Plant defense elicitor

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to elicitors that defend responses in useful plants to establish a natural defense system of a plant against plant pests, where the elicitors are nonanoic acid or derivatives thereof.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure relates to elicitors of defense responses in useful plants to establish natural defense systems for plants against plant pests.

[0002] This disclosure relates to the use and methods of employing nonanoic acid or its agriculturally acceptable salts, esters or amide derivatives as defensive elicitors against plant pests.

[0003] In addition, this article also provides agricultural compositions comprising nonanoic acid or its agriculturally acceptable salts, esters or amides and their applications. Background Technology

[0004] This disclosure relates to fatty acids, particularly nonanoic acid or its agriculturally acceptable salts, esters or amide derivatives, as defensive elicitors against plant pests, exhibiting high activity and low phytotoxicity.

[0005] Nonanoic acid has long been considered a non-selective contact herbicide. It has now been surprisingly found that using nonanoic acid in selected proportions as a defense elicitor in beneficial plants is highly effective.

[0006] Due to the favorable environmental properties of nonanoic acid, this disclosure provides farmers with an important new solution for controlling or preventing damage to useful plants caused by plant pathogens and stress.

[0007] The use of nonanoic acid in insect control in a variety of crops has been disclosed in PCT / EP2023 / 051467, PCT / EP2023 / 051472, PCT / EP2023 / 051473, PCT / EP2023 / 051475, PCT / EP2023 / 051478, PCT / EP2023 / 051479, PCT / EP2023 / 051484, PCT / EP2023 / 051486 and PCT / EP2023 / 051490.

[0008] The terms “invention,” “this invention,” “the present invention,” and “this particular invention” as used herein are intended to broadly refer to all subject matter of this patent application and the appended claims. Statements containing these terms should be understood not to limit the subject matter described herein, nor to limit the meaning or scope of the appended claims. The embodiments covered by this invention are defined by the claims, not by the content of this invention. The content of this invention is a high-level summary of various aspects of the invention and introduces some of the concepts described and illustrated in this document and the accompanying drawings. The content of this invention is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used alone to determine the scope of the claimed subject matter. The subject matter should be understood by referring to appropriate portions of the specification throughout, any or all of the drawings, and the claims. Some exemplary embodiments of the invention are discussed below. Detailed Implementation

[0009] Plants are adversely affected by a variety of environmental stresses, which can be categorized as: (a) abiotic stresses, including salinity, flooding, drought, extreme temperatures, heavy metals, and radiation; and (b) biotic stresses, such as attacks by various pathogens (e.g., fungi, bacteria, oomycetes) and plant pests (e.g., insects, arachnids, and nematodes). If stress persists, plant growth and productivity will decline significantly.

[0010] To overcome these environmental stresses, plants have evolved complex physiological and biochemical adaptation systems, such as cell signaling pathways and cell responses, the production of stress proteins, the upregulation of antioxidant mechanisms, and the accumulation of compatible solutes.

[0011] Compounds that trigger such a defense response when sensed by plants are usually called plant defense elicitors, plant elicitors, or simply elicitors.

[0012] The nonanoic acid compositions disclosed herein exhibit good tolerance to plants at concentrations required to induce a defense response, making them suitable for use on the aboveground parts of plants, propagation materials, and plant growing sites (e.g., soil).

[0013] According to this disclosure, all plants and plant parts are subject to treatment. Plants refer to all plants and plant communities, cultivars and plant varieties.

[0014] Plant parts refer to all above-ground and underground parts and organs of a plant, such as buds, leaves, flowers and roots, including leaves, needles, stems, branches, flowers, fruiting bodies, fruits and plant propagation material, including seeds as well as roots, bulbs, rhizomes and stolons.

[0015] For the purposes of this disclosure, the following terms shall have the following meanings: In this disclosure, "active ingredient" refers to a compound that directly produces biologically relevant effects, preferably insecticidal or biostimulatory effects as described herein.

[0016] The term "adjuvant" or "auxiliary" refers to a compound or combination of compounds that do not produce biologically relevant effects themselves but enhance the effects of the active ingredient. When using adjuvants, their selection will depend on the active ingredient and the chosen processing procedure.

[0017] The abbreviations used in this article have their conventional meanings in the fields of chemistry and biology.

[0018] Unless the context clearly specifies otherwise, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” used herein all include plural references. Thus, for example, reference to “a polymer” may optionally include a combination of two or more polymers, etc.

[0019] The term “and / or” as used herein refers to and covers any and all possible combinations of one or more of the relevant listed items, and includes cases of no combination when interpreted alternatively (“or”).

[0020] Unless otherwise stated, the term “about” as used herein, when used in conjunction with numerical values, parameters, or ranges of numerical values ​​(e.g., amount, volume, volume ratio, volume percentage, weight ratio, weight percentage, or application rate of a component of a composition), means the amount, volume, volume ratio, volume percentage, weight ratio, weight percentage, or application rate that a person skilled in the art would consider capable of providing an effect equivalent to that obtained by a specified amount, volume, volume ratio, volume percentage, weight ratio, weight percentage, or application rate. This meaning is included herein and should be interpreted according to the number of significant figures reported and the application of conventional rounding techniques.

[0021] The term "arthropods" as used in this article refers to the phylum Arthropoda ( phylum Arthropoda Any plant pests, including those from the Hexapoda ( subphylum Hexapoda ), which includes the class Insecta ( class Insecta (e.g., insects), and chelicerate subphylum ( subphylum Chelicerata ), which includes arachnids ( class Arachnida (e.g., spiders, mites).

[0022] As used herein, the terms “insect,” “pesticide,” “insecticide,” “insecticide,” and their variations, unless specifically referring to a particular insect pest, refer to any arthropod plant pest, including those in the phylum Arthropoda and class Arachnida or Insecta, as well as those in the phylum Nematoda (Nematoda). phylum Nematoda Pests in ).

[0023] The terms “comprising,” “including,” “having,” “containing,” and variations thereof, as used herein, are inclusive and open-ended expressions, and do not exclude the existence of additional, unlisted elements or method steps beyond those expressly listed. The phrase “consisting of” as used herein is closed-ended, excluding any unspecified elements, steps, or components. The phrase “substantially constitutes” as used herein limits the scope of the feature to the specified materials or steps, and those materials or steps that do not materially affect the essential and novel characteristics of the disclosed feature.

[0024] As used herein, the term "agriculturally acceptable carrier" refers to a substance that facilitates the application and absorption of an active agent by a crop, which may be included in the compositions of this disclosure without causing significant adverse toxicological effects on the crop. Therefore, an agriculturally acceptable carrier should be compatible with other components of the formulation and harmless to the application environment or organisms (e.g., plants). Non-limiting examples of agriculturally acceptable carriers include water, sodium chloride, aqueous saline solutions, conventional sucrose, conventional glucose, binders, fillers, disintegrants, lubricants, coating agents, etc. Those skilled in the art will recognize that other agriculturally acceptable carriers may also be used in this disclosure.

[0025] As used herein, the term "effective insecticidal amount" refers to the amount of nonanoic acid or a derivative thereof that, when applied to a useful plant before infestation by a plant pest, effectively stimulates or enhances the plant's defense mechanisms to repel plant pests, inhibit or indirectly control the growth rate or reproduction of plant pests, increase the mortality rate of plant pests, eradicate plant pests, and / or reduce the damage caused to the plant by plant pests. This stimulation of plant defense mechanisms can be localized or systemic. Unless a specific insect pest is explicitly mentioned, "effective insecticidal amount" includes the amount that effectively inhibits or controls any arthropod plant pest (including those in the phylum Arthropoda and class Arachnida, and those in the phylum Nematoda).

[0026] As used in this article, the term "pest" or "plant pest" refers to members of the phylum Arthropoda, including the subphylum Hexapoda, which contains the class Insecta (e.g., insects), and the subphylum Chelicerata, which contains the class Arachnida (e.g., spiders, mites), as well as members of the phylum Nematoda, which are undesirable in crop cultivation, for example, because they negatively affect the appearance, health, or productivity of plants or crops.

[0027] Any range of values ​​disclosed herein is intended to include all subranges covered within the range. For example, the range from 1 to 10 includes all subranges between the listed minimum value 1 and the listed maximum value 10 (inclusive), as well as any values ​​in between, including any and all decimal values.

[0028] As used herein, a “composition” comprises at least one active ingredient (e.g., nonanoic acid) and at least one adjuvant. The terms “composition” and “formulation” are used interchangeably throughout the text and have the same meaning.

[0029] The terms “plant” and “crop” are used interchangeably throughout the text and have the same meaning.

[0030] The nonanoic acid used in this disclosure has good environmental tolerance and, when it has good plant tolerance, is suitable for protecting plants and plant organs.

[0031] While nonanoic acid is preferred, embodiments of this disclosure include the use of at least one nonanoic acid derivative alone or in combination with nonanoic acid. Nonanoic acid derivatives suitable for use in this disclosure are selected from salts, esters, and amides of nonanoic acid.

[0032] In some embodiments, if used, at least one nonanoic acid derivative comprises one or more salts or esters of nonanoic acid.

[0033] Esters of nonanoic acid include esters formed from nonanoic acid and alcohols (such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, butanol, ethane-1,2-diol, propane-1,3-diol, propane-1,2,3-triol (glycerol), and mixtures thereof). One example is cholesterol nonanoate.

[0034] Salts of nonanoic acid include metal salts, ammonium salts, alkanolamine salts, quaternary ammonium salts, and choline salts. Metal salts are alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts, or aluminum, copper, iron, or zinc salts. Alkali metal salts of fatty acids include lithium, sodium, potassium, and rubidium salts of nonanoic acid. Alkaline earth metal salts of nonanoic acid include magnesium and calcium salts. These salts can be formed by reacting nonanoic acid with a base containing the desired metal cation; for example, for alkali metals, by reacting one or more fatty acids with sodium or potassium hydroxide; for alkaline earth metals, by reacting with magnesium or calcium hydroxide; and for other metals, by reacting with aluminum hydroxide, copper hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, or iron hydroxide. Alkanolamine salts include dimethylethanolamine salts of nonanoic acid, as well as monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, and triethanolamine salts. Quaternary ammonium salts can be prepared by combining nonanoic acid with a quaternary ammonium containing a hydroxyl group, forming L-carnitine salts, L-acetylcarnitine salts, and betaine salts. Choline salts can be prepared by combining nonanoic acid with choline hydroxide to form nonanoic acid choline salt, choline γ-homocysteine ​​salt, β-methylcholine salt, acetylcholine salt, acetyl γ-homocysteine ​​salt, and (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)trimethylammonium salt.

[0035] Other salts include dimethylethanolamine salt of nonanoic acid, 2-(pyrrolidine-1-yl)ethanol-1-ol salt and 3-(1-pyrrolyl)1,2-propanediol salt.

[0036] Amide derivatives of nonanoic acid can be prepared by methods known in the art, including: reacting nonanoic acid with an amine via a condensation reaction using a condensation reagent (such as N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, oxaloyl chloride, thionyl chloride, phosphorus trichloride, or phosphorus pentachloride); reacting nonanoic acid with an amine in the presence of a catalyst; and first forming a derivative of nonanoic acid (such as nonanoyl chloride, nonanoic acid alcohol ester, nonanoic acid phenol ester, etc.) and then reacting the derivative with an amine.

[0037] The term "low phytotoxicity" for nonanoic acid used in this article refers to the absence of toxic effects on plants or a level that does not adversely affect plant growth and / or yield under a given set of experimental conditions (e.g., a given concentration of nonanoic acid).

[0038] Phytotoxic effects can be determined in a variety of ways, for example, according to the principles described in the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Bulletin (OEPP / EPPO Bulletin) (2014) 44(3), 265-273 "PP 1 / 135 (4) Phytotoxicity Assessment".

[0039] Phytotoxic effects on plants can be assessed visually, based on the percentage of leaf discoloration and / or necrosis. When nonanoic acid compositions are applied to the leaves of useful plants in accordance with the teachings herein, they typically result in phytotoxicity levels of less than 20%, less than 15%, or less than 10% leaf necrosis compared to untreated plants.

[0040] On the one hand, the use of nonanoic acid will result in 7% or less phytotoxicity, while the optimal use will generally result in 5% or less phytotoxicity. These figures are approximate, as any purely visual assessment may contain a degree of subjectivity.

[0041] The term “useful plants” as used in this article includes: maize, cotton, cereals (including wheat (winter and spring wheat), spelt, durum, rye, barley, oats, millet, and triticale), and rapeseed (as used in this article, the term “rapeseed” includes the Brassica napus subspecies). Brassica napus subsp. turnip Argentine canola, also known as rapeseed or rapeseed and its specific cultivars—canola; Chinese cabbage type rapeseed ( Turnip cabbage ), also known as Polish Canola; and mustard-type rapeseed ( Brassica junceaBrown mustard (also known as brown mustard) Mustard), perennial plants (including coffee as used in this article), fruit trees such as Abiu, Almond, Amla (Indian gooseberry), Apple, Apricot, Avocado, Bael, Ber (Indian jujube), Carambola (starfruit), Cashew, Cherry, Citrus (Clementine, Lemon, Lime, Orange, etc.), Coconut, Crabapple, Damson, Durian, Elderberry, Fig, Grapefruit, Guava, Jackfruit, Jujube, Loquat, Lychee, Mango, Medlar, Morello Cherry, Mulberry, Olive, Pawpaw (including tropical papaya and North American Asimina triloba), Peach and nectarine, Pear, Pecan, Persimmon, Plum, Pomelo, Quince, Pomegranate, Rambutan, Sapodilla (chikoo), Soursop, Sugar-apple (sharifa), Sweet chestnut, Tamarillo, Ugli fruit, Walnut and Water Apple, Grapes, Rice, Sorghum, Soybean, Turfgrass, and vegetables including cabbage. Brassica vegetable(For example, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, broccoli, kale, kohlrabi, red cabbage, Savoy cabbage, Chinese broccoli, collard greens), and Chinese cabbage-type rapeseed ( Turnip cabbage (For example, turnips, Chinese cabbage, napa cabbage, bok choy), radishes ( Radish (e.g., radish, daikon, seedpod varieties), carrots) Carrot (e.g., carrot); parsnip ( Parsnip (e.g., parsnip), beets ( Beetroot (For example, beetroot, sea beet, Swiss chard, sugar beet) and lettuce ( Green lettuce (e.g., lettuce, celtuce), asparagus) Asparagus medicinal plant (e.g., asparagus), green beans) Common bean ), red flower beans ( Bean scarlet ) and cotton beans ( Phaseolus lunatus (For example, green beans, French beans, runner beans, haricot beans, lima beans), broad beans ( Vetches bean (e.g., broad beans), peas ( Pea (e.g., peas, snappes, snow peas, split peas), potatoes) Solanum tuberosum (e.g., potato), eggplant genus ( Solanum aubergine (e.g., eggplant), Tomato genus ( Solanum tomato (e.g., tomatoes), cucumbers ( Cucumber (e.g., cucumber), pumpkin plants () Pumpkin(e.g., pumpkin, zucchini, marrow, green zucchini, gourd) and onion) Garlic onion (e.g., onion, spring onion, scallion, shallot, garlic) Allium sativum (e.g., garlic), leeks ( Garlic ampelous (e.g., leeks, giant garlic, chili peppers) Red pepper (e.g., pepper, bell pepper, sweet pepper), spinach ( Spinach vegetable (e.g., spinach), Dioscorea species ( Dioscorea (e.g., yam), sweet potato (spp.) Sweet potato (e.g., sweet potato) and cassava ( Cassava (e.g., cassava).

[0042] The preferred plants and cultivars treated according to this disclosure include those resistant to herbicides or one or more biotic stresses, i.e., those plants exhibiting better defense against animal and microbial pests (such as nematodes, insects, mites, plant pathogenic fungi, bacteria, viruses, and / or viroids). This includes genetic modification through breeding (including mutagenesis), gene editing (e.g., CRISPR), or transformation using recombinant DNA technology (i.e., transgenic plants), enabling the plant to synthesize one or more selectively acting toxins (e.g., known from toxin-producing bacteria, especially Bacillus). Bacillus Plants that acquire resistance to the above-mentioned biological stresses by means of bacterial toxins.

[0043] The compositions according to this disclosure can be advantageously used to treat transgenic plants, cultivars, or plant parts containing genetic material that confers advantageous and / or useful characteristics (traits) to these plants, cultivars, or plant parts. Therefore, it is contemplated that the compositions of this disclosure can be combined with one or more recombinant traits or transgenic events, or combinations thereof.

[0044] For the purposes of this disclosure, a transgenic event is generated by inserting a specific recombinant DNA molecule into a specific location (locus) within the chromosome of a plant genome. This insertion produces a novel DNA sequence called an "event," characterized by the inserted recombinant DNA molecule and a small amount of genomic DNA immediately adjacent to or flanking the inserted DNA. Such trait or transgenic event includes, but is not limited to, pest resistance, water use efficiency, yield performance, drought tolerance, seed quality, improved nutritional quality, hybrid seed yield, and herbicide tolerance, wherein the effectiveness of the trait is measured relative to plants lacking this trait or transgenic event. Specific examples of such advantages and / or useful traits are better plant growth, vigor, stress tolerance, standing ability, lodging resistance, nutrient uptake, plant nutrition and / or yield, especially improved growth, enhanced tolerance to high or low temperatures, enhanced tolerance to drought or water or soil salinity levels, enhanced flowering performance, easier harvesting, accelerated ripening, higher yield, higher quality and / or higher nutritional value of harvested products, better shelf life and / or processability of harvested products, and enhanced resistance to animal and microbial pests such as insects, arachnids, nematodes, mites, slugs and snails.

[0045] In the DNA sequences encoding proteins that confer tolerance to such animal and microbial pests (especially insects), those from Bacillus thuringiensis will be specifically mentioned. Bacillus thuringiensis The genetic material of *Bacillus*, which encodes the Bt protein, is widely described in the literature and is well known to those skilled in the art. Reference will also be made to sources such as *Procambarus* (…). PhotorhabdusProteins extracted from bacteria such as (W097 / 17432 and WO98 / 08932). Specifically, BtCry or VIP proteins will be mentioned, including CrylA, CrylAb, CrylAc, CryllA, CryllA, CryIIIB2, Cry9c, Cry2Ab, Cry3Bb, and CrylF proteins or their toxic fragments, and their hybrids or combinations thereof, particularly CrylF protein or hybrids derived from CrylF protein (e.g., hybrid CrylA-CrylF protein or its toxic fragments), CrylA type protein or its toxic fragments, preferably CrylAc protein or hybrids derived from CrylAc protein (e.g., hybrid CrylAb-C). rylAc protein) or CrylAb or Bt2 protein or its toxic fragments, Cry2Ae, Cry2Af or Cry2Ag protein or its toxic fragments, CrylA.105 protein or its toxic fragments, VIP3Aal9 protein, VIP3Aa20 protein, VIP3A protein produced in the COT202 or COT203 cotton events, such as VIP3Aa protein or its toxic fragments described by Estruch et al. (1996) in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 28;93(11):5389-94, Cry protein described in WO2001 / 47952, from pathogenic bacilli ( Xenorhabdus (as described in WO98 / 50427), Serratia spp. ( Serratia (especially from Serratia marcescens) S. entomophila )) or genus *Luminobacterium* ( Photorhabdus Insecticidal proteins of species and strains, such as the Tc protein from the genus *Luminobacterium* as described in WO98 / 08932. Furthermore, this document includes any variants or mutants of any of these proteins that differ from any of the sequences described above (particularly their toxic fragment sequences) in certain amino acids (1-10, preferably 1-5), or variants fused with transport peptides (such as plasmid transport peptides) or other proteins or peptides.

[0046] Another particularly emphasized example of this type of trait is tolerance to one or more herbicides (such as imidazolinones, sulfonylureas, glyphosate, or glufosinate) conferred through mutagenesis (e.g., Clearfield™ imidazolinone-tolerant varieties) or transgenic technology. In the DNA sequences encoding proteins that confer tolerance to specific herbicides in transformed plant cells and plants, the following genes should be specifically mentioned: the bar or PAT gene conferring tolerance to glufosinate, or the *Streptomyces cerevisiae* gene described in WO2009 / 152359; genes encoding suitable EPSPS (5-enolpyruvate-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase) (which confers tolerance to herbicides targeting EPSPS, especially glyphosate and its salts); genes encoding glyphosate-N-acetyltransferase; or genes encoding glyphosate oxidoreductase. Other applicable herbicide tolerance traits include at least one ALS (acetyllactate synthase) inhibitor (e.g., WO2007 / 024782), a mutant Arabidopsis ALS / AHAS gene (e.g., U.S. Patent 6,855,533), a gene encoding 2,4-D monooxygenase conferring tolerance to 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), and a gene encoding dicamba monooxygenase conferring tolerance to dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid).

[0047] Another example of this characteristic is resistance to one or more plant pathogenic fungi, such as Asian soybean rust. Among the DNA sequences encoding proteins that confer resistance to such diseases, those from short-haired wild soybean (Glycine max) should be specifically mentioned. wisteria small bowl The genetic material of the inoculated strains, such as any one of the publicly available inoculated strains PI441001, PI483224, PI583970, PI446958, PI499939, PI505220, PI499933, PI441008, PI505256 or PI446961 described in WO2019 / 103918.

[0048] A further and particularly noteworthy example of this characteristic is the increased resistance to bacteria and / or viruses, which is attributed to, for example, systemically acquired resistance (SAR), systemins, phytoalexins, elicitors, and resistance genes and the proteins and toxins they express.

[0049] Crops can also be modified to enhance their resistance to fungi (e.g., Fusarium spp.). Fusarium ),anthrax( Anthracnose ) or Phytophthora ( Phytophthora ), bacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas spp.) Pseudomonas Resistance to pathogens such as potato leafroll virus, tomato wilt virus, and cucumber mosaic virus.

[0050] Crops also include those with enhanced resistance to nematodes, such as the soybean cyst nematode.

[0051] Representative transgenic events in transgenic plants or cultivars that can be processed according to this disclosure include: Event 531 / PV-GHBK04 (cotton, insect control, described in WO2002 / 040677); Event 1143-14A (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO2006 / 128569); Event 1143-51B (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO2006 / 128570); Event 1445 (cotton, herbicide tolerance, not deposited, described in US-A). Event 17053 (rice, herbicide tolerance, accession number PTA-9843, described in WO2010 / 117737); Event 17314 (rice, herbicide tolerance, accession number PTA-9844, described in WO2010 / 117735); Event 281-24-236 (cotton, insect control - herbicide tolerance, accession number PTA-6233, described in WO2005 / 103266 or US-A 2005-216969); Event 3006-210-23 (cotton, insect control - herbicide tolerance, accession number PTA-6233, described in US-A 2005-216969). Event 3272 (Maize, quality traits, accession number PTA-9972, described in WO2006 / 098952 or US-A-2006-230473); Event 33391 (Wheat, herbicide tolerance, accession number PTA-2347, described in WO2002 / 027004); Event 40416 (Maize, insect control - herbicide tolerance, accession number ATCC PTA-11508, described in WO11 / 075593); Event 43A47 (Maize, insect control - herbicide tolerance, accession number ATCC PTA-11509, described in WO2011 / 075595); Event 5307 (Maize, insect control, accession number ATCC... PTA-9561, described in WO2010 / 077816; Event ASR-368 (bent grass, herbicide tolerance, accession number ATCC PTA-4816, described in US-A 2006-162007 or WO2004 / 053062); Event B16 (maize, herbicide tolerance, not accessed, described in US-A-2003-126634); Event BPS-CV127-9 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, accession number NCIMB No. 41603, described in WO2010 / 080829); Event BLRI (rapeseed, male sterility recovery, accession number NCIMB 41193, described in WO2005 / 074671);Event CE43-67B (cotton, insect control, accession number DSM ACC2724, described in US-A-2009-217423 or WO2006 / 128573); Event CE44-69D (cotton, insect control, not accessed, described in US-A-2010-0024077); Event CE44-69D (cotton, insect control, not accessed, described in WO2006 / 128571); Event CE46-02A (cotton, insect control, not accessed, described in WO2006 / 128572); Event COT102 (cotton, insect control, not accessed, described in US-A... Event COT202 (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in US-A-2007-067868 or WO2005 / 054479); Event COT203 (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO2005 / 054480); Event DAS21606-311606 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited at PTA-11028, described in WO2012 / 033794); Event DAS40278 (maize, herbicide tolerance, deposited at ATCC PTA-10244, described in WO2011 / 022469); Event DAS-44406-6 / pDAB8264.44.06.l (Soybean, herbicide tolerance, accession number PTA-11336, described in WO2012 / 075426); Event DAS-14536-7 / pDAB8291.45.36.2 (Soybean, herbicide tolerance, accession number PTA-11335, described in WO2012 / 075429); Event DAS-59122-7 (Maize, insect control - herbicide tolerance, accession number ATCC PTA 11384, described in US-A2006-070139); Event DAS-59132 (Maize, insect control - herbicide tolerance, not accessed, described in WO2009 / 100188); Event DAS68416 (Soybean, herbicide tolerance, accession number ATCC) PTA-10442, described in WO2011 / 066384 or WO2011 / 066360; Event DP-098140-6 (maize, herbicide tolerance, ATCC PTA-8296, described in US-A 2009-137395 or WO2008 / 112019); Event DP-305423-1 (soybean, quality traits, not preserved, described in US-A-2008-312082 or WO2008 / 054747).Event DP-32138-1 (maize, hybrid system, ATCC PTA-9158, described in US-A-2009-0210970 or WO2009 / 103049); Event DP-356043-5 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, ATCC PTA-8287, described in US-A 2010-0184079 or WO2008 / 002872); Event EE-1 (eggplant, insect control, not deposited, described in WO 07 / 091277); Event Fil 17 (maize, herbicide tolerance, ATCC 209031, described in US-A... Event FG72 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, accession number PTA-11041, described in WO2011 / 063413); Event GA21 (maize, herbicide tolerance, accession number ATCC 209033, described in US-A-2005-086719 or WO 98 / 044140); Event GG25 (maize, herbicide tolerance, accession number ATCC 209032, described in US-A 2005-188434 or WO98 / 044140); Event GHB119 (cotton, insect control - herbicide tolerance, accession number ATCC 2006-059581 or WO98 / 044140). PTA-8398, described in WO2008 / 151780; Event GHB614 (cotton, herbicide tolerance, accession number ATCC PTA-6878, described in US-A-2010-050282 or WO2007 / 017186); Event GJ11 (maize, herbicide tolerance, accession number ATCC 209030, described in US-A 2005-188434 or WG98 / 044140); Event GM RZ13 (sugar beet, virus resistance, accession number NCIMB-41601, described in WO2010 / 076212); Event H7-I (sugar beet, herbicide tolerance, accession number NCIMB 41158 or NCIMB 41159, described in US-A 2004-172669 or WO2007 / 017186); Event 2004 / 074492); Event JOPLINI (wheat, disease tolerance, not deposited, described in US-A-2008-064032); Event LL27 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, NCIMB41658, described in WO2006 / 108674 or US-A-2008-320616); Event LL55 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, NCIMB41660, described in WO 2006 / 108675 or US-A-2008-196127);Event LLcotton25 (cotton, herbicide tolerance, accession number ATCC PTA-3343, described in WO2003 / 013224 or US-A-2003-097687); Event LLRICE06 (rice, herbicide tolerance, accession number ATCC 203353, described in US6,468,747 or WO2000 / 026345); Event LLRICE62 (rice, herbicide tolerance, accession number ATCC 203352, described in WO2000 / 026345); Event LLRICE601 (rice, herbicide tolerance, accession number ATCC PTA-2600, described in US-A-2008-2289060 or WO2000 / 026356); Event LY038 (maize, quality traits, accession number ATCC). PTA-5623, described in US-A-2007-028322 or WO2005 / 061720; Event MIR162 (maize, insect control, accession number PTA-8166, described in US-A-2009-300784 or WO2007 / 142840); Event MIR604 (maize, insect control, not accessed, described in US-A-2008-167456 or WO2005 / 103301); Event MON15985 (cotton, insect control, accession number ATCC) PTA-2516, described in US-A-2004-250317 or WO2002 / 100163; Event MON810 (maize, insect control, not deposited, described in US-A-2002-102582); Event MON863 (maize, insect control, deposited at ATCC PTA-2605, described in WO2004 / 011601 or US-A-2006-095986); Event MON87427 (maize, pollination control, deposited at ATCC PTA-7899, described in WO2011 / 062904); Event MON87460 (maize, stress tolerance, deposited at ATCC). PTA-8910, described in WO2009 / 111263 or US-A-2011-0138504; Event MON87701 (soybean, insect control, accession number ATCC PTA-8194, described in US-A 2009-130071 or WO2009 / 064652); Event MON87705 (soybean, quality trait - herbicide tolerance, accession number ATCC PTA-9241, described in US-A-2010-0080887 or WO2010 / 037016); Event MON87708 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, accession number ATCC PTA-9670, described in WO2011 / 034704);Event MON87712 (Soybean, yield, accession number PTA-10296, described in WO2012 / 051199); Event MON87754 (Soybean, quality traits, accession number ATCC PTA-9385, described in WO2010 / 024976); Event MON87769 (Soybean, quality traits, accession number ATCC PTA-8911, described in US-A-2011-0067141 or WO2009 / 102873); Event MON88017 (Maize, insect control - herbicide tolerance, accession number ATCCPTA-5582, described in US-A-2008-028482 or WO2005 / 059103); Event MON88913 (Cotton, herbicide tolerance, accession number ATCC PTA-4854, described in WO2004 / 072235 or US-A-2006-059590; Event MON88302 (rapeseed, herbicide tolerance, accession number PTA-10955, described in WO2011 / 153186); Event MON88701 (cotton, herbicide tolerance, accession number PTA-11754, described in WO2012 / 134808); Event MON89034 (maize, insect control, accession number ATCC PTA-7455, described in WO 07 / 140256 or US-A-2008-260932); Event MON89788 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, accession number ATCC). PTA-6708, described in US-A-2006-282915 or WO2006 / 130436; Event MS11 (rapeseed, pollination control-herbicide tolerance, accession number ATCC PTA-850 or PTA-2485, described in WO2001 / 031042); Event MS8 (rapeseed, pollination control-herbicide tolerance, accession number ATCC PTA-730, described in WO2001 / 041558 or US-A-2003-188347); Event NK603 (maize, herbicide tolerance, accession number ATCC PTA-2478, described in US-A 2007-292854); Event PE-7 (rice, insect control, not accessed, described in WO2008 / 114282); Event RF3 ( Rapeseed, pollination control-herbicide tolerance, accession number ATCC PTA-730, described in WO2001 / 041558 or US-A-2003-188347; event RT73 (Rapeseed, herbicide tolerance, not accessed, described in WO2002 / 036831 or US-A-2008-070260);Event SYHT0H2 / SYN-000H2-5 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, accession number PTA-11226, described in WO2012 / 082548); Event T227-1 (sugar beet, herbicide tolerance, not accessed, described in WO2002 / 44407 or US-A-2009-265817); Event T25 (maize, herbicide tolerance, not accessed, described in US-A-2001-029014 or WO2001 / 051654); Event T304-40 (cotton, insect control - herbicide tolerance, accession number ATCC) PTA-8171, described in US-A-2010-077501 or WO2008 / 122406; Event T342-142 (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO2006 / 128568); Event TC1507 (maize, insect control - herbicide tolerance, not deposited, described in US-A-2005-039226 or WO2004 / 099447); Event VIP1034 (maize, insect control - herbicide tolerance, deposit number ATCC). PTA-3925, described in WO2003 / 052073; Event 32316 (maize, insect control - herbicide tolerance, accession number PTA-11507, described in WO2011 / 084632); Event 4114 (maize, insect control - herbicide tolerance, accession number PTA-11506, described in WO2011 / 084621); Event EE-GM3 / FG72 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, ATCC accession number PTA-11041), optionally superimposed with Event EE-GM1 / LL27 or Event EE-GM2 / LL55 (WO2011 / 063413A2); Event DAS-68416-4 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, A ATCC Accession No. PTA-10442, WO2011 / 066360A1); Event DAS-68416-4 (Soybean, Herbicide Tolerance, ATCC Accession No. PTA-10442, WO2011 / 066384A1); Event DP-040416-8 (Maize, Insect Control, ATCC Accession No. PTA-11508, WO2011 / 075593A1); Event DP-043A47-3 (Maize, Insect Control, ATCC Accession No. PTA-11509, WO2011 / 075595A1); Event DP-004114-3 (Maize, Insect Control, ATCC Accession No. PTA-11506, WO2011 / 084621) A1); Event DP-032316-8 (Maize, Insect Control, ATCC Accession No. PTA-11507, WO2011 / 084632A1);Event MON-88302-9 (rapeseed, herbicide tolerance, ATCC accession number PTA-10955, WO2011 / 153186A1); Event DAS-21606-3 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, ATCC accession number PTA-11028, WO2012 / 033794A2); Event MON-87712-4 (soybean, quality traits, ATCC accession number PTA-10296, WO2012 / 051199A2); Event DAS-4440 6-6 (Soybean, superimposed herbicide tolerance, ATCC accession number PTA-11336, WO2012 / 075426A1); Event DAS-14536-7 (Soybean, superimposed herbicide tolerance, ATCC accession number PTA-11335, WO2012 / 075429A1); Event SYN-000H2-5 (Soybean, herbicide tolerance, ATCC accession number PTA-11226, WO2012 / 082548A2); Event DP-061061-7 (Rapeseed, herbicide tolerance, no available accession number, WO2012071039A1); Event DP-073496-4 ( Rapeseed, herbicide tolerance, no available accession number, US2012131692); Event 8264.44.06.1 (Soybean, superimposed herbicide tolerance, accession number PTA-11336, WO2012075426A2); Event 8291.45.36.2 (Soybean, superimposed herbicide tolerance, accession number PTA-11335, WO2012075429A2); Event SYHT0H2 (Soybean, ATCC accession number PTA-11226, WO2012 / 082548A2); Event MON8870 Event 1 (cotton, ATCC accession PTA-11754, WO2012 / 134808A1); Event KK179-2 (alfalfa, ATCC accession PTA-11833, WO2013 / 003558A1); Event pDAB8264.42.32.1 (soybean, superimposed herbicide tolerance, ATCC accession PTA-11993, WO2013 / 010094A1); and Event MZDT09Y (maize, ATCC accession PTA-13025, WO2013 / 012775A1).

[0052] Furthermore, a list of such transgenic events is provided by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and can be found on its global website, aphis.usda.gov. For the purposes of this application, this list is relevant to the status at the date of filing. Genes / events conferring the target trait may also exist in transgenic plants in combinations of each other. Examples of transgenic plants that may be mentioned include important crops such as cereals (wheat, rice, triticale, barley, rye, oats), corn, soybeans, potatoes, sugar beets, sugarcane, tomatoes, peas, and other types of vegetables, cotton, tobacco, canola, and fruit trees (with fruit such as apples, pears, citrus fruits, and grapes), with particular interest in corn, soybeans, wheat, rice, potatoes, cotton, sugarcane, tobacco, and canola. Traits particularly emphasized are enhanced plant resistance to insects, arachnids, nematodes, slugs, and snails, and enhanced plant resistance to one or more herbicides.

[0053] Commercial examples of such plants, plant parts, or plant propagation materials (e.g., seeds) that may be preferentially treated under this disclosure include commercial products sold or distributed under the trademarks GENUITY®, DROUGHTGARD®, SMARTSTAX®, RIB COMPLETE®, ROUNDUP READY®, VT DOUBLE PRO®, VT TRIPLE PRO®, BOLLGARD II®, ROUNDUP READY 2 YIELD®, YIELDGARD®, ROUNDUP READY® 2 XTEND™, INTACTA RR2 PRO®, VISTIVE GOLD®, and / or XTENDFLEX™, such as plant seeds.

[0054] Plants and cultivars that may also be treated according to this disclosure include those that are resistant to one or more abiotic stresses, i.e., those that have shown enhanced plant health in terms of stress tolerance. Abiotic stress conditions may include, for example, drought, low temperature exposure, heat exposure, osmotic stress, waterlogging, increased soil salinity, increased mineral exposure, ozone exposure, strong light exposure, limited nitrogen nutrient supply, limited phosphorus nutrient supply, and shade response. Preferably, treating these plants and cultivars with the compositions of this disclosure can further improve the overall health of the plants.

[0055] The plants and cultivars treated according to this disclosure may also be those plants with yield-enhancing characteristics, i.e., those that have already shown improved plant health in terms of these characteristics. The increased plant yield may result from improvements in, for example, plant physiological functions and growth and development, such as improved water use efficiency, water retention efficiency, nitrogen use, carbon assimilation, photosynthesis, germination efficiency, and accelerated maturation. Yield may also be affected by improvements in plant architecture (under stress and non-stress conditions), including but not limited to: earlier flowering, flowering regulation in hybrid seed production, seedling vigor, plant size, number and spacing of internodes, root growth, seed size, fruit size, pod size, number of pods or ears, number of grains per pod or ear, grain weight, increased grain fullness, reduced shattering, reduced pod splitting, and lodging resistance. Other yield traits include seed composition, such as carbohydrate content, protein content, oil content and composition, nutritional value, reduction of anti-nutritional compounds, improved processing suitability, and improved storage stability. Preferably, treating these plants and cultivars with the compositions of this disclosure can further improve the overall health of the plants.

[0056] On the one hand, when nonanoic acid or its salts, esters or amides are applied to useful plants, the plants exhibit better defense against biological stress caused by plant pests.

[0057] The compositions and methods disclosed herein can protect useful plants from the following plant pests: From the phylum Arthropoda ( phylum Arthropoda Pests, especially those from the class Arachnida ( class Arachnid ) pests, such as flour mites ( Mite spp.), such as the roughy foot flour mite ( Mite of the syro tree ); Goji berry gall mite ( Aceria kuko ); Strychnoides gall mite ( Aceria sheldonii ); Erythromites ( Aculops spp.); genus *Gnaphalium* ( Needle spp.), for example, *Gallus flexneri* (spp.), Needle-nose pliers ) or Sterculia styrax ( Needle schlechtendal ); genus *Ixodes* ( Amblyomma spp.); Grape gall mite ( Amphitetranychus Viennese ); *Ixodes* genus ( Argos spp.); genus *Ixodes* ( Boophilus spp.); genus *S. spp.*; genus *S. spp.* Short-palped spp.), for example, the purple-red short-haired mite ( Pheonix phoenicis ); Grass moth ( Bryobia grass ); Alfalfa moth ( Bryobia praetiosa ); genus *Scorpion* ( Centruroides spp.); genus *Pseudomonas* ( Chorioptes spp.); chicken skin mites ( Dermanyssus hen House dust mites ( Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus ); dust mites ( Dermatophagoides flouris ); genus *Tectus* ( Dermacentor spp.); genus *Tetranychus* ( Eotetranychus spp.), such as the pecan leaf mite ( Eotetranychus hickory ); pear gall mite ( Epitrimerus pyri ); Genus Tetranychus ( Eutetranychus spp.), such as Bancroft spider mite ( Eutetranychus banksi ); Erythromites ( Eriophyes spp.), for example, pear gall mite ( Eriophyes pyri ); Sweet mite ( Domestic cicada ); Destructive hemitarstil mites ( Halotydeus destructor ); Hemitarstomum ( Hemitarsonus spp.), for example, the lateral tarsiforme ( ) Hemitarsonus lateralis (= Polyphagotarsonemus latus )); genus *Botrytis* ( Hyalomma spp.); genus *Ixodes* ( Ticks spp.); genus *Cypripedium* ( Robber spp.); genus *Spiritus* ( Loxosceles spp.); Fall mite ( Neutrombicula autumnalis ); Noupehsa genus ( Bride spp.); genus *Smallclaw* ( Oligonychus spp.), such as the coffee-coffee mite ( Oligonychus coffeae ), Pine claw mite ( Oligonychus coniferum ), holly claw mite ( Oligonychus ilicis Indian claw mite ( Oligonychus indicus Mango claw mite ( Oligonychus mangiferus ), Grassland mites ( Oligonychus pratensis ), pomegranate claw mite ( Oligonychus punicae ) or Eusemycosis rubrum ( Oligonychus yothersi ); *Ixodes scabra* ( Omitodorus spp.); genus *Avianus* ( Omithonyssus spp.); genus *Panthera* ( Panonychus spp.), such as the citrus red claw mite ( Panonychus citri (= Metatetranychus citri Apple pterostigmon ()), apple pterostigmon mite ( Panonychus elm (= Metatetranychus elm )); Citrus rust mite ( Phyllocoptruta oleivora ); Multidactyly flat leaf mite ( Platytetranychus multidigituli ); eat more tarsiform mites ( Polyphagotarsonemus latus ); genus *Pseudomonas* ( Psoroptes spp.); genus *Pterocarya* ( Rhinoceros spp.); genus Rhizomites ( Rhizoglyphus spp.); genus Sarcoptes ( Sarcoptes Mauritanian scorpion (spp.); Mauritanian scorpion ( Moorish Scorpio ); *Narrow Tartarus* genus ( Steneotarsonemus spp.); Rice tarsiforme ( Steneotarsonemus spinki ); Tardigrade mites ( Tarsonemus spp.), such as the chaotic tarsieridum ( Tarsonemus confused ), pale tarsiforme ( Pale Tarsonemus ); Tetranychus ( Spider mite spp.), such as the Canadian spider mite ( Canadian spider mite ), Cinnabar Tetranychus ( Cinnabar spider mite ), Turkestan spider mite ( Tetranychus turkestani Two-spotted spider mite ( Spider mite ); Acanthopanax senticosus ( Alfred Duke's trumpet ); Vayus genus ( Woe to you spp.); Tomato gall mite ( Vases tomatoes ); Those from the class Chilopoda (the class of the Chilopoda Pests, such as those of the genus Centipede (Scolopendra). Geophilus spp.) or centipede genus ( Scutigera spp.); From the order or class Colubridae ( the order or the class of the Collembola Pests, such as the armed springtail ( Onychiurus armata ); or green springtail ( Green sedge ); Those from the class Diplopoda ( the class of the Diplopoda ) pests, such as spotted millipedes ( The common hawk-moth ); Those from the class Insecta ( the class of the Insecta Pests, such as those from the order Blattodea ( order of the Blattodea Pests, such as the Oriental cockroach ( Oriental cockroach Brown-banded cockroach ( Cockroach asahinai German cockroach ( German cockroach Madeira cockroach ( Leucophaea maderae ), (likely patterned cockroach) Loboptera deceiving ), rhomboid cockroach ( Neostylopyga rhombifolia ), genus Blattodea ( Panchlora spp.), Paracrita ( Parcoblatta spp.), genus *Periplaneta* ( ... Periplanet spp.), for example, the American cockroach ( American periplaneta Australian cockroach ( Periplaneta Australasia Surinamese cockroach ( Pycnoscelus surinamensis ) or long-bearded cockroach ( Supella longipalpa ); Those from Coleoptera ( the order of the Coleoptera Pests, such as the striped cucumber beetle ( Acalymma vittatum ), Bean Weevil ( Acanthoscelides obtectus ), genus *Ceratophora* ( Adored spp.), small honeycomb beetle ( Swollen awn Alder Purple Flying Armor ( Alder agelastica ), Narrow-necked genus ( Agrilus spp.), for example, white ash narrow gemstone ( Common wagtail ), base narrow gemine ( Coxal hawkmoth Double-lined narrow jewel () Two-lined hawkmoth ), Birch Narrow Jiding ( Anxious farmer ); genus *Tegus* ( Agriots spp.), for example, Linnaeus's clasps ( Agriotes linneatus ), incomplete nail ( The poor peasants ); small mealworms ( Alphitobius diaper ), Steel Blue Jump Armor ( High steel Summer Solstice Gilled Golden Beetle ( Amphimallon solstitialis Furniture thieves ( Anobium punctatum ), genus *Apoda* ( Anoplophora spp.), for example, the sappan beetle ( Anoplophora glabripennis ); genus *Elephant* ( Anthonom spp.), for example, the cotton boll weevil ( Anthonom big ) or strawberry flower weevil ( Anthonomus rubi ); genus *Cypripedium* ( Anthrene spp.); genus *Cercopithecus* (spp.); genus *Cercopithecus Onion spp.); genus Asclepiadidae ( Apogonia spp.); *Slender-shined ground beetle* ( Atomic spp.), for example, the linear slender-shined armor ( Linear atomic ); Fur beetle ( Attagenus spp.); Blue-billed elephant ( Blue-green Baris ); Bean weevil ( Bruchidius covered ); Bean weevil genus ( Beetle spp.), for example, the pea weevil ( Pea beetle ), broad bean weevil ( Red-headed beetle ); Tortoise shell genus ( Cassia spp.); Bean leaf beetle ( Cerotoma trifurcata ); Tortoise genus ( Ceutorhynchus spp.), for example, the Chinese cabbage seed tortoise (spp.) Ceutorhynchus assimilis ), rapeseed tortoise ( Ceutorhynchus napi Gyll. ), Bean-pod turtle elephant ( Ceutorhynchus obstrictus ), pale tortoise ( Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus ), Colorful-footed Tortoise ( Ceutorhynchus picitarsis ), four-toothed tortoise ( Ceutorhynchus quadridens ), turnip tortoise ( Ceutorhynchus rapa ); genus *Hylocereus* ( Chaetocnemaspp.), for example, neighboring flea beetles ( Chaetocnema conmis ), Fine-toothed flea beetle ( Chaetocnema denticulata ), Jump armor ( Chaetocnema ectypa ), flea beetle ( Chaetocnema pulicaria ); Beggar with a square beak ( Cleon beggar ); genus *Ceratophora* ( Conoderus spp.); Banana weevil ( Cosmopolitans spp.), for example, the banana pseudostem weevil ( Sordid cosmopolitan ); New Zealand toothed beetle ( Costelytra zealandica ); genus *Nematodeus* ( Criocerus spp.), for example, the asparagus vine (spp.), Crioceris asparagus ), Twelve-star mud beetle ( Criocerus twelve-spotted ); genus *Cyprinus* ( Ctenicera spp.); genus *Weevil* ( Weevil spp.), for example, the pecan weevil ( Carob weevil ), Hickory borer ( Weevil caryatrypes ), blunt image ( Weevil blunt ), Sa's elephant ( I am a weevil. ); Rusty Red Flat Rice Thief ( Cryptolestes ferrugineus ), Longhorn Flat Rice Thief ( Cryptolestes pusillus ), Yanggan Hidden-beaked Elephant ( Cryptorhynchus lapathi Mango cryptobeak ( Cryptorhynchus mangosteen ); Tube-beaked elephant ( Cylindrocopterus spp.), for example, the scattered tube-beaked elephant ( Cylindrocopterus adspersus ), Fouché's tube-beaked elephant ( Cylindrocopturus fumissi ); genus *Microbes* ( Dendroctonus spp.), for example, the mountain pine bark beetle ( Dendroctonus ponderosae ); genus *Dermestidus* ( Dermestes spp.); genus *Lepidoptera* ( Diabrotica spp.), for example, the striped leaf beetle ( Diabrotica striata ), Bartholin's root leaf beetle ( Diabrotica barberi ), Leafy Jade ( Speciiform Diabrotica ), Eleven-spotted leaf beetle Hoe's subspecies ( Diabrotica undecimpuncatata Howard ), the nominate subspecies of the eleven-spotted leaf beetle ( Diabrotica eleven-spotted eleven-spotted ), the nominate subspecies of the maize root leaf beetle ( Diabrotica virgifera virgin-bearing ), Maize root leaf beetle subspecies of maize ( Diabrotica virgifera zeae ); genus *Double-spotted moth* ( Dichocroce spp.); rice iron beetle ( Dicladispa armigera ); genus *Double-leaved Beetle* ( Diloboderus spp.); Yellow and black flea beetles ( Disonycha xanthomelas ); Knocking nail family ( family Elateridae ); Long-beaked elephant ( Epicaerusspp.); Genus *Cynoglossum* ( Epictetus spp.); Ladybug genus ( Epilachn spp.), for example, the northern plant-eating ladybug ( Epilachn northern ), Mexican bean ladybug ( Epilachna varivesti ); Flea beetle genus ( Epitome spp.), for example, cucumber flea beetle ( Cucumber Dark Skip Armor The black-headed falcon ), Flea beetle ( Epitome hairy-headed ), Asian Flying Leopard ( Subcrinous Epitrix ), tuber flea beetle ( Tuber's epitrix ); the genus *Elephant* ( Faustinus spp.); naked spider beetle ( Gibbium psylloides ); Corn snipe ( Gnathocerus comatus ); Ladybug ( Harmonia axyridis ); Cabbage heart moth ( Hellula undalis Black Golden Beetle ( Heteronychus ploughman ); Heterocarya ( ) Heteronyx spp.); Jade Beetle ( Hylamorpha elegans ); House longhorn beetle ( Hylotrupes bajulus ); Alfalfa leaf weevil ( Backyard ); Green-scaled elephant ( Hypomeces squamosus ); Bark beetle ( Hypotheneum spp.), for example, coffee berry borer ( Hypothenemus hampei ), dark bark beetle ( Hypothenemus obscurus ), pubescent bark beetle ( Hypothenemus pubescens ); Homologous golden beetle ( Lachnostema blood relative Tobacco A ( ) Lasioderma serricome Rice flatworm ( Rice latex ); genus *Slender-flat beetle* ( Lathridius spp.); genus *Phyllostachys* ( Theme spp.); potato beetle ( Leptinotarsa ​​ten-lineata ); Genus *Lepidoptera* ( White-winged spp.), for example, the coffee leaf miner ( Leucoptera coffeella ); relief nail ( Limonius ectypus Rice water weevil ( Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus ); Long-beaked elephant ( Listronotus (= Hyperodes ) spp.), for example, the Oregon long-beaked elephant ( Listronotus oregonensis ); Tube-beaked elephant ( Dirty spp.); Yellow-striped leaf beetle ( Luperodes spp.); Yellow-skinned leaf beetle ( Luperomorpha xanthodera ); Powderwort ( ) Lyctus spp.); mostly longhorn beetles ( Megacyllenespp.), for example, black locust trees often carry longhorn beetles ( Megacyllene robinia ); genus *Leptochloa* ( Megascelis spp.); Black-spotted beetle ( ) Melanotan spp.), for example, common black nail polish ( Common melanotus ), Oregon Long Black Claw Armor ( Melanotus longulus of Oregon ); Rapeseed flower with exposed tail beetle ( Meligethes aeneus ); genus *Ceratophyllum* ( Melolontha spp.), for example, the May-gilled scarab beetle ( Melolontha honeysuckle ); Two-colored tortoise shell ( Two-colored metriona ); Longhorn beetle ( Almond spp.); genus *Leptococcus* ( Monochamus spp.); Yellow-striped elephant ( Naupactus xanthographus ); genus *Guogong* ( Necrophobia spp.); *Neoleaf beetle* ( Neogalerucella spp.); white spider beetle ( Grandson of the hololeucus ); Coconut beetle ( Oryx rhinoceros ); Sawmiller ( Oryzaephilus surinamensis ); Rice Weevil ( Rice eater ); Genus *Elephant* ( Otiorhynchus spp.), for example, the sieve-eared beaked elephant (spp.) Otiorhynchus cribricollis ), Privet Ear-beaked Elephant ( Otiorhynchus privet ), oval-shaped ear-beaked elephant ( Otiorhynchus ovatus ), wrinkled-eared elephant ( Otiorhynchus rugosostriarus ), grape black-eared beaked elephant ( Otiorhynchus sulcatus ); genus *Cephalopoda* ( Oulema spp.), for example, oat leaf beetle ( Oulema melanopus Rice leaf beetle ( Rice weevil ); Small Blue and White Porcelain Golden Turtle ( Oxycetonia jucunda Horseradish leaf beetle (); Phaedon spoonbill ); genus *Tecula* ( Phyllophagus spp.), for example, the Hercules's clawed beetle ( Phyllophaga helleri ); genus *Cephalopoda* ( Phyllotreta spp.), for example, horseradish strips flea beetles ( Phyllotreta armoraciae Yellow striped flea beetle ( Phyllotreta crucifera ), Small Jump Armor ( Phyllotreta pusilla ), flea beetle ( Phyllotreta ramosa ), Yellow-striped flea beetle ( Phyllotreta striped ); Japanese beetle ( Japanese popillia Andean elephant ( ); Andean elephant ( Premnotrypes spp.); Big Valley Beetle ( Prostephanus truncatus ); genus *Ceratophyllum* ( Psylliodes spp.), for example, the closely related flea beetle ( Related Psylliodes), Golden Head Flea Beetle ( Psylliodes chrysocephalus ), and the quinoa jump armor ( Psylliodes dotted Spider beetles ( ) Ptinus spp.); ladybug ( Rhizobius ventralis ); grain beetle ( Rhizopertha Sunday ); Palm weevil genus ( Rhynchophorus spp.), for example, the red-brown weevil (spp.) Rhynchophorus rusty Palm weevil ( Rhynchophorus palmarum ); Family Scarabaeidae Scarabaeidae ); Bark beetle ( Bark beetle spp.), for example, the European elm bark beetle ( Bark beetle ); Perforated long beetle ( Sinoxylon piercing ); Rice weevil genus ( Sitophilus spp.), for example, the grain elephant (spp.) Sitophilus granarius ), linear rice elephant ( Sitophilus linearis ), Rice Elephant ( Sitophilus oryzae ), corn weevil ( Sitophilus zeamais ); genus *Cephalopoda* ( Sphenophore spp.), for example, the maize wedge-beaked elephant (spp.) Sphenophorus maidis ); Medicinal Material A ( Stegobium panic ); genus *Narrow-beaked elephant* ( Stemechus spp.), for example, the swamp narrow-beaked elephant (spp.) Stemechus paludatus ); genus *Synthetic longhorn beetle* ( Symphyletes spp.); *Begonia* genus ( System spp.), for example, the mild broad-chested flea ( System flattering ); the broad-foreheaded elephant belongs to ( Tanymech spp.), for example, the broad-necked, broad-foreheaded elephant ( Tanymecus dilaticollis ), Indian broad-foreheaded elephant ( Indian tanymecus ), shawl and broad forehead ( Tanymecus palliatus ); Yellow mealworms ( Darkness inventor ); big grain bandit ( Tenebrioides mauretanicus ); genus *Pseudofloxacinus* ( Tribolium spp.), for example, the bold grain beetle ( Tribolium bold ), Red Valley Beetle ( Chestnut Tribolium ), miscellaneous grain thief ( Tribolium confused ); genus *Dermestidus* ( Trogoderma spp.); Seed weevil genus ( Tychius spp.); *Leptochloa crus-galli* ( ) Xylotrechus spp.), for example, the coffee longhorn beetle ( Xylotrechus quadripes ); Dark Step Armor ( Zabrusspp.), for example, the Valley Dark Armor ( Zabrus tenebrioides ); Those from the order Dermaptera ( the order of the Dermaptera Pests, such as earwigs ( Anisolabis maritime ), European ball cactus ( Earwig ) or shore earwig ( Lapidary riverbank ); Those from the order Diptera ( the order of the Diptera Pests, such as those of the genus Aedes ( House spp.), such as Aedes aegypti ( Aedes aegypti ), Aedes albopictus ( The white-painted house ), Aedes mosquitoes ( House stiff ), harassing Aedes mosquitoes ( A disturbing house ); genus *Bottlefly* ( Agromyza spp.), for example, the frontal borer ( Agromyza forehead ), rice leafminer ( Agromyza rice beetle ), small hornfly ( Agromyza parvicomis According to the genus *Fly* ( Anastrepha spp.), for example, the South American fruit fly ( Anastrepha fritillary ), Mexican fruit fly ( Anastrepha ludens West Indian fruit fly ( ) Anastrepha oblique Anopheles ( ) Anopheles spp.), for example, Anopheles tetrastigma ( Anopheles quadrimaculatus Anopheles gambiae ( Anopheles gambiae ); genus *Cyprinus* ( Asphondylia spp.); Fruit fly genus ( Bactrocera spp.), for example, the fruit fly with thorny tip ( Bactrocera corrected ), melon fly ( Bactrocera cucurbita ), the orange fruit fly ( Bactrocera dorsalis Olive fruit fly ( Bactrocera oleae ), Tyro fruit fly ( Bactrocera tyroni ), peach fruit fly ( Bactrocera girdled ); Garden mosquito ( I drink the gardener's drink. ); Red-headed blowfly ( Calliphora erythrocephala ); Backflipper fly ( Calliphora vicinal Mediterranean fruit fly (); Ceratitis capitata ); Chironomidae ( Chironom spp.); rice straw fly ( Chlorops oryzae ); genus *Goldenflies* ( Chrysomya spp.); genus *Tamarix* ( Chrysops spp.); rain fly ( Chrysozoa pluvialis ); genus Spiralflies ( Cochliomya spp.); genus *Gnaphalium* ( Contarina spp.), such as Johnson gall midge ( Contarinia johnsoni ), cabbage gall midge ( Nasturtium contarini ), pear gall midge ( Contarinia pyrivora Schultz gall midge ( Contarinia schulzi ), sorghum gall midge ( Contarina sorghum Wheat gall midge ( Wheat bran ); Human-loving horn fly ( Cordylobia anthropophaga Forest-dwelling midge ( ); Cricotopus sylvestris ); Culex genus ( Mosquito spp.), for example, Culex pipiens sharpii (spp.), Mosquito pipit Culex pipiens quinquefolius ( ) Five-banded mosquito ); genus Culicoides ( Culicoidea spp.); Vespa nigricans ( Culiseta spp.); genus *Walva* ( Skin spp.); olive fruit fly ( Dacian olive trees ); genus *Gnaphalium* ( Dasineura spp.), for example, Brassica gall midge ( Brassica oleracea ); genus *Fly* ( Delia spp.), for example, the onion seed fly ( Ancient Delia ), wheat field flies ( Delia narrowed ), radish field fly ( Delia flower arrangement ), gray ground fly ( Delia's flat ), cabbage ground fly ( Delia roots ); human skin fly ( Human dermatophytes ); Drosophila ( Drosophila spp.), for example, the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) Drosophila black-eyed ), Suzuki fruit fly ( Drosophila suzukii ); genus *Spiny tibiae* ( Horsetail spp.); Angelica pubescens fruit fly ( Euleia of Hercules ); Toilet fly genus ( Fanny spp.); genus *Gastropoda* ( Gasterophilus spp.); genus *Tsetseus* ( Glossine spp.); genus *Tamarix* ( Bloodwort spp.); genus *Fluidus* ( Hydrellia spp.); Grey water fly ( Hydrellia griseola ); genus *Fly* ( Hylemya spp.); *Licefly* ( ) Hippopotamus spp.); Ferns ( ) Hypodermis spp.); genus *Leymus* ( ... Liriomyza spp.), for example, the cabbage leafminer ( Liriomyza cabbages ), South American leafminer ( Liriomyza huidobrensis ), American serpentine leafminer ( Liriomyza sativa ); Green flies ( ) Lucillespp.), for example, the green leaf fly (spp.) Lucilia cuprina ); genus *Raphtonia* ( Lutzomyia spp.); genus *Manni* ( Mansonia spp.); Housefly ( Fly spp.), for example, houseflies ( Housefly ) or Southern subspecies of housefly ( The housefly is nearby. ); genus *Cyclophorus* ( Estrus spp.); simple borer ( Ophiomyia simplex ); Swedish straw fly ( Oscinella frit ); Genus *Centella* ( Paratanytarsus spp.); Paralaut midge ( Paralauterbomiella subcincta ); genus *Fluidus* ( Pegomya or Pegomyia spp.), for example, beet spring fly (spp.) Pegomya beet ), hyoscyamus hyoscyamus ( Pegomya hyoscyami ), Rubus idaeus ( Pegomya rubivora Sandfly genus (); Sandfly spp.); genus *Fly* ( ...) Phorbia spp.); Blackfly genus ( Phormia spp.); naked-mouthed leafminer ( Phytomyza gymnostoma ); cheese fly ( Piophila cheese ); spotted leafminer ( Platyparea bird of prey ); Genus *Protoceratops* ( Prodiplosis spp.); Carrot stem fly ( Rose psylla ); genus *Fly* ( Rhagoletis spp.), for example, the black cherry fruit fly ( Rhagoletis cingulata ), Walnut fly ( Complete rhagoletis ), sour cherry fruit fly ( Rhagoletis is auspicious. ), cherry fruit fly ( Rhagoletis indifferent ), blueberry fruit fly ( Rhagoletis is a liar. ) or apples around fruit flies ( Rhagoletis pomonella ); genus *Vallisneria* ( Sarcophagus spp.); genus *Nematoda* ( Simulacrum spp.), for example, the southern black gnat ( Southern skunk ); Stinging flies ( ) Stomachache spp.); genus *Bufo* ( Horsefly spp.); *Flyflies* ( ) Tetanus spp.); genus *Gnaphalium* ( Chives spp.), for example, the swamp mosquito (spp.) Marsh sedge Simple large mosquito () Simple onion ); Curved-tailed fruit fly ( Toxotrypana curvicauda ); Curved three-fruit fly ( Tritoxa flexa ) or select those with fruit flies ( Zonosemata chosen ); Those from Hemiptera ( the order of the Hemiptera ) pests, such as acacia psyllids ( Acizzia acaciaebaileyanae ), Dodonopsis japonicus ( Acizzia dodonaea ), hook-toothed psyllid ( Azizia uncat-like ), sword-horned locust ( Turreted grasshopper ), Aphidida genus ( Acyrthosipon spp.), for example, the pea aphid ( Acyrthosiphon pea ); genus *Cypripedium* ( Acrogony spp.); Genus *Cypripedium* ( Aeneolamia spp.); *Pseudopoda* ( ) The scene of the battle spp.); genus *Aphis* ( Aleurocanthus spp.); cabbage whitefly ( Aleyrodes little girl Barod whitefly ( Aleurolobus barodensis ); Orange whitefly ( Aleurothrixus fluffy Malayan psyllid ( Allocaridara malayensis ); genus *Leafhopper* ( Amrasca spp.), for example, the two-spotted green leafhopper ( Amrasca bigutulla Damaged green leafhoppers ( Devastating amrasca ); Thistle aphid ( Thistle anuraphis ); genus *Nephrodisiac* ( Aonidiella spp.), for example, the red kidney round shield scale ( Aonidiella orange ), Yellow kidney round shield scale ( Aonidiella citrina ), Narrow-necked round-skinned scale ( Aonidiella inomata ); Pear yellow aphid ( Aphanostigma pear ); Aphids ( Aphid spp.), for example, the citrus aphid ( Aphis citricola ), bean aphids ( Aphid ravenous ), broad bean aphid ( Bean aphid ), Flexneria ( Aphis forbesii ), soybean aphid ( Wisteria aphids ), cotton aphids ( Aphis gossypii Ivy aphid ( Ivy aphid ), Illinois aphid ( Aphis illinoisensis ), Middleton aphid ( Aphis middletoni ), water mustard aphid ( Nasturtium aphid ), oleander aphid ( Aphis nerii Apple aphids Apple aphid ), Spiraea aphid ( Aphis spiraecola ), viburnum aphid ( Aphis vibumiphila ); Top-striped leafhopper ( Apical Arboridia ); *Arita* psyllid ( Arytainilla spp.); Small Shield Scale ( Aspidella spp.); genus *Cyclops* ( Aspidistraspp.), for example, the ivy-shaped scale ( Aspidiotus nerii ); Ata leafhopper genus ( Atan spp.); eggplant aphid ( Nightshade ); genus *Whitefly* ( Bemisia spp.), for example, silver leaf whitefly ( Bemisia silverleaf ), whitefly ( Bemisia tabaci Western bud psyllid ( Blastopsylla western ); Melaleuca lycopersicola ( Boreioglycaspis melaleucae ); Convolvulella maxima ( Short-tailed helichrysum ); genus *Short-tubed aphid* ( Brachycolus spp.); cabbage aphid ( Brassica oleracea ); Psyllid genus ( Cockroach spp.), for example, pear psyllid ( Cacopsylla pyri ), pear psyllid ( Cacopsylla pyricola ); ridge planthopper ( Calligypona marginata ); Caprin scale insects ( Capulinia spp.); flashing leafhopper ( Cameocephalus fulgida Sugarcane aphid ( Woolly cow ); Cicada family ( Cercopidae ); genus *Ceratophyllum* ( Wax plastics spp.); strawberry capillary aphid ( Chaetosiphon fragaefolii ); Tegal Shield Scale ( Chionaspis tegalensis ); small green leafhopper ( Chlorita onukii ); Red-winged locust ( Chondracris rosea ); Walnut aphid ( Chromaphis juglandicola Orange-brown round-shielded scale ( Chrysomphalus aonidum ); Brown round shield scale ( Fig leaf beetle ); corn leafhopper ( Cicadulina mbila Hall mealybug ( Coccomytilus hall ); genus *Cypripedium* ( Cock spp.), for example, brown soft scale (spp.), Coccus hesperidus ), long soft scale ( Cock tall ), False brown soft scale ( Pseudomagnolia coccus ), green soft scale ( Green cocci ); Curranthus cryptocarpa ( Cryptomyzus ribis ); genus Cryptophyta ( Cryptoneossa spp.); Eucalyptus psyllid ( Ctenarytaina spp.); grape phylloxera ( Daktulosphaira vitifoliae ); *Dalboeleafhopper* genus ( Dalbulus spp.), for example, the corn broad-headed leafhopper (spp.) Maiden's scythe ); Kittenden whitefly ( Dialeurodes chittendeni ); Citrus whitefly ( Citrus citronella ); citrus psyllid ( Citrus diaphorine ); genus *Cyclops* ( Diasper spp.); genus Dipteroides ( Diuraphis spp.); Dora aphid ( Doral spp.); genus *Lysimachia* ( Dragonhead spp.); *Symplocos spp.* Drosicha spp.); *Aphidida* ( ) Dysaphis spp.), for example, the celery constrictor aphid ( Dysaphis celery ), Plantain constrictor aphid ( Dysaphis plantain Tulip constrictor aphid ( Tulip-shaped Dysaphis ); genus Mealybug ( Dysmicoccus spp.); Leafhopper ( ) Empoasca spp.), for example, the potato leafhopper ( Empoasca abrupt ), broad bean leafhopper ( Bean sprouts Apple leafhopper ( Malignant scaly ), eggplant leafhopper ( Empoasca nightshade Stevens Leafhopper ( Empoasca stevensi ); genus *Aphid* ( Eriosoma spp.), such as the American woolly aphid ( Eriosoma americanum Apple woolly aphid ( Eriosoma woolly ), pear woolly aphid ( Eriosoma pyricola ); genus *Cypripedium* ( Erythroneura spp.), for example, the grape leafhopper ( Erythroneura vine Eucalyptus ( ) Eucalyptus lyma spp.); *Amygdaloides* ( ) Euphyllum spp.), for example, olive woodlice ( Euphyllum olivine ); Double-concave leafhopper ( Euscelis bilobatus ); *Fryseriformis* genus ( Ferrisia spp.); Festuca genus ( Florinia spp.); Oceanic round-scuttled scale ( Oceanic furcaspis Coffee ground beetle ( Geococcus coffeae ); Psyllid genus ( Glycaspis spp.); Variegated striped leafhopper ( Graphocephala versuta ); Cuban psyllid ( Heteropsylla cubana ); Small spiny woodlice ( Heteropsylla spinulosa ); Glasswing Leafhopper ( Homalodisca vitripennis ); reed aphid ( Hyalopterus reed Peach aphid ( Hyaloptera plums ); *Corydalis* genus ( Iceria spp.), for example, cottony cushion scale ( Icerya purchasi ); genus *Platybeak* ( Idiocerus spp.); *Psyllid* ( ) Idioscope spp.); gray planthopper ( Laodelphax striatellus ); Globular scale ( Lecanium spp.), for example, the tumor-hardy scale ( Horned lecanium (= Parthenolecanium horn )); Oyster Scale ( Lepidosaphes spp.), for example, elm oyster scale ( Elm leafhopper Radish aphid ( ) Lipaphis erysimi ); Japanese Landrace scale ( Lopholeucaspis japonica ); Spotted Lanternfly ( Lycorma delicate ); Long-tubed aphid ( Macrosiphum spp.), for example, the Euphorbia longtubed aphid ( Euphorbia macrosiphum ), Lily long-tubed aphid ( Macrosiphum lily ), Rose long-tubed aphid ( Rose macrosiphum ); narrow-leaved cicada ( Macrosteles front-faced ); genus Mahawa ( Mahanarva spp.); sorghum aphid ( Sugar ants ); *Mei's genus* ( Metcalfiella spp.); White moth lanternfly ( Frosty Metcalfa ); Rubus aphid ( Metopolophium dirham ); horned aphid ( Monellia costalis ); Hickory horned aphid ( Monelliopsis pecanis ); genus *Gnaphalium* ( Myzus spp.), for example, the onion aphid ( Myzus ascalonicus ), cherry aphid ( Myzus cherry ), Ligustrum lucidum aphid ( Myzus privet ), Aphids ( Myzus ornatus ), Peach aphid ( Myzus persica Tobacco aphids ( Myzus Nicotiana ); Escherichia aphid ( Nasonovia blackcurrant ); genus Nematode ( Neomaskellia spp.); genus *Cercis* ( Nephotettix spp.), for example, the black-tailed leafhopper ( Nephotettix cincticeps ), two-spotted black-tailed leafhopper ( Black-spotted Nephotettix Two black-tailed leafhoppers ( Nephotettix virescens ); (Striated planthopper) Nettigoniclla spectra Brown planthopper ( Nilaparvata is mourning. ); genus *Cypripedium* ( Oncometopia spp.), for example, the round-spotted crown leafhopper (spp.) Oncometopia orphan ); Jawed scale ( Long brace ); Chinese rice locust ( Oxya chinensis ); Psyllida spp. ( Pachypsylla spp.); Myrica paramyxoides ( Parabemisia myrtle ); Parapsylla ( Paratrioza spp.), for example, the potato psyllid ( Paratrioza cockerelli ); Scutellaria ( Parlors spp.), for example, olive scale insect (spp.), Olive trees ); Gall aphid ( Pemphigus spp.), for example, the woolly aphid (spp.), such as the stalked gall aphid ( Pemphigus bursae ), Yangmai gall aphid ( Pemphigus vulgaris Corn planthoppers ( The pilgrim maid ); genus *Pteropoda* ( Perkinsiella spp.); genus *Pteris* ( ...) Phenacococcus spp.), for example, Madeira mealybug ( Phenacoccus madeirensis ); Mo Chan ( Foam-headed philaenus ); Poplar aphid ( Phloeomyzus passerini ); Hoopoeia ( Phorodon humuli ); phylloxera ( Phylloxera spp.), such as the devastating phylloxera ( Phylloxera devastating ), phylloxera ( Phylloxera notable ); molted scale ( Aspidistra pinnace ); genus *Pseudomonas* ( Planococcus spp.), for example, orange-skinned beetle (spp.) Planococcus citri ); Yellow mesquite psyllid ( Yellow Prosopidopsylla ); Pear original cotton scale ( Protopulvinaria pyriformis ); Mulberry Shield Scale ( Pseudoulacaspis pentagona ); genus Mealybug ( Pseudococci spp.), for example, the orange-scaled mealybug ( Pseudococcus calceolariae ), Comstock mealybug ( Pseudococcus comstocki ), long-tailed mealybug ( Pseudococcus longispinus ), seaside mealybug ( Pseudococcus maritimus ) or Florida mealybug ( Pseudococcus viburnum ); Psyllid genus ( Psyllopsis spp.); Psyllid ( Psyllus spp.), for example, the boxwood psyllid ( Boxwood psylla Apple psyllid ( Psylla pestis ) or pear psyllid ( Psylla pyri ); genus *Gynostemma* ( Pteromalus spp.); genus *Ophiopogon* ( Pillows spp.); genus *Lysimachia* ( Pyrilla spp.); genus *Cyclops* ( Four-toothed spp.), for example, the walnut scale ( Quadraspidiotus juglansregiae ), Oyster-shaped round shield scale ( Oyster-shaped Quadraspidiotus ) or pear-shaped shield-shaped scale ( Quadraspidiotus pernicious Giant Cicada ( Quesada the giant ); *Berry mealybug* ( Rastrococci spp.); *Aphidida* ( ) Rhopalosiphum spp.), for example, the corn aphid ( Rhopalosiphum maid ), *Aphidida spicata* ( Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae ), cereal constrictor aphid ( Rhopalosiphum padi ), Red-bellied constrictor aphid ( Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale ); genus *Scale* ( Saissetia spp.), for example, coffee scale ( Saissetia coffeae Miracle Scale ( Wonderful Saissetia ), Hubujie ( Neglected Saissetia Olive scale () Saissetia olives ); Pseudo-rhomboid leafhopper ( Titan scaphoid ); wheat aphid ( Schizaphis grass ); Moon Shield Scale ( Selenaspidus articulate ); Yellow aphid ( Yellow siskin ); Wheat aphid ( Sitobion oat ); genus *Sophora* ( Sogata spp.); white-backed planthopper ( Sogatella furcifera ); genus *Sogdiana* ( Sogatodes spp.); Spotted horned cicada ( Stictocephalus festina ); Cypress whitefly ( Siphoninus phillyrea ); Malayan broadhead psyllid ( Malayan Tenalaphara ); genus *Square-headed Leafhopper* ( Tetragonocephala spp.); Hickory horned aphid ( Tinocallis caryaefoliae ); Thomas planthopper ( Thomas spp.); genus *Synoptera* ( Toxoptera spp.), for example, the orange aphid ( Toxoptera aurantii ), Orange aphid ( Toxoptera citricidus ); genus *Echinochloa* ( Trialeurodes spp.), for example, the velvetleaf whitefly ( Trialeurodes abutiloneus Greenhouse whiteflies ( Trialeurodes vaporariorum ); genus Psyllid ( Trioza spp.), for example, persimmon psyllid ( Trioza diospyri ); genus *Cicada* ( Typhlocyba spp.); *Aegilops* genus ( One-sided spp.); grape phylloxera ( Viteeus vitifolius ) or genus *Nyctaginis* ( Zygina spp.); Those from the Heteroptera suborder ( the suborder of the Heteroptera Pests, such as those in the genus *Miscanthus* (*Miscanthus*). Aelia spp.); Pumpkin-edged bug ( Sad duck ); Antai bug ( Anestiopsis spp.); *Boehmeria* ( ) Boise spp.); genus *Leptochloa* ( Bliss spp.); *Bleeding bug* ( ) Calocorus spp.); Pale-colored mirid bug ( Campylomma livida ); *Stenoptera* ( ) Knight spp.); green stink bug ( Cheerful China Bedbugs ( ) Bug spp.), for example, neighboring bedbugs ( Adjunct bug Tropical bedbugs ( Hemipteran bug ), temperate bedbugs ( Bed bug ), stink bugs ( Hairy bug ); genus *Kola mirid bug* ( Collars spp.); Pale-bearded blind bug ( Creontiades diluted Peppered stink bug ( Peppermint ); genus *Dystomata* ( Dichelops spp.), for example, the forked double-spined bug ( Dichelops furcatus ) or Black Double-spined Bug ( Dichelops melacanthus Hercules's two-horned bug ( Diconocoris hewetti ); Cotton Red Bug ( ) Dysdercus spp.); Green bugs ( Euschistus spp.), for example, the hero green bug ( Euschistus the hero ), Green bug ( Euschistus, servant ), Three-spotted green bug ( Euschistus tristigma ) or variegated green bug ( Euschistus variolarius ); genus *Platypoda* ( Eurydema spp.); *Platyscutellatus* ( ) Eurygaster spp.); Tea-winged bug ( Halyomorpha halys ); genus *Heliotropium* ( Heliopeltis spp.); Nobel mirid bug ( Horcias the nobleman ); genus *Rhizophora* ( Leptocorisa spp.); Heterodactylus oryzae ( Leptocorisa Varicorn ); Western long-margined bug ( Western Leptoglossus ); Leaf-footed long-margined bug ( Leptoglossus phyllops ); Green-spotted bugs ( Lygocorus spp.), for example, the forage green mirid bug ( Lygocoris pabulinus ); genus *Miscanthus* ( Lygus spp.), for example, the Erythrophagus miridae ( Lygus elided ), Western grass mirid bug ( Lygus hesperus ), pasture mirid bug ( Lygus lineolaris ); The Great Digging Bug ( Macropes excavatus ); Bean-sifting bug ( Megacoptes sieves ); Miridae ( Miridae ); Striped cotton mirid bug ( Black monalonion ); genus *Viperia* ( Nezara spp.), for example, the rice green bug ( Green-leaved nezara ); genus *Symplocos* ( Nyssa spp.); genus *Cypripedium* ( Oebalus spp.), for example, the brown rice bug ( The fighting bull ); family of bugs Pentatomidae ); Square-backed bark bug ( Song square ); genus *Ipomoea* ( Piezodorus spp.), for example, the Gadda bug ( Piezodorus guildinii ); genus *Hymenopterus* ( Psalm spp.); Avocado lace bug ( Pseudocyst persea ); Red assassin bug genus ( Rhodius spp.); Cocoa mirid bug ( Sahlbergella singularis ); Brown bug ( Chestnut-colored Scaptocoris ); genus *Agrostis* ( Scotinophora spp.); Pear-crowned lace bug ( Stephanitis nashi ); *Teber bug* ( Tibraca spp.); or the genus Tridentaria ( Triatoma spp.); Those from the order Hemiptera ( the order of the Homoptera Pests, such as the genus *Aphis* (*Aphis* var. *aphis*). Acyrthosipon spp.); Genus *Cypripedium* ( Aeneolamia spp.); *Pseudopoda* ( ) The scene of the battle spp.); Whitefly ( ) White-tailed deer spp.); Barod whitefly ( Aleurolobus barodensis ); Citrus whitefly ( Aleurothrixus spp.); family Whitefly (family) Aleyrodidae ); genus *Leafhopper* ( Amrasca spp.); thistle aphid ( Anuraphis thistle ); genus *Nephrodisiac* ( Aonidiella spp.); Pear yellow powdery aphid ( Aphanostigma pear ); Aphids ( Aphid spp.); Top-striped leafhopper ( Apical Arboridia ); Small Shield Scale ( Aspidella spp.); Ata leafhopper genus ( Atan spp.); eggplant aphid ( Nightshade ); Convolvulella maxima ( Short-tailed helichrysum ); genus *Short-tubed aphid* ( Brachycolus spp.); Asparagus aphid ( Brachycorynella asparagus ); Cabbage aphid ( Brassica oleracea ); ridge planthopper ( Calligypona marginata ); Flash Leafhopper ( Carneocephalus fulgida Sugarcane aphid ( Woolly cow ); Cicada family ( Cercopidae ); genus *Ceratophyllum* ( Wax plastics spp.); strawberry capillary aphid ( Chaetosiphon fragaefolii ); Tegal Shield Scale ( Chionaspis tegalensis ); small green leafhopper ( Chlorita onukii ); Walnut aphid ( Chromaphis walnut tree); Brown round shield scale ( Fig leaf beetle ); corn leafhopper ( Cicadulina mbila Hall mealybug ( Coccomytilus halli ); genus *Cypripedium* ( Cock ); Curranthus cryptocarpa ( Cryptomyzus ribis ); Citrus whitefly ( Dialeurodes spp.); Psyllid ( Diaphorine spp.); genus *Cyclops* ( Diasper spp.); Dora aphid ( Doral spp.); *Symplocos spp.* Drosicha spp.); *Aphidida* ( ) Dysaphis spp.); genus Mealybug ( Dysmicoccus spp.); Leafhopper ( ) Empoasca spp.); genus Aphids ( Eriosoma spp.); double-concave leafhopper ( Euscelis bilobatus Coffee ground beetle ( Geococcus coffeeae ); reed aphid ( Hyaloptera reed ); *Corydalis* genus ( Iceria spp.); genus *Platybeaked Leafhopper* ( Idiocerus spp.); *Psyllid* ( ) Idioscope spp.); gray planthopper ( Laodelphax striatellus ); Globular scale ( Lecanium spp.); Oyster Scale ( Lepidosaphes spp.); Radish aphid ( Lipaphis erysimi ); Long-tubed aphid ( Macrosiphum spp.); Four-lined leafhopper ( Macrosteles quadrilineatus ); Spotted-winged grasshopper ( Mahanarva fimbriolata ); Sorghum aphid ( Sugar ants ); *Mei's genus* ( Metcalfiella spp.); Rubus aphid ( Metopolophium dirham ); horned aphid ( Monellia costalis ); Hickory horned aphid ( Monelliopsis pecanis ); genus *Gnaphalium* ( Myzus spp.); Curranthus aphid ( Nasonovia blackcurrant ); Jawed scale ( Long brace ); Whitefly of the bayberry ( Parabemisia myrtle ); Parapsylla ( Paratrioza spp.); genus *Gallus* ( Pemphigus spp.); corn planthopper ( The pilgrim maid ); genus *Pterocarya* ( Phenacococcus spp.); Poplar aphid ( Phloeomycete passerine ); Hoopoeia ( Phorodon humuli ); phylloxera ( Phylloxeraspp.); Molting Scale ( Aspidistra pinnace ); genus *Pseudomonas* ( Planococcus spp.); Pear Plain Scale ( Protopulvinaria pear-shaped ); Mulberry Shield Scale ( Pseudoulacaspis pentagona ); genus Mealybug ( Pseudococci spp.); Psyllid ( Psyllus spp.); genus *Gynostemma* ( Pteromalus spp.); genus *Lysimachia* ( Pyrilla spp.); genus *Cyclops* ( Four-toothed spp.); giant cicada ( Quesada the giant ); *Berry mealybug* ( Rastrococci spp.); *Aphidida* ( ) Rhopalosiphum spp.); Scale ( ) Saissetia spp.); false rhomboid leafhopper ( Scaphoid Titan ); wheat aphid ( Schizaphis grass ); Moon Shield Scale ( Selenaspidus articulate ); genus *Sophora* ( Sogata spp.); genus *Sogdiana* ( Sogatodes spp.); horned cicada ( Fast-paced spiny-styled ); Spotted-topped hornbill ( Stictocephalus festina ); Malayan broadhead psyllid ( Malayan Tenalaphara ); Hickory horned aphid ( Tinocallis caryaefoliae ); Thomas planthopper ( Thomas spp.); genus *Synoptera* ( Toxoptera spp.); genus Psyllid ( Trioza spp.); genus *Cicada* ( Typhlocyba spp.); *Aegilops* genus ( One-sided spp.); or grape phylloxera ( Viteeus vitifolius ); From Hymenoptera ( the order of the Hymenoptera Pests, such as leafcutter ants ( ) Acromyrmex spp.); genus *Vegetable Leaf Bee* ( Athaliah spp.), for example, the cabbage leaf bee ( Athalia roses ); Ata ant genus ( Atta spp.); genus *Carpenter's ant* ( Field-known spp.); genus Vespa taeni ( Dolichovespula spp.); genus *Pine Leaf Bee* ( Diprion spp.), for example, similar pine sawfly ( Similar to Diprion ); Leafhopper ( ) Hoplocampa spp.), for example, Cooke sawfly ( Hoplocampa cookei Apple bee ( Hoplocampa turtledove ); genus *Hymenoptera* ( LasiusArgentine ants (spp.); Argentine ants Linepithema (Iridiomyrmex) low ); Pharaoh's Little Ant ( Monomorium Pharaoh's ); genus *Pangeli* ( Paratrechina spp.); Paravessula ( Paravespula spp.); genus *Odontophora* ( Plagiolepis spp.); genus *Bee* ( Siren spp.), for example, spruce bees ( Nightjar ); Red imported fire ants ( Solenopsis invicta ); genus *Acidic ants* ( Tapioca spp.); White-footed smelt ant ( Technomyrmex white-footed ); *Tail-tree bee* ( Urocerus spp.); genus Vespa ( Wasp spp.), for example, the yellow-edged wasp ( Wasp hornet Fire ants ( Wasmannia auropunctata ); Long-necked Tree Bee ( You are here. spp.); from the order Isopoda ( the order of the Isopoda Pests, such as the common scroll beetle ( Common armadillo ); Oak psyllid ( Oniscus ass Rough woodlice ( Piglet scabies ); from the order Isoptera ( the order of the Isoptera Pests, such as termites (of the genus *Catechus*). Coptotermes spp.), for example, the Formosan subterranean termite (spp.) Coptotermes handsome ); Corner termites ( Cumulative co-terminus ); Sand termites ( Cryptotermes spp.); *Termites* genus ( Incisive spp.); Wood termites ( ) Kalothermes spp.); small and large termites ( Obese microtermes ); genus of termites ( Nasutitermes spp.); subterranean termites ( ) Toothed termites spp.); *Pterotermes* genus ( Porotherms spp.); or subterranean termites ( ...) Reticulitermes spp.), for example, the yellow-limbed reticulate termite (spp.) Reticulitermes flavipes ) or Western subterranean termites ( Reticulitermes hesperus ); Those from Lepidoptera ( the order of the Lepidoptera Pests, such as the small wax moth ( Achroia gray hair ); Great Sword-patterned Moth ( Acronicta major ); Brown-banded roller ( Adoxophyes spp.), for example, the cotton brown belt moth ( Adoxophyes orana White kidney moth (); Aedia leucomelas ); Earth Tiger ( ) Agrotis spp.), for example, the Eight Characters Earth Tiger ( Agrotis c-nigrum ), small cutworm ( Agrotis ipsilon Yellow Earth Tiger ( Agrotis crop ); genus *Cotton Leafworm* ( Alabama spp.), for example, cotton leaf beetle ( Alabama clay ); Navel orange borer ( Amyelois transitella ); genus *Berberis* ( Anargy spp.); Soybean noctuid moth ( ... Anticarsia spp.), for example, the soybean noctuid moth (spp.). Anticarsia gemmatalis ); Silver-striped spider moth ( Argyroploce spp.); *Silver-striped Noctuidae* ( ) Autograph spp.); Cabbage moth ( Cabbage patch Black leafminer (); Black Blastodacna ); Rice Dancer ( Borbo cinnara ); Cotton leafminer ( Bucculatrix thurberiella ); Pine geometrid moth ( Pine buffalo ); Stem borer moth ( ) Busseola spp.); genus *Heliotropium* ( ... Cacoecia spp.); Tea moth ( Caloptilia theivora ); Reticulated roller moth ( Capua reticulata Apple codling moth ( Carpocapsa pomonella ); Peach fruit moth ( Japanese carposin Winter geometrid moth ( Cheimatobia brumata ); Grass moth ( ) Kilo spp.), for example, the American rice borer ( Chilo pleiadellius ), stem borer ( Chilo suppressalis Apple spiny moth ( Choreographer Parian ); genus *Crassula* ( Choristoneura spp.); Golden-striped noctuid moth ( Chrysodeixis chalcites Grape leafroller (); Clysia ambiguella ); Rice leaf roller ( ) Cnaphalocerus spp.); Rice leaf roller ( Cnaphalocrocis medinalis ); genus *Heteropoda* ( Cnephasia spp.); Alfalfa white butterfly ( Colias Eurythema ); genus *Heteropoda* ( Conopomorpha spp.); Cone-beaked elephant ( Conotrachelus spp.); genus *Spodoptera litura* ( Copitarse spp.); genus *Carex* ( Cydia spp.), for example, the pea leafroller ( Cydia nigricans Apple codling moth ( Cydia pomonella ); Noctiluca caterpillar ( Nightjar ); genus *Morphodon* ( Transparencyspp.); genus *Bombyx mori* ( Diparopsis spp.); Sugarcane stem borer ( Diatraea saccharalis ); genus *Tetranychus* ( Dioryctria spp.), for example, the pine shoot borer ( Dioryctria zimmermani Diamond ( ) Airy spp.); Citrus fruit borer ( Ecdytolopha aurantium ); small sugarcane borer ( Elasmopalpus lignosellus African sugarcane borer ( Eldan saccharine ); genus *Pterocarya* ( Ephesus spp.), for example, the tobacco mealybug ( Ephestia elutella Mediterranean mealybug ( Ephestia kuehniella ); Leafroller ( ) Epinotia spp.); Apple light brown leafroller ( Epiphys post-Vittata ); Ochre-gelid moth ( Eranni spp.); Walnut leafroller ( Erschoviella musculana ); genus *Lepidoptera* ( Etiella spp.); *Echinochloa crus-galli* ( ) Eudocima spp.); genus *Short Roller* ( Eulia spp.); Grape leafroller ( Eupoecilia ambiguella ); genus *Typhoid moth* ( Euproctis spp.), for example, the yellow-tailed tussock moth ( Euproctis chrysorrhoea ); Root-cutting moth ( ) Euxoa spp.); Half-black woodworm ( Euzophera semifuneralis ); vegetable moth ( Evergestos rimosalis ); Root-cutting insect genus ( Felt spp.); Large wax moth ( Galleria mellonella ); genus *Smallus* ( Gracilaria spp.); genus *Carex* ( Grapholitha spp.), for example, the pear fruit moth ( Grapholite troublesome ) or Plum Shoot Roller ( Grapholita prunivora ); genus *Brown-ringed moth* ( Hedyleptus spp.); genus *Bollworm* ( Helicoverpa spp.), for example, cotton bollworm ( Helicoverpa armigera ), corn ear worm ( Helicoverpa zea ); genus *Cypripedium* ( Heliothis spp.), for example, the tobacco bud moth ( Heliothis virescens ); False Brown Weaver Moth ( Hoffnannophila pseudospretella ); same as the genus *Pteris* ( Homoeosome spp.); genus *Lysimachia* ( Humans spp.); Apple nest moth ( Hyponomeuta pan ); Persimmon moth ( Kakivoria flavofasciata); genus *Gymnodon* ( Lamps spp.); genus *Greywing noctuid* ( Laphygma spp.); Pear fruit moth ( Laspeyresia is annoying. ); Eggplant moth ( Leucinodes orbonalis ); genus *Minterus* ( White-winged spp.), for example, the coffee leaf miner ( White-winged coffee pot ); genus *Spotted Fiber* ( Lithocolletis spp.), for example, the apple-spotted leafminer moth ( Lithocolletis white card ); Horned Noctua ( Lithophane antennata ); genus *Carex* ( Lobesia spp.), for example, the grape flower leaf roller ( Lobesia botrana ); White-banded ground tiger ( Loxagrotis albicosta ); genus *Typhoid moth* ( Lymantria spp.), for example, the gypsy moth ( Lymantria dispar ); genus *Minterus* ( Lyons spp.), for example, the peach leafminer ( Lyonetia clerkella ); Tent caterpillar ( Malacosoma neustria ); Cabbage moth ( Mother cabbages ); genus *Spodoptera* ( Eat ), for example, the tobacco hawk moth ( Manduca sexta ), Five-spotted hawk moth ( Eat five-spotted ); Bean pod borer ( Testicular Maruca ); Rice-eyed butterfly ( Melanitis leda ); Melon vine penetrating moth ( Melittia cucurbitae ); genus *Trichoderma* ( Moci spp.); same as the spotted grain moth ( Monopis obviella ); Armyworms ( Separate myths ); grain moth ( Nemapogon cloacella Noctuidae (family) Noctuidae ); genus *Mammillaria* ( Nymph spp.); Oiketic spp.); Stem borer ( ) Omphisa spp.); genus *Pelteobagrus* ( Operophtera spp.); genus *Spodoptera litura* ( Oria spp.); genus *Pterocarya* ( Orthago spp.); genus *Ceratophyllum* ( Ostrinia spp.), for example, the European corn borer ( Clouded oyster ); Pine noctuid moth ( Flaming Panolis ); Rice Skipper ( Pamara spp.); Grape berry leafroller ( Paralobesia viteana ); Bollworm genus ( Pectinophora spp.), for example, cotton bollworm ( Pectinophora gossypiella); Noctuid moth ( Peridroma saucia ); genus *Cercis* ( Perileucoptera spp.); genus *Agrostis* ( ... Phthorimaea spp.), for example, the potato tuber moth ( Phthorimaea lid ); Citrus leafminer ( Phyllocnistis citrella ); genus *Smallus* ( Phyllonorycter spp.), for example, the apple leafminer moth ( Phyllonorycter blancardella ), hawthorn leafminer ( Phyllonorycter hawthorn ); genus Pieridae ( Piers spp.), for example, the cabbage white butterfly ( Pieris turnips ); Soybean moth ( Platypena rough ); Variegated roller moth ( Platynota stultana Indian meal moth ( Plodia interpunctella ); Goldwinged Noctua ( Plus spp.); diamondback moth ( Plutella xylostella (= Plutella maculipenna )); Dioptera ( Podium spp.), for example, the lilac clearwing moth ( Syringa podesia ); genus *Orostachys* ( Prayers spp.); *Spodoptera litura* ( ) Prodenia spp.); genus *Spodoptera* ( Protoparce spp.); genus *Pseudo-soldier* ( Pseudaletia spp.), such as the American armyworm ( Pseudaletia unipuncta ); Soybean silver-striped noctuid moth ( Pseudoplusia including ); potato tuber moth ( Ptorimaea operculella ); European corn borer ( Cloudy Pyrausta ); Noctuid moth ( Rachiplusia no ); genus *Gnaphalium* ( Schoenobius spp.), for example, rice stem borer ( Schoenobius bipunctifer ); genus *Pterocarya* ( Grasshopper spp.), for example, the white moth ( Scirpophaga innotata ), the rice stem borer ( Grasshopper uncertain Yellow Earth Tiger ( Scotland's crop ); Stem borer moth ( ) Sesame spp.), for example, the giant moth ( Bringing sesame seeds ); genus *Rhombus* ( Sparganothis spp.); Noctuidae ( ) Spodoptera spp.), for example, the Southern Grey-winged Noctuid Moth ( Spodoptera eradiana ), beet armyworm ( Spodoptera small Fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda ), Western Grey-winged Noctuid Moth ( Spodoptera praefica ); genus *Cypripedium* ( Stathmopodaspp.); genus Narrow-weaving moth ( Stenoma spp.); short-winged wheat moth ( Stomopteryx subsecivella ); White-banded ground tiger ( White-striped wrasse ); Synanthedon spp.); potato tuber moth ( Tecia nightshade ); genus *Zygota* ( Thaumetopoeia spp.); Soybean armyworm ( Thermesia gemmatalis ); Nesting millet moth ( Sewage moth ); Bagworm ( Moth ); Curcuma moth ( Tineola bisselliella ); genus *Heliotropium* ( Torture spp.), for example, the red-banded roller moth ( Tortrix velutinana ); Felt clothes moth ( Trichophagous tapestry ); Goldwinged Noctua ( Trichoplusia spp.), for example, the powdery armyworm ( Trichoplusia ni ); Rice stem borer ( Tryporyza incertulas Tomato leafminer ( Absolutely safe ); or the genus *Lycoris* ( Virachola spp.); Those from the order Orthoptera ( the order of the Orthoptera ) or the jumping suborder ( the order of the Saltatoria Pests, such as house crickets ( Domesticated Acheta ); Heterostelium ( Dichroplus spp.); Mole cricket genus ( Gryllotalpa spp.), for example, the European mole cricket ( Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa ); genus *Cypripedium* ( Hieroglyph spp.); genus Locust ( Locust spp.), for example, locusts ( Migratory locust ); Black locust genus ( Melanoplus spp.), for example, the destructive black locust ( Melanoplus devastator ), special species of black locust ( Melanoplus differential ), Red-legged Black Locust ( Red-thighed melanoplus ); Ussuri giant grasshopper ( Para-Atlantic Ussuri ); or desert locust ( Schistocerca gregarious ); Those from lice ( the order of the Phthiraptera Pests, such as those of the genus *Dassirhizium* (… Damalina spp.); genus *Hydrocotyle* ( Blood-stained spp.); *Gnaphalium* ( Linognathus spp.); Genus *Hydrocotyle* ( Louse spp.); grape phylloxera ( Phylloxera devastating ); pubic lice ( Pubic lice ); or the genus *Leptococcus* ( Trichodectes spp.); Those from the order Psittacosae ( the order of the Psocoptera Pests, such as louse ( ) Lepinot spp.); or the genus *Liriocephala* (spp.); or *Liriocephala* (spp.); Liposcelis spp.); Those from the order Saprolegnia ( the order of the Siphonaptera Pests, such as those in the genus *Lepidoptera* (*Lepidoptera*). Hornwort spp.); Ctenophora ( Ctenocephalidae spp.), for example, the dog-headed flea ( Dogfish ), cat comb flea ( Ctenocephalides felis ); human fleas ( Irritating flea ); skin-penetrating fleas ( Penetrating tongue ); or rat fleas ( Xenopsylla cheopis ); Those from the order Thysanoptera ( the order of the Thysanoptera ) pests, such as the dark-striped thrips ( Anaphothrips obscurus ); Rice thrips ( Baliothrips biformis ); Li Wen hard thrips ( Chaetanaphothrips leeuweni ); grape thrips ( Drepanothrips reuteri ); Yellow thrips ( Yellow-winged Enneothrips ); Thrips ( Frankliniella spp.), for example, brown thrips ( Frankliniella brown ), Western flower thrips ( Frankliniella occidentalis ), Shu's flower thrips ( Frankliniella schultzei ), wheat thrips ( Frankliniella tritici ), Blueberry thrips ( Frankliniella blueberries William's flower thrips ( Frankliniella williamsi ); *Thrips* genus ( Haplothrips spp.); thrips ( ) Heliothrips spp.); Black-banded thrips ( Femoral thrips ); Bean Thrips ( Kakothrips spp.); Red fan thrips ( Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus ); Thrips ( Scirtothrips spp.); Cardamom with thrips ( Cardamom Taeniothrips ); or Thrips ( Thrips spp.), for example, palm thrips ( Thrips palms ), thrips ( Tobacco thrips ); Those from silverfish ( the order of the Zygentoma (= Thysanura Pests, such as those in the genus *Ctenopharynx* (…). Ctenolepisma spp.); silverfish ( Sugar silverfish Home silverfish ( Lepismodus inmate); or silverfish ( Domestic Thermobia ); Those from the comprehensive outline ( the class of the Symphyla Pests, such as centipedes ( ) Scutigerella spp.), for example, the spotted centipede ( Scutigerella immaculata ); Those from the phylum Mollusca ( the phylum of the Mollusca Pests, such as those from the class Bivalvia ( the class of the Bivalvia Pests, such as zebra mussels ( ) Dreissena spp.), and also from the class Gastropoda ( the class of the Gastropoda Pests, such as those in the genus *Ayron slug* ( Arion spp.), for example, the black and red Ayong slug ( Arion, black and red, ); genus Diplodocus ( Biomphalaria spp.); genus *Septemlobus* ( Bulinus spp.); genus *Slug* ( Deroceras spp.), for example, the smooth slug ( Deroceras smooth ); genus *Solanum* ( Galba spp.); genus *Symplocos* ( Lymnaea spp.); Oncomelania ( ) Oncomelania spp.); Golden apple snail ( ) Pomace spp.); or the genus *Amber snail* ( Amber spp.); Those from the phylum Nematoda ( the phylum of the Nematoda Plant pests, namely plant parasitic nematodes, especially those of the genus *Ceratophyllum* (*Ceratophyllum*). Aglenchus spp.), such as field nematode ( The farmer's wife ); genus *Gallus* ( Anguilla spp.), for example, wheat gall nematode ( Wheaten bread ); genus Nematodes ( Aphelenchoides spp.), such as the peanut nematode ( Aphelenchoides arachidis ), strawberry nematode ( Aphelenchoides strawberries ); genus *Nematodea* ( Belonolaimus spp.), for example, the fine-striped nematode ( Belonolaimus gracilis ), long-tailed nematode ( Belonolaimus longicaudatus Norton nematode ( Belonolaimus nortoni ); genus *Cytodea* ( Bursaphelenchus spp.), for example, the coconut fern nematode ( ) Bursaphelenchus coconut-loving ), Lonely Umbrella Sliding Blade Nematode ( Bursaphelenchus eremus ), pine wood nematode ( Bursaphelenchus xylophilus ); genus Carcopa ( Cacopaurus spp.), such as the harmful carcopa nematode ( Cacopaurus plague ); genus *Cyclophora* ( Criconemella spp.), for example, *Cyclophorus spp.* ( Criconemella curvata ), small wild loop nematode ( Criconemella onoensis ), Ornamental Nematode ( Criconemella ornate ), *Rhizoctonia solani* ( Criconemella rusium ), Heteroplasmosis ( Criconemella xenoplax (= Mesocriconema xenoplasm )); genus Rotifer ( Criconemoides spp.), such as Fermi nematode ( Female Criconemoides ), small-field nematode ( Criconemoides onoense ), nematode ( Criconemoides ornatum ); Stem nematode ( Ditylenchus spp.), for example, stem nematodes ( Ditylenchus dipsaci ); genus Trypanosoma ( Dolichodorus spp.); *Heterodera* genus ( Globodera spp.), for example, *Heterodera pallida* (spp.), Globodera pallida ), potato nematode ( Globodera rostochiensis ); genus Spirochetes ( Helicotylenchus spp.), for example, *Helicobacter pylori* (spp.), Helicotylenchus dihystera ); Hemispheres ( ) Hemicriconemoides spp.); genus *Hymenopteranus* ( Hemicycliophora spp.); Heterodera genus ( Heterodera spp.), for example, oat cyst nematode ( Heterodera oat ), soybean cyst nematode ( Heterodera glycine ), beet cyst nematode ( Heterodera shaft ); Root-buster Nematodes ( Hirschmaniella spp.); genus *Shieldworm* ( Hoplolaimus spp.); genus *Leptochrysis* ( Long-haired spp.), such as the African long needle nematode ( African long-tailed duck ); Root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp.), for example, root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne chitwoodi ), pseudoroot-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne fallacious ), Northern root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne hapla Southern root-knot nematode ( Meloidogyne unknown ); genus *Cypripedium* ( Meloinema spp.); genus *Pearl nematode* ( Nacobbus spp.); Neospearne ( ) Neotylenchus spp.); genus *Pseudo-needle* ( Paralongidor spp.); genus *Nematodea* ( Paraphelenchus spp.); genus *Pseudo-spiny nematodes* ( Paratrichodorusspp.), for example, the smaller nematode ( Paratrichodorus minor ); genus Nematodes ( Paratylenchus spp.); genus *Short-bodied Nematodes* ( Pratylenchus spp.), for example, the piercing short-bodied nematode ( Pratylenchus penetranus ); genus *Pseudosea nematodes* ( Pseudohalenchus spp.); genus *Naked lancet* ( Psilenchus spp.); *Nematodea* ( ) Punctodera spp.); *Pentagularia* ( Quinsulcius spp.); genus *Perforator nematodes* ( Radopholus spp.), such as citrus perforating nematode ( Radopholus lemon-loving ), similar perforating nematodes ( Radopholus similis ); Nematode genus ( Rotylenchulus spp.); *Nematodes* ( ) Rotylenchus spp.); genus *Pterygota* ( Scutellaria spp.); genus *Nyctaginus* ( Subanguinea spp.); *Nematodea* ( ) Trichodorus spp.), for example, the blunt-tailed hairy nematode ( Trichodorus blunt ), primitive hairy nematode ( Trichodorus primitive ); Dwarf Nematode ( Tylenchorhynchus spp.), for example, the annular dwarf nematode ( Tylenchorhynchus annulatus ); *Nematodea* genus ( Tylenchus spp.), for example, the semi-piercing pad nematode ( Tylenchulus semipenetrensis ); genus *Smilax* ( Xiphinema spp.), for example, the standard nematode ( Xiphinema index ).

[0058] On the one hand, the useful plants are grains, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: leaf beetle, yellow-spotted black bug (…). Erthesina fuller ), rice root-knot nematode ( Meloidogyne graminicola ), wheat aphid, wheat long-tube aphid, grain constrictor aphid or raspberry aphid.

[0059] On the one hand, the useful plants are corn or sorghum, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: small clawed mites, two-spotted spider mites, Linnaeus click beetles, flea beetles, leaf beetles, preferably Bartholin's root leaf beetle, beautiful leaf beetle or nominate subspecies of corn root leaf beetle, common black click beetle, corn wedge-beaked weevil, gray ground fly, corn broad-headed leafhopper, yellow-spotted black bug, constrictor aphid, preferably corn aphid or grain constrictor aphid, black double stink bug, small cutworm, small sugarcane borer, cotton bollworm, preferably cotton bollworm or corn ear worm, European corn borer, fall armyworm, white-banded cutworm or flower thrips, preferably western flower thrips or William flower thrips.

[0060] On the one hand, the useful plant is cotton, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: two-spotted spider mite, cotton boll weevil, beautiful leaf beetle, aphids, preferably bean aphid or cotton aphid, whitefly, preferably silver leaf whitefly and tobacco whitefly, peach aphid, spiny whitefly, preferably velvet whitefly and greenhouse whitefly, yellow-spotted black bug, hero green bug, cotton bollworm, cotton red bollworm, flower thrips, preferably brown flower thrips, western flower thrips and wheat flower thrips or tobacco thrips.

[0061] On the one hand, the useful plant is rapeseed, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: the genus *Ceratophorus*, preferably *Ceratophorus caudatus*, *Ceratophorus caudatus*, *Ceratophorus podus*, *Ceratophorus pallens*, *Ceratophorus variegatus*, *Ceratophorus tetradon* or *Ceratophorus rutabaga*, *Ceratophorus variegatus ...; the genus *Ceratophorus*, preferably *Ceratophorus variegatus*; and the yellow-spotted black bug or peach aphid.

[0062] On the one hand, the useful plants are perennial crops, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: apple spider mite, two-spotted spider mite, steel blue flea beetle, beautiful leaf beetle, multicolored ladybug, coffee fruit beetle, coffee leafminer, and the genus *Heterodon*, preferably *Heterodon*, grape black-eared beetle, Japanese scarab beetle, and the genus *Fly*, such as *Flytemma pentaphyllum*, *Flytemma mexicanum*, and *Flytemma spp.*, and the genus *Flytemma*, such as *Flytemma pentaphyllum*, melon fly, citrus fruit fly, olive fruit fly, *Flytemma tamariscina*, peach fruit fly, and *Flytemma spp.* Flies and scale insects, with preference given to Red Kidney Scale, Yellow Kidney Scale, Narrow Kidney Scale, and Ivy Scale; Psyllids, with preference given to Pear Psyllid, Pear Yellow Psyllid, Grape Root Aphid, Long-headed Leafhopper, Broad Bean Leafhopper, Yellow-spotted Black Bug, Grape Spotted Leafhopper, Olive Psyllid, Variegated Striped Leafhopper, Glass-winged Leafhopper, Round-spotted Crowned Leafhopper, Olive Scale, Foamhopper, Olive Scale, False Rhomboid Leafhopper, Tea-winged Bug, Orange-butt-striped Mealybug, Cutworm, Half-black Wood Borer, Grape Leafroller, Red-banded Leafroller, or Western Flower Thrips.

[0063] On the one hand, the useful plant is coffee, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: green soft scale, yellow-spotted black bug, coffee fruit beetle, coffee leafminer, orange aphid, or coffee longhorn beetle.

[0064] On the one hand, the useful plants are fruit trees, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: the genus *Hemiberlesia*, preferably *Hemiberlesia stenoptera*, *Hemiberlesia gracilis*, the genus *Hemiberlesia stenoptera*, such as *Hemiberlesia septemni*, *Hemiberlesia gracilis*, *Hemiberlesia septemni ...

[0065] On the one hand, the useful plant is grape, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: apple spider mite, two-spotted spider mite, steel blue flea beetle, beautiful leaf beetle, multicolored ladybug, Japanese scarab beetle, Suzuki fruit fly, grape phylloxera, long-headed leafhopper, broad bean leafhopper, yellow-spotted black bug, grape spotted leafhopper, variegated striped leafhopper, glass-winged leafhopper, round-spotted crown leafhopper, foamhopper, false rhomboid leafhopper, tea-winged bug, eight-figure cutworm, grape small leafroller or red-banded leafroller.

[0066] In one implementation scheme, the useful plant is rice, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: rice leaf beetle, rice water weevil, rice mud beetle, rice leafminer, rice stem fly, yellow-spotted black stink bug, two-tailed black leafhopper, brown planthopper, white-backed planthopper, rice brown stink bug, rice stem borer, rice leaf roller, or rice stem borer.

[0067] On the one hand, the useful plant is soybean, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: two-spotted spider mite, soybean leaf beetle, beautiful leaf beetle, Japanese scarab beetle, soybean aphid, yellow-spotted black stink bug, green stink bug, black double-spined stink bug, green stink bug, preferably hero green stink bug or burrowing green stink bug, rice green stink bug, Gadda stink bug, spotted hornhopper, small cutworm, soybean cutworm, small sugarcane borer, corn ear worm, soybean yellow cutworm, soybean silver-striped cutworm, fall armyworm, black locust, preferably special species of black locust or red-legged black locust or soybean cyst nematode.

[0068] On the one hand, the useful plants are vegetables, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: two-spotted spider mite, striped cucumber beetle, bean leaf beetle, asparagus leaf beetle, twelve-spotted leaf beetle, leaf beetles such as the beautiful leaf beetle, the eleven-spotted leaf beetle subspecies of Hoe's, yellow and black flea beetle, click beetle family, bean beetle genus, Mexican bean ladybug, flea beetle genus such as cucumber flea beetle, dark flea beetle, potato beetle, Oregon long-beaked weevil, two-colored beetle, yellow-striped flea beetle, yellow-striped flea beetle, scarab beetle family, broad-breasted flea beetle, mild broad-breasted flea beetle, onion seed fly, gray seed fly, cabbage seed fly, American serpentine leafminer, simple leafminer, scops hyoscyamus, naked leafminer. Mouthminster fly, curved three-fruit fly, pea aphid, aphids such as broad bean aphid, cotton aphid, cabbage aphid, broad bean leafhopper, yellow-spotted black bug, turnip aphid, euphorbia long-tubed aphid, peach aphid, pumpkin edge bug, tea-winged bug, pasture mirid bug, stink bug, whitefly family, asparagus aphid, four-lined leafhopper, small cutworm, alfalfa white butterfly, cabbage borer, corn ear borer, hawk moth genus such as tobacco hawk moth, five-spotted hawk moth, melon vine clearwing moth, noctuid family, European corn borer, Xinjiang noctuid moth, cabbage white butterfly, soybean yellow noctuid moth, diamondback moth, potato tuber moth, noctuid moth genus such as beet armyworm, fall armyworm, white-striped noctuid moth, tomato leafminer, wheat flower thrips or tobacco thrips.

[0069] On the one hand, the useful plant is selected from the genus *Tomato*, preferably *Tomato*; the genus *Capsicum*, preferably *Pepper*, *Bell pepper*, and *Sweet pepper*; or the genus *Eggplant*, preferably *Eggplant*; and the plant pest includes at least one of the following: two-spotted spider mite, leaf beetle, cucumber flea beetle, dark flea beetle, potato beetle, mild broad-breasted flea beetle, yellow-spotted black bug, long-tubed aphid, peach aphid, tea-winged bug, pasture mirid bug, stink bug, whitefly family, corn ear borer, tobacco hawk moth, five-spotted hawk moth, European corn borer, armyworm, beet armyworm, fall armyworm, and tomato leafminer. Most preferably, the vegetable plant is tomato, and the pest is selected from potato beetle, tea-winged bug, beet armyworm, or tomato leafminer.

[0070] On the one hand, the useful plants are selected from the genera *Phaseolus*, broad beans, or peas, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: two-spotted spider mite, bean leaf beetle, beautiful leaf beetle, Mexican bean ladybug, gray ground fly, pea aphid, broad bean aphid, broad bean leafhopper, yellow-spotted black bug, tea-winged bug, alfalfa white butterfly, corn ear borer, European corn borer, or bean armyworm. Most preferably, the pests are selected from the genera *Phaseolus*, pea aphid, broad bean aphid, or tea-winged bug.

[0071] On the one hand, the useful plant is cabbage, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: leaf beetle, yellow-striped flea beetle, yellow-striped flea beetle, cabbage seed fly, cabbage aphid, yellow-spotted black bug, turnip aphid, peach aphid, tea-winged bug, cabbage moth, cabbage white butterfly, diamondback moth, fall armyworm, white-striped armyworm, wheat flower thrips or tobacco thrips.

[0072] On the one hand, the useful plants are of the genus Cucurbita, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: two-spotted spider mite, striped cucumber beetle, beautiful leaf beetle, eleven-spotted leaf beetle subspecies of Hoe, cotton aphid, yellow-spotted black bug, pumpkin edge bug, cucumber vine clearwing moth or pink striped noctuid moth.

[0073] On the one hand, the useful plants are selected from sweet potato species, preferably sweet potato, asparagus species, preferably asparagus, and onion species, preferably onion, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: asparagus leaf beetle, twelve-spotted leaf beetle, beautiful leaf beetle, eleven-spotted leaf beetle subspecies of Hoe, beetle family, two-colored beetle, scarab family, broad-breasted flea beetle, mild broad-breasted flea beetle, onion seed fly, yellow-spotted black bug, simple leafminer, naked-mouthed leafminer, curved three-fruit fly, asparagus aphid, small cutworm, noctuid moth family or tobacco thrips.

[0074] On the one hand, the useful plants are spinach, preferably spinach, lettuce, preferably romaine lettuce, or carrots, preferably carrots, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: American leaf beetle, eleven-spotted leaf beetle subspecies of Hoe, yellow-black flea beetle, Oregon long-beaked weevil, mild broad-breasted flea beetle, American serpentine leafminer, scops hyacinth fly, yellow-spotted black bug, peach aphid, pasture mirid bug, four-lined leafhopper, corn ear borer, noctuid moths, beet armyworm or pink stripe armyworm.

[0075] On the one hand, the useful plants are potatoes, preferably potatoes, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: two-spotted spider mite, leaf beetle, beetle family, blister beetle, flea beetle, potato beetle, gray ground fly, broad bean leafhopper, yellow-spotted black bug, long-tubed aphid, peach aphid, small cutworm, hawk moth, and potato tuber moth; preferably, the pests are selected from leaf beetle, potato beetle, or peach aphid.

[0076] The compositions disclosed herein comprise nonanoic acid (optionally including derivatives thereof), a liquid or solid carrier, and optionally one or more commonly used formulation aids, which may be liquid or solid, such as surfactants, defoamers (e.g., silicone oils), preservatives, clays, inorganic compounds, viscosity modifiers, adhesives and / or thickeners, and attractants, including pheromones, such as dodecyl acetate.

[0077] The composition may further include fertilizers, micronutrient donors, or other agents that affect plant growth.

[0078] On the one hand, nonanoic acid compositions are applied foliar to beneficial plants. Examples of foliar formulation types for premixed compositions are as follows: GR: granules; WP: wettable powder; WG: water-dispersible granules (powder); SG: water-soluble granules; SL: soluble concentrate; EC: emulsifiable concentrate; EW: oil-in-water emulsion; ME: microemulsion; SC: aqueous suspension concentrate; CS: water-capsule suspension; OD: oil-based suspension concentrate; and SE: aqueous suspension emulsion. The appropriate type of nonanoic acid composition should be selected based on the intended objectives and actual conditions.

[0079] The formulation ingredients suitable for preparing compositions according to this disclosure are known in themselves.

[0080] As a liquid carrier, the following can be used: water, toluene, xylene, petroleum ether, vegetable oil, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, acid anhydride, acetonitrile, acetophenone, amyl acetate, 2-butanone, butylene carbonate, chlorobenzene, cyclohexane, cyclohexanol, alkyl acetate, diacetone alcohol, 1,2-dichloropropane, diethanolamine, p-diethylbenzene, diethylene glycol, diethylene glycol rosin ester, diethylene glycol butyl ether, diethylene glycol ethyl ether, diethylene glycol methyl ether, α,α-dimethylformamide Dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,4-dioxane, dipropylene glycol, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol dibenzoate, dipropylene glycol ether (diproxitol), alkylpyrrolidone, ethyl acetate, 2-ethylhexanol, ethylene carbonate, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 2-heptanone, α-pinene, d-limonene, ethyl lactate, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol butyl ether, ethylene glycol methyl ether, γ-butyrolactone, glycerol, glyceryl acetate, glyceryl diacetate Ester, Triacetin, Hexadecane, Hexanediol, Isoamyl Acetate, Isobornyl Acetate, Isooctane, Isophorone, Cumene, Isopropyl Myristate, Lactic Acid, Laurylamine, Isopropylacetone, Methoxypropanol, Methyl Isoamyl Ketone, Methyl Isobutyl Ketone, Methyl Laurate, Methyl Octanoate, Methyl Oleate, Dichloromethane, m-Xylene, n-Hexane, n-Octylamine, Octadecic Acid, Octyl Acetate, Oleic Acid, Oleylamine, o-Xylene, Phenol, Polyethylene Glycol, Propylene Acids, propyl lactate, propylene carbonate, propylene glycol, propylene glycol methyl ether, p-xylene, toluene, triethyl phosphate, triethylene glycol, xylenesulfonic acid, paraffin, mineral oil, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, ethyl acetate, amyl acetate, butyl acetate, propylene glycol methyl ether, diethylene glycol methyl ether, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, or higher molecular weight alcohols (such as pentanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, hexanol, octanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, etc.).

[0081] Suitable solid carriers include, for example: talc, titanium dioxide, pyrophyllite clay, silica, attapulgite clay, diatomaceous earth, limestone, calcium carbonate, bentonite, calcium montmorillonite, cottonseed hulls, wheat flour, soybean flour, pumice, wood flour, crushed walnut shells, lignin and similar substances.

[0082] A wide range of surfactants are advantageously used in liquid and solid formulations, particularly in formulations that can be diluted with a carrier before use. Surfactants can be anionic, cationic, nonionic, or polymeric, and can be used as emulsifiers, wetting agents, or suspending agents, or for other purposes. Typical surfactants include, for example: salts of alkyl sulfates, such as diethanolammonium lauryl sulfate; salts of alkyl aryl sulfonates, such as calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate; alkylphenol / olefin addition products, such as nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether; alcohol / olefin addition products, such as tridecyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether; siloxanes, silicones, silanes, silicates, and silicate esters; soaps, such as sodium stearate; salts of alkyl naphthalene sulfonates, such as sodium dibutylnaphthalene sulfonate; dialkyl esters of sulfosuccinates, such as sodium di(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate; sorbitan esters, such as sorbitan oleate; quaternary ammonium salts, such as lauryltrimethylammonium chloride; polyethylene glycol esters of fatty acids, such as polyethylene glycol stearate; block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide; and salts of monoalkyl phosphates and dialkyl phosphates; stearates; and others, as described in the Macaturian Cleaners and Emulsifiers Yearbook (… McCutcheon's Detergents and Emulsifiers Annual Other substances described in (MC Publishing, Ridgewood, New Jersey, 1981).

[0083] The compositions according to this disclosure may include additives comprising vegetable or animal oils, mineral oils, alkyl esters of such oils, or mixtures of such oils and oil derivatives. When an oil additive is present, the amount of the oil additive in the compositions according to this disclosure is typically from 0.01% to 10% of the mixture to be applied. For example, the oil additive may be added to the spray can at the desired concentration after the spray mixture has been formulated. Preferred oil additives include mineral or vegetable oils (e.g., rapeseed oil, olive oil, or sunflower oil), emulsified vegetable oils, alkyl esters of plant-derived oils (e.g., methyl derivatives), or animal-derived oils (e.g., fish oil or tallow). Preferred oil additives contain C8-C. 22 Alkyl esters of fatty acids, especially C 12 -C 18 Methyl derivatives of fatty acids, such as methyl esters of lauric acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid (methyl laurate, methyl palmitate, and methyl oleate, respectively). Many oil derivatives can be found in the *Compendium of Herbicide Adjuvants*. Compendium of Herbicide Adjuvants (10th edition, Southern Illinois University, 2010).

[0084] Some embodiments of this disclosure include applying a nonanoic acid composition to plant propagation material of a useful plant, plant propagation material treated with a nonanoic acid composition, and a method according to this disclosure, which includes applying an insecticidally effective amount of a nonanoic acid composition to plant propagation material.

[0085] In some embodiments of this disclosure, plant propagation material can be understood to refer to all reproductive parts of a plant, such as seeds, which can be used for plant propagation, and also includes vegetative propagation plant materials such as cuttings. Seeds (strictly speaking), roots, fruits, tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, and plant parts may be mentioned as plant propagation material. Plant propagation material may be treated with a nonanoic acid composition before sowing or planting. Alternatively, plant propagation material may be treated with a nonanoic acid composition during sowing or planting. Furthermore, the nonanoic acid composition may be applied to previously treated propagation material before or during planting. The nonanoic acid composition may be applied during seed sowing. The nonanoic acid composition can also be used for plant propagation material obtained during greenhouse cultivation and / or transplanting.

[0086] Preferably, the plant propagation material is a plant seed.

[0087] The term "seed treatment" generally refers to the application of substances to seeds before or during sowing to improve their operational properties, protect them before germination, promote germination, and / or promote the growth of the resulting plants. Some seed treatments are used solely to improve the operational or other physical properties of seeds and do not contain any agriculturally active ingredients. Other seed treatments incorporate one or more active ingredients into the seeds to achieve a variety of beneficial purposes. For example, seed treatments containing one or more active ingredients are commonly used to control soil-borne diseases and insects, and to ensure uniform seedling emergence. Typical examples include the application of pesticides such as fungicides, insecticides, and plant growth regulators.

[0088] Seed treatment compositions may also contain other active compounds, or may be applied together with and / or sequentially with other active compounds. These other compounds may be fertilizers or micronutrient donors or other formulations that affect plant growth, such as inoculants.

[0089] According to this disclosure, nonanoic acid or its derivatives are applied to the seeds of useful plants at a dosage of 0.3 to 100 grams (g / ton) per ton of seeds, preferably 0.3 to 80 grams / ton.

[0090] Similar to the properties of formulations, the application method, such as foliar application, root irrigation, spraying, atomization, dusting, spreading, coating, or watering, needs to be selected according to the expected goals and actual conditions.

[0091] While commercial products are preferred to be formulated as concentrated formulations (e.g., premixed or freshly mixed compositions), end users typically use diluted formulations (e.g., spray mixes, spray cans, or tank mixes (when combined with other pesticides or formulation adjuvants)).

[0092] Typically, the premixed composition contains 0.1% to 99% (especially 15% to 90%) of nonanoic acid or a derivative thereof, 0% to 99.9% of at least one liquid or solid carrier, and 0% to 35% (especially 0.1% to 20%) of a formulation adjuvant, such as a surfactant (all percentages refer to weight percentages in the premixed composition).

[0093] Typically, spray mixtures or spray can formulations for foliar or soil application contain 0.05% to 20% (especially 0.1% to 15%) of nonanoic acid or its derivatives, 99.95% to 80% (especially 99.9% to 85%) of a liquid carrier, and 0% to 20% (especially 0.1% to 15%) of formulation adjuvants, such as surfactants (all percentages refer to weight percentages in the tank mix composition).

[0094] Nonanoic acid or its derivatives are applied in an effective amount to achieve the desired elicitor response. The application dosage (g nonanoic acid / ha, or g active ingredient / ha, or g / ha) varies depending on the application method, crop species, desired defense or elicitor response, prevailing climatic conditions, and other factors affected by the application method, application time, and target crop.

[0095] To stimulate the defense mechanisms of useful plants against plant pests, an insecticidally effective amount of nonanoic acid or its derivatives is applied. Effective doses of nonanoic acid or its derivatives for inducing plant defense mechanisms against plant pests include: 1 to 2,600 g / ha, 50 to 1,300 g / ha, 150 to 1,000 g / ha, and 150 to 650 g / ha.

[0096] On the one hand, nonanoic acid is applied before the stress factor appears. On the other hand, the stress factor is biological stress. On the other hand, biological stress is insect stress.

[0097] In some implementations, nonanoic acid or combinations thereof is applied to useful plants when plant pests are absent or present in insufficient quantities to cause damage to the plants or significantly affect their quality or yield.

[0098] This composition has been shown to have low phytotoxicity, exhibiting, for example, zero or acceptable leaf burn at the doses described herein.

[0099] In some embodiments, nonanoic acid or compositions thereof provide an indirect elicitor effect by inducing the plant’s natural defense system to resist biological stress, particularly plant pests.

[0100] Methods of using this composition to induce a plant's defensive response to biological stresses on beneficial plants, particularly insect pests, also constitute part of this disclosure. For example, the composition is preferably used at a dilution (e.g., the preferred dilutions described above) to provide effective induction of response while maintaining low phytotoxicity.

[0101] By adding other pesticide active ingredients, such as acaricides, fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, and nematicides, to the nonanoic acid composition, the activity of the compositions according to this disclosure can be significantly broadened and adapted to practical applications. Compositions comprising (A) nonanoic acid or a derivative thereof and (B) at least one other pesticide active ingredient (i.e., in addition to nonanoic acid) may also have further unexpected advantages, which can be described more broadly as superaddition (“synergistic” effects. Thus, for example, by using or employing the compositions in treatments according to this disclosure, it is possible to achieve, for example, reduced application rates and / or broadened activity spectrum and / or enhanced activity, promotion of plant growth, improved tolerance to high and low temperatures, enhanced tolerance to drought or water or soil salinity, improved flowering performance, simplified harvesting, accelerated ripening, increased harvest yield, increased fruit volume, increased plant height, greener leaves, earlier flowering, improved quality and / or nutritional value of harvested products, increased fruit sugar concentration, and improved storage stability and processability of harvested products, exceeding actual expected effects.

[0102] According to this disclosure, the term "combination" refers to various combinations of (A) nonanoic acid or its derivatives with (B) at least one pesticide active ingredient, such as in a single "freshly mixed" or "premixed" form, as a combined spray mixture (e.g., a "tank-mix") consisting of an independent formulation of a single active compound, and in combination when a single active ingredient is applied sequentially (i.e., one after another over a reasonably short period of time, such as a few hours or days, for example, 2 hours to 7 days). Preferably, the order in which nonanoic acid or its derivatives are applied with at least one pesticide active ingredient is not critical to the implementation of this disclosure. Therefore, the term "combination" also covers the presence of a nonanoic acid composition with at least one pesticide active ingredient on already treated plants.

[0103] The ratio of (A) nonanoic acid to (B) any other pesticide active ingredient is selected as follows: when applied to beneficial plants, nonanoic acid and the pesticide active ingredient are delivered at their respective required doses (e.g., the dose indicated on the product label or the dose required for pest control that can be determined by an experienced person in the art). Since the application doses of the other pesticide active ingredients can vary considerably, the general ratio of nonanoic acid to the other active ingredient can also vary considerably. Compositions containing a mixture of nonanoic acid and the aforementioned other pesticide active ingredient comprise nonanoic acid and the active ingredient as described above, preferably in a mixing ratio of 10,000:1 to 1:1, 1,000:1 to 1:1, preferably 700:1 to 10:1 by weight, more preferably 500:1 to 30:1 by weight, and most preferably 100:1 to 1:100 by weight.

[0104] In some implementations, the use of nonanoic acid in combination with one or more additional insecticides may provide benefits such as reduced application rates, broadened activity spectrum, extended duration of action, increased rate of action, and / or prevention of resistance evolution.

[0105] The one or more additional insecticides (B) referred to herein by their common names are known and are described, for example, in "The Pesticide Manual" (16th Ed., British Crop Protection Council 2012) or available on the Internet (e.g., http: / / www.alanwood.net / pesticides). The classification and group numbering are based on the prevailing IRAC mode of action classification scheme (Edition 11.1) at the time of filing of this patent application.

[0106] Suitable additional insecticides (B) that can be used include representatives of the following categories of active ingredients: (1) Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors; (2) GABA-gated chloride channel blockers; (3) Sodium channel modulators; (4) Competitive modulators of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR); (5) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric modulator (site 1); (6) Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) allosteric modulator; (7) Juvenile hormone receptor modulators; (8) Other non-specific (multi-site) inhibitors; (9) String instrument TRPV channel modulator; (10) Mite growth inhibitors; (11) Microbial disruptors of the intestinal membrane in insects; (12) Inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthase; (13) Oxidative phosphoric acid uncoupling agents that disrupt the proton gradient; (14) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel blockers; (15) Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis that affect CHS1; (16) Chitin biosynthesis inhibitor, type 1; (17) Eczema interfering agents; (18) Ecdysone receptor agonists; (19) Octopus amine receptor agonists; (20) Inhibitor of electron transport in mitochondrial complex III; (21) Inhibitor of electron transport in mitochondrial complex I; (22) Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers; (23) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor; (24) Inhibitor of electron transport in mitochondrial complex IV; (25) Inhibitor of electron transport in mitochondrial complex II; (28) Rhanyl alkaloid receptor modulators; (29) Nicotinamide enzyme inhibitors for string instruments; (30) GABA-gated chloride channel allosteric modulator; (31) Baculovirus, a host-specific closed pathogenic virus; (32) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric modulator – site II; (33) Calcium-activated potassium channel (KCa2) regulator; (34) Qi site, an inhibitor of electron transport in mitochondrial complex III; (35) RNA interference-mediated target inhibitors; (36) String tuner – undefined target; and / or (UN) Other compounds with insecticidal and / or acaricidal activity whose mode of action is unknown, uncertain, or to be classified.

[0107] On the one hand, the at least one additional insecticide (B) is selected from: (1) Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, including carbamates selected from the following: alanycarb, aldicarb, bendiocarb, benfuracarb, butocarboxim, butoxycarboxim, carbaryl, carbofuran, carbosulfan, ethiofencarb, fenobucarb, formetanate, furathiocarb rb), isoprocarb, methiocarb, methomyl, metolcarb, oxamyl, pirimicarb, propoxur, thiodicarb, thiofanox, triazamate, trimethacarb, XMC, and xylylcarb; or selected from the following organophosphates: acephate, azamethiphos, and fenpropathrin (rb). azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl, cadusafos, chlorethoxyfos, chlorfenvinphos, chlormephos, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, coumaphos, cyanophos, demeton-S-methyl, diazinon, dichlorvos / DDVP, chlorpyrifos dicrotophos, dimethoate, dimethylvinphos, disulfoton, EPN, ethion, ethoprophos, famphur, fenamiphos, fenitrothion, fenthion, fosthiazate, heptenophos, imidazoleafos, isofenphos, isopropyl salicylateO-(methoxyaminothiophosphoryl) salicylate), isoxathion, malathion, mecarbam, methamidophos, methidathion, mevinphos, monocotophos, naled, omethoate, oxydemeton-methyl, parathion, parathion-methyl, phenthoate, phorate, phosalone, phosmet, phosphamidon. Phoxim, pyrimiphos-methyl, profenofos, propetamphos, prothiofos, pyraclofos, pyridaphenthion, quinalphos, sulfotep, tebupirimfos, temephos, terbufos, tetrachlorvinphos, thiometon, triazophos, trichlorfon, and vamidothion; (2) GABA-gated chloride channel blockers, including cyclodiene organochlorines selected from the following: chlordane and endosulfan; or fiproles selected from the following: ethiprole and fipronil. (3) Sodium channel modulators, including pyrethroids selected from the following: acrinathrin, allethrin, d-cis-trans allethrin, d-trans allethrin, bifenthrin, kappa-bifenthrin, bioallethrin, and S-cyclopentenyl bioallethrin isomer.isomer, bioresmethrin, cycloprothrin, cyfluthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, gamma-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin -cypermethrin), theta-cypermethrin, zeta-cypermethrin, cyphenothrin [(lR)-trans isomer], deltamethrin, empenthrin [(EZ)-(lR)-isomer], esfenvalerate, etofenprox, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate ate), flucythrinate, flumethrin, tau-fluvalinate, hallenprox, imiprothrin, kadethrin, epsilon-metofluthrin, momfluorothrin, permethrin, phenothrin [(lR)-trans isomer], acetylacetonate ( prallethrin), pyrethrins (pyrethrum), resmethrin, silafluofen, tefluthrin, kappa-tefluthrin, tetramethrin, tefluthrin [(1R)-isomer], tralomethrin, and transfluthrin; or DDT or methoxychlor; (4) Competitive modulators of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), including neonicotinoids selected from the following: acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam; or nicotine; or sulfonamides selected from the following: sulfoxaflor; or butenolates selected from the following: flupyradifurone; or mesoionics selected from the following: dicloromezotiaz, fenmezoditiaz, and triflumezopyrim; or pyridylidenes selected from the following: flupyrimin. (5) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric modulators (site 1), including spinosad selected from the following spinosads: spintoram and spinosad. (6) Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) allosteric modulators, including those selected from the following avermectin / milbemectin class: abamectin, emamectin benzoate, lepimectin and milbemectin. (7) Juvenile hormone receptor modulators, including juvenile hormone analogs selected from the following: hydroprene, kinoprene and methoprene; or fenoxycarb; or pyriproxyfen. (8) Other nonspecific (multi-site) inhibitors, including alkyl halides selected from: 1,3-dichloropropene, methyl bromide and other alkylhalides; or chloropicrin; or fluorides selected from: cryolite (sodium aluminum fluoride) and sulfuryl fluoride; or borates selected from: borax, boric acid, disodium octoborate, sodium borate and sodium metaborate; or tartar emetic; or methyl isocyanate generators selected from: dazomet, metam and methylisothiocyanate. (9) String instrument TRPV channel modulators, including pyridine imine derivatives selected from the following: pymetrozine and pyrifluquinazone; or pyropenes selected from the following: afidopyropen. (10) Mite growth inhibitors, including those selected from the following: clofentezine, diflovidazin, hexythiazox and etoxazole. (11) Microbial disruptors of the midgut membrane in insects, including Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Bacillus Thuringian ) and the insecticidal proteins it produces, selected from: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Israel ( Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israeliensis Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. niger ( Bacillus Thuringian subspecies aizawai ), Bacillus thuringiensis Kustaqi subsp. Bacillus Thuringian subspecies kurstaki ), Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. A ( Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies tenebrionis ), and insecticidal proteins, such as Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa, Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab, Vip3A, mCry3A, Cry3Ab, Cry3Bb and Cry34Ab1 / Cry35Ab1 derived from Bacillus thuringiensis; or Bacillus cocci ( Spherical Bacillus ); (12) Inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthase, which are ATP interfering agents, including diafenthiuron; or organotin acaricides selected from the following: azocyclotin, cyhexatin and fenbutatin oxide; or propargite; or tetradifon. (13) Oxidative phosphorylation uncoupling agents that disrupt the proton gradient, selected from: chlorfenapyr, dinitrophenol (DNOC) and sulfluramid. (14) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel blockers, including spinosad analogues selected from the following: bensultap, cartap hydrochloride, thiocylam and thiosultap-sodium. (15) Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis that affect CHS1, including benzoylureas selected from the following: bistrifluron, chlorfluazuron, diflubenzuron, flucycloxuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron, nuvaluron, noviflumuron, teflubenzuron, and triflumuron. (16) Chitin biosynthesis inhibitor, type 1, selected from: buprofezin; (17) Molting disruptors (especially for Diptera insects), selected from: cyromazine; (18) Ecdysone receptor agonists, preferably selected from the following dihydrazides: chromafenozide, halofenozide, methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide. (19) Octopus amine receptor agonist, selected from: amitraz; (20) Inhibitors of electron transport in mitochondrial complex III ------ Qo site, selected from: hydramethylnone, acequinocyl, fluacrypyrim and bifenazate. (21) Inhibitors of electron transport in mitochondrial complex I, including acaricides selected from the following METIs: fenazaquin, fenpyroximate, pyridaben, pyrimidifen, tebufenpyrad, and tolfenpyrad; or rotenone (Derris); (22) Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers, selected from: indoxacarb and metaflumizone. (23) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors, including derivatives of quaternary keto acids and tert-amino acids selected from the following: spiroxamat, spirobudifen, spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, spiropidion and spirotetramat. (24) Inhibitors of electron transport in mitochondrial complex IV, including phosphides selected from aluminum phosphide, calcium phosphide, phosphine, and zinc phosphide; or cyanides selected from calcium cyanide, potassium cyanide, and sodium cyanide. (25) Inhibitors of electron transport in mitochondrial complex II, including β-ketonitrile derivatives selected from the following: cyenopyrafen and cyflumetofen; or carboxyanis selected from the following: pyflubumide. (28) Lanni base receptor modulators, including diamides selected from the following: chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, flubendiamide and tetrazolium. (29) Nicotinamide inhibitor for string instruments, selected from: flonicamid; (30) GABA-gated chloride channel allosteric modulators, including those selected from the following isodiamides or isoxazolines: broflanilide, fluxametamide and isocycloseram. (31) Baculoviruses, including granuloviruses (GVs) selected from the following: Codling moth granulovirus (Cercopithecus maculata) Cydia apple tree GV) and false apple codling moth granulovirus ( Thaumatotibia leucotreta GV); or selected from the following nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs): *Leptochloa crus-galli* multinucleate polyhedrovirus (GV); or selected from the following: *Leptochloa crus-galli* multinucleate polyhedrovirus (GV); Anticarsia gemmatalis MNPV) and cotton bollworm nucleopolyhedrovirus (MNPV) Helicoverpa armigera NPV); (32) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric regulator ------ site II, selected from: GS-omega / kappa HXTX-Hv 1a peptide; (33) Calcium-activated potassium channel (KCa2) regulator, selected from: flufenoxuron (acynonapyr); (34) Mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitor ------ Qi site, selected from: flometoquin; (35) RNA interference-mediated target inhibitors, selected from: ledprona. (36) String modulators – undefined target, selected from: dimpropyridaz; and / or (UN) Other compounds with insecticidal and / or acaricidal activity whose mode of action is unknown, uncertain, or unclassified, selected from: afoxolaner, azadirachtin, benzoximate, benzpyrimoxan, bromopropylate, chinomethionat, chloroprallethrin, cyclobutrifluram, cycloxaprid, cyetpyrafen, cyhalodiamide, cyproflanilide (CAS 2375110-88-4), dicofol, fluazaindolizine, and flucypyriprole (CAS 2375110-88-4). 1771741-86-6), fluensulfone, flufenerim, flufenoxystrobin, flufiprole, fluhexafon, fluopyram, flupentiofenox, flupyroxystrobin, fluralaner, fufenozide, guadipyr, heptafluthrin, imidaclothiz, indazapyroxamet, iodomethane, iprodione, lotilaner, meperfluthrin, mivorilaner, modoflaner, nicofluprole (CAS)1771741-86-6), oxazosulfyl, paichongding, pyridalyl, pyrifluquinazon, pyriminostrobin, sarolaner, spirobudiclofen, sulfiflumin, sulfur, tetramethylfluthrin, tetrachlorfon hlorantraniliprole, tigolaner, tioxazafen, thiofluoximate, trifluenfuronate, tyclopyrazoflor, umifoxolaner, l-{2-fluoro-4-methyl-5-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)sulfinyl]phenyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)-lH-l,2,4-triazol-5-amine (known in WO2006 / 043635) (CAS) 885026-50-6), 2-chloro-N-[2-{1-[(2E)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]piperidin-4-yl}-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]isonicotinamide (known in WO2006 / 003494) (CAS 872999-66-1), 3-(4-chloro-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-hydroxy-8-methoxy-1,8-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-3-en-2-one (known in WO 2010 / 052161) (CAS 1225292-17-0), 3-(4-chloro-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-8-methoxy-2-oxo-1,8-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-3-en-4-ylethyl carbonate (known in EP2647626) (CAS 1440516-42-6), PF1364 (known in JP2010 / 018586) (CAS 1204776-60-2), (3E)-3-[l-[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-2-pyridylidene]-l,l,l-trifluoro-prop-2-one (known in WO2013 / 144213) (CAS 1461743-15-6), N-[3-(benzylcarbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl]-l-methyl-3-(pentafluoroethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (known in WO2010 / 051926) (CAS1226889-14-0), 5-bromo-4-chloro-N-[4-chloro-2-methyl-6-(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide (known in CN103232431) (CAS) 1449220-44-3), 4-[5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-3-isoxazolyl]-2-methyl-N-(cis-1-oxo-3-thioheterobutyl)-benzamide, 4-[5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-3-isoxazolyl]-2-methyl-N-(trans-1-oxo-3-thioheterobutyl)-benzamide and 4-[(5S)-5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-3-isoxazolyl]-2-methyl-N-(cis-1-oxo-3-thioheterobutyl)benzamide (known in WO 2013 / 050317) (CAS 1332628-83-7), N-[3-chloro-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-N-ethyl-3-[(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfinyl]-propionamide, (+)-N-[3-chloro-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-N-ethyl-3-[(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfinyl]-propionamide and (-)-N-[3-chloro-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-N-ethyl-3-[(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfinyl]-propionamide (known in WO 2013 / 162715, WO 2013 / 162716, US 2014 / 0213448)(CAS1477923-37-7), 5-[[(2E)-3-chloro-2-propen-1-yl]amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylonitrile (known in CN 101337937) (CAS 1105672-77-2), 3-bromo-N-[4-chloro-2-methyl-6-[(methylamino)thiomethyl]phenyl]-l-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (thiobenzamide, known in CN 103109816A) (CAS 1232543-85-9); N-[4-chloro-2-[[(l,l-dimethylethyl)amino]carbonyl]-6-methylphenyl]-l-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-3-(fluoromethoxy)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (known in WO 2012 / 034403) (CAS1268277-22-0), N-[2-(5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-4-chloro-6-methylphenyl]-3-bromo-1-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (known in WO 2011 / 085575) (CAS 1233882-22-8), 4-[3-[2,6-dichloro-4-[(3,3-dichloro-2-propen-1-yl)oxy]phenoxy]propoxy]-2-methoxy-6-(trifluoromethyl)-pyrimidine (known in CN 101337940A) (CAS 1108184-52-6); (2E)- and (2Z)-2-[2-(4-cyanophenyl)-l-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylene]-N-[4-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl]-hydrazine carboxamide (known in CN 101715774A) (CAS 1232543-85-9); 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenyl-cyclopropane carboxylate (known in CN 103524422A) (CAS1542271-46-4); (4aS)-7-chloro-2,5-dihydro-2-[[(methoxycarbonyl)[4-[(trifluoromethyl)thio]phenyl]amino]carbonyl]-indeno[l,2-e][l,3,4]oxadiazine-4a(3H)-formate methyl ester (known in CN 101715774A) (CAS 1232543-85-9); 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenyl-cyclopropane carboxylate (known in CN 103524422A) (CAS 1542271-46-4); (4aS)-7-chloro-2,5-dihydro-2-[[(methoxycarbonyl)[4-[(trifluoromethyl)thio]phenyl]amino]carbonyl]-indo[l,2-e][l,3,4]oxadiazine-4a(3H)-formate methyl ester (known in CN 101715774A) (CAS 1232543-85-9); 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-4-(1H-dichloro)-3-dichloro-2-dihydro-2-[[ 102391261A)(CAS1370358-69-2); 6-deoxy-3-O-ethyl-2,4-di-O-methyl-1-[N-[4-[1-[4-(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethoxy)phenyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]phenyl]carbamate]-α-L-mannopyranose (known in US 2014 / 0275503) (CAS 1181213-14-8); 8-(2-cyclopropylmethoxy-4-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-3-(6-trifluoromethyl-pyridazin-3-yl)-3-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane (CAS 1253850-56-4), (8-anti)-8-(2-cyclopropylmethoxy-4-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-3-(6-trifluoromethyl-pyridazin-3-yl)-3-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane (CAS 933798-27-7), (8-syn)-8-(2-cyclopropylmethoxy-4-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-3-(6-trifluoromethyl-pyridazin-3-yl)-3-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane (known in WO 2007040280, WO2007040282)(CAS934001-66-8), N-[4-(aminothiomethyl)-2-methyl-6-[(methylamino)carbonyl]phenyl]-3-bromo-l-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-lH-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (known in CN 103265527A) (CAS 1452877-50-7), 3-(4-chloro-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-8-methoxy-l-methyl-1,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-2,4-dione (known in WO 2014 / 187846) (CAS 1638765-58-8), 3-(4-chloro-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-8-methoxy-l-methyl-2-oxo-l,8-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-3-en-4-yl-ethyl carbonate (known in WO 2010 / 066780, WO 2011 / 151146) (CAS1229023-00-0), N-[l-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl]-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (known in WO 2014 / 053450) (CAS 1594624-87-9), N-[2-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-2H-l,2,3-triazol-4-yl]-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (known in WO 2014 / 053450) (CAS 1594637-65-6), N-[l-(3,5-difluoro-2-pyridinyl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl]-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (known in WO 2014 / 053450) (CAS1594626-19-3), (3R)-3-(2-chloro-5-thiazolyl)-2,3-dihydro-8-methyl-5,7-dioxo-6-phenyl-5H-thiazo[3,2-a]pyrimidine inner salt (known in WO 2018 / 177970) (CAS 2246757-58-2); 3-(2-chloro-5-thiazolyl)-2,3-dihydro-8-methyl-5,7-dioxo-6-phenyl-5H-thiazo[3,2-a]pyrimidine inner salt (known in WO2018 / 177970) (CAS 2246757-56-0); N-[3-chloro-l-(3-pyridinyl)-lH-pyrazol-4-yl]-2-(methylsulfonyl)-propionamide (known in WO 2019 / 236274) (CAS 2396747-83-2), N-[2-bromo-4-[l,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-fluoro-3-[(4-fluorobenzoyl)amino]-benzamide (known in WO 2019059412) (CAS)1207977-87-4) and 3-bromo-l-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-N-[4,6-dichloro-3-fluoro-2-[(methylamino)carbonyl]phenyl]-lH-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (fluchlorodiamide; known in CN110835330A, CN106977494A) (CAS 2129147-03-9).

[0108] On the one hand, the at least one additional insecticide (B) comprises one or more nematicides. The active compounds referred to herein by their common names are known and, for example, described in “The Pesticide Manual” (16th Ed., British Crop Protection Council 2012) or available on the Internet (e.g., http: / / www.alanwood.net / pesticides). The classification is based on the prevailing IRAC mode of action classification group for nematicides (version 11.1) at the time of filing of this patent application.

[0109] On the one hand, the at least one additional insecticide (B) comprises one or more nematicides selected from: (N-1 group) Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, including (N-1A) selected from the following carbamates: aldicarb, carbofuran, carbofuran, thiamethoxam, thiamethoxam, and thiamethoxam; or (N-1B) selected from the following organophosphates: thion, fenpropathrin, benzylphosphine, thiazophos, imidazophos, phorate, and terbufos.

[0110] (N-2 group) Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) allosteric modulators, including avermectins selected from the following: avermectin and emamectin benzoate.

[0111] (N-3 group) Inhibitors of electron transport in mitochondrial complex II, particularly succinate-coenzyme Q reductase inhibitors, preferably pyridyl-ethylbenzamides, such as fluopyram and cyclobutyroxyfenozide.

[0112] (N-4 group) Lipid synthesis / growth regulators, especially acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors, preferably quaternary ketoacids and tert-amino acid derivatives, such as spirotetramat.

[0113] (N-UN group) Compounds with unknown or uncertain modes of action and different chemical structures, such as fludioxonil, fluthiamethoxam, furfural, isopyrazoline, and thiazophos.

[0114] (N-UNX group) Compounds with unknown or uncertain modes of action: presumed to be multi-site inhibitors, including volatile sulfur generators selected from: carbon disulfide and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS); or carbon disulfide releasers selected from: sodium tetrathiocarbonate; or alkyl halides selected from: bromomethane and iodomethane; or halogenated hydrocarbons selected from: 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP), 1,3-dichloropropene and dibromoethane; or chloropicrin; or methyl isothiocyanate generators selected from: allyl isothiocyanate, dazomet, thiamethoxam, and thiamethoxam sodium.

[0115] (N-UNB group) Bacterial agents with unknown or uncertain modes of action (non-Zb), preferably of bacteria or bacterial origin, selected from: Bacillus spp. ( Bacillus spp.), such as Bacillus stenoptera ( B. firm ), Bacillus licheniformis ( B. lichen-like ), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ( B. amyloliquefaciens ) or Bacillus subtilis ( B. subtle Burkholderia spp. Burkholderia spp.), for example Burkholderia rhein-Holder A396 ( from the Rhine A396); Pasteurella spp. ( Pastoral care spp.), for example, penetrating Pasteurella multocida ( P. penetrating ) or Bacillus pastoris ( P. nishizawae ); Pseudomonas spp. ( Pseudomonas spp.), for example, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* (spp.). Chlorophytum ), Fluorescent Pseudomonas ( fluorescent ), Pseudomonas rice strain SYM23945 ( rice-dwelling strain SYM23945); and Streptomyces ( Streptomyces spp.), for example, Streptomyces lidii ( Lydian ), Streptomyces dicklo ( dicklowii ), Streptomyces albopictus ( white-gray (or strain SYM00257).

[0116] (N-UNF group) Fungal agents with unknown or uncertain modes of action, preferably fungi or fungal-derived, selected from: Actinomycetes (… Actinomyces spp.), such as Streptococcus ( streptococcus ); Arthropoda ( Arthrobotrys spp.), for example, Oligosporium argentea ( oligospora ); Aspergillus ( Aspergillusspp.), for example, Aspergillus niger; spp. ( Musky smell spp.), for example, white thymol ( white ); *Varicocephalum* genus ( Myrothecium spp.), for example, *Russula verrucae* (spp.). warty ); Penicillium genus ( Paecilomyces spp.), for example, Paecilomyces flesh-colored ( fleshy ), Pseudomonas rosenbergii ( smoky ) or Paecilomyces lilacinus ( lilac ); *Pochinia* genus ( Pochon spp.), for example, *Bochia spp.* (spp.) chlamydosporia ); and Trichoderma ( Trichoderma spp.), for example, Trichoderma harzianum ( Harzian ), *Trichoderma viride*, *Trichoderma dark green* atroviride ) or green Trichoderma ( green ).

[0117] (N-UNE group) Agents of plant or animal origin, including synthetic extracts and unrefined oils, with unknown or uncertain mechanisms of action, preferably selected from the following plant or animal sources: azadirachtin, camellia seed cake, essential oils, garlic extract, water jasmine oil, soapberry bark ( Quillaja saponaria Extracts, chitin, and terpenes, such as carvacrol.

[0118] On one hand, the additional insecticide (B) includes one or more biopesticides. Biopesticides include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, viruses, plant extracts, and products formed by microorganisms, including proteins and secondary metabolites.

[0119] On the one hand, biopesticides include bacteria, such as spore-forming bacteria, bacteria that colonize roots, and bacteria that act as biological insecticides or nematicides.

[0120] Bacteria used or potentially used as biopesticides include: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Bambusa amyloliquefaciens) Bacillus starch liquefier ), strain FZB42 (DSM 231179); or Bacillus cereus ( Bacillus cereus ), for example, Bacillus cereus ( B. cereus strain CNCM 1-1562; or Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bacillus firmus ), strain 1-1582 (accession number CNCM 1-1582); or Bacillus pumilus ( Bacillus pumilus ), such as strain GB34 (accession number ATCC 700814) and strain QST2808 (accession number NRRL B-30087); or Bacillus subtilis ( Bacillus subtilis), especially strain GB03 (accession number ATCC SD-1397), or Bacillus subtilis strain QST713 (accession number NRRL B-21661), or Bacillus subtilis strain OST 30002 (accession number NRRL B-50421); Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bacillus thuringiensis ), especially Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Israel ( B. thuringiensis subspecies israelensis (Serotype JI-14), strain AM65-52 (accession number ATCC 1276), or Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tumefaciens ( B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai ), especially strain ABTS-1857 (SD-1372), or Bacillus thuringiensis Kustaqi subsp. B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain HD-1, or Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. *Tenopodium* (B. thuringiensis) B. thuringiensis subsp. of darkness ) strain NB 176 (SD-5428); Bacillus stabans ( Pasteuria penetran ); Bacillus Pasteurella ( Pastoral care spp.) (nephrotic nematode ( spp.) Rotylenchulus reniformis ) nematode)-PR3 (Accession number ATCC SD-5834); Streptomyces microfulvum ( Streptomyces microflavus ) strain AQ6121 (=QRD 31.013, NRRL B-50550); Streptomyces flavus ( Streptomyces galbus Strain AQ 6047 (accession number NRRL 30232).

[0121] Fungi and yeasts used or potentially used as biopesticides include: Beauveria bassiana ( Beauveria bassiana ), especially strain ATCC 74040; Shield-shell mold ( Coniothyrium menitans ), especially strain CON / M / 91-8 (accession number DSM-9660); genus *Cercospora* ( Lecanicillium spp.), especially strain HRO LEC 12; Verticillium wax scale ( Lecanicillium lecanii (formerly known as) Verticillium lecanii ), especially strain KV01; Metarhizium anisopliae ( Metarhizium anisopliae ), especially strain F52 (DSM3884 / ATCC 90448); fruit-growing Mickey yeast ( Metschnikowia fructifera ), especially strain NRRL Y-30752; *Paecilomyces rosenbergii* ( Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Now known as: Isaacochloa rosenbergii) Isaria fumosorosea ), especially strain IFPC 200613 or strain Apopka 97 (accession number ATCC 20874); Paecilomyces lilacinus ( Paecilomyces lilac ), especially Paecilomyces lilacinus ( P. lilacinus ) strain 251 (AGAL 89 / 030550); yellow-blue bacteria ( Talaromyces flavus ), especially strain VI 17b; Trichoderma viride ( Trichoderma atroviride ), especially strain SCI (accession number CBS 122089); Trichoderma harzianum ( Trichoderma harzianum ), especially Trichoderma harzianum ( T. harzianum Strain T39 (accession number CNCM 1-952).

[0122] Viruses used or potentially used as biopesticides include: the cotton brown belt moth ( Adoxophyes orana (Summer fruit roller) granulovirus (GV); codling moth ( Cydia pomonella ) Granulovirus (GV); Cotton bollworm ( Helicoverpa armor-bearer Nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV); Diamondback moth ( Plutella xylostella ) granuloviruses (GV), especially diamondback moth granuloviruses (GV) P. xylostella GV) isolate GV-0020; beet armyworm ( Spodoptera small mNPV; Fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda mNPV; Sea Grey Winged Moth ( Spodoptera littoralis )NPV.

[0123] Plant extracts and microbial products (including proteins and secondary metabolites) used or potentially used as biopesticides include: garlic ( Allium sativum ), wormwood ( Artemisia wormwood ), azadirachtin, BiokeeperWP, black cassia seed ( Cassia nigricans ), Celastrus orbiculatus ( Angled sedge ), *Aristolochia debilis* ( Chenopodium anthelmintic Chitin, Armour-Zen, and European scaly fern ( Dryopteris filix-mas ), Asking for help ( Horsetail Fortune Aza, Fungastop, Heads Up (quinoa) Chenopodium quinoa (Saponin extract), pyrethrum / pyrethrin ( Pyrethrum / Pyrethrins ), bitter wood ( Bitter melon ), Oak ( Oak ), Soapberry ( ) Quillaja ), Regalia, "Requiem™ Insecticide", Rotenone, Veratrum nigrum / Veratrine ( Ryan / ryanodine ), Comfrey ( Symphytum officinalis ), Artemisia ( Tansy ), thymol ( Thyme Triact 70, TriCon, Nasturtium ( Greater tropaeolum ), Sterculia venetum ( Nettle dioecious Veratrine () Veratrin Mistletoe ( White mistletoe ), Brassicaceae ( Brassicaceae Extracts, especially rapeseed powder or mustard powder, and bioactive insecticides / miticides derived from olive oil, particularly those with C 16 -C 20 Unsaturated fatty acids / carboxylic acids with a carbon chain length are included as active ingredients, for example, in products with the trade name FLiPPER®.

[0124] Compositions comprising a mixture of nonanoic acid and one or more of the above-described active ingredients can be applied, for example, as a single “freshly mixed” form, as a combined spray mixture (e.g., a “bucket mix”) consisting of separate formulations of a single active agent component, and in combination when applied sequentially (i.e., one after another over a reasonably short period of time, such as hours or days) to (A) nonanoic acid or a derivative thereof and (B) a separate composition containing additional active ingredients. The order in which nonanoic acid or a derivative thereof is applied with the active ingredients as described above is not critical for carrying out the invention.

[0125] The following descriptions and examples are for illustrative and explanatory purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

[0126] The features and characteristics shown and / or described herein in conjunction with the various embodiments presented herein may be combined with features and characteristics of other embodiments also provided herein, and such modifications and variations are intended to be covered within the scope of the invention.

[0127] Example: Inducing insecticidal responses in crops

[0128] In the following embodiments, the following abbreviations will be used: AT: After processing DAT / DAA: Days after treatment / Days after application 0-5: Damage level (0 = no damage or feeding observed; 1 = some damage or some feeding observed; 3 = half of the leaves eaten or half of the leaves being fed by aphids; 5 = no leaves left or all insects feeding and reproducing) UNCK: Untreated control BBCH: A scale for identifying the phenological developmental stages of plants. Unless otherwise stated, all applications below are performed using EC formulations containing 650 g / L nonanoic acid (685 g / L, 95% purity), anionic emulsifiers, and branched-chain fatty acid ester solvents.

[0129] Example 1

[0130] Pests: Wheat aphid ( Sitobion oat )

[0131] Crop: Wheat ( Summer wheat )

[0132] Application: Foliar

[0133] Procedure: Wheat plants are grown in pots (8x8 cm) in a greenhouse until they reach a height of 10 cm. Each pot contains 50 seeds.

[0134] Each treatment consisted of three replicates. Plants were sprayed using a handheld sprayer, with a total of 0.65 g of nonanoic acid dissolved in 500 ml of water for all three replicates. Control plants were also sprayed.

[0135] The spray solutions (as described in Table 1) are freshly prepared prior to treatment.

[0136] Add wheat aphids (N=10) 1 hour after spraying. Count the insects on days 1, 4, 6, 12 and 14 after treatment.

[0137] Insects were counted on days 1, 4, 6, 12 and 14 after treatment.

[0138] Table 1. Evaluation of the control efficacy of wheat aphid survival on wheat (number of aphids)

[0139] Example 2

[0140] Pests: Plutella xylostella (Catalpa bungei moth) / Myzus persica (Peach aphid)

[0141] Crop: Chinese cabbage ( Brassica rapa subsp. of Beijing )

[0142] Application: Apply to one leaf of the plant via foliar spray.

[0143] Experimental / Experimental Procedure: Chinese cabbage plants were grown in pots in a greenhouse (one plant per pot) until they grew to 5-6 leaves.

[0144] Apply 240 μl of a solution containing 0.78 mg of nonanoic acid to one leaf of the plant, being careful not to contaminate any other leaves. Allow the leaf to dry for 1 hour. 。

[0145] One hour or 24 hours after treatment, add diamondback moths or peach aphids to clamp cages on untreated leaves. These cages restrict the insects' movement to other leaves.

[0146] Insect survival and leaf damage were assessed 6 days after application, and the results are shown in Table 2.

[0147] Table 2. Effects on the survival and leaf damage of diamondback moth and peach aphid on untreated Chinese cabbage leaves.

[0148]

[0149] When insects were introduced onto untreated leaves of the same plant 1 hour after treatment, treatment with 0.78 mg nonanoic acid resulted in reduced diamondback moth larval maturity and leaf damage. When insects were introduced onto untreated leaves of the same plant 24 hours after treatment, treatment with 0.78 mg nonanoic acid resulted in reduced peach aphid populations and reduced feeding.

[0150] Example 3: Direct effect of nonanoic acid (comparative example)

[0151] Table 3. Effects of artificial culture medium on beet armyworm ( S. exigua Impact on larval survival

[0152] The data in Table 3 show that direct ingestion of nonanoic acid is harmful to the beet armyworm ( ). S. exigua It has no direct control effect.

[0153] Example 4

[0154] Pests: Meligethes aeneus (Rapeseed flowers with exposed tails)

[0155] Crop: Rapeseed ( Brassica napus spp. Campino )

[0156] Application: Foliar spray

[0157] Experimental / Test Protocol: Foliar spraying was conducted in the field using a motorized sprayer when pests appeared on the crop in spring (BBCH 38-41). The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block design with four replicates per treatment. Each treatment area was 30 square meters. Water consumption was 300 liters per hectare. Assessment was performed by counting adults per 25 plants. Phytotoxicity was scored for each treatment in the range of 0-100%.

[0158] As shown in Table 4, the protective efficacy of nonanoic acid increases over time due to its effect on the plant's immune system (stimulating a defensive response). No phytotoxicity was observed at the applied dosage.

[0159] Table 4: Efficacy Assessment: Compared with untreated (%UNCK), the efficacy against rapeseed ( B. napus On the rapeseed flowers, the tail armor is exposed. M. bronzeThe control efficacy (in the field) %

[0160] Decis EC = Deltamethrin

[0161] For the statistical analysis of this experiment, the ARM test was used. The least significant difference (LSD) test with a p-value of 0.05 was employed. This test compares the means of treatments; a difference exceeding the LSD indicates a significant difference between the two treatments, with a 95% confidence level that a true difference exists. Different letters (a, b, c, d) denote the significance between the subjects.

[0162] Example 5

[0163] Pests: Cacopsylla pyri (Pear psyllid)

[0164] Crop: Pear tree ( common pear spp. Williams )

[0165] Application: Foliar spray (Spring - when 50% of the eggs turn yellow)

[0166] Experimental / Test Protocol: Foliar spraying was conducted in the field using a motorized sprayer (Oleomac SP126) when pests appeared on the crop in spring (BBCH 72-75). The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block design with four replicates per treatment. Each treatment area was 24 square meters. Water consumption was 800 liters per hectare. Assessment was performed by counting nymphs per 10 new shoots. Phytotoxicity was scored for each treatment in the range of 0-100%.

[0167] As shown in Table 5, the efficacy of nonanoic acid increased over time. This is due to its effect on the plant's immune system. No phytotoxicity was observed at the applied dosage.

[0168] Table 5. Efficacy Assessment: Compared with untreated (%UNCK), the control effect on pear trees ( P. communis )Pear psyllid ( C. pear The control efficacy (in the field) %

[0169] Example 6

[0170] Pests: Meloidogyne graminicola (rice root-knot nematode)

[0171] Crops: Wheat ( Summer wheat )

[0172] Application: Foliar application

[0173] Experimental / Test Protocol: After seed germination, wheat plants were individually grown for 2 weeks in PVC pipes (18 cm high, 3 cm in diameter) filled with a substrate of sand and water-absorbing polymer (DCM Aquaperla). Plants were grown at 24°C, with Hogrange solution and water supplied three times weekly. Treatment was performed after 2 weeks. 24 hours post-treatment, each plant was inoculated with 400 nematode larvae (second stage; J2). Eight individual plants were analyzed for each treatment.

[0174] Assess nematode infection 14 days post-inoculation. Observe and count root gall development under a microscope. At this early point, no female nematodes were observed regardless of the treatment.

[0175] Formulations used: Four different treatments and two controls were evaluated. For foliar spraying of PM1, dilute the undiluted solution 200 times. For foliar spraying of PM2, dilute the undiluted solution 200 times. For foliar spraying of PM3, dilute the undiluted solution 200 times. For foliar spraying of PM4, dilute the undiluted solution 200 times. Positive control: Soil treatment with avermectin (0.2% Vertimec). Negative control: Spray the above-ground parts with water. All dilutions were performed using distilled water. PM1 was prepared. For PM2-3-4 and the negative control, 0.2% Tween was added as a surfactant.

[0176] The following implementation schemes are included in this disclosure: Implementation scheme 1 relates to a method for inducing a defense response in a useful plant to establish a natural defense system of the plant against plant pests, comprising applying an insecticidally effective amount of a composition of nonanoic acid or a derivative thereof to the plant, plant parts or plant growth site.

[0177] Implementation scheme 2 relates to the method according to implementation scheme 1, wherein the composition is applied to a useful plant before the plant is infected by pests.

[0178] Implementation scheme 3 relates to a method according to implementation scheme 1 or 2, wherein after application of the composition, the plant's defense mechanisms are stimulated, thereby repelling plant pests, inhibiting or indirectly controlling the growth rate or reproduction of plant pests, increasing the mortality rate of plant pests, eradicating plant pests, and / or reducing the damage caused to plants by plant pests.

[0179] Implementation scheme 4 relates to a method according to any one of implementation schemes 1 to 3, wherein the useful plant is selected from the group consisting of: maize, cotton, cereals including wheat (winter wheat and spring wheat), spelt, durum wheat, rye, barley, oats, millet and triticale, rapeseed (as used herein, the term "rapeseed" includes Brassica napus subspecies (…) Brassica napus subsp. turnip Argentine canola, also known as rapeseed or rapeseed and its specific cultivar group—canola; Chinese cabbage type rapeseed ( Turnip cabbage ), also known as Polish canola; and mustard-type rapeseed ( Brassica junceaBrown mustard (also known as brown mustard), perennial plants (including coffee as used in this article), fruit trees such as abiu, almond, amla (Indian gooseberry), apple, apricot, avocado, bael, ber (Indian date), carambola (starfruit), cashew, cherry, citrus fruits (clementine, lemon, lime, orange, etc.), coconut, crabapple Apple, plum (Damson), durian, elderberry, fig, grapefruit, guava, jackfruit, jujube, loquat, lychee, mango, medlar, morello cherry, mulberry, olive, papaya (including tropical papaya and North American asimina) triloba, peach and nectarine, pear, pecan, persimmon, plum, pomelo, quince, pomegranate, rambutan, sapodilla (chikoo), soursop, sugar-apple (sharifa), sweet chestnut, tamarillo, ugli fruit, walnut and water apple, grapes, rice, sorghum, soybean, turfgrass, and vegetables including cabbage. Brassica oleracea(For example, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, broccoli, kale, kohlrabi, red cabbage, Savoy cabbage, Chinese broccoli, collard greens), and Chinese cabbage-type rapeseed) Turnip cabbage (For example, turnips, Chinese cabbage, napa cabbage, bok choy), radishes ( Radish (e.g., carrots, daikon, seedpod varieties), carrots) Carrot (e.g., carrot); parsnip ( Parsnip green (e.g., parsnip), beets ( Beetroot (For example, beetroot, sea beet, Swiss chard, sugar beet) and lettuce ( Green lettuce (e.g., lettuce, celtuce), asparagus) Asparagus officinalis (e.g., asparagus), green beans) Common bean ), red flower beans ( Red bean ) and cotton beans ( Phaseolus lunatus (For example, green beans, French beans, runner beans, haricot beans, lima beans), broad beans ( Vetches beans (e.g., broad beans), peas) Pea (e.g., peas, snap peas, snow peas, split peas), potatoes) Solanum tuberosum (e.g., potato), eggplant genus ( Nightshade eggplant (e.g., eggplant), Tomato genus ( Solanum tomato (e.g., tomatoes), cucumbers ( Cucumber agricultural (e.g., cucumber), pumpkin plants () Pumpkin(e.g., pumpkin, zucchini, marrow, green zucchini, gourd) and onion) Garlic onion (e.g., onion, spring onion, scallion, shallot, garlic) Garlic agricultural product (e.g., garlic), leeks ( Allium ampeloprasum (e.g., leeks, giant garlic, chili peppers) Red pepper (e.g., pepper, bell pepper, sweet pepper), spinach) Spinach (e.g., spinach), Dioscorea species ( Dioscorea spp.)

[0180] (For example, yam), sweet potato) Sweet potato (e.g., sweet potato) and cassava ( Cassava (e.g., cassava).

[0181] Implementation scheme 5 involves a method according to any one of implementation schemes 1 to 4, wherein

[0182] The useful plants are grains, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: leaf beetle, yellow-spotted black bug, rice root-knot nematode, wheat aphid, wheat long-tube aphid, cereal constrictor aphid, or raspberry aphid; The useful plants are corn or sorghum, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: small clawed mite, two-spotted spider mite, Linnaeus click beetle, flea beetle, leaf beetle, root leaf beetle, beautiful leaf beetle, nominate subspecies of corn root leaf beetle, common black click beetle, corn wedge-beaked weevil, gray ground fly, corn broad-headed leafhopper, yellow-spotted black bug, constrictor aphid, corn aphid, grain constrictor aphid, black double-stinged bug, small cutworm, small sugarcane borer, cotton bollworm, cotton bollworm, corn ear worm, European corn borer, fall armyworm, white-banded cutworm, flower thrips, western flower thrips or William flower thrips; The useful plant is cotton, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: two-spotted spider mite, cotton boll weevil, beautiful leaf beetle, aphid, bean aphid, cotton aphid, whitefly, silver leaf whitefly, tobacco whitefly, peach aphid, spiny whitefly, velvet whitefly, greenhouse whitefly, yellow-spotted black bug, hero green bug, cotton bollworm, cotton red bollworm, flower thrips, brown flower thrips, western flower thrips, wheat flower thrips or tobacco thrips; The useful plant is rapeseed, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: *Gnaphalium*, including *Gnaphalium affineum*, *Gnaphalium arapaima*, *Gnaphalium draco*, *Gnaphalium draco*, *Gnaphalium draco*, *Gnaphalium draco*, *Gnaphalium draco*, *Gnaphalium affineum*, *Gnaphalium affineum*; *Gnaphalium affineum*, *Gnaphalium affineum*; *Gnaphalium affineum* or *Gnaphalium affineum*. The useful plants are perennial crops, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: apple spider mite, two-spotted spider mite, steel blue flea beetle, beautiful leaf beetle, multicolored ladybug, coffee fruit beetle, coffee leafminer, *Heterodon* genus, *Heterodon* sieve beetle, grape black beetle, Japanese scarab beetle, *Flyflies* genus, South American fruit fly, Mexican fruit fly, West Indian fruit fly, *Flyflies* genus, *Flyflies* genus, melon fruit fly, citrus fruit fly, olive fruit fly, *Flyflies thaliana*, peach fruit fly, *Flyflies sulphurica*, kidney shield. Scale genus, including Red-kidney Scale, Yellow-kidney Scale, Narrow-kidney Scale, Ivy Scale, Psyllid genus, preferably Pear Psyllid, Pear Yellow Psyllid, Grape Root Aphid, Long-headed Leafhopper, Broad Bean Leafhopper, Yellow-spotted Black Bug, Grape Spotted Leafhopper, Olive Psyllid, Variegated Striped Leafhopper, Glass-winged Leafhopper, Round-spotted Crowned Leafhopper, Olive Scale Shield, Foamhopper, Olive Scale, False Rhomboid Leafhopper, Tea-winged Bug, Orange-butt-striped Mealybug, Eight-character Cutworm, Half-black Wood Borer, Grape Small Roller, Red-banded Roller, or Western Flower Thrips; The useful plant is coffee, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: green soft scale, yellow-spotted black bug, coffee fruit beetle, coffee leafminer, orange aphid, or coffee longhorn beetle. The useful plants are fruit trees, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: *Earflies*, *Earflies sieve-like*, *Earflies grape*, *Flyflies*, *Flyflies vesalis*, *Flyflies gracilis*, *Flyflies gracilis*, *Flyflies spicata*, *Flyflies citrus ... The useful plant is grape, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: apple spider mite, two-spotted spider mite, steel blue flea beetle, beautiful leaf beetle, multicolored ladybug, Japanese scarab beetle, Suzuki fruit fly, grape phylloxera, long-headed leafhopper, broad bean leafhopper, yellow-spotted black bug, grape spotted leafhopper, variegated striped leafhopper, glass-winged leafhopper, round-spotted crown leafhopper, foamhopper, false rhomboid leafhopper, tea-winged bug, cutworm, grape leafroller or red-banded leafroller; The useful plant is rice, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: rice leaf beetle, rice water weevil, rice mud beetle, rice leafminer, rice stem fly, yellow-spotted black bug, two-tailed black leafhopper, brown planthopper, white-backed planthopper, rice brown bug, rice stem borer, rice leaf roller or three-stemmed stem borer. The useful plant is soybean, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: two-spotted spider mite, soybean leaf beetle, beautiful leaf beetle, Japanese scarab beetle, soybean aphid, yellow-spotted black stink bug, green-loving stink bug, black double-spined stink bug, green stink bug, hero green stink bug, wild green stink bug, rice green stink bug, Gadda stink bug, leafhopper, small cutworm, soybean cutworm, corn ear borer, soybean yellow cutworm, soybean silver-striped cutworm, fall armyworm, black locust, special species of black locust, red-legged black locust, or soybean cyst nematode; or The useful plants are vegetables, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: two-spotted spider mite, striped cucumber beetle, bean leaf beetle, asparagus leaf beetle, twelve-spotted leaf beetle, leaf beetle genus, beautiful leaf beetle, eleven-spotted leaf beetle subspecies *Hosne*, yellow-black flea beetle, click beetle family, bean blister beetle genus, Mexican bean ladybug, flea beetle genus, cucumber flea beetle, dark flea beetle, potato beetle, Oregon long-beaked weevil, two-colored tortoise beetle, yellow-striped flea beetle, yellow-striped flea beetle, scarab beetle family, broad-breasted flea beetle genus, mild broad-breasted flea beetle, onion seed fly, gray seed fly, cabbage seed fly, American serpentine leafminer, simple leafminer, scops hyoscyamus, naked mouth beetle. Leafminer, *Prunus triloba*, pea aphid, *Aphid* genus, broad bean aphid, cotton aphid, cabbage aphid, broad bean leafhopper, yellow-spotted black bug, turnip aphid, *Euphorbia long-tubed aphid*, peach aphid, pumpkin edged bug, tea-winged bug, pasture mirid bug, stink bug family, whitefly family, asparagus aphid, four-lined leafhopper, small cutworm, alfalfa white butterfly, cabbage borer, corn ear borer, *Hydrocotyle* genus, tobacco hawk moth, five-spotted hawk moth, melon vine clearwing moth, noctuid moth family, European corn borer, *Hemiberlesia lataniae*, cabbage white butterfly, soybean yellow noctuid moth, diamondback moth, potato tuber moth, *Hydrocotyle* genus, beet armyworm, fall armyworm, white-striped noctuid moth, tomato leafminer, wheat flower thrips or tobacco thrips.

[0183] Implementation scheme 6 involves a method according to any one of implementation schemes 1 to 5, wherein

[0184] The useful plants are selected from the genus *Tomato*, preferably *Tomato*, the genus *Capsicum*, preferably *Pepper*, *Bell pepper*, and *Sweet pepper*, or the genus *Eggplant*, preferably *Eggplant*, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: two-spotted spider mite, beautiful leaf beetle, cucumber flea beetle, dark flea beetle, potato beetle, mild broad-breasted flea beetle, yellow-spotted black bug, long-tubed euphorbia, peach aphid, tea-winged bug, pasture mirid bug, family Pentatomidae, family Amolymphidae, corn ear borer, tobacco hawk moth, five-spotted hawk moth, European corn borer, cutworm, beet armyworm, fall armyworm, and tomato leafminer; The vegetable plant is tomato, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: potato beetle, tea winged bug, beet armyworm, or tomato leafminer; The useful plants are selected from the genera *Phaseolus*, *Vigna*, or *Vigna*, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: two-spotted spider mite, bean leaf beetle, beautiful leaf beetle, Mexican bean ladybug, gray ground fly, pea aphid, broad bean aphid, broad bean leafhopper, yellow-spotted black bug, tea-winged bug, alfalfa white butterfly, corn ear weevil, European corn borer, or bean leafminer moth. The useful plant is cabbage, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: leaf beetle, yellow-striped flea beetle, yellow-striped flea beetle, cabbage seed fly, cabbage aphid, yellow-spotted black bug, turnip aphid, peach aphid, tea-winged bug, cabbage moth, cabbage white butterfly, diamondback moth, fall armyworm, white-striped armyworm, wheat flower thrips or tobacco thrips; The useful plants are of the genus Cucurbita, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: two-spotted spider mite, striped cucumber beetle, beautiful leaf beetle, eleven-spotted leaf beetle subspecies of Hoe, cotton aphid, yellow-spotted black bug, pumpkin edge bug, cucumber vine clearwing moth or pink striped noctuid moth; Useful plants are selected from the genus *Ipomoea*, asparagus, or onion, and plant pests include at least one of the following: *Asparagus setaceus*, *Asparagus setaceus*, *Asparagus setaceus*, *Asparagus setaceus*, *Asparagus setaceus* subsp. *Hosne*, *Asparagus setaceus ... The useful plants are spinach, lettuce, preferably romaine lettuce, or carrots, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: American leaf beetle, *H. huller* subspecies of the eleven-spotted leaf beetle, yellow-black flea beetle, *Oregon long-beaked weevil*, *Mediterranean broad-breasted flea beetle*, American serpentine leafminer, scops hyrax fly, yellow-spotted black bug, peach aphid, pasture mirid bug, four-lined leafhopper, corn ear borer, noctuid moths, beet armyworm, or white-striped armyworm; or The useful plants are potatoes, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: two-spotted spider mite, leaf beetle, beetle family, blister beetle, flea beetle, potato beetle, gray ground fly, broad bean leafhopper, yellow-spotted black bug, long-tubed euphorbia, peach aphid, small cutworm, hawk moth, and potato tuber moth.

[0185] Implementation scheme 7 relates to a method according to any one of implementation schemes 1 to 6, which includes applying the nonanoic acid composition as a foliar spray to the plant.

[0186] Embodiment 8 relates to a method according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the amount of the composition applied is sufficient to deliver 1 to 2,600 g / ha, 50 to 1,300 g / ha, 150 to 1,000 g / ha, or 150 to 650 g / ha of nonanoic acid or a derivative thereof to the useful plant.

[0187] Implementation scheme 9 relates to a method according to any one of implementation schemes 1 to 6, which includes applying a nonanoic acid composition to the plant propagation material of the plant.

[0188] Implementation scheme 10 relates to a method according to any one of implementation schemes 1 to 6 or 9, wherein the plant propagation material is the seed of the plant, and the amount of the composition applied is sufficient to deliver nonanoic acid to the seed in an amount of 0.3 to 100 g / ton.

[0189] Implementation scheme 11 relates to a method according to any one of implementation schemes 1 to 10, wherein the plant exhibits low phytotoxicity after application of nonanoic acid or a derivative thereof.

[0190] Implementation scheme 12 relates to the use of compositions of nonanoic acid or its derivatives as elicitors to induce defensive responses in useful plants against plant pests.

[0191] Implementation scheme 13 relates to a plant propagation material treated with a nonanoic acid composition.

[0192] Implementation scheme 14 relates to plant propagation material according to implementation scheme 13, wherein the plant propagation material is a seed.

[0193] It should be understood that those skilled in the art may make modifications and changes to the embodiments described herein without departing from the spirit or scope of this disclosure. All publications, patent applications, patents, figures, and other references mentioned herein are expressly incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0194] It should be noted that the drafting of the specification and / or claims may exclude any optional elements. Therefore, this statement is intended to provide a prior basis for the use of exclusive terms such as “only” or “unique” in the citation of claim elements, or for the use of “negative” limitations. Those skilled in the art will appreciate upon reading this disclosure that each embodiment described and illustrated herein has independent components and features that can be readily separated from or combined with features of any other embodiments without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Any of the described methods may be performed in the order of the events described or in any other logically possible order.

[0195] Where applicable or not expressly excluded, any embodiment described herein may be combined with any one or more other embodiments, even if such embodiments are described under different aspects of the invention. Therefore, the foregoing general areas of application are given by way of example only and are not intended to limit the scope of this disclosure and the appended claims. Additional objects and advantages related to the compounds, compositions, methods, and processes of the present invention will be understood by those skilled in the art from the claims, description, and embodiments of the invention. For example, various aspects and embodiments of the invention can be used in a variety of combinations, all of which are expressly considered in this specification. These additional advantages, objects, and embodiments are expressly included within the scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A method for inducing a defense response in a useful plant to establish a natural defense system against plant pests, comprising applying an insecticidally effective amount of a composition of nonanoic acid or a derivative thereof to the plant, plant parts or plant growth site.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is applied to the beneficial plant prior to infestation by plant pests.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein after application of the composition, the plant's defense mechanisms are stimulated, thereby repelling plant pests, inhibiting or indirectly controlling the growth rate or reproduction of plant pests, increasing the mortality rate of plant pests, eradicating plant pests, and / or reducing the damage caused to plants by plant pests.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the useful plant is selected from corn, cotton, cereals (selected from wheat (winter wheat and spring wheat), spelt wheat, durum wheat, rye, barley, oats, millet or triticale), rapeseed (selected from Brassica napus subspecies (…)…) Brassica napus subsp. napus ), Chinese cabbage-type rapeseed ( Brassica rapa ) or mustard-type rapeseed ( Brassica juncea (), perennial plants (selected from coffee, fruit trees (including yellow cherries, almonds, Indian gooseberries, apples, apricots, avocados, tangerines, jujubes, star fruit, cashews, cherries, citrus fruits, coconuts, crabapples, plums, durians, elderberries, figs, grapefruits, guavas, jackfruits, dates, loquats, lychees, mangoes, hawthorns, European sour cherries, mulberries, olives, papayas, tropical papayas, North American bubble fruit, peaches, nectarines, pears, pecans, persimmons, plums, pomelos, quince, pomegranates, rambutans, sapodilla (chiku), custard apples, sweet chestnuts, tree tomatoes, ugly oranges, walnuts, or wax apples), grapes, rice, sorghum, soybeans, turfgrass, and vegetables (selected from cabbage ( Brassica oleracea (Including cabbage, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, broccoli, kale, kohlrabi, purple cabbage, crème brûlée, Chinese kale, broadleaf kale), and radishes ( Raphanus sativus ), Carrots ( Daucus carota ), European windproof ( Pastinaca sativa ),beet( Beta vulgaris (including beetroot, sea beet, Swiss chard and sugar beet), lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ),asparagus( Aspargus officinalis ),kidney bean( Phaseolus vulgaris ), red flower beans ( Phaseolus coccineus ), cottonseed ( Phaseolus lunatus ),broad bean( Vicia faba ),pea( Pisum sativum ), potato, eggplant ( Solanum melongena ), tomatoes, cucumbers ( Cucumis sativus ), Pumpkin genus plants ( Cucurbita (spp.) (selected from pumpkin, zucchini, winter squash, green zucchini or gourd), onion ( Allium cepa ),garlic( Allium sativum ),Leek( Allium ampeloprasum ),chili( Capsicum annuum ),spinach( Spinacia oleracea ), Dioscorea species ( Dioscorea spp.), sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas ) and cassava ( Manihot esculenta ).

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein The useful plant is grain, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: leaf beetle ( Diabrotica speciosa ), Yellow-spotted black bug ( Erthesina fullo ), rice root-knot nematode ( Meloidogyne graminicola) , wheat aphid ( Schizaphis graminum ), wheat aphid ( Sitobion avenae ), cereal constrictor aphid ( Rhopalosiphum padi ) or Rubus aphid ( Metopolophium dirhodum) ; The useful plant is corn or sorghum, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: meadow mites (…). Oligonychus pratensis ), two-spotted spider mite ( Tetranychus urticae Linnaeus's clapperboard ( Agriotes linneatus ), flea beetle ( Chaetocnema pulicaria ), genus *Lepidoptera* Diabrotica spp.), Bartholin's root leaf beetle ( Diabrotica barberi ), Leafy Jade ( Diabrotica speciosa ), the nominate subspecies of the maize root leaf beetle ( Diabrotica virgifera virgifera ), ordinary black nail ( Melanotus communis ), Maize wedge-beaked weevil ( Sphenophorus maidis ), gray ground fly ( Delia platura ), corn broad-headed leafhopper ( Dalbulus maidis ), Yellow-spotted black bug ( Erthesina fullo ), genus *Aphis* Rhopalosiphum spp.), corn aphid ( Rhopalosiphum maid ) or cereal constrictor aphid ( Rhopalosiphum padi Black double-spined bug () Dichelops melacanthus ), small cutworm ( Agrotis ipsilon ), small sugarcane borer ( Elasmopalpus lignosellus ), genus *Bollworm* ( Helicoverpa spp.), cotton bollworm ( Helicoverpa armigera ) or corn ear worm ( Helicoverpa zea ), European corn borer ( Clouded oyster Fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda ), white-banded cutworm ( Streaked coast white-skinned ) or thrips ( ) Frankliniella spp.), western flower thrips ( Frankliniella occidentalis ) or William's flower thrips ( Frankliniella williamsi ); The useful plant is cotton, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: two-spotted spider mite, cotton boll weevil (…). Anthonomus grandis ), leaf beetle, aphid ( Aphid spp.), bean aphid ( Aphis spicatus ) or cotton aphid ( Aphis gossypii ), genus *Whitefly* Bemisia spp.), silver leaf whitefly ( Bemisia silverleaf ), whiteflies ( Bemisia tabaci ), Peach aphid ( Myzus persica ), genus *Echinochloa* ( Trialeurodes spp.), Abutilon whitefly ( Trialeurodes abutiloneus ) and greenhouse whiteflies ( Trialeurodes vaporariorum Yellow-spotted black bug, Hero green bug ( Euschistus the hero ), cotton bollworm, cotton bollworm ( Pectinophora gossypiella ), genus *Thrips*, brown thrips ( Frankliniella fusca ), western flower thrips, wheat flower thrips ( Frankliniella tritici ) or tobacco thrips ( Tobacco thrips ); The useful plant is rapeseed, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: *Gnaphalium* species (…). Ceutorhynchus spp.), cabbage seed tortoise ( Ceutorhynchus assimilis ), rapeseed tortoise ( Ceutorhynchus napi Gyll ), Bean-pod turtle elephant ( Ceutorhynchus obstrictus ), light-colored tortoise ( Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus ), Colorful-footed Tortoise ( Ceutorhynchus picitarsis ), four-toothed tortoise ( Ceutorhynchus quadridens ) or turnip tortoise ( Ceutorhynchus rapa ), Leaf beetle, rapeseed flower tail beetle ( Meligethes aeneus ), genus *Cephalopoda* Phyllotreta spp.); genus *Ceratophyllum* ( Psylliodes spp.), Golden-headed flea beetle ( Psylliodes golden-headed ); Yellow-spotted black bug or peach aphid; The useful plant is a perennial crop, and the plant pest includes at least one of the following: the apple psyllid mite (…). Panonychus elm Two-spotted spider mite, steel blue flea beetle ( High steel ), leaf beetle, ladybug ( Harmony axe Coffee berry borer ( Hypothenemus hampei Coffee leafminer ( Leucoptera coffeella ), genus *Elephant* Otiorhynchus spp.), sieve-mouthed beaked elephant ( Otiorhynchus cribricollis ), grape black-eared beaked elephant ( Otiorhynchus sulcatus ), Japanese beetle ( Japanese popillia ), according to the genus *Fly* ( Anastrepha spp.), South American fruit fly ( Anastrepha fritillary ), Mexican fruit fly ( Anastrepha ludens West Indian fruit fly ( ) Anastrepha obliqua ), Fruit fly genus ( Bactrocera spp.), fruit fly with thorny tip ( Bactrocera correcta ), melon fly ( Bactrocera cucurbitae ), Oriental fruit fly ( Bactrocera dorsalis Olive fruit fly () Bactrocera oleae ), Tyro fruit fly ( Bactrocera tyroni ), peach fruit fly ( Bactrocera zonata ), Suzuki fruit fly ( Drosophila suzukii ), genus *Nephrodisiac* ( Aonidiella spp.), Red-kidneyed round-shielded scale ( Aonidiella aurantii ), Yellow kidney round shield scale ( Aonidiella citrina ), Narrow-necked round-skinned scale ( Aonidiella inomata Ivy-shaped scale ( Aspidiotus nerii ), Psyllid ( Cacopsylla pear psyllid (spp.), pear psyllid Cacopsylla pyri ), pear psyllid ( Cacopsylla pyricola ), grape phylloxera ( Daktulosphaira vitifoliae ), genus *Lysimachia* ( Draeculacephala spp.), broad bean leafhopper ( Empoasca fabae ), yellow-spotted black bug, grape leafhopper ( Erythroneura vitis ), olive woodlice ( Euphyllura olivina ), Variegated striped leafhopper ( Graphocephala versuta ), glass-winged leafhopper ( Homalodisca vitripennis ), round-spotted crown leafhopper ( Oncometopia orbona Olive slices and scale insects ( Parlatoria oleae ), Mo Chan ( Philaenus spumarius ), olive scale ( Saissetia oleae ), and the rhomboid leafhopper ( Scaphoideus titanus ), tea-winged bug ( Halyomorpha halys Orange-skinned beetle ( Planococcus citri ), Eight-character Earth Tiger ( Agrotis c- nigrum ), semi-black woodworm ( Euzophera semifuneralis Grape leafroller ( Eupoecilia ambiguella ), Red-banded roller moth ( Tortrix velutinana ) or western thrips; The useful plant is coffee, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: green scale insects (…). Coccus viridis ), yellow-spotted black bug, coffee berry beetle, coffee leaf miner, orange aphid ( Toxoptera aurantii ) or coffee-toothed tiger longhorn beetle ( Xylotrechus quadripes ); The useful plants are fruit trees, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: *Earflies*, *Earflies sieve-like*, *Earflies grape*, *Flyflies*, *Flyflies vesalis*, *Flyflies gracilis*, *Flyflies gracilis*, *Flyflies spicata*, *Flyflies citrus*, *Flyflies citrus*, *Flyflies citrus*, *Flyflies citrus*, *Flyflies tiara*, *Flyflies tiara*, *Flyflies citrus ... The useful plant is grape, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: apple spider mite, two-spotted spider mite, steel blue flea beetle, beautiful leaf beetle, multicolored ladybug, Japanese scarab beetle, Suzuki fruit fly, grape phylloxera, long-headed leafhopper, broad bean leafhopper, yellow-spotted black bug, grape spotted leafhopper, variegated striped leafhopper, glass-winged leafhopper, round-spotted crown leafhopper, foamhopper, false rhomboid leafhopper, tea-winged bug, cutworm, grape leafroller or red-banded leafroller; The useful plant is rice, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: leaf beetle, rice water weevil (…). Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice leaf beetle ( Oulema oryzae ), rice leafminer ( Agromyza oryzae ), rice straw fly ( Chlorops oryzae ), yellow-spotted black bug, two-tailed leafhopper ( Nephotettix virescens ), brown planthopper ( Nilaparvata lugens ), white-backed planthopper ( Sogatella furcifera ), rice brown bug ( Oebalus pugnax ), stem borer ( Chilo suppressalis ), rice leaf roller ( Cnaphalocrocis medinalis ) or rice stem borer ( Scirpophaga incertulas ); The useful plant is soybean, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: two-spotted spider mite, bean leaf beetle (…). Cerotoma trifurcata ), leaf beetle, Japanese golden beetle, soybean aphid ( Aphis glycines Yellow-spotted black bug, green-loving bug ( Chinavia hilaris ), Black-spined bug, Green bug ( ) Euschistus spp.), Hero Green Bug, Servant Green Bug ( Euschistus servus ), rice green bug ( Nezara viridula ), Gadda bug ( Piezodorus guildinii ), horned cicada ( Spissistius festinus Cutworms, soybean noctuid moths Anticarsia gemmatalis Sugarcane borer, corn ear borer, soybean looper ( Plathypena scabra Soybean silver-striped noctuid moth ( Pseudoplusia includens Fall armyworm, black locust ( ), Melanoplus spp.), a special species of black locust ( Melanoplus differentialis ), Red-legged Black Locust ( Melanoplus femurrubrum ) or soybean cyst nematode ( Heterodera glycines );or The useful plants are vegetables, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: two-spotted spider mite, striped cucumber beetle (…). Acalymma vittatum ), bean leaf beetle, asparagus leaf beetle ( Crioceris asparagi ), Twelve-star mud beetle ( Crioceris duodecimpunctata ), genus *Lepidoptera*, including *Lepidoptera sempervirens* and *Lepidoptera eleven-spotted* subspecies *Hossier* ( Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi ), Yellow and black flea beetles ( Disonycha xanthomelas ), family Elateridae ), genus *Bretschneidera* ( Epicauta spp.), Mexican bean ladybug ( Epilachna varivestis ), flea beetle ( Epitrix spp.), cucumber flea beetle ( Epitrix cucumeris Dark Skip Armor Epitrix fuscula ), potato beetle ( Leptinotarsa ​​decemlineata ), Oregon long-beaked elephant ( Listronotus oregonensis ), two-colored tortoise shell ( Metriona bicolor Yellow-striped flea beetle ( Phyllotreta cruciferae ), Yellow-striped flea beetle ( Phyllotreta striolata ), family Scarabaeidae Scarabaeidae ), genus *Betula* ( Systena spp.), mild broad-chested flea beetle ( Systena blanda ), onion field flies ( Delia antiqua ), gray ground fly, cabbage ground fly ( Delia radicum ), American serpentine leafminer ( Liriomyza sativae Simple leafminer ( ) Ophiomyia simplex ), hyoscyamus hyoscyamus ( Pegomya hyoscyami ), naked mouth fly ( Phytomyza gymnostoma ), Curved three-fruit fly ( Tritoxa flexa ), pea aphid ( Acyrthosiphon pisum ), Aphids, broad bean aphid ( Aphis fabae ), cotton aphid, cabbage aphid ( Brevicoryne brassicae ), broad bean leafhopper, yellow-spotted black bug, radish aphid ( Lipaphis erysimi ), Euphorbia longtubed aphid ( Macrosiphum euphorbiae ), peach aphid, pumpkin stink bug ( Anasa tristis ), tea-winged stink bug, grass bug ( Lygus lineolaris ), family of bugs Pentatomidae ), family Whitefly Aleyrodidae ), Asparagus aphid ( Brachycorynella asparagi ), four-lined leafhopper ( Macrosteles quadrilineatus Cutworm, alfalfa white butterfly Colias eurytheme ), vegetable moth ( Evergestos rimosalis ), corn ear borer, hawk moth ( ) Manduca spp.), tobacco hawk moth ( Manduca sexta ), Five-spotted hawk moth ( Manduca quinquemaculata ), melon vine penetrating moth ( Melittia cucurbitae Noctuidae (family) Noctuidae ), European corn borer, and Xinjiang armyworm ( Peridroma saucia ),cabbage butterfly( Pieris rapae ), soybean borer moth, diamondback moth ( Plutella xylostella ), potato tuber moth ( Phthorimaea operculella ), Noctua ( Spodoptera spp.), beet armyworm ( Spodoptera exigua Fall armyworm, white armyworm ( Trichoplusia ni Tomato leafminer ( Tuta absoluta ), wheat thrips or tobacco thrips.

6. The method according to claim 5, wherein The useful plants are selected from the genus *Tomato*, preferably *Tomato*, the genus *Capsicum*, preferably *Pepper*, *Caulis Bellis*, and *Pepper*, or the genus *Eggplant*, preferably *Eggplant*, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: two-spotted spider mite, leaf beetle, cucumber flea beetle, dark flea beetle, potato beetle, mild broad-breasted flea beetle, yellow-spotted black bug, long-tubed euphorbia, peach aphid, tea-winged bug, pasture mirid bug, stink bug, whitefly family, corn ear borer, tobacco hawk moth, five-spotted hawk moth, European corn borer, cutworm, beet armyworm, fall armyworm, and tomato leafminer; The useful plant is tomato, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: potato beetle, tea bug, beet armyworm, or tomato leafminer. The useful plants were selected from the genus *Phaseolus* (or *Phaseolus*). Phaseolus spp.), broad beans ( Vicia faba ) or peas ( Pisum sativum The plant pests mentioned include at least one of the following: two-spotted spider mite, bean leaf beetle, beautiful leaf beetle, Mexican bean ladybug, gray ground fly, pea aphid, broad bean aphid, broad bean leafhopper, yellow-spotted black bug, tea-winged bug, alfalfa white butterfly, corn ear weevil, European corn borer, or soybean leafminer. The useful plant is cabbage, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: leaf beetle, yellow-striped flea beetle, yellow-striped flea beetle, cabbage seed fly, cabbage aphid, yellow-spotted black bug, turnip aphid, peach aphid, tea-winged bug, cabbage moth, cabbage white butterfly, diamondback moth, fall armyworm, white-striped armyworm, wheat flower thrips or tobacco thrips; The useful plants are of the genus Cucurbita, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: two-spotted spider mite, striped cucumber beetle, beautiful leaf beetle, eleven-spotted leaf beetle subspecies of Hoe, cotton aphid, yellow-spotted black bug, pumpkin edge bug, cucumber vine clearwing moth or pink striped noctuid moth; The useful plants are selected from sweet potatoes, asparagus, or onions, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: asparagus leaf beetle, twelve-spotted leaf beetle, beautiful leaf beetle, eleven-spotted leaf beetle subspecies of Hoe, beetle family, two-colored beetle, scarab family, broad-breasted flea beetle, mild broad-breasted flea beetle, onion seed fly, yellow-spotted black bug, simple leafminer, naked-mouthed leafminer, curved three-fruit fly, asparagus aphid, small cutworm, noctuid moth family or tobacco thrips; The useful plants are spinach, lettuce, or carrots, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: American leaf beetle, *H. huller* subspecies of the eleven-spotted leaf beetle, yellow-black flea beetle, *Oregon long-beaked weevil*, *Mediterranean broad-breasted flea beetle*, American serpentine leafminer, scops hyrax fly, yellow-spotted black bug, peach aphid, pasture mirid bug, four-lined leafhopper, corn ear borer, noctuid moths, beet armyworm, or white-spotted armyworm; or The useful plants are potatoes, and the plant pests include at least one of the following: two-spotted spider mite, leaf beetle, beetle family, blister beetle, flea beetle, potato beetle, gray ground fly, broad bean leafhopper, yellow-spotted black bug, long-tubed euphorbia, peach aphid, small cutworm, hawk moth, and potato tuber moth.

7. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying the nonanoic acid composition as a foliar spray to the plant.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the amount of said composition applied is sufficient to deliver to the useful plant 1 to 2,600 g / ha, 50 to 1,300 g / ha, 150 to 1,000 g / ha, or 150 to 650 g / ha of nonanoic acid or a derivative thereof.

9. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying the nonanoic acid composition to the plant propagation material of the plant.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the plant propagation material is the seed of the plant, and the amount of the composition applied is sufficient to deliver nonanoic acid to the seed in an amount of 0.3 to 100 g / ton.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the plant exhibits low phytotoxicity after application of nonanoic acid or its derivatives.

12. The use of compositions of nonanoic acid or its derivatives as elicitors to induce defensive responses in useful plants against plant pests.

13. A plant propagation material treated with a nonanoic acid composition.

14. The plant propagation material according to claim 12, wherein the plant propagation material is a seed.

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