroluminescent output, and the transparent electrode layer is configured to generate capacitive output in response to pressure sensed by the pressure sensing layer.

2. The device according to claim 1, wherein the microstructure is a micro-dome array.

3. The device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the microstructure is characterized by a diameter of about 10 μm to about 40 μm and / or a height of about 5 μm to about 30 μm.

4. The device according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the microstructure is characterized by a spacing of about 5 μm to about 20 μm.

5. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the first polymer layer is formed of PDMS.

6. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the first polymer layer is characterized in that its thickness is from about 5 μm to about 250 μm.

7. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the second polymer layer is formed of a combination of PEDOT:PSS and PU in a weight ratio of about 1:1 to about 3:

1.

8. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the first polymer layer is bonded to the second polymer layer via electrostatic interaction and / or van der Waals interaction.

9. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the second polymer layer is characterized in that its thickness is about 500 nm to about 1000 nm.

10. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the pressure sensing layer further comprises metal nanowires, the metal nanowires being uniformly dispersed in the first polymer layer, uniformly dispersed in the second polymer layer, or arranged in layers adjacent to the microstructure.

11. The device of claim 10, wherein the metal nanowires in the pressure sensing layer are characterized in that the load weight percentage is from about 20% to about 60% by weight.

12. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the pressure sensing layer is characterized in that its thickness is from about 10 μm to about 280 μm.

13. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the transparent electrode layer comprises a third polymer layer and a fourth polymer layer adjacent to the third polymer layer.

14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the third polymer layer is formed of PDMS.

15. The apparatus of claim 13 or 14, wherein the third polymer layer is characterized in that its thickness is from about 5 μm to about 250 μm.

16. The apparatus according to any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein the fourth polymer layer is formed of a combination of PEDOT:PSS and PU in a weight ratio of about 1:1 to about 3:

1.

17. The apparatus according to any one of claims 13 to 16, wherein the third polymer layer is bonded to the fourth polymer layer via electrostatic interaction and / or van der Waals interaction.

18. The apparatus according to any one of claims 13 to 17, wherein the fourth polymer layer is characterized in that its thickness is about 500 nm to about 1000 nm.

19. The apparatus according to any one of claims 13 to 18, wherein the transparent electrode layer further comprises metal nanowires uniformly dispersed within the third polymer layer, uniformly dispersed within the fourth polymer layer, or arranged in layers between the third polymer layer and the fourth polymer layer.

20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the metal nanowires in the transparent electrode layer are characterized by a loading weight percentage of about 20% to about 60% by weight.

21. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the transparent electrode layer is characterized in that its thickness is from about 5 μm to about 250 μm.

22. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein the electroluminescent layer further comprises a fluorinated elastomer.

23. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the fluorinated elastomer is PVDF.

24. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 4423, wherein the light-emitting particles are uniformly dispersed within the electroluminescent layer or arranged in layers adjacent to the surface of the electroluminescent layer.

25. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 24, wherein the luminescent particles are selected from ZnS:Cu, ZnS:Mn, ZnS:TbF3, ZnS:SmF3, CaS:Ce and their doped derivatives.

26. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 25, wherein the electroluminescent layer is characterized in that the concentration of luminescent particles is from about 25% to 75% by weight.

27. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 26, wherein the electroluminescent layer is characterized in that its thickness is about 40 μm to about 120 μm.

28. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 27, wherein the layers are adhesively bonded to each other.

29. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 28, wherein the pressure sensing layer and the transparent electrode layer are electrically connected via wires.

30. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 29, wherein the microstructure is configured to deform under pressure.

31. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 30, wherein the capacitor output is characterized by a pressure of 0 kPa to about 180 kPa.

32. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 31, wherein the capacitive output response is characterized by a sensitivity of about 0.001 kPa. -1 To approximately 0.05 kPa -1 .

33. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 32, wherein the apparatus is configured to be powered by an AC power source of about 100 V to about 250 V.

34. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 33, wherein the electroluminescent output is characterized by a frequency of 0 kHz to about 5 kHz.

35. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 34, wherein the electroluminescent output is characterized by a pressure of 0 kPa to about 180 kPa.

36. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 35, wherein the electroluminescent output is characterized by a sensitivity of about 0.1 kPa. -1 Approximately 1.5 kPa -1 .

37. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 36, wherein the apparatus is characterized in that the strain is from about 30% to about 55%.

38. A method of manufacturing a pressure sensing device according to any one of claims 1 to 37, comprising: a) Bonding the pressure sensing layer to the surface of the electroluminescent layer, such that the second polymer layer of the pressure sensing layer is in contact with the surface of the electroluminescent layer; b) Bond the other surface of the electroluminescent layer to the transparent electrode layer, such that the electroluminescent layer is sandwiched between the second polymer layer of the pressure sensing layer and the transparent electrode layer; c) Electrically connect the pressure sensing layer and the transparent electrode layer.

39. The method of claim 38, wherein the bonding in step a) and / or step b) is performed using an adhesive.

40. The method of claim 38 or 39, wherein the pressure sensing layer and the transparent electrode layer are electrically connected using wires and / or a metal paste.

41. A method for detecting pressure, comprising: a) Apply pressure to the pressure sensing device according to any one of claims 1 to 37; as well as b) Obtain electroluminescent output and / or capacitive output from the pressure sensing device.

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