Deuterium water conversion and purification system

Abstract

The invention relates to a deuterium water conversion and purification system, and belongs to the technical field of isotope separation and purification. The system comprises a deuterium gas supply unit, a deuterium gas electrochemical reaction conversion unit, a multi-stage condensation separation purification unit and a deuterium water storage unit. On the basis of deuterium gas supply pressure, non-stop automatic switching is triggered, and deuterium gas non-backflow control is executed through a backflow blocking mechanism; generating electric energy and tail gas containing deuterium water vapor based on continuously supplied deuterium gas and a drying oxidant; a gradient gas-liquid separation process and a closed-loop temperature control regulation mechanism are adopted to obtain primarily purified liquid deuterium water, and high-purity deuterium water is generated through a high-selectivity ion exchange adsorption process; and obtaining deuterium water storage capacity data and conductivity parameters, analyzing the deuterium water storage capacity data and the conductivity parameters with a preset conductivity parameter threshold value, and triggering purification material regeneration reminding. The system realizes collaborative linkage of deuterium gas supply, conversion, purification and storage monitoring, and ensures the continuity and purity stability of deuterium water preparation.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of isotope separation and purification technology, specifically relating to a deuterium-water conversion and purification system. Background Technology

[0002] As a highly efficient and clean energy conversion device, fuel cells directly output electrical energy through the electrochemical reaction of fuel and oxidant. The reaction product is typically water (or water containing hydrogen isotopes), offering significant advantages in energy utilization. Deuterium, as a stable isotope of hydrogen, produces deuterium-water (heavy water), a reaction product that plays an irreplaceable role in high-end applications such as NMR solvents and scientific research experiments, resulting in a sustained market demand for high-purity deuterium-water. Compared to other deuterium-to-deuterium-water conversion technologies, using fuel cell systems for this conversion offers the inherent advantage of higher deuterium-water purity, making it the preferred technological path in this field.

[0003] However, existing deuterium gas to deuterium water conversion technologies based on fuel cell systems still face two major technical bottlenecks that severely restrict their industrial application: Insufficient gas supply continuity: The existing system relies on a single deuterium gas container for gas supply. When the deuterium gas is exhausted, the system needs to be manually shut down to replace the container, which causes the entire conversion system to stop operating and cannot achieve continuous water production. This significantly reduces production efficiency and makes it difficult to meet the needs of large-scale, continuous deuterium water preparation.

[0004] Low efficiency and low purity of deuterium water recovery: Existing technologies for recovering deuterium water vapor from reaction tail gas mostly use a single condensation device, and the condensation efficiency is easily affected by temperature fluctuations, resulting in poor overall recovery effect. At the same time, during the recovery process, deuterium water is prone to carrying metal ions detached from fuel cell stacks and reaction residue impurity ions, making it difficult for the final deuterium water purity to meet the stringent requirements of high-end application scenarios.

[0005] Therefore, how to overcome the limitations of existing technologies and design a fuel cell system capable of continuous gas supply, efficient recovery, and precise purification of deuterium water, solving the core problems of power source replacement during downtime, low recovery efficiency, and insufficient purity, has become a pressing technical challenge in this field, and also provides a clear direction for technical improvement in this invention. Summary of the Invention

[0006] To address the aforementioned problems in the existing technology, the present invention provides a deuterium-water conversion and purification system. The objective of the present invention can be achieved through the following technical solution: A deuterium-water conversion and purification system, comprising: a deuterium gas supply unit, a deuterium gas electrochemical reaction conversion unit, a multi-stage condensation separation and purification unit, and a deuterium-water storage unit; The deuterium gas supply unit triggers automatic switching of the supply source without shutdown based on real-time feedback of the deuterium gas supply pressure, and performs deuterium gas backflow control during the switching process through a backflow blocking mechanism on the gas supply path; The deuterium electrochemical reaction conversion unit generates electrical energy through an electrochemical reaction based on a continuously supplied deuterium gas and a drying oxidant, and generates exhaust gas containing deuterium water vapor, controlling the temperature range and deuterium concentration of the exhaust gas. The multi-stage condensation separation and purification unit uses a gradient gas-liquid separation process to condense the tail gas. The condensation temperature is adjusted through a closed-loop temperature control mechanism to obtain pre-purified liquid deuterium water. Subsequently, a high-selectivity ion exchange adsorption process is used to treat the metal ions and reaction residue impurity ions in the deuterium water to generate high-purity deuterium water. The deuterium water storage unit acquires deuterium water storage data and conductivity parameters in real time, processes the conductivity parameters, analyzes the processed conductivity parameters against preset conductivity parameter thresholds, and triggers a purification material regeneration reminder based on the analysis results; at the same time, it adjusts the monitoring frequency based on changes in the deuterium water storage data.

[0007] Specifically, the process of triggering automatic switching of the supply source without shutdown based on real-time feedback of deuterium supply pressure is as follows: the output pressure of the currently working deuterium supply source is obtained in real time. When the output pressure is lower than a preset threshold, the gas supply path of the backup deuterium supply source is automatically opened, and the gas supply path of the currently working deuterium supply source is closed at the same time.

[0008] Specifically, the backflow blocking mechanism includes: setting unidirectional conduction blocking structures for the gas supply paths of the dual-path deuterium gas supply sources, performing unidirectional conduction according to the airflow direction in the gas supply path, and preventing deuterium gas from flowing back to the non-working supply source when a pressure difference is generated during the switching of the supply source through its own unidirectional conduction characteristics.

[0009] Specifically, the process of controlling the temperature range and deuterium concentration of the tail gas containing deuterium water vapor includes: dynamically matching the supply rate of continuously supplied deuterium gas and dry oxidant to maintain the balance of material ratio in the reaction system; stabilizing the target temperature range and deuterium concentration of the tail gas by regulating the heat dissipation state during the reaction process, preventing external moisture from entering the reaction system, and providing a reaction environment for the efficient advancement of the electrochemical reaction.

[0010] Specifically, the closed-loop temperature control mechanism includes: starting the refrigeration equipment to provide cooling capacity to the heat exchange stage, acquiring the gas temperature at the outlet of the heat exchange stage in real time, using a proportional-integral-derivative control algorithm, outputting a refrigeration power adjustment command based on the deviation between the set target temperature and the acquired gas temperature, and adjusting the refrigeration power according to the set adjustment gradient and adjustment interval.

[0011] Specifically, the core logic of the proportional-integral-derivative adjustment algorithm is as follows: receiving the deviation between the target temperature set in the closed-loop temperature control mechanism and the real-time gas temperature, responding to the current deviation through proportional operation, eliminating the accumulated deviation through integral operation, predicting the trend of deviation change through derivative operation, and outputting a cooling power adjustment command based on the comprehensive calculation results to perform dynamic correction of the temperature deviation.

[0012] Specifically, the condensation process of the tail gas containing deuterium water vapor using the gradient gas-liquid separation process is as follows: the tail gas containing deuterium water vapor first enters the primary gas-liquid separation stage, where it is adsorbed and naturally cooled by a metal mesh of a preset specification, and some of the water vapor is condensed into liquid deuterium water and collected; the uncondensed gas enters the secondary gas-liquid separation stage, where the remaining water vapor is condensed into liquid deuterium water and collected by the enhanced adsorption effect of the metal mesh.

[0013] Specifically, the highly selective ion exchange adsorption process includes: when deuterium water accumulates to a preset amount, the transport process is started to introduce the deuterium water into a dedicated ion exchange treatment stage. The highly selective adsorption medium is composed of a cation exchange resin that specifically adsorbs metal cations and anion exchange resin that specifically adsorbs residual anionic impurities in the reaction, mixed in a preset ratio. During the treatment stage, the deuterium water comes into full contact with the highly selective adsorption medium, and through specific adsorption, removes metal ions and residual impurity ions from the deuterium water.

[0014] Specifically, the process of processing the conductivity parameter is as follows: the conductivity parameter is processed using a moving average filtering algorithm, a sampling window length adapted to the characteristics of the deuterium water output flow is set, the mean value of continuous sampling points within the window is calculated, and the filtered conductivity data is corrected for deviation by combining a preset sensor calibration coefficient.

[0015] Specifically, the weighted calculation process of the preliminary intrusion judgment result and the target situation information set is as follows: First, the initial weights are assigned to the feature dimensions based on the correlation strength between the feature dimensions and the intrusion behavior. Then, the weight ratios are adjusted according to the matching degree feedback state of the features and the intrusion behavior during the real-time verification process. After quantifying the signal features in the preliminary intrusion judgment result and the target features in the target situation information set respectively, they are weighted and fused according to the adjusted weights to calculate the comprehensive verification value.

[0016] Specifically, the process of triggering the purification material regeneration reminder is as follows: a continuous monitoring and judgment period is set, and the processed conductivity parameter is compared with the preset conductivity parameter threshold in real time and monitored in real time within the judgment period. Based on the comparison result, it is determined that the adsorption capacity of the ion exchange resin in the deionizer has decayed, and then the purification material regeneration reminder is triggered.

[0017] Specifically, the process of adjusting the monitoring frequency based on changes in deuterium water storage data is as follows: low, medium, and high volume ranges are pre-defined according to the volume characteristics of the water tank, with the high volume range corresponding to the deuterium water storage state close to the start of deionization purification; a time-series change tracking mechanism is used to obtain the dynamic change trend of deuterium water storage in real time, and the monitoring frequency is adjusted according to the range in which the dynamic change trend is located.

[0018] The beneficial effects of this invention are: This invention achieves continuous deuterium gas supply and ensures uninterrupted system operation. Through a dual-path deuterium gas collection chamber design, combined with real-time pressure monitoring and a non-stop automatic switching mechanism, it solves the drawback of traditional systems requiring manual shutdown to replace the deuterium gas collection chamber. At the same time, the one-way valve structure on the gas supply path effectively blocks the backflow of deuterium gas caused by pressure difference during the switching process, ensuring the continuity and stability of the gas supply, improving the efficiency of deuterium water production, and meeting the needs of large-scale and continuous preparation.

[0019] To improve deuterium water recovery efficiency and reduce resource waste, a gradient gas-liquid separation process combining primary natural heat dissipation condensation and secondary closed-loop temperature-controlled condensation is adopted. The primary separation achieves partial water vapor condensation through adsorption and heat dissipation using a metal mesh of specific specifications. The secondary separation utilizes the closed-loop temperature control of the chiller and enhanced adsorption to significantly improve the overall condensation efficiency. At the same time, through the prior calibration of the back pressure valve, the deuterium water recovery efficiency and the air compressor operation safety are balanced, recovering deuterium-containing water vapor in the exhaust gas and reducing the waste of deuterium resources.

[0020] To control the purity of deuterium water and meet the needs of high-end applications, a dual purification strategy of multi-stage condensation demisting and ion exchange purification is adopted. On the one hand, multi-stage gas-liquid separation reduces gaseous impurities entrained in the deuterium water. On the other hand, the combination of specific cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin in the deionizer can efficiently adsorb metal ions and reaction residue impurity ions in the deuterium water. Coupled with real-time monitoring of the conductivity at the outlet and a resin regeneration reminder mechanism, the purity of the deuterium water after purification is ensured to be stable and controllable.

[0021] The system operates stably and reliably, reducing maintenance costs. The chiller's closed-loop temperature control employs a proportional-integral-derivative (PI-DE) adjustment algorithm. Through gradient adjustment and interval control of cooling power, it avoids heat exchanger frosting or decreased condensation efficiency caused by sudden changes in cooling power, keeping the condensation temperature stable within a suitable range. Simultaneously, multi-dimensional sensing and automatic control logic, including liquid level monitoring, conductivity monitoring, and pressure monitoring, enables real-time feedback and dynamic correction of the system's operating status, reducing the need for manual intervention. Furthermore, the coordinated control of key components reduces the risk of system failure, extends equipment lifespan, and further lowers maintenance costs.

[0022] With a high degree of automation, the system is convenient and precise to operate. From switching the deuterium gas supply, adjusting the condensation temperature, and monitoring the deuterium water storage, to starting the deionization purification and reminding the resin to be replaced, the entire process is completed automatically by the control unit without the need for real-time human supervision. High-precision sensing components provide reliable data support for automatic control, avoiding errors caused by manual operation and improving the accuracy and consistency of system operation.

[0023] Energy-efficient and high-performance, the chiller automatically switches to constant temperature mode after the temperature stabilizes, avoiding energy waste caused by continuous high-power cooling. The gradient regulation logic of the proportional-integral-derivative control algorithm ensures temperature control accuracy while reducing energy consumption, achieving the optimal balance between system performance and energy efficiency. Attached Figure Description

[0024] To facilitate understanding by those skilled in the art, the present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0025] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a deuterium water conversion and purification system according to the present invention; Figure 2 This is a structural block diagram of a deuterium-water conversion and purification system according to the present invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the entire process of deuterium gas closed-loop energy supply and deuterium water recovery and purification according to the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0026] To further illustrate the technical means and effects of the present invention in achieving its intended purpose, the following detailed description of the specific implementation methods, structures, features, and effects of the present invention, in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and preferred embodiments, is provided.

[0027] Please see Figure 1-3 A deuterium-water conversion and purification system includes: a deuterium gas supply unit, a deuterium gas electrochemical reaction conversion unit, a multi-stage condensation separation and purification unit, and a deuterium-water storage unit; The deuterium gas supply unit is equipped with dual deuterium gas supply sources. Based on real-time feedback of the deuterium gas supply pressure, the supply sources are automatically switched without shutdown. During the switching process, a backflow blocking mechanism is used to control the deuterium gas without backflow. The deuterium electrochemical reaction conversion unit generates electrical energy through an electrochemical reaction based on a continuously supplied deuterium gas and a drying oxidant, while simultaneously generating tail gas containing deuterium water vapor in a directional manner, and controlling the temperature range and deuterium concentration of the tail gas containing deuterium water vapor. The multi-stage condensation separation and purification unit uses a gradient gas-liquid separation process to condense the tail gas containing deuterium water vapor. The condensation temperature is adjusted through a closed-loop temperature control mechanism to obtain pre-purified liquid deuterium water. Subsequently, a highly selective ion exchange adsorption process is used to treat the metal ions and reaction residue impurity ions in the deuterium water to finally generate deuterium water. The deuterium water storage unit acquires deuterium water storage data and conductivity parameters in real time, processes the conductivity parameters, analyzes the processed conductivity parameters against preset conductivity parameter thresholds, and triggers a purification material regeneration reminder based on the analysis results; at the same time, it adjusts the monitoring frequency based on changes in the deuterium water storage data.

[0028] Specifically, the process of triggering automatic switching of the supply source without shutdown based on real-time feedback of deuterium supply pressure is as follows: the output pressure of the currently working deuterium supply source is obtained in real time. When the output pressure is lower than a preset threshold, the gas supply path of the backup deuterium supply source is automatically opened, and the gas supply path of the currently working deuterium supply source is closed at the same time.

[0029] Specifically, the backflow blocking mechanism includes: setting unidirectional conduction blocking structures for the gas supply paths of the dual-path deuterium gas supply sources, performing unidirectional conduction according to the airflow direction in the gas supply path, and preventing deuterium gas from flowing back to the non-working supply source when a pressure difference is generated during the switching of the supply source through its own unidirectional conduction characteristics.

[0030] Specifically, the process of controlling the temperature range and deuterium concentration of the tail gas containing deuterium water vapor includes: dynamically matching the supply rate of continuously supplied deuterium gas and dry oxidant to maintain the balance of material ratio in the reaction system; stabilizing the target temperature range and deuterium concentration of the tail gas containing deuterium water vapor by regulating the heat dissipation state during the reaction process, preventing external moisture from entering the reaction system, and providing a reaction environment for the efficient advancement of the electrochemical reaction.

[0031] In this embodiment, the deuterium-fueled water is converted into an application scenario, and the specific implementation process is as follows: Implementation of the deuterium gas supply unit: This unit is equipped with dual deuterium gas supply sources: deuterium gas container A (primary) and deuterium gas container B (backup), forming two independent gas supply paths. The primary supply path consists of a unidirectional conduction-blocking structure C, an electric valve D, and a pressure sensing element E connected in series. The backup supply path consists of a unidirectional conduction-blocking structure F, an electric valve G, and a pressure sensing element H connected in series. The two supply paths merge and connect to the subsequent electrochemical reaction unit. Control module I is connected to the electric valves and pressure sensing elements of both paths, responsible for receiving pressure feedback signals and performing switching control.

[0032] Implementation process of automatic failover without downtime: After the system starts up, the control module I outputs a command to open the electric valve D of the main path and close the electric valve G of the backup path, so that the deuterium gas container A continuously supplies gas to the electrochemical reaction unit through the main path.

[0033] The pressure sensing element E collects the output pressure data of the deuterium gas container A in real time and transmits the signal to the control module I in real time.

[0034] Control module I continuously compares the real-time detected pressure with a preset pressure threshold J (e.g., 3 MPa). When the detected pressure is lower than the threshold J, a switching command is immediately triggered: the electric valve G of the backup path is opened synchronously, and after the pressure in the backup path stabilizes (for 50 ms), the electric valve D of the primary path is closed. The entire switching process is seamless, ensuring a continuous and uninterrupted supply of deuterium gas.

[0035] Implementation of backflow blocking mechanism: Both the unidirectional flow-blocking structures C and F employ a one-way valve design, with their flow direction aligned with the deuterium gas supply direction. During supply source switching, a pressure difference may exist between the primary and backup container cells. The unidirectional flow-blocking structure, leveraging its unidirectional flow characteristics, allows deuterium gas to flow only towards the electrochemical reaction unit, effectively preventing backflow of deuterium gas into the non-operating container cells (primary container A before switching or backup container B after switching). This ensures stable gas supply pressure during switching and avoids gas path impact.

[0036] Implementation of the deuterium electrochemical reaction conversion unit: The core of this unit is the fuel cell stack K, whose input terminals are connected to the manifold of the deuterium gas supply unit and the drying oxidant supply device L, respectively. Its output terminals deliver electrical energy to the energy storage module M and deuterium-containing water vapor exhaust gas to the subsequent treatment unit. The system is equipped with a material proportioning control module N (signal-connected to the deuterium gas supply valve and oxidant supply valve) and a heat control module O (including a heat dissipation structure P and a temperature detection element Q) to ensure the stability of the reaction system.

[0037] Implementation process for temperature and concentration control of deuterium-containing water vapor exhaust gas: The drying oxidant supply device L provides dry air (preventing external moisture from entering the reaction system), which, together with the continuously supplied deuterium gas from both channels, is introduced into the fuel cell stack K.

[0038] The material ratio control module N collects the deuterium gas supply rate signal R and the oxidant supply rate signal S in real time. By dynamically adjusting the opening of the deuterium gas electric valve and the power of the oxidant supply pump, it maintains the material ratio balance of deuterium gas and dry oxidant in the reaction system, providing a basis for the stable generation of deuterium-containing water vapor tail gas.

[0039] An electrochemical reaction occurs within the fuel cell stack K, generating electrical energy while simultaneously producing deuterium-containing water vapor exhaust gas T. The thermal control module O monitors the temperature data of exhaust gas T in real time via temperature detection element Q and feeds it back to the control module I.

[0040] The control module I adjusts the heat dissipation structure P of the heat regulation module O according to the temperature feedback signal: when the exhaust gas temperature is higher than the target temperature upper limit U (e.g., 70℃), the heat dissipation power is increased; when the exhaust gas temperature is lower than the target lower limit V (e.g., 60℃), the heat dissipation power is reduced to ensure that the exhaust gas temperature T is stable within the target range UV℃.

[0041] By dynamically balancing the material ratio and precisely controlling the heat of reaction, the deuterium concentration in the deuterium-containing water vapor tail gas T is stably controlled simultaneously, avoiding abnormal deuterium concentration due to material imbalance or temperature fluctuations, thus providing a stable raw material basis for subsequent tail gas treatment and deuterium water recovery.

[0042] Specifically, the closed-loop temperature control mechanism includes: starting the refrigeration equipment to provide cooling capacity to the heat exchange stage, acquiring the gas temperature at the outlet of the heat exchange stage in real time, using a proportional-integral-derivative control algorithm, outputting a refrigeration power adjustment command based on the deviation between the set target temperature and the acquired gas temperature, and adjusting the refrigeration power according to the set adjustment gradient and adjustment interval.

[0043] Specifically, the core logic of the PID (proportional-integral-derivative) control algorithm is as follows: receiving the deviation between the target temperature set in the closed-loop temperature control mechanism and the real-time gas temperature, responding to the current deviation through proportional operation, eliminating the accumulated deviation through integral operation, predicting the trend of deviation change through derivative operation, and outputting a cooling power adjustment command based on the comprehensive calculation results to perform dynamic correction of the temperature deviation.

[0044] Specifically, the condensation process of the tail gas containing deuterium water vapor using the gradient gas-liquid separation process is as follows: the tail gas containing deuterium water vapor first enters the primary gas-liquid separation stage, where it is adsorbed and naturally cooled by a metal mesh of a preset specification, and some of the water vapor is condensed into liquid deuterium water and collected; the uncondensed gas enters the secondary gas-liquid separation stage, where the remaining water vapor is condensed into liquid deuterium water and collected by the enhanced adsorption effect of the metal mesh.

[0045] Specifically, the highly selective ion exchange adsorption process includes: when deuterium water accumulates to a preset amount, the transport process is started to introduce the deuterium water into a dedicated ion exchange treatment stage. The highly selective adsorption medium is composed of a cation exchange resin that specifically adsorbs metal cations and anion exchange resin that specifically adsorbs residual anionic impurities in the reaction, mixed in a preset ratio. During the treatment stage, the deuterium water comes into full contact with the highly selective adsorption medium, and through specific adsorption, removes metal ions and residual impurity ions from the deuterium water.

[0046] In this embodiment, the deuterium-fueled water conversion is applied to achieve the core goal of "continuous energy supply + stable generation of deuterium-containing tail gas + efficient purification of deuterium-fueled water". The specific implementation process is as follows: Implementation of gradient gas-liquid separation process: The deuterium-containing water vapor tail gas (temperature range AB) generated by the deuterium electrochemical reaction conversion unit enters the primary gas-liquid separation stage C at a constant flow rate. Inside the stage, the tail gas diffuses uniformly along a pre-designed flow path, making full contact with the built-in pre-designed metal mesh D. The metal mesh D, through its mesh structure, expands the gas-liquid contact area. On one hand, it adsorbs water vapor molecules from the tail gas using surface tension; on the other hand, it rapidly dissipates heat using its own thermal conductivity. Under this dual action, the water vapor in the ratio range EF condenses into liquid deuterium water. The condensed liquid deuterium water collects at the bottom of the stage under gravity and is directionally discharged into the collection container H through the condensate drain valve G, preventing gas entrainment and overflow. The uncondensed gas (temperature reduced to range IJ) smoothly enters the heat exchange stage K along the gas path, preparing for subsequent deep condensation.

[0047] The gas, cooled by the heat exchanger K, enters the secondary gas-liquid separation stage L. The metal mesh M within this stage employs an enhanced adsorption design to further improve gas-liquid contact efficiency. As the cooled gas flows through the metal mesh M, the remaining water vapor rapidly condenses under the combined effects of low temperature and adsorption, increasing the condensation efficiency to above the ratio N. The generated liquid deuterium water is also discharged into the collection container H via the condensate drain valve O, completing the gradient gas-liquid separation and deuterium water recovery.

[0048] Implementation of closed-loop temperature control mechanism: The refrigeration equipment I is started to provide cooling capacity to the heat exchange stage E, forming a closed-loop cooling circuit. The temperature detection element J captures the gas temperature at the outlet of the heat exchange stage E in real time, and the detection data is synchronously transmitted to the control module K (shared with the preceding unit) at a millisecond frequency, and the detection accuracy remains stable.

[0049] The control module K incorporates a PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control algorithm. It first calculates the deviation between the set target temperature and the real-time detected temperature: the proportional operation outputs a corresponding intensity of control signal based on the magnitude of the deviation, quickly responding to the current temperature deviation; the integral operation accumulates historical deviations, gradually eliminating small, persistent deviations; and the derivative operation analyzes the rate of change of the deviation, predicts the development trend, and outputs a control signal in advance. The weighted sum of these three calculations generates a precise cooling power control command.

[0050] The refrigeration equipment P adjusts its power according to the set adjustment gradient (gradient A - gradient B / time) and adjustment interval (interval C - interval D): when the outlet temperature is greater than the temperature threshold E, the gradient increases the power; when the outlet temperature is less than the temperature threshold F, the gradient decreases the power to avoid sudden changes that may cause frost or efficiency fluctuations. When the outlet temperature is stable within the target temperature deviation range H for a continuous duration G, the control module R switches the refrigeration equipment P to "constant temperature mode", locks the current power, and maintains the optimal temperature range IJ.

[0051] Implementation of highly selective ion exchange adsorption process: The liquid level detection element L in the collection container D monitors the deuterium water level in real time. When the water level accumulates to the preset upper level, the liquid level detection element L sends a trigger signal to the control module K. The control module K starts the conveying process after a 1-second delay to avoid false triggering due to liquid level fluctuations.

[0052] The control module K synchronously activates the linkage electric valve and the transfer pump M. The transfer pump M pressurizes the liquid deuterium water at a constant head and smoothly introduces it into the ion exchange treatment stage N.

[0053] The ion exchange treatment stage N is filled with a highly selective adsorption medium, consisting of a cation exchange resin O that specifically adsorbs metal cations and an anion exchange resin P that specifically adsorbs residual anionic impurities from the reaction, mixed in a preset ratio. Deuterium water flows through the adsorption bed in a laminar flow state, making full contact with the resin particles, and specifically capturing metal ions and impurity anions through the ion exchange reaction.

[0054] In the ion exchange treatment stage, the conductivity sensor Q at the effluent outlet monitors the conductivity of the effluent in real time. When the detected value is >2μS / cm, the control module K triggers a resin regeneration reminder, prompting the replacement of the resin to ensure the final generation of high-purity deuterium water.

[0055] Specifically, the process of processing the conductivity parameter is as follows: the conductivity parameter is processed using a moving average filtering algorithm, a sampling window length adapted to the characteristics of the deuterium water output flow is set, the mean value of continuous sampling points within the window is calculated, and the filtered conductivity data is corrected for deviation by combining a preset sensor calibration coefficient.

[0056] Specifically, the weighted calculation process of the preliminary intrusion judgment result and the target situation information set is as follows: First, the initial weights are assigned to the feature dimensions based on the correlation strength between the feature dimensions and the intrusion behavior. Then, the weight ratios are adjusted according to the matching degree feedback state of the features and the intrusion behavior during the real-time verification process. After quantifying the signal features in the preliminary intrusion judgment result and the target features in the target situation information set respectively, they are weighted and fused according to the adjusted weights to calculate the comprehensive verification value.

[0057] Specifically, the process of triggering the purification material regeneration reminder is as follows: a continuous monitoring and judgment period is set, and the processed conductivity parameter is compared with the preset conductivity parameter threshold in real time and monitored in real time within the judgment period. Based on the comparison result, it is determined that the adsorption capacity of the ion exchange resin in the deionizer has decayed, and then the purification material regeneration reminder is triggered.

[0058] Specifically, the process of adjusting the monitoring frequency based on changes in deuterium water storage data is as follows: low, medium, and high volume ranges are pre-defined according to the volume characteristics of the water tank, with the high volume range corresponding to the deuterium water storage state close to the start of deionization purification; a time-series change tracking mechanism is used to obtain the dynamic change trend of deuterium water storage in real time, and the monitoring frequency is adjusted according to the range in which the dynamic change trend is located.

[0059] In this embodiment, the deuterium-water conversion using deuterium gas as fuel is applied to a specific scenario. As a storage and management step after deuterium water purification, the core functionality involves dynamically tracking the deuterium water storage volume and ensuring stable purity. This forms a closed-loop management system with the preceding deuterium water conversion and purification steps. The specific implementation is as follows: Basic unit configuration: The deuterium water storage unit includes a water tank A, a liquid level detection element B, a conductivity sensor C, and a control module D (shared with the preceding system). The liquid level detection element B is installed inside the water tank A to collect real-time data on the amount of deuterium water stored. The conductivity sensor C is deployed at the outlet of the deionizer E to continuously capture the conductivity parameters of the deuterium water. Both types of data are transmitted synchronously to the control module D at high frequency to provide basic data support for subsequent processing and judgment.

[0060] Implementation of conductivity parameter processing: The control module D incorporates a moving average filtering algorithm. It presets a sampling window length F based on the deuterium water output flow characteristics, continuously extracting real-time sampling data from the conductivity sensor C within this window length F. The algorithm calculates the average conductivity of all continuous sampling points within the window, effectively filtering out parameter noise caused by water flow fluctuations and instantaneous sensor interference. Subsequently, it calls a preset sensor calibration coefficient G to correct the deviation of the filtered conductivity data, eliminating the influence of sensor accuracy deviations. Finally, it obtains accurate and stable conductivity processing results, providing a reliable basis for purity determination.

[0061] Purified material regeneration reminder trigger implementation: The control module D is pre-set to a continuous monitoring and judgment period H. Within the judgment period H, the corrected conductivity processing result is compared with the preset conductivity parameter threshold I in real time. If the conductivity processing result is consistently higher than the preset threshold I throughout the entire judgment period H, the control module D determines that the adsorption capacity of the ion exchange resin in the deionizer E has decayed and cannot effectively remove impurity ions. It then triggers a purification material regeneration reminder signal (which can be achieved through an audible and visual alarm or a system interface prompt), prompting staff to regenerate or replace the ion exchange resin in a timely manner to ensure the stability of the purity of the subsequently output deuterium water.

[0062] Implementation of adjusting monitoring frequency based on changes in storage capacity: The control module D pre-determines the volume characteristics of the water storage tank A into a low volume range J, a medium volume range K, and a high volume range L. The high volume range L corresponds to the deuterium water storage level close to the start of the deionization purification process. The volume threshold of each range is set according to the actual specifications of the water storage tank.

[0063] Employing a time-series change tracking mechanism, control module D analyzes the deuterium storage data transmitted by level detection element B in real time, capturing the dynamic trend of storage volume changes. When the dynamic trend is in the low-volume range J, control module D controls level detection element B and conductivity sensor C to collect data using the basic monitoring frequency M. When it is in the medium-volume range K, it adjusts to the medium monitoring frequency N (monitoring interval shorter than the basic frequency). When it is in the high-volume range L, it switches to the high-frequency monitoring frequency O (monitoring interval shortest). By dynamically adapting the monitoring frequency, resource consumption is optimized while accurately tracking changes in storage volume.

[0064] In this embodiment, corresponding Figure 3 The closed-loop system of "dual-path deuterium supply - pressure reduction and stabilization - electrochemical reaction - condensation, purification and recovery" for the ammonia fuel cell achieves continuous deuterium supply without shutdown and stable power generation of the ammonia fuel cell. At the same time, it efficiently recovers and purifies deuterium water in the reaction tail gas, and finally produces high-purity deuterium water for users to reuse. It is suitable for scientific research / industrial scenarios that require continuous power supply and deuterium resource recycling.

[0065] Startup preparation: After system initialization, open the manual ball valve 1 corresponding to deuterium gas collection compartment 1 first, and deuterium gas enters the main gas pipeline along the passage; Gas path control: Deuterium gas passes sequentially through one-way valve 5 (blocking gas backflow to prevent backflow into the container) and needle valve 6 (fine-tuning the airflow rate to the preset value) to complete the initial control of single-path gas supply; Seamless switching: When the deuterium gas supply in deuterium gas container 1 is insufficient, the manual ball valve 2 corresponding to deuterium gas container 2 is opened directly. Combined with the backflow blocking function of the one-way valve 5, seamless switching between the two containers is achieved, ensuring a continuous supply of deuterium gas to the subsequent system.

[0066] Implementation of the pressure reduction system: First-stage pressure reduction: The deuterium gas supplied by the dual-path supply unit first enters the pressure reducing valve 7 to complete the first-stage pressure reduction. At the same time, the pressure sensors 9 and 10 monitor the pressure after pressure reduction in real time to ensure that the pressure is stable within the preset range. Secondary pressure regulation: The depressurized deuterium gas enters the pressure reducing valve 13 through the one-way valve 11 to complete the secondary precise pressure reduction. Then, the final pressure is verified by the pressure sensor 18. After confirming that the pressure meets the standard, the deuterium gas with stable pressure is delivered to the ammonia fuel cell system.

[0067] Ammonia fuel cell system reaction implementation: After receiving deuterium gas at a stable pressure from the pressure reduction system, the system initiates the electrochemical reaction process: In the ammonia fuel cell system, deuterium reacts fully with the oxidant to generate electricity while releasing reaction tail gas containing deuterium water vapor. The tail gas directly enters the subsequent condensation and recovery system, realizing continuous operation of "power supply-tail gas output".

[0068] Preliminary gas-liquid separation: The reaction tail gas first enters the gas-liquid separator 20, and the separated liquid water is filtered by the filter 21 to remove particulate impurities and then collected into the water tank 29 for temporary storage; Deep condensation: Start the chiller 36 and provide cooling to the incompletely separated exhaust gas through the heat exchanger 22 to further condense the water vapor in the exhaust gas. The water vapor in the exhaust gas is then separated into liquid and gas by the gas-liquid separator 27. The separated liquid water is also collected into the water tank 29. Excess exhaust gas is safely discharged through the back pressure valve 35. Deuterium water purification: When the deuterium water in the water tank 29 accumulates to the preset amount, the water pump 31 is started to transport the deuterium water to the deionizer 32, where metal ions and reaction residue impurity ions are removed through ion exchange. Purity verification and recycling: The purified deuterium water is monitored in real time by conductivity sensor 33. After confirming that the conductivity meets the standard, it is transported to the user recycling end through channel 34 to complete the recycling of deuterium water.

[0069] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way. Although the present invention has been disclosed above with reference to preferred embodiments, it is not intended to limit the present invention. Any person skilled in the art can make some modifications or alterations to the above-disclosed technical content to create equivalent embodiments without departing from the scope of the present invention. Any simple modifications, equivalent changes and alterations made to the above embodiments based on the technical essence of the present invention without departing from the scope of the present invention shall still fall within the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A deuterium-water conversion and purification system, characterized in that, include: Deuterium gas supply unit, deuterium electrochemical reaction conversion unit, multi-stage condensation separation and purification unit, and deuterium water storage unit; The deuterium gas supply unit triggers automatic switching of the supply source without shutdown based on real-time feedback of the deuterium gas supply pressure, and performs deuterium gas backflow control during the switching process through a backflow blocking mechanism on the gas supply path; The deuterium electrochemical reaction conversion unit generates electrical energy through an electrochemical reaction based on a continuously supplied deuterium gas and a drying oxidant, and generates exhaust gas containing deuterium water vapor, controlling the temperature range and deuterium concentration of the exhaust gas. The multi-stage condensation separation and purification unit uses a gradient gas-liquid separation process to condense the tail gas, and adjusts the condensation temperature through a closed-loop temperature control mechanism to obtain preliminarily purified liquid deuterium water; then, through a highly selective ion exchange adsorption process, it treats the metal ions and reaction residue impurity ions in the deuterium water to generate high-purity deuterium water. The deuterium water storage unit acquires deuterium water storage data and conductivity parameters in real time, processes the conductivity parameters, analyzes the processed conductivity parameters against preset conductivity parameter thresholds, and triggers a purification material regeneration reminder based on the analysis results; at the same time, it adjusts the monitoring frequency based on changes in the deuterium water storage data.

2. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The specific process of triggering automatic switching of the supply source without shutdown based on real-time feedback of deuterium supply pressure is as follows: the output pressure of the currently working deuterium supply source is obtained in real time. When the output pressure is lower than a preset threshold, the gas supply path of the backup deuterium supply source is automatically opened, and the gas supply path of the currently working deuterium supply source is closed at the same time.

3. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The backflow blocking mechanism specifically includes: setting unidirectional conduction blocking structures for the gas supply paths of the dual deuterium gas supply sources, performing unidirectional conduction according to the airflow direction in the gas supply path, and preventing deuterium gas from flowing back to the non-working supply source when a pressure difference is generated during the switching of the supply source through its own unidirectional conduction characteristics.

4. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The specific process of controlling the temperature range and deuterium concentration of the tail gas containing deuterium water vapor includes: dynamically matching the supply rate of continuously supplied deuterium gas and dry oxidant to maintain the balance of material ratio in the reaction system; stabilizing the target temperature range and deuterium concentration of the tail gas by regulating the heat dissipation state during the reaction process, preventing external moisture from entering the reaction system, and providing a reaction environment for the efficient advancement of the electrochemical reaction.

5. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The closed-loop temperature control mechanism specifically includes: starting the refrigeration equipment to provide cooling capacity to the heat exchange stage, acquiring the gas temperature at the outlet of the heat exchange stage in real time, using a proportional-integral-derivative control algorithm, outputting a refrigeration power adjustment command based on the deviation between the set target temperature and the acquired gas temperature, and adjusting the refrigeration power according to the set adjustment gradient and adjustment interval.

6. The system according to claim 5, characterized in that, The core logic of the proportional-integral-derivative adjustment algorithm is as follows: it receives the deviation between the target temperature set in the closed-loop temperature control mechanism and the real-time gas temperature, responds to the current deviation through proportional operation, eliminates the accumulated deviation through integral operation, predicts the trend of deviation change through derivative operation, and outputs a cooling power adjustment command based on the comprehensive calculation results to perform dynamic correction of the temperature deviation.

7. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The specific process of condensing the deuterium-containing water vapor tail gas using the gradient gas-liquid separation process is as follows: the deuterium-containing water vapor tail gas first enters the primary gas-liquid separation stage, where it is adsorbed and naturally cooled by a metal mesh of a preset specification, and some of the water vapor is condensed into liquid deuterium water and collected; the uncondensed gas enters the secondary gas-liquid separation stage, where the remaining water vapor is condensed into liquid deuterium water and collected by the enhanced adsorption effect of the metal mesh.

8. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that... The highly selective ion exchange adsorption process specifically includes: when the deuterium water accumulates to a preset amount, the transport process is started to introduce the deuterium water into a dedicated ion exchange treatment stage. The highly selective adsorption medium is composed of a cation exchange resin that specifically adsorbs metal cations and anion exchange resin that specifically adsorbs residual anionic impurities in the reaction, mixed in a preset ratio. During the treatment stage, the deuterium water comes into full contact with the highly selective adsorption medium, and through specific adsorption, metal ions and residual impurity ions in the deuterium water are removed.

9. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The specific process for processing the conductivity parameter is as follows: the conductivity parameter is processed using a moving average filtering algorithm, a sampling window length adapted to the characteristics of the deuterium water output flow is set, the mean value of continuous sampling points within the window is calculated, and the filtered conductivity data is corrected for deviation by combining the preset sensor calibration coefficient.

10. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The process of weighting the preliminary intrusion judgment result with the target situation information set is as follows: First, the initial weights of the feature dimensions are assigned according to the correlation strength between the feature dimensions and the intrusion behavior. Then, the weight ratios are adjusted according to the matching degree feedback state of the features and the intrusion behavior during the real-time verification process. After quantifying the signal features in the preliminary intrusion judgment result and the target features in the target situation information set, they are weighted and fused according to the adjusted weights to calculate the comprehensive verification value.

11. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The specific process for triggering the regeneration reminder of the purified material is as follows: a continuous monitoring and judgment period is set, and the processed conductivity parameter is compared with the preset conductivity parameter threshold in real time and monitored in real time within the judgment period. Based on the comparison result, it is determined that the adsorption capacity of the ion exchange resin in the deionizer has decayed, thus triggering the regeneration reminder of the purified material.

12. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The specific process of adjusting the monitoring frequency based on changes in deuterium water storage data is as follows: low, medium, and high volume ranges are pre-defined according to the volume characteristics of the water tank, with the high volume range corresponding to the deuterium water storage state close to the start of deionization purification; a time-series change tracking mechanism is used to obtain the dynamic change trend of deuterium water storage in real time, and the monitoring frequency is adjusted according to the range in which the dynamic change trend is located.

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