Perovskite solar cell module and preparation method and application thereof

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of perovskite solar cell preparation, and relates to a perovskite solar cell module and a preparation method and application thereof, and the perovskite solar cell module comprises a substrate which comprises a substrate first surface; the perovskite solar cell module is stacked on a partial region of the first surface of the substrate; the first packaging layer covers the perovskite solar cell module, and a closed area is formed by the first packaging layer and the first surface of the substrate; the second packaging layer covers the packaging first surface in the first packaging layer, and the second packaging layer comprises at least one group of inorganic-organic composite laminated layers; and the hydrophobic layer covers the packaging second surface in the second packaging layer. According to the invention, through joint combination of water insulation of the outer hydrophobic layer and water and oxygen resistance of the inner first packaging layer and the second packaging layer, effective packaging of the module is realized, the water and oxygen barrier property is effectively enhanced, the mass of the perovskite solar cell module is lighter, the performance of the module is improved, and the service life of the module is prolonged.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of perovskite solar cell fabrication technology, and in particular to a perovskite solar cell module, its fabrication method, and its application. Background Technology

[0002] Perovskite solar cells are expected to become the future direction of battery development due to their advantages such as better photoelectric performance, good low-light effect, lower cost, ability to achieve efficiency breakthroughs when used in tandem with crystalline silicon cells, and multiple application scenarios. However, because the materials of each functional layer of perovskite solar cells are relatively sensitive to water and oxygen in the air, ultraviolet light, and pressure, they are prone to material modification, decomposition, and functional failure.

[0003] Currently, encapsulation layers are commonly used to effectively isolate perovskite solar cell modules from the external environment, thereby improving the lifespan of the modules and preventing internal material modification, decomposition, and functional failure. Therefore, the encapsulation structure and process play a crucial role in maintaining the stability of perovskite solar cell modules.

[0004] The encapsulation process of perovskite solar cell modules is quite similar to that of crystalline silicon cells. Currently, polyolefin elastomer (POE) films and butyl rubber are mostly used for encapsulation, and a backsheet glass is covered at the top of the entire structure to achieve water and oxygen barrier. For example, CN117750848A discloses that the module is encapsulated by hot pressing the encapsulation substrate (e.g., glass) and encapsulation film. CN117202683A discloses that a sealant is set at the edge between the glass substrate and the glass backsheet, forming a hollow cavity to accommodate the cell chip. A cured adhesive layer is set in the hollow cavity to cover the cell chip. The module encapsulation is completed by heating the edge sealant and pressurizing the hollow cavity.

[0005] However, the aforementioned encapsulation structures and processes commonly utilize cover glass, which is heavy and fragile, inevitably increasing the weight and defect rate of the resulting perovskite solar cell modules. Furthermore, encapsulating adhesives and films are frequently used. Encapsulating adhesives often require heat curing to bond the substrates at both ends, and encapsulating films, due to their material properties, mostly require hot-press curing at temperatures generally above 120°C. Prolonged and high-temperature heating accelerates the decomposition and failure of the perovskite light-absorbing layer material. In addition, residual stress from heating and pressurization also adversely affects the performance of the perovskite solar cell module. On the other hand, if the surface of the perovskite solar cell module has laser-etched grooves, these grooves can easily form "fast channels" for water and oxygen transport, accelerating the degradation of the functional layers and the precipitation of organic solvents and small organic molecules within the perovskite light-absorbing layer. Moreover, the cross-sections within the laser-etched grooves often exhibit defects such as unevenness, curling, and warping, which can easily cause internal short circuits in the cells, thus affecting the performance and lifespan of the perovskite solar cell module. Summary of the Invention

[0006] To address the aforementioned technical problems, this invention provides a perovskite solar cell module, its fabrication method, and its application. This invention achieves effective encapsulation of the module by combining an outer hydrophobic layer for water isolation with inner first and second encapsulation layers for water and oxygen barrier properties, thus significantly enhancing water and oxygen barrier performance. The first encapsulation layer completely encapsulates the effective area of ​​the perovskite solar cell module, preventing external water and oxygen from adhering to the top and sidewalls of the module. It also makes the surface of the layer structure at the top of the module flat and dense, thereby reducing the precipitation of organic solvents or small organic molecules within the perovskite light-absorbing layer. Furthermore, if grooves exist in the module's layer structure, the material used in the first encapsulation layer can flow and fill into the grooves, smoothing out unevenness, curling, and peeling defects in the groove cross-section, thus forming a protective layer that prevents the adsorption of external water and oxygen within the grooves, thereby improving the internal short-circuit problem caused by these defects. Subsequently, a second encapsulation layer, comprising at least one inorganic-organic composite layer, is stacked to further enhance the barrier against water and oxygen and extend the path and channel for water and oxygen to enter the perovskite solar cell module. Finally, a hydrophobic layer is added to effectively block external water and oxygen penetration from the source. This encapsulation structure replaces the traditional combination of solid film and glass cover, resulting in lighter perovskite solar cell modules, higher module performance, and extended module lifespan.

[0007] To achieve this objective, the present invention adopts the following technical solution: In a first aspect, the present invention provides a perovskite solar cell module, the perovskite solar cell module comprising: Substrate, including the first surface of the substrate; A perovskite solar cell module is stacked on a portion of the first surface of the substrate; A first encapsulation layer covers the perovskite solar cell module and forms a closed area with the first surface of the substrate; A second encapsulation layer, the second encapsulation layer covering the first encapsulation surface in the first encapsulation layer, the second encapsulation layer comprising at least one set of inorganic-organic composite layers; and A hydrophobic layer that covers the second surface of the encapsulation layer in the second encapsulation layer.

[0008] In this invention, "a perovskite solar cell module is stacked on a portion of the first surface of the substrate," where "a portion of the substrate" refers to the area on the first surface of the substrate that is in contact with the perovskite solar cell module, "the first encapsulation surface" refers to the side surface of the first encapsulation layer that is away from the perovskite solar cell module, and "the second encapsulation surface" refers to the side surface of the second encapsulation layer that is away from the first encapsulation layer.

[0009] This invention replaces the traditional combination of solid film and glass cover plate in the encapsulation structure by using an outer hydrophobic layer to isolate water and an inner first and second encapsulation layer to block water and oxygen. This achieves effective encapsulation of the module, effectively enhances the barrier properties against water and oxygen, and makes the perovskite solar cell module lighter, with higher module performance and extended module life.

[0010] The first encapsulation layer completely encapsulates the effective area of ​​the perovskite solar cell module, preventing external water and oxygen from adhering to the module surface and sidewalls. This reduces the precipitation of organic solvents or small organic molecules within the perovskite light-absorbing layer and makes the surface of the layer structure at the top of the module flat and dense. Additionally, if there are grooves in the module's layer structure, this layer can reduce defects such as unevenness, curling, and peeling, thus improving the problem of internal short circuits in the battery. Subsequently, a second encapsulation layer, including at least one layer of inorganic-organic composite stack, is stacked to further block water and oxygen and extend the path and channel for water and oxygen to enter the perovskite solar cell module. Finally, a hydrophobic layer is set to effectively block the penetration of external water and oxygen from the source.

[0011] As a preferred technical solution of the present invention, the inorganic-organic composite stack includes: a first inorganic protective layer disposed toward the first encapsulation layer; an organic protective layer covering the first surface of the inorganic layer in the first inorganic protective layer; and a second inorganic protective layer covering the first surface of the organic layer in the organic protective layer and disposed away from the first encapsulation layer, and adhering to the hydrophobic layer.

[0012] In this invention, "inorganic first surface" refers to the surface of the first inorganic protective layer that is away from the first encapsulation layer, and "organic first surface" refers to the surface of the organic protective layer that is away from the first inorganic protective layer.

[0013] As a preferred technical solution of the present invention, the number of groups of the inorganic-organic composite stack is 1 to 3, for example, 1, 2 or 3 groups.

[0014] In this invention, when the second encapsulation layer comprises two inorganic-organic composite layers, the second inorganic protective layer in the first inorganic-organic composite layer and the first inorganic protective layer in the second organic composite layer are bonded together; when the second encapsulation layer comprises at least three inorganic-organic composite layers, the bonding method described above is still followed.

[0015] In this invention, the second encapsulation layer comprises at least one inorganic-organic composite layer, which primarily strengthens the barrier against water and oxygen and extends the path and channel for water and oxygen to enter the perovskite solar cell module. The first inorganic protective layer mainly serves to block water and oxygen penetration, but it inevitably contains pinholes or cracks. Therefore, to further improve the density of the first inorganic protective layer, an organic protective layer is applied to its surface, and its interface is planarized to fill the pinholes or cracks in the first inorganic protective layer. This also alleviates the stress in the first inorganic protective layer, prevents further crack propagation, and improves flexibility and impact resistance. Subsequently, a second inorganic protective layer is applied to the surface of the organic protective layer, primarily extending the path for water and oxygen to enter the perovskite solar cell module. It also mitigates the impact of pinholes or cracks in the first inorganic protective layer on the module's encapsulation effect. Furthermore, the number of inorganic-organic composite layers can be selected and set according to actual needs to achieve a better water and oxygen barrier effect.

[0016] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the perovskite solar cell module includes: a transparent conductive layer; a first carrier transport layer, stacked on one side of the transparent conductive layer; a perovskite light-absorbing layer, stacked on the side of the first carrier transport layer away from the transparent conductive layer; a second carrier transport layer, stacked on the side of the perovskite light-absorbing layer away from the first carrier transport layer; and a top electrode layer, stacked on the side of the second carrier transport layer away from the perovskite light-absorbing layer.

[0017] As a preferred technical solution of the present invention, the perovskite solar cell module includes independently arranged P1 slot, P2 slot and P3 slot, the P1 slot penetrates the transparent conductive layer, the P2 slot penetrates the stacked structure composed of the second carrier transport layer, the perovskite light-absorbing layer and the first carrier transport layer, and the P3 slot penetrates at least the top electrode layer.

[0018] As a preferred technical solution of the present invention, the P3 groove penetrates the stacked structure composed of the top electrode layer, the second carrier transport layer, the perovskite light-absorbing layer and the first carrier transport layer.

[0019] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the first carrier transport layer includes a hole transport layer and the second carrier transport layer includes an electron transport layer; or, the first carrier transport layer includes an electron transport layer and the second carrier transport layer includes a hole transport layer.

[0020] It should be noted that this invention does not impose specific requirements or limitations on the thickness of each functional layer and the specific material type within the perovskite solar cell module. Commonly used thicknesses and specific material types for each functional layer in the art are applicable to this invention, and those skilled in the art can make adaptive selections and adjustments based on actual conditions.

[0021] As a preferred technical solution of the present invention, the perovskite solar cell module includes a first module surface and a second module surface disposed opposite to each other, and a first module side surface connecting the first module surface and the second module surface, wherein the second module surface is attached to the first substrate surface.

[0022] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the first encapsulation layer includes: A first sub-encapsulation layer, the first sub-encapsulation layer covering the first surface of the module and the first side surface of the module; and The second sub-encapsulation layer fills the P3 slot.

[0023] In this invention, the filling of the second sub-encapsulation layer can effectively improve the inner surface of the P3 groove, improve defects such as uneven cross-section, curled edges and peeling, and thus avoid the problem of battery short circuit.

[0024] As a preferred technical solution of the present invention, the raw material of the first encapsulation layer includes a first encapsulation layer adhesive, which includes a UV-curable adhesive and a first inorganic material. The mass ratio of the UV-curable adhesive to the first inorganic material is (1~3):1, for example, 1:1, 1.5:1, 2:1, 2.5:1 or 3:1, etc.

[0025] Secondly, the present invention provides a method for preparing a perovskite solar cell module, the method comprising the following steps: S1: Provides a substrate, including a first surface of the substrate; S2: A perovskite solar cell module is stacked in a portion of the first surface of the substrate; S3: The perovskite solar cell module is covered by the first encapsulation layer, and a closed area is formed with the first surface of the substrate; S4: The first surface of the first encapsulation layer is covered by a second encapsulation layer, wherein the second encapsulation layer includes at least one set of inorganic-organic composite stacks; S5: The perovskite solar cell module is prepared by covering the second surface of the second encapsulation layer with a hydrophobic layer.

[0026] In this invention, "a perovskite solar cell module is disposed in a portion of the first surface of the substrate", where "a portion of the first surface of the substrate refers to the area in the first surface of the substrate that is in contact with the surface of the perovskite solar cell module.

[0027] In this invention, the method for preparing the perovskite solar cell module described in the second aspect can be used to prepare the perovskite solar cell module described in the first aspect.

[0028] As a preferred technical solution of the present invention, the method for preparing the inorganic-organic composite stack in S4 includes: preparing a first inorganic protective layer on the first surface of the first encapsulation layer; preparing an organic protective layer on the first surface of the inorganic layer in the first inorganic protective layer; and preparing a second inorganic protective layer on the first surface of the organic layer in the organic protective layer to obtain the inorganic-organic composite stack.

[0029] In this invention, when the second encapsulation layer includes at least two sets of inorganic-organic composite stacks, after the first inorganic-organic composite stack is prepared, the preparation process of the first inorganic protective layer, the organic protective layer and the second inorganic protective layer is repeated to obtain at least two sets of inorganic-organic composite stacks.

[0030] As a preferred technical solution of the present invention, the method for fabricating the perovskite solar cell module in S2 includes: providing a transparent conductive layer disposed on a portion of the first surface of the substrate; fabricating a first carrier transport layer on one side of the transparent conductive layer; fabricating a perovskite light-absorbing layer on the side of the first carrier transport layer away from the transparent conductive layer; fabricating a second carrier transport layer on the side of the perovskite light-absorbing layer away from the first carrier transport layer; and fabricating a top electrode layer on the side of the second carrier transport layer away from the perovskite light-absorbing layer, thereby obtaining a perovskite solar cell module.

[0031] As a preferred technical solution of the present invention, the fabrication method of the perovskite solar cell module in S2 further includes the fabrication of P1 groove, P2 groove and P3 groove. The method includes: providing a transparent conductive layer disposed on a portion of the first surface of the substrate; fabricating a first carrier transport layer on one side of the transparent conductive layer, and then etching the transparent conductive layer along the thickness direction to obtain a P1 groove penetrating the transparent conductive layer; fabricating a perovskite light-absorbing layer on the side of the first carrier transport layer away from the transparent conductive layer; fabricating a second carrier transport layer on the side of the perovskite light-absorbing layer away from the first carrier transport layer, and etching from the surface of the second carrier transport layer along the thickness direction until the transparent conductive layer is exposed to obtain a P2 groove penetrating the second carrier transport layer, the perovskite light-absorbing layer and the first carrier transport layer; fabricating a top electrode layer on the side of the second carrier transport layer away from the perovskite light-absorbing layer, and etching from the surface of the top electrode layer along the thickness direction to obtain a P3 groove at least penetrating the top electrode layer.

[0032] As a technical solution of the present invention, the method for preparing the P3 groove includes: preparing a top electrode layer on the side of the second carrier transport layer away from the perovskite light-absorbing layer, and etching along the thickness direction from the surface of the top electrode layer to obtain a P3 groove that penetrates the top electrode layer, the second carrier transport layer, the perovskite light-absorbing layer and the first carrier transport layer.

[0033] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the first carrier transport layer includes a hole transport layer and the second carrier transport layer includes an electron transport layer; or, the first carrier transport layer includes an electron transport layer and the second carrier transport layer includes a hole transport layer.

[0034] As a preferred technical solution of the present invention, the preparation method of the first encapsulation layer in S3 includes: coating the first encapsulation layer adhesive onto the first surface and the first side of the perovskite solar cell module, filling the P3 groove during the coating process, and after the coating and filling are complete, curing the first encapsulation layer adhesive by light to form a first sub-encapsulation layer and a second sub-encapsulation layer, thereby obtaining the first encapsulation layer.

[0035] As a preferred technical solution of the present invention, the first encapsulation layer adhesive includes a UV-curable adhesive and a first inorganic material, wherein the mass ratio of the UV-curable adhesive to the first inorganic material is (1~3):1, for example, 1:1, 1.5:1, 2:1, 2.5:1 or 3:1, etc.

[0036] In this invention, the first encapsulation layer adhesive comprises a first inorganic material and a UV-curable adhesive. Compared to traditional solvents, the use of a UV-curable adhesive has several advantages: First, it avoids the influence of moisture in the solvent on the bonding force between the layers of the perovskite solar cell module and other aspects. Second, it avoids the influence of relatively long-term high-temperature lamination on the perovskite light-absorbing layer material during the preparation process. This invention can directly perform UV curing at room temperature to obtain the first encapsulation layer, and it also eliminates the need for lamination, effectively avoiding the adverse effects of residual stress from hot pressing on the perovskite solar cell module. Third, the UV-curable adhesive can effectively fill the inorganic particles on the module surface (and the wire groove positions of the module) during the curing and cross-linking process.

[0037] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the coated first encapsulation layer adhesive is photocured, wherein the photocuring power is 200mW / cm². 2 ~600mW / cm 2 For example, 200mW / cm 2 300mW / cm 2 400mW / cm 2 500mW / cm 2 Or 600mW / cm 2 wait.

[0038] As a preferred technical solution of the present invention, the first encapsulation layer adhesive after coating is cured by light, and the light curing temperature is 25℃~30℃, such as 25℃, 26℃, 27℃, 28℃, 29℃ or 30℃.

[0039] As a preferred technical solution of the present invention, the coated first encapsulation layer adhesive is cured by light, and the light curing time is 10s~60s, for example 10s, 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s or 60s.

[0040] It should be noted that the coating method is not specifically required or limited in this invention. Any method commonly used by those skilled in the art is applicable to this invention, such as scraping, spraying, or screen printing.

[0041] It should be noted that the coating speed is not specifically required or limited in this invention. Any coating speed commonly used by those skilled in the art is applicable to this invention, such as 2 mm / s to 10 mm / s.

[0042] Thirdly, the present invention also provides a perovskite-silicon tandem solar cell module, wherein the perovskite-silicon tandem solar cell includes a crystalline silicon bottom cell and a perovskite solar top cell module stacked together; the perovskite solar top cell module includes the perovskite solar cell module as described in the first aspect, or the perovskite solar cell module prepared by the preparation method described in the second aspect.

[0043] Fourthly, the present invention also provides a photovoltaic system comprising a perovskite-silicon tandem solar cell module as described in the third aspect.

[0044] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has at least the following beneficial effects: This invention replaces the traditional combination of solid film and glass cover plate encapsulation structure by using an outer hydrophobic layer to isolate water and an inner first and second encapsulation layer to block water and oxygen. This achieves effective encapsulation of the module, effectively enhances water and oxygen barrier properties, and makes the perovskite solar cell module lighter, with higher module performance and extended module life. Attached Figure Description

[0045] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of the fabrication method of the perovskite solar cell module provided by the present invention.

[0046] Figure 2 This is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of the perovskite solar cell module of Embodiment 1 of the present invention.

[0047] Figure 3 This is a top view of the perovskite solar cell module of Embodiment 1 of the present invention.

[0048] Figure 4 This is a magnified view of a portion of the perovskite solar cell module according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.

[0049] Among them, 1-perovskite solar cell module; 11-perovskite functional layer; 111-NiO xHole transport layer; 112-Perovskite light-absorbing layer; 113-PCBM electron transport layer; 114-IWO top electrode layer; 12-FTO transparent conductive layer (electrodes at both ends are symmetrically arranged); 2-Alumina layer (containing UV-curable adhesive); 21-Covering alumina layer (containing UV-curable adhesive); 22-Filled alumina layer (containing UV-curable adhesive); 31-Silicon nitride layer; 32-P-xylene layer; 33-Molybdenum oxide layer; 4-Fluoropolyurethane 5-Glass substrate; 6-Encapsulation layer area; 7-Electrode area; P1-P1 groove; P2-P2 groove; P3-P3 groove; P4-P4 edge clearing area; P5-P5 edge clearing area; 501-First surface of glass substrate; 101-First surface of module; 102-Second surface of module; 103-First side of module; 201-First surface of encapsulation; 301-Second surface of encapsulation; 3101-First surface of silicon nitride layer; 3201-First surface of parylene layer. Detailed Implementation

[0050] The technical solution of the present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. However, the following examples are merely simplified examples of the present invention and do not represent or limit the scope of protection of the present invention. The scope of protection of the present invention is determined by the claims.

[0051] Unless otherwise stated, the raw materials and reagents used in the following examples are commercially available products or can be prepared by known methods.

[0052] The UV-curing adhesive used in the specific embodiments of this invention was purchased from Henkel Adhesive 3493; the silicone sealant was purchased from Dow Corning 791.

[0053] Figure 1 A flowchart illustrating the fabrication method of the perovskite solar cell module provided by the present invention is shown. The perovskite solar cell module includes: Substrate, including the first surface of the substrate; A perovskite solar cell module is stacked on a portion of the first surface of the substrate; A first encapsulation layer covers the perovskite solar cell module and forms a closed area with the first surface of the substrate; A second encapsulation layer, the second encapsulation layer covering the first encapsulation surface in the first encapsulation layer, the second encapsulation layer comprising at least one set of inorganic-organic composite layers; and A hydrophobic layer that covers the second surface of the encapsulation layer in the second encapsulation layer.

[0054] This invention replaces the traditional combination of solid film and glass cover plate encapsulation structure by using an outer hydrophobic layer to isolate water and an inner first and second encapsulation layer to block water and oxygen. This achieves effective encapsulation of the module, effectively enhances water and oxygen barrier properties, and makes the perovskite solar cell module lighter, with higher module performance and extended module life.

[0055] Example 1 This embodiment provides a perovskite solar cell module and its fabrication method. Figure 2 A cross-sectional schematic diagram of the perovskite solar cell module of Embodiment 1 of the present invention is shown. Figure 4 This figure shows a partial enlarged view of a perovskite solar cell module according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention. As shown in the figure, the perovskite solar cell module comprises, from bottom to top, a stacked glass substrate 5, a perovskite solar cell module 1 including an FTO transparent conductive layer 12 (with electrodes at both ends arranged symmetrically), and a perovskite functional layer 11. The perovskite functional layer 11 includes NiO. x Hole transport layer 111, perovskite light-absorbing layer 112, PCBM electron transport layer 113, IWO top electrode layer 114; alumina layer 2 (containing UV-curable adhesive components), including a covering alumina layer 21 (containing UV-curable adhesive components) and a filling alumina layer 22 (containing UV-curable adhesive components); silicon nitride layer 31, including a first surface 3101 of the silicon nitride layer; parylene layer 32, including a first surface 3201 of the parylene layer; molybdenum oxide layer 33; fluorinated polyurethane layer 4, with the arrow at point A pointing in the thickness direction.

[0056] Figure 3 The diagram shows a top view of a perovskite solar cell module according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention. As can be seen from the top view, 6 is the encapsulation layer area, and the dashed box corresponding to 12 is the location of the FTO transparent conductive layer. The surface of the FTO transparent conductive layer 11 is stacked on the perovskite functional layer. The arrow at point B points in the direction of length is located in the region of the FTO transparent conductive layer 12, but outside the region of the perovskite functional layer 11. The corresponding region 7 is the electrode region at both ends.

[0057] The method for preparing the perovskite solar cell module includes the following steps: (1) providing a glass substrate, preparing an FTO transparent conductive layer (with electrodes at both ends and symmetrically arranged) on the first surface 501 of the glass substrate, laser etching parallel P1 grooves (non-left and right end electrode parts of the FTO transparent conductive layer) along the thickness direction (arrow direction at A), and removing the transparent conductive layer on the glass substrate at the bottom of the groove.

[0058] (2) NiO is sputtered over the FTO transparent conductive layer with P1 grooves using magnetron sputtering. xThe perovskite solution was then annealed at 300℃ for 30 min to obtain a 20 nm hole transport layer. A perovskite solution was then coated onto the hole transport layer at a coating speed of 15 mm / s and a coating head height of 200 μm. After annealing at 150℃ for 10 min, a perovskite absorbing layer was obtained (the perovskite solution contained lead iodide:formamidinium hydroiodate:methylammonium iodide:cesium iodide in a molar ratio of 1:0.9:0.05:0.05, and a mixed solvent of DMF:DMSO in a ratio of 4:1 with a concentration of 1.5 mol / L). An electron transport layer solution was then coated onto the perovskite absorbing layer. The solution was coated at a speed of 15 mm / s and a nozzle height of 100 μm. After annealing at 70 °C for 10 min, an electron transport layer was obtained (the electron transport layer solution consisted of PCBM, the solvent was chlorobenzene, and the concentration was 20 mg / mL). Parallel to the P1 groove, the P2 groove was laser-etched sequentially. The bottom of the P2 groove retained the FTO transparent conductive layer. After the P2 groove was etched, parallel to the P1 groove, the battery film layer on both sides about 2 cm from the end of the P1 groove was removed by laser to obtain the P4 edge cleaning area. The bottom of the edge cleaning area retained the FTO transparent conductive layer.

[0059] (3) An IWO top electrode layer is prepared above the electron transport layer. The P3 groove is laser-etched in sequence adjacent to the P2 groove. The bottom of the P3 groove exposes the FTO transparent conductive layer. The functional layer located 1.5cm from the upper and lower edges of the module is removed by laser to obtain the P5 edge cleaning area. The film layer of the outer edge area of ​​the module is removed from the left and right directions parallel to the P1 groove, P2 groove, and P3 groove, and 1cm away from the outer side of the first P1 groove on the left and the first P1 groove on the right of the module, to obtain the perovskite solar cell module. The second surface 102 of the module is bonded to the first surface 501 of the glass substrate.

[0060] (4) The UV-curable adhesive and alumina are mixed evenly at a mass ratio of 1:2 to obtain the first encapsulation layer adhesive. The first encapsulation layer adhesive is applied to the first surface 101 and the first side surface 103 of the perovskite solar cell module. The first surface 501 of the glass substrate also contains the first encapsulation layer adhesive. The P3 groove is also filled with the first encapsulation layer adhesive. Then, the entire structure coated with the first encapsulation layer adhesive is placed under a UV lamp with a wavelength of 365nm for curing at 25℃ and 300mW / m 2 After curing for 30 seconds, the resulting aluminum oxide layer (containing UV-curable adhesive components) forms the first encapsulation layer.

[0061] (5) Then, the first surface 201 is encapsulated in the first encapsulation layer and a silicon nitride layer, a parylene layer and a molybdenum oxide layer are prepared sequentially by magnetron sputtering to form a second encapsulation layer. Then, the second surface 301 is encapsulated in the second encapsulation layer and a fluorinated polyurethane layer is prepared by spraying to obtain a perovskite solar cell module.

[0062] Example 2 This embodiment provides a perovskite solar cell module and its preparation method. The perovskite solar cell module includes a glass substrate, a perovskite solar cell module (the specific structure is consistent with that in Embodiment 1), a silicon oxide layer (containing UV-curable adhesive components), a titanium dioxide layer, a polyimide layer, a silicon nitride layer, and a silicone adhesive layer, wherein the parameters of each layer are consistent with those in Embodiment 1.

[0063] The difference between the preparation method of the perovskite solar cell module and that of Example 1 is that in steps (4) and (5), the UV-curable adhesive and silicon oxide are mixed evenly at a mass ratio of 1:1 to obtain the first encapsulation layer adhesive. The first encapsulation layer adhesive is then applied to the first surface and the first side of the module in the perovskite solar cell module, and the P3 groove is also filled with the first encapsulation layer adhesive. Subsequently, the entire structure coated with the first encapsulation layer adhesive is placed under a 365nm UV lamp for curing at 25°C and 280mW / m 2 After curing for 60 seconds, a silicon oxide layer (containing UV-curable adhesive components) is obtained, forming the first encapsulation layer. Then, a titanium dioxide layer, a polyimide layer, and a silicon nitride layer are sequentially prepared on the surface of the silicon oxide layer using magnetron sputtering to form the second encapsulation layer. Finally, a silicone adhesive layer is prepared on the surface of the silicon nitride layer using spin coating to obtain the perovskite solar cell module. The remaining preparation methods and parameters are consistent with those in Example 1.

[0064] Example 3 This embodiment provides a perovskite solar cell module and its preparation method. The perovskite solar cell module includes a glass substrate, a perovskite solar cell module (the specific structure is consistent with that in Embodiment 1), a calcium titanate layer (containing UV-curable adhesive components), a tin dioxide layer, an acrylic resin layer, a zirconium oxide layer, and a polytetrafluoroethylene layer, wherein the parameters of each layer are consistent with those in Embodiment 1.

[0065] The difference between the preparation method of the perovskite solar cell module and that of Example 1 is that in steps (4) and (5), the UV-curable adhesive and calcium titanate are mixed evenly at a mass ratio of 1:3 to obtain the first encapsulation layer adhesive. The first encapsulation layer adhesive is then applied to the first surface and the first side of the module in the perovskite solar cell module, and the P3 groove is also filled with the first encapsulation layer adhesive. Subsequently, the entire structure coated with the first encapsulation layer adhesive is placed under a 365nm UV lamp for curing at 25°C and 400mW / m 2After curing for 60 seconds, a calcium titanate layer (containing UV-curable adhesive components) is obtained, forming the first encapsulation layer. Then, a tin dioxide layer, an acrylic resin layer, and a zirconium oxide layer are sequentially prepared on the surface of the calcium titanate layer using magnetron sputtering to form the second encapsulation layer. Finally, a polytetrafluoroethylene layer is prepared on the surface of the zirconium oxide layer using spin coating to obtain the perovskite solar cell module. The remaining preparation methods and parameters are consistent with those in Example 1.

[0066] Example 4 This embodiment provides a perovskite solar cell module. The difference between the perovskite solar cell module and Embodiment 1 is that the perovskite solar cell module does not contain P2 and P3 slots. The P1 end is etched with a width of 3mm. The electrode is fabricated using a mask. The mask covers the P1 area, but retains the bottom FTO around the perimeter with a width of 2cm. The alumina layer (containing UV-curable adhesive) is only the covering alumina layer. The structure and parameters of the other layers are consistent with those of Embodiment 1.

[0067] The difference between the preparation method of the perovskite solar cell module described above and that of Example 1 is that the steps of P2 and P3 grooves are omitted, while P1 groove, P4 edge cleaning area and P5 edge cleaning area are retained. After obtaining the P5 edge cleaning area, the film layer in the outer edge area of ​​the module, which is 1 cm away from the outer side of the first P1 groove on the left and the first P1 groove on the right of the module, is removed in the left-right direction parallel to P1 groove, P2 groove and P3 groove. The bottom FTO is retained. The rest of the preparation method and parameters are the same as those in Example 1.

[0068] Comparative Example 1 This comparative example provides a perovskite solar cell module and its preparation method. The difference between the perovskite solar cell module and Example 1 is that the POE film + butyl adhesive + glass backsheet laminate is used as the encapsulation layer to replace the alumina layer (containing UV-curable adhesive), silicon nitride layer, parylene layer, molybdenum oxide layer and fluorinated polyurethane layer in Example 1.

[0069] The difference between the preparation method of the perovskite solar cell module and that of Example 1 is that the perovskite solar cell module is encapsulated by laminating POE film, butyl rubber on all four sides, and glass backsheet using existing technology. The lamination pressure is 60 MPa, the temperature is 120°C, and the time is 30 min. However, the preparation method of the perovskite solar cell module is consistent with that of Example 1.

[0070] Comparative Example 2 This comparative example provides a perovskite solar cell module and its preparation method. The perovskite solar cell module includes a glass substrate, a perovskite solar cell module (the specific structure is consistent with that in Example 1), an alumina layer (containing UV-curable adhesive components), a fluorinated polyurethane layer, a silicon nitride layer, a parylene layer, and a molybdenum oxide layer, wherein the parameters of each layer are consistent with those in Example 1.

[0071] The difference between the preparation method of the perovskite solar cell module and that of Example 1 is that the position of the fluorinated polyurethane layer in the module is adjusted according to the above-mentioned structural adaptability, while the rest of the preparation method and parameters remain the same as those of Example 1.

[0072] Performance tests were conducted on the perovskite solar cell modules provided in Examples 1-4 and Comparative Examples 1-2. A standard solar intensity calibration was performed using a solar simulator, and the modules were tested on a 100cm² area. 2 The perovskite solar cell module was subjected to IV testing, including photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE), fill factor (FF), open circuit voltage (Voc), and short circuit current density (Jsc). The starting voltage was set to 25V, the cutoff voltage to 0V, and the range to 3A. The results were rounded to two decimal places. The test results are shown in Table 1.

[0073] Table 1 The test results show that: (1) As can be seen from Examples 1-4, the present invention improves the water and oxygen barrier properties by combining the water-repellent layer and the water and oxygen barrier of the first and second encapsulation layers, resulting in a lighter perovskite solar cell module, higher module performance, and extended module lifespan. Specifically, the PCE can reach 16.93%~17.95%, the FF can reach 75.26%~77.86%, and the Jsc and Voc are also relatively high.

[0074] (2) As can be seen from Example 1 and Comparative Example 1, the present invention improves the water and oxygen barrier properties by combining the water-repellent layer and the water and oxygen barrier of the first and second encapsulation layers. Compared with the conventional POE film + butyl rubber + cover glass as the encapsulation structure, it reduces the impact of thermal stress such as lamination temperature and lamination pressure on the module performance, thereby effectively improving the photoelectric performance of the perovskite solar cell module, and also reducing the weight of the module and the production defect rate, making it lighter.

[0075] (3) As can be seen from Example 1 and Comparative Example 2, the present invention uses the first encapsulation layer, the second encapsulation layer and the hydrophobic layer to stack, each layer plays its own advantages, and the resulting perovskite solar cell module has higher performance and longer service life. If the first encapsulation layer, the hydrophobic layer and the second encapsulation layer are stacked, the external water and oxygen penetration cannot be effectively blocked from the source, the water and oxygen isolation effect is reduced, and the overall performance of the module is relatively reduced.

[0076] In summary, this invention achieves effective encapsulation of the module by combining an outer hydrophobic layer for water isolation and an inner first and second encapsulation layers for water and oxygen barrier, thus significantly enhancing water and oxygen barrier performance. Specifically, the first encapsulation layer completely encapsulates the effective area of ​​the perovskite solar cell module, preventing external water and oxygen from adhering to the top and sidewalls of the module. It also makes the surface of the layer structure at the top of the module flat and dense, thereby reducing the precipitation of organic solvents or small organic molecules within the perovskite light-absorbing layer. Furthermore, if grooves exist in the module's layer structure, the UV-curable adhesive in the first encapsulation layer can carry the first inorganic material to flow and fill the grooves, smoothing out defects such as unevenness, curling, and peeling in the groove cross-section, thus forming a protective layer that prevents the adsorption of external water and oxygen within the laser grooves, thereby improving the internal short-circuit problem caused by these defects. Subsequently, a second encapsulation layer, comprising at least one layer of inorganic-organic composite, is stacked to further enhance water and oxygen barrier and extend the path and channel for water and oxygen to enter the perovskite solar cell module. Finally, a hydrophobic layer effectively blocks external water and oxygen penetration from the source. The encapsulation structure of this invention replaces the traditional combination of solid film and glass cover, making the perovskite solar cell module lighter, with higher performance and longer lifespan.

[0077] The applicant declares that the above description is only a specific embodiment of the present invention, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. Those skilled in the art should understand that any changes or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed in the present invention fall within the protection and disclosure scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A perovskite solar cell module, characterized in that, The perovskite solar cell module includes: Substrate, including the first surface of the substrate; A perovskite solar cell module is stacked on a portion of the first surface of the substrate; A first encapsulation layer covers the perovskite solar cell module and forms a closed area with the first surface of the substrate; A second encapsulation layer, the second encapsulation layer covering the first encapsulation surface in the first encapsulation layer, the second encapsulation layer comprising at least one set of inorganic-organic composite layers; and A hydrophobic layer that covers the second surface of the encapsulation layer in the second encapsulation layer.

2. The perovskite solar cell module according to claim 1, characterized in that, The inorganic-organic composite stack comprises: A first inorganic protective layer is disposed facing the first encapsulation layer; An organic protective layer, wherein the organic protective layer covers the first surface of the inorganic layer in the first inorganic protective layer; and The second inorganic protective layer covers the first surface of the organic layer in the organic protective layer and is disposed away from the first encapsulation layer, and is attached to the hydrophobic layer.

3. The perovskite solar cell module according to claim 1, characterized in that, The number of groups in the inorganic-organic composite stack is 1 to 3.

4. The perovskite solar cell module according to claim 1, characterized in that, The perovskite solar cell module includes: Transparent conductive layer; A first carrier transport layer is stacked on one side of the transparent conductive layer; A perovskite light-absorbing layer is stacked on the side of the first carrier transport layer away from the transparent conductive layer; The second carrier transport layer is stacked on the side of the perovskite light-absorbing layer away from the first carrier transport layer; The top electrode layer is stacked on the side of the second carrier transport layer away from the perovskite light-absorbing layer.

5. The perovskite solar cell module according to claim 4, characterized in that, The perovskite solar cell module includes independently configured P1 slot, P2 slot and P3 slot. The P1 slot extends through the transparent conductive layer. The P2 slot extends through the stacked structure composed of the second carrier transport layer, the perovskite light-absorbing layer and the first carrier transport layer. The P3 slot extends at least through the top electrode layer.

6. The perovskite solar cell module according to claim 5, characterized in that, The first carrier transport layer includes a hole transport layer, and the second carrier transport layer includes an electron transport layer; or, the first carrier transport layer includes an electron transport layer, and the second carrier transport layer includes a hole transport layer.

7. The perovskite solar cell module according to claim 5, characterized in that, The perovskite solar cell module includes a first module surface and a second module surface disposed opposite to each other, and a first module side surface connecting the first module surface and the second module surface, wherein the second module surface is attached to the first substrate surface.

8. The perovskite solar cell module according to claim 7, characterized in that, The first encapsulation layer includes: A first sub-encapsulation layer, the first sub-encapsulation layer covering the first surface of the module and the first side surface of the module; and The second sub-encapsulation layer fills the P3 slot.

9. The perovskite solar cell module according to claim 8, characterized in that, The raw materials of the first encapsulation layer include a first encapsulation layer adhesive, which includes a UV-curable adhesive and a first inorganic material, wherein the mass ratio of the UV-curable adhesive to the first inorganic material is (1~3):

1.

10. A method for preparing a perovskite solar cell module, characterized in that, The preparation method includes the following steps: S1: Provides a substrate, including a first surface of the substrate; S2: A perovskite solar cell module is stacked in a portion of the first surface of the substrate; S3: The perovskite solar cell module is covered by the first encapsulation layer, and a closed area is formed with the first surface of the substrate; S4: The first surface of the first encapsulation layer is covered by a second encapsulation layer, wherein the second encapsulation layer includes at least one set of inorganic-organic composite stacks; S5: The perovskite solar cell module is prepared by covering the second surface of the second encapsulation layer with a hydrophobic layer.

11. The preparation method according to claim 10, characterized in that, The method for preparing the inorganic-organic composite stack described in S4 includes: A first inorganic protective layer is prepared on the first surface of the first encapsulation layer; An organic protective layer is prepared on the first surface of the inorganic layer in the first inorganic protective layer; A second inorganic protective layer is prepared on the first surface of the organic layer in the organic protective layer to obtain an inorganic-organic composite stack.

12. The preparation method according to claim 10, characterized in that, The fabrication method of the perovskite solar cell module described in S2 includes: A transparent conductive layer is provided and disposed on a portion of the first surface of the substrate; A first carrier transport layer is prepared on one side of the transparent conductive layer; A perovskite light-absorbing layer is prepared on the side of the first carrier transport layer away from the transparent conductive layer; A second charge carrier transport layer is prepared on the side of the perovskite light-absorbing layer away from the first charge carrier transport layer; A top electrode layer is prepared on the side of the second carrier transport layer away from the perovskite light-absorbing layer to obtain a perovskite solar cell module.

13. The preparation method according to claim 12, characterized in that, The fabrication method of the perovskite solar cell module described in S2 further includes the fabrication of P1 slot, P2 slot, and P3 slot, the method comprising: A transparent conductive layer is provided and disposed on a portion of the first surface of the substrate; A first carrier transport layer is prepared on one side of the transparent conductive layer, and then the transparent conductive layer is etched along the thickness direction to obtain a P1 groove that runs through the transparent conductive layer. A perovskite light-absorbing layer is prepared on the side of the first carrier transport layer away from the transparent conductive layer; A second carrier transport layer is prepared on the side of the perovskite light-absorbing layer away from the first carrier transport layer. The surface of the second carrier transport layer is etched along the thickness direction until the transparent conductive layer is exposed, thereby obtaining a P2 groove that connects the second carrier transport layer, the perovskite light-absorbing layer, and the first carrier transport layer. A top electrode layer is prepared on the side of the second carrier transport layer away from the perovskite light-absorbing layer, and the surface of the top electrode layer is etched along the thickness direction to obtain a P3 groove that at least penetrates the top electrode layer.

14. The preparation method according to claim 13, characterized in that, The first carrier transport layer includes a hole transport layer, and the second carrier transport layer includes an electron transport layer; or, the first carrier transport layer includes an electron transport layer, and the second carrier transport layer includes a hole transport layer.

15. The preparation method according to claim 13, characterized in that, The method for preparing the first encapsulation layer in S3 includes: The first encapsulation layer adhesive is applied to the first surface and the first side of the perovskite solar cell module, and is filled into the P3 groove during the coating process. After the coating and filling are complete, the first encapsulation layer adhesive is cured by light to form a first sub-encapsulation layer and a second sub-encapsulation layer, thus obtaining the first encapsulation layer.

16. The preparation method according to claim 15, characterized in that, The first encapsulation layer adhesive comprises a UV-curable adhesive and a first inorganic material, wherein the mass ratio of the UV-curable adhesive to the first inorganic material is (1~3):

1.

17. The preparation method according to claim 15, characterized in that, The first encapsulation layer adhesive, after being coated, is then photocured at a power of 200 mW / cm². 2 ~600mW / cm 2 .

18. The preparation method according to claim 15, characterized in that, The first encapsulation layer adhesive is then cured by light, and the light curing temperature is 25℃~30℃.

19. The preparation method according to claim 15, characterized in that, The first encapsulation layer adhesive is then cured by light, and the curing time is 10s to 60s.

20. A perovskite-silicon tandem solar cell module, characterized in that, The perovskite-silicon tandem solar cell includes a crystalline silicon bottom cell and a perovskite solar top cell assembly stacked together. The perovskite solar roof cell module includes the perovskite solar cell module as described in any one of claims 1 to 9, or the perovskite solar cell module prepared by the preparation method as described in any one of claims 10 to 19.

21. A photovoltaic system, characterized in that, The photovoltaic system includes the perovskite-silicon tandem solar cell module as described in claim 20.

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