Use of emulsifier derived from ricinoleic acid for increasing absorption of calcium and phosphorus in digestive tract of farm animal

Abstract

The present disclosure describes the use of an emulsifier derived from ricinoleic acid for increasing the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the digestive tract of a farm animal. In addition, the present disclosure provides compositions and dietary formulations containing emulsifier derivatives of ricinoleic acid and methods of producing the same.

Description

Cross-reference to related applications

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Patent Application No. 63 / 515,564, filed July 25, 2023, and U.S. Patent Application No. 63 / 673,155, filed July 18, 2024, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes. Background Technology

[0002] Calcium and phosphorus are essential nutrients for the health and good performance of farm animals. Although most plant and animal-derived components that make up the diets of these animals contain varying amounts of calcium and phosphorus, their needs are generally not met by these components alone, and therefore supplementation in a balanced diet for farm animals is usually necessary.

[0003] In most diets, the goal is to achieve an available phosphorus level of approximately 0.4% from the total phosphorus content, which is approximately 0.5% to 0.65%. Considering the amount and digestibility of phosphorus present in major components (energy and protein sources), there is typically about 0.1% available phosphorus. With the use of phytase, a technology already in use, 0.2% to 0.25% available phosphorus can be achieved. Therefore, generally, 20 to 60 kg of phosphate or meat and bone meal is used per tonne of feed as a source of the missing 0.15% to 0.2% phosphorus.

[0004] Generally, phospholipids found in food have a digestibility of over 90%, but are present in very low amounts, accounting for less than 5% of total phosphorus. Furthermore, their absorption can be affected by other factors, such as bile salt secretion by the liver, or by the use of emulsifying additives added to feed.

[0005] Currently, one way to compensate for losses during digestion is to use higher levels of calcium and phosphorus in farm animal feed. However, this comes at the cost of farm animal feeding competing with other sectors, such as food designed for pet feeding and agriculture, for the availability of increasingly expensive raw materials, such as meat and bone meal and phosphates.

[0006] In addition to the increased demand for these components, there is also the environmental impact caused by the amount of phosphorus present in animal feces. Excessive phosphorus in soil and especially in water bodies negatively impacts the physicochemical balance of the environment, leading to a phenomenon known as eutrophication, accompanied by the overgrowth of undesirable organisms such as algae. In some countries, given the limited disposal of these wastes, specific legislation exists regarding the amount of phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium that can be discharged as waste from animal production areas.

[0007] Another technical issue to consider is the source of phosphorus present in phosphates. Phosphate production involves the mining of phosphate rock, which is then treated with sulfuric acid. This sulfuric acid is made from sulfur extracted from the mines. Both sulfur and phosphate rock mines have productivity limits and are not sustainable resources.

[0008] Although many countries, including Brazil, possess significant phosphate rock reserves, domestic production is often insufficient to meet the needs of animal production and agriculture, necessitating phosphate imports. Globally, sulfur mines are scarce, significantly increasing the cost of sulfuric acid. Therefore, the costs of agricultural production, such as in Brazil, are highly susceptible to fluctuations in the international supply and exchange rates of these commodities.

[0009] Therefore, improving phosphorus and calcium absorption in farm animals has a significant impact on production economics, reducing the demand for other important raw materials, the environmental impact of activities, and the price of animal-derived food. However, there are currently no products on the animal feed market specifically focused on maximizing this absorption.

[0010] The exogenous enzyme phytase selectively breaks down phytic acid molecules, releasing phosphate ions into the digestive tract lumen, but increasing the likelihood that these ions will be absorbed—that is, they may cross the intestinal wall and reach the bloodstream. These ions can simply interact with calcium ions to form insoluble salts, which eventually end up in feces. The role of phytase is variable and depends on various dietary factors. The nutritional matrix of phytase varies considerably depending on the brand and its chemical properties, encompassing values ​​for phosphorus, calcium, metabolizable energy, protein, and amino acids.

[0011] The choice of other emulsifiers only showed an effect of improving the absorption of dietary lipids without significantly interacting with calcium ions, and primarily with phosphorus absorption. This can be demonstrated by the nutritional matrix of these additives currently available on the market, which only lists their effects on the absorption of energy from the diet.

[0012] While the use of ricinoleic acid and its derivatives as emulsifiers is known and applied in the human food industry, particularly in confectionery and other industrialized foods, this application has always been associated with improving the miscibility of fats and polar substances in aqueous media and enhancing the sensory properties of foods, and has never been linked to maximizing the absorption of calcium and phosphorus. Such considerations are generally absent from the formulation of processed foods. Furthermore, although these emulsifiers have been approved for use in animal feed, their sole purpose is to increase the absorption of fat / energy from the diet. Summary of the Invention

[0013] This disclosure provides a method of feeding animals, comprising providing the animals with a diet comprising a feed source and a nutritional supplement; the nutritional supplement comprising: (a) an emulsifier solution; and (c) optionally one or more carriers, the emulsifier solution comprising: (i) an emulsifier comprising a compound having a structural formula of formula (I) or a salt thereof, or a salt thereof: , R1 is optionally defined by one or more Cs 1- C7 alkyl-substituted C 1- C7 alkyl; R2 is hydrogen, sodium, or calcium; M is a cation selected from Ca, Na, Li, P, and Mg; and L is optionally surrounded by one or more cations selected from C7 alkyl. 1- C7 alkyl groups and -OH groups substituted C 2- (ii) C7 alkyl; (iii) sodium hydroxide (NaOH); and (iv) water; the feed source contains less calcium or phosphorus than a control feed source without emulsifier, and animals fed a feed source containing less calcium or phosphorus and an emulsifier solution show the same or enhanced levels of at least one nutrient indicator compared to animals fed a control feed source without emulsifier solution; and the diet contains less than about 0.2% emulsifier by weight of the diet.

[0014] In some embodiments, the compound in formula (I) is further defined as: In some embodiments, in formula (I), the compound is further defined as: In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is in the form of a calcium salt, sodium salt, lithium salt, phosphate salt, potassium salt, magnesium salt, zinc salt, manganese salt, copper salt, iron salt, cobalt salt, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is in the form of a calcium salt or sodium salt. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution is present in an amount of about 0.1% to 100% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution is present in an amount of about 0.1% to 50% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution is present in an amount of about 5% to 40% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution is present in an amount of about 10% to 30% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution is present in an amount of about 15% to 25% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution is present in an amount of about 20% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 0.1% to about 99% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier solution, about 0.1% to 99% of sodium hydroxide, and about 0% to about 99% of water. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 1% to about 50% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier solution, about 1% to about 25% of sodium hydroxide, and about 25% to about 99% of water. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 1% to about 50% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier solution, about 1% to about 10% of sodium hydroxide, and about 25% to about 99% of water. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 24% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier solution, about 3% of sodium hydroxide, and about 74% of water. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 23.63% of the compound of formula (I), about 2.55% sodium hydroxide, and about 73.83% water by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 50% to 100% of the compound of formula (I), about 0% to 10% sodium hydroxide, and about 0% to about 10% water by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 75% to about 99% of the compound of formula (I), about 1% to 5% sodium hydroxide, and about 0% water by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement comprises at least one or more carriers. In some embodiments, at least one or more carriers comprise at least one or more silica sources or at least one or more calcium sources. In some embodiments, one or more silica sources comprise diatomaceous earth. In some embodiments, one or more silica sources are present in an amount between about 0% and 99% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, one or more sources of silica are present in an amount of about 0% to about 95% by weight of the nutritional supplement.In some embodiments, one or more silica sources are present in an amount of about 25% to about 45% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, one or more silica sources are present in an amount of about 30% to about 40% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, one or more silica sources are present in an amount of about 35% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, one or more calcium sources comprise calcium carbonate. In some embodiments, calcium carbonate comprises calcite. In some embodiments, one or more calcium sources are present in an amount of about 0% to about 99% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, one or more calcium sources are present in an amount of about 1% to about 50% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, one or more calcium sources are present in an amount of about 10% to about 50% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, one or more calcium sources are present in an amount of about 40% to about 50% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, one or more calcium sources are present in an amount of about 45% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, the carrier comprises at least one silica source and at least one calcium source. In some embodiments, the feed source is animal feed. In some embodiments, the animal feed includes poultry feed, pig feed, aquatic animal feed, or ruminant feed. In some embodiments, the feed source is suitable for human consumption. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement is present in a ratio of approximately 0.1 kg to approximately 2 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement is present in a ratio of approximately 0.2 kg to approximately 1.5 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement is present in a ratio of approximately 0.5 kg to approximately 1 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source. In some embodiments, the feed source further comprises water. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement is present at approximately 0.001% to approximately 1% by weight relative to the feed source. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement is present at about 0.01% to about 0.5% by weight relative to the feed source. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement is present at about 0.025% to about 0.1% by weight relative to the feed source. In some embodiments, the feed source contains 1% to 1,000% less calcium or phosphorus by weight compared to a control feed source. In some embodiments, the feed source contains 1% to 500% less calcium or phosphorus by weight compared to a control feed source. In some embodiments, the feed source contains 1% to 200% less calcium or phosphorus by weight compared to a control feed source. In some embodiments, the feed source contains 1% to 100% less calcium or phosphorus by weight compared to a control feed source.In some embodiments, the feed source contains 1% to 50% less calcium or phosphorus by weight compared to a control feed source. In some embodiments, the feed source contains 1% to 25% less calcium or phosphorus by weight compared to a control feed source. In some embodiments, the feed source contains 1% to 10% less calcium or phosphorus by weight compared to a control feed source. In some embodiments, the feed source contains 1% to 5% less calcium or phosphorus by weight compared to a control feed source. In some embodiments, the feed source contains 1% less calcium or phosphorus by weight compared to a control feed source. In some embodiments, the feed source contains 0.01% to 1% less calcium or phosphorus by weight compared to a control feed source. In some embodiments, the feed source contains even less calcium and phosphorus by weight compared to a control feed source. In some implementations, the feed source does not contain meat or bone meal, or dicalcium phosphate or any other phosphorus source such as dicalcium phosphate (DCP), monocalcium phosphate (MCP), tricalcium phosphate (TCP), bone meal, meat and bone meal (MBM), fish meal, and sodium phosphate. In some implementations, at least one nutritional indicator includes weight gain, eggshell quality, carcass yield, average live weight, average carcass weight, fracture healing rate, serum calcium or phosphate levels, reduced calcium or phosphate levels in excrement, bone ray impermeability, egg production, egg quality, feed conversion ratio, daily weight gain, final litter weight, meat quality score, average daily weight gain, feed efficiency, body condition score, ionic calcium levels, vitamin D levels, reproductive parameters, fertility, multiparity, ease of farrowing, reduction in pregnancy-related problems, reduction in parturition-related problems, reduction in prolapse problems, reduction in retained placenta problems, or any combination thereof. In some implementations, the diet contains less than about 0.1% emulsifier by weight of the diet. In some embodiments, the diet contains less than about 0.01% emulsifier by weight. In some embodiments, the diet contains about 0.0023% to 0.0046% emulsifier by weight. In some embodiments, the diet contains about 0.00115% to 0.0056% emulsifier by weight. In some embodiments, the diet contains 0.0035% emulsifier by weight. In some embodiments, the diet is provided to the animals annually. In some embodiments, the diet is provided to the animals monthly. In some embodiments, the diet is provided to the animals weekly. In some embodiments, the diet is provided to the animals daily. In some embodiments, the diet is provided to the animals twice daily. In some embodiments, the diet is provided to the animals three times daily. In some embodiments, the diet is provided to the animals four times daily. In some embodiments, the diet is provided to the animals continuously. In some embodiments, the diet is provided to the animals as needed. In some embodiments, the diet is provided to the animals once daily.

[0015] This document further describes a method for improving the bioavailability of phosphorus, calcium, or both in an animal, comprising feeding the animal any diet, feed source, nutritional supplement, or any combination thereof as described herein. In some embodiments, the animal is an animal. In some embodiments, the animal is a ruminant, poultry, pig, poultry, aquatic animal, or human. In some embodiments, the animal is a ruminant. According to the method of claim 76, the ruminant is given about 0.1 g to about 25 g of nutritional supplement daily. In some embodiments, the ruminant is given about 5 g to about 20 g of nutritional supplement daily. In some embodiments, the ruminant is given about 10 g to about 20 g of nutritional supplement daily. In some embodiments, the ruminant is given about 15 g of nutritional supplement daily. In some embodiments, the ruminant is given about 0.5 g of nutritional supplement daily. In some embodiments, the ruminant is given about 0.01 kg to about 60 kg of diet daily. In some embodiments, the ruminant is given about 0.1 g to about 60 g of nutritional supplement daily. In some embodiments, the ruminant is fed approximately 0.1 kg to approximately 55 kg of diet daily. In some embodiments, the ruminant is fed approximately 10 kg to approximately 55 kg of diet daily. In some embodiments, the ruminant is fed approximately 25 kg to approximately 55 kg of diet daily. In some embodiments, the ruminant is fed approximately 30 kg to approximately 50 kg of diet daily. In some embodiments, the ruminant is fed approximately 0.5 g to approximately 15 g of nutritional supplement daily. In some embodiments, the ruminant is fed approximately 0.1 kg to approximately 30 kg of diet daily. In some embodiments, the ruminant is a steer, a beef-producing ruminant or a milk-producing ruminant, a lamb, a sheep, a ram, a goat, a goat, a buck, or a small ruminant. In some embodiments, the method further increases milk production of the ruminant, increases meat weight gain of the ruminant, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the method further increases meat weight gain of the ruminant.

[0016] In some embodiments, the animal is poultry. In some embodiments, the poultry is fed a diet of about 0.005 kg to about 0.2 kg per day. In some embodiments, the poultry is broiler poultry, laying hens, breeding poultry, quail, ducks, mallards, or turkeys. In some embodiments, the method further increases egg production frequency, improves egg quality, increases poultry meat weight gain, improves bone ray impermeability, improves poultry bone strength, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, improving egg quality includes increasing eggshell strength, eggshell thickness, or both. In some embodiments, the animal is a pig. In some embodiments, the pig is fed a diet of about 0.075 g to about 4.0 kg per day. In some embodiments, the pig is a sow, piglet, castrated boar, uncastrated boar, or gilt. In some embodiments, the method further increases the volume of milk produced by the pig, improves the quality of milk produced by the pig, improves pig meat weight gain, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the object is a human. In some embodiments, a nutritional supplement is administered to a person at a rate of about 0.1 g to about 3.5 g daily. In some embodiments, a nutritional supplement is administered to a person at a rate of about 0.5 g to about 2.5 g daily. In some embodiments, a nutritional supplement is administered to a person at a rate of about 1.5 g daily. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement is administered at least once daily. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement is administered once to once every 3 days. In some embodiments, the method further increases serum phosphorus concentration, increases serum calcium concentration, decreases serum ionized calcium concentration, alters serum vitamin D concentration, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, serum phosphorus concentration is increased by about 0.1 mg / dL to about 2 mg / dL. In some embodiments, serum phosphorus concentration is increased by about 0.3 mg / dL to about 1 mg / dL. In some embodiments, serum phosphorus concentration is increased by about 1% to about 50%. In some embodiments, serum phosphorus concentration is increased by about 10% to about 35%. In some embodiments, serum calcium concentration is increased by about 0.1 mg / dL to about 5 mg / dL. In some embodiments, the serum calcium concentration increases from about 0.2 mg / dL to about 0.3 mg / dL. In some embodiments, the serum calcium concentration increases from about 0.1% to about 10%. In some embodiments, the serum calcium concentration increases from about 2% to about 3%. In some embodiments, the serum ionized calcium concentration increases from about 0.005% to about 0.01%. In some embodiments, the serum ionized calcium concentration increases from about 0.007%.

[0017] This article further describes a method for preparing a compound having the structural formula (I) or a salt thereof, comprising (a) mixing a compound having the structural formula (II) or a salt thereof with a strong base comprising sodium hydroxide or a salt thereof, wherein the strong base is in the reaction mixture at a volume of about 5% to 25%, and formula (II) is: Equation (II) R 1 It is optionally controlled by one or more Cs 1- C7 alkyl-substituted C 1- C7 alkyl; and L is optionally selected from one or more C7 alkyl groups. 1- C7 alkyl groups and -OH groups substituted C 2- C7 alkyl. In some embodiments, the method for preparing a compound having the structural formula (I) or a salt thereof further includes a heating step between about 20°C and 150°C prior to step (a). In some embodiments, the strong base is selected from sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the strong base in step (a) has a pH between 8 and 14. In some embodiments, the strong base in step (a) is present at a concentration of 5% to 25% of the total volume. In some embodiments, the strong base in step (a) is present at a concentration between about 5% and about 30% of the concentration of the compound of formula (II). In some embodiments, the concentration of the compound of formula (II) in step (a) is about 20% to about 75% by weight. In some embodiments, mixing is carried out over a time between 5 and 30 minutes. This document further describes emulsifiers for improving the absorption of calcium or phosphorus, the emulsifier comprising a compound having the structural formula (I) or a salt thereof, or a salt thereof:

[0018] In equation (I), R1 is optionally defined by one or more Cs. 1- C7 alkyl-substituted C 1- C7 alkyl; R2 is hydrogen or calcium; M is a cation selected from Ca, Na, Li, P, and Mg; and L is optionally surrounded by one or more cations selected from C7 alkyl. 1- C7 alkyl groups and -OH groups substituted C 2- (ii) C7 alkyl; and (iii) sodium hydroxide (NaOH); and optionally water. In some embodiments, in formula (I), the compound is further defined as: In some embodiments, in formula (I), the compound is further defined as: In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is in the form of a calcium salt, sodium salt, lithium salt, phosphate salt, potassium salt, magnesium salt, zinc salt, manganese salt, copper salt, iron salt, cobalt salt, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is in the form of a calcium or sodium salt. In some embodiments, the emulsifier comprises about 0.1% to about 99% of the compound of formula (I), about 0.1% to 99% of sodium hydroxide, and about 0% to about 99% of water, based on the weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier comprises about 1% to about 50% of the compound of formula (I), about 1% to about 25% of sodium hydroxide, and about 25% to about 99% of water, based on the weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier comprises about 1% to 50% of the compound of formula (I), about 1% to 10% of sodium hydroxide, and about 25% to about 99% of water, based on the weight of the emulsifier. In some embodiments, the emulsifier comprises about 24% of a compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier, about 3% sodium hydroxide, and about 74% water. In some embodiments, the emulsifier comprises about 23.63% of a compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier, about 2.55% sodium hydroxide, and about 73.83% water. In some embodiments, the emulsifier comprises about 50% to 99% of a compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier, about 1% to 10% sodium hydroxide, and about 0% to about 10% water. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 75% to about 99% of a compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier, about 1% to about 5% sodium hydroxide, and about 0% water.

[0019] This document further describes a nutritional supplement for enhancing calcium or phosphorus absorption, the supplement comprising at least one emulsifier as described herein and optionally at least one or more carriers. In some embodiments, the emulsifier is present in an amount from about 0.1% to about 100% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, the emulsifier is present in an amount from about 0.1% to about 50% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, the emulsifier is present in an amount from about 5% to about 40% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, the emulsifier is present in an amount from about 10% to about 30% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, the emulsifier is present in an amount from about 15% to about 25% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, the emulsifier is present in an amount from about 20% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement comprises at least one or more carriers. In some embodiments, at least one or more carriers comprise at least one or more silica sources or at least one or more calcium sources. In some embodiments, one or more silica sources comprise diatomaceous earth. In some embodiments, one or more silica sources are present in an amount between about 0% and 99% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, one or more silica sources are present in an amount between about 0% and 95% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, one or more silica sources are present in an amount between about 25% and 45% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, one or more silica sources are present in an amount between about 30% and 40% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, one or more silica sources are present in an amount between about 35% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, one or more calcium sources comprise calcium carbonate. In some embodiments, calcium carbonate comprises calcite. In some embodiments, one or more calcium sources are present in an amount between about 0% and 99% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, one or more calcium sources are present in an amount between about 1% and 50% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, one or more calcium sources are present in an amount between about 10% and 50% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, one or more calcium sources are present in an amount of about 40% to about 50% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, one or more calcium sources are present in an amount of about 45% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, the carrier comprises at least one silica source and at least one calcium source.

[0020] This document further describes methods for enhancing calcium and phosphate absorption in subjects, including administering to the subject an effective amount of an emulsifier or nutritional supplement as described herein. In some embodiments, the method bypasses the regulation of calcium and phosphate absorption by calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D3, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the subject is a farm animal, pet, or human. In some embodiments, the benefits provided by enhanced phosphate absorption include improved bone health, increased energy levels, improved metabolic function, support for children's growth and development, support for fetal growth and maternal metabolism during pregnancy and lactation, support for bone health, support for longevity in the elderly, enhanced performance and recovery in athletes, or any combination thereof.

[0021] This article describes the use of emulsifiers or nutritional supplements as described herein in the preparation of compositions for enhancing phosphate absorption in subjects.

[0022] This article describes a method for preparing a nutritional supplement, including mixing an emulsifier as described herein with at least one carrier optionally at room temperature.

[0023] This document describes the use of emulsifiers or nutritional supplements as described herein in the preparation of compositions for enhancing at least one nutritional indicator in a subject. In some embodiments, the subject is an animal, pet, livestock, or human.

[0024] This article describes a method for obtaining a compound having the structural formula (I) or a salt thereof, comprising: (a) mixing a compound having the structural formula (II) or a salt thereof, sodium hydroxide, in a pH neutral medium at room temperature, wherein formula (II) is: Equation (II), R 1 It is optionally controlled by one or more Cs 1- C7 alkyl-substituted C 1- C7 alkyl; and L is optionally selected from one or more C7 alkyl groups. 1- C7 alkyl groups and -OH groups substituted C 2- C7 alkyl. Incorporation

[0025] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are incorporated herein by reference to the extent that each individual publication, patent, or patent application is specifically and independently indicated to be incorporated by reference. Where a publication, patent, or patent application incorporated by reference contradicts the disclosure contained in this specification, this specification is intended to supersede and / or give precedence to any such contradictory material. Attached Figure Description

[0026] The novel features of this disclosure are set forth in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of this disclosure can be obtained by referring to the following detailed description and accompanying drawings, which illustrate embodiments utilizing the principles of this disclosure, in which: Figure 1 The litter results are shown based on the treatment received by the sow as described herein.

[0027] Figure 2 The litter results are shown based on the treatment received by the sow as described herein.

[0028] Figure 3 The changes in phosphorus levels during the study period are shown.

[0029] Figure 4 The changes in serum calcium levels during the study period are shown. Detailed Implementation

[0030] Although various embodiments of the invention have been shown and described herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Many variations, modifications, and substitutions will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed.

[0031] introduction This disclosure provides compositions and dietary formulations comprising an emulsifier derived from ricinoleic acid. Furthermore, this disclosure relates to the use of said compositions and the ricinoleic acid-derived emulsifier for maximizing the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the digestive tract of farm animals.

[0032] This paper discloses an emulsifier comprising a compound of formula (I). The emulsifier disclosed herein enhances the absorption of calcium and phosphorus present in bulk animal feed components such as corn and soybean meal without the need for additional phosphorus sources (such as meat and bone meal and dicalcium phosphate). Additional calcium sources may still be required, but in smaller amounts. In this way, the nutritional value of these components, already used as energy and protein sources, is maximized. Furthermore, the emulsification, combined with the reduced use of compound components such as meat and bone meal, increases the net energy of the diet; that is, it allows for far more efficient use of feed energy, thereby improving feed conversion. Greater energy utilization also results in better immune responses and longer lifespans in animals. The emulsifier also reduces the risk of microbial contamination of meat and bone meal. This represents a minimization of hygiene challenges by cutting off potential contamination pathways, thereby allowing for reduced use of drugs (antibiotics) and enabling healthy economic activities that contribute to better animal welfare.

[0033] By using this invention, a greater amount of total phosphorus present in bulk components can be made available, achieving the requirement of 0.4% available phosphorus, without including phosphates or powders.

[0034] The benefits of enhanced phosphate absorption include improved bone health, increased energy levels, improved metabolic function, support for children's growth and development, support for fetal growth and maternal metabolism during pregnancy and lactation, support for bone health, support for longevity in older adults, and enhanced performance and recovery in athletes.

[0035] In addition to all the direct benefits derived from emulsifiers, this disclosure allows for the elimination of animal meal from formulations, resulting in the following benefits: removal of bone fragments that could malfunction animal feed distribution systems (potentially causing feed supply disruptions); reduction of pest infestations (such as rodents in feed mills), directly contributing to a healthier and safer environment for farm animals and workers and for consumers; optimization of feed costs by eliminating additional raw materials; reduced vulnerability to cost fluctuations from other sources of phosphorus, such as reduced cattle slaughter affecting meat and bone meal production, increased demand for these meal products in the pet food market, increased agricultural demand for phosphates, or exchange rate changes; and reduced demand for physical building space. This economic efficiency, coupled with a reduction in raw material volume of up to 40%, significantly reduces the carbon footprint of activities. Additional benefits may include reduced excretion of large amounts of ingested calcium and phosphorus, thus avoiding environmental pollution. In aquatic animal feed, this disclosure can have a smaller impact on eutrophication due to the lower phosphorus content in the diet, and can also improve processing agility in feed mills, thereby saving energy, time, and labor, benefiting phosphorus management for small producers, and enabling small-scale production with a greater social impact. This disclosure provides greater supply and price security due to its longer shelf life compared to animal feed, allowing producers to stockpile without wasting space and time. This disclosure creates the possibility of providing products that are 100% free from cross-contamination with other species, while reducing health risks to consumers, such as bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE).

[0036] This document discloses the use of emulsifiers derived from ricinoleic acid for maximizing the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the digestive tract of farm animals. Additionally, this disclosure provides a composition that acts as a calcium and phosphorus absorption optimizer. The nutritional supplement of this application can form part or all of a dietary formulation in an animal's diet. The nutritional supplement contains the derived emulsifier ricinoleic acid and can be produced by the manufacturing method disclosed herein.

[0037] This disclosure provides a composition and its use for maximizing the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the digestive tract of farm animals, pets, and humans. Furthermore, the use of an emulsifier derived from ricinoleic acid in the formulation of this nutritional supplement composition and its preparation method is provided. In this way, this disclosure allows for the complete or partial elimination of supplemental phosphorus sources from the diets of farm animals and a significant reduction in calcium sources, thereby providing an alternative to meat and bone meal in feed. A nutrient matrix is ​​disclosed herein, having up to 200% total calcium, up to 200% digestible calcium, up to 200% total phosphorus, up to 200% digestible or available phosphorus, and up to 48,000 kcal of metabolizable energy.

[0038] This disclosure improves the use of emulsifiers, with the innovative and specific aim of maximizing calcium and phosphorus absorption through the use of emulsifiers, including the creation of a nutrient matrix that envisions the calcium, phosphorus, and energy levels to be considered in dietary formulations. From the application of such a nutrient matrix, the possibility of excluding additional calcium and phosphorus sources (such as phosphates and meat and bone meal) is apparent. In some embodiments, the feed source does not contain any other phosphorus sources such as dicalcium phosphate (DCP), monocalcium phosphate (MCP), tricalcium phosphate (TCP), bone meal, meat and bone meal (MBM), fish meal, and sodium phosphate.

[0039] This disclosure envisions the use of an emulsifier derived from ricinoleic acid, which exhibits high activity in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the digestive tract of farm animals. The emulsifier is a mixture of high molecular weight fatty acids or ricinoleates obtained by the saponification reaction of ricinoleic acid with a strong base at high temperature. The hydroxyl and carboxyl terminals of the ricinoleic acid derivative of this disclosure react with calcium and phosphate ions, preventing them from binding as insoluble salts and allowing them to be absorbed in the form of lipid micelles. In some embodiments, the ricinoleic acid derivative has the following chemical structure:

[0040] The ricinoleic acid derivative disclosed in this paper possesses strong emulsifying properties, enhancing the formation of micelles in the digestive tract lumen, thereby maximizing the absorption of dietary lipids. When micelles form, the emulsifier drags calcium and phosphate ions into them, thus maximizing mineral absorption. In other words, calcium and phosphate that would otherwise be lost are therefore absorbed throughout the small intestine in the form of phospholipids.

[0041] The application of this disclosure in farm animal diet formulation is made possible by the development of a nutrient matrix for emulsifiers. This matrix provides the corresponding levels of calcium, phosphorus, and metabolizable energy that animals will absorb from dietary components when using emulsifiers. These values ​​are applied in animal feed formulation optimization procedures, ensuring they are included in the calculation of the digestibility of each nutrient. By optimizing diet formulation, animal feeds can exclude phosphates and meat and bone meal, thus meeting the animal's needs solely through phosphorus from another dietary formulation, such as corn and soybean meal. Depending on the species and animal category, additional calcium sources may be required. In some cases, limestone is used as a very low-cost calcium source.

[0042] This disclosure also mentions a composition for improving the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the digestive tract of farm animals, the composition comprising: an emulsifier derived from ricinoleic acid, a calcium mineral source, and a silica source in solid form. In some cases, the emulsifier comprises ricinoleic acid, one or more calcium mineral sources, and one or more phosphorus mineral sources.

[0043] Emulsifiers, nutritional supplement compositions and emulsifier production This document discloses an emulsifier solution comprising an emulsifier and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution further comprises water. In some embodiments, the emulsifier comprises a compound having the structural formula (I) or a salt thereof, or a salt thereof: , in, R1 is optionally defined by one or more Cs 1- C7 alkyl-substituted C 1- C7 alkyl; R2 is either hydrogen or calcium; M is a cation selected from Ca, Na, Li, P, and Mg; and L is optionally selected by one or more of C 1- C7 alkyl groups and -OH groups substituted C 2- C7 alkyl.

[0044] In some embodiments, this document describes a method for obtaining a compound having a structural formula of formula (I) or a salt thereof, comprising: (a) mixing a compound having a structural formula of formula (II) or a salt thereof, sodium hydroxide, in a pH neutral medium at room temperature, wherein formula (II) is: Equation (II), where R 1 It is optionally controlled by one or more Cs 1- C7 alkyl-substituted C 1- C7 alkyl; and L is optionally selected from one or more C7 alkyl groups. 1- C7 alkyl groups and -OH groups substituted C 2- C7 alkyl.

[0045] In some implementations, the compound of formula (I) has a purity of at least about 70%.

[0046] In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is: In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is: In some implementations, R1 is optionally controlled by one or more Cs. 1- C7 alkyl-substituted C 1- C7 alkyl. In some embodiments, R1 is a C1 alkyl (e.g., methyl). In some embodiments, R1 is a C2 alkyl (e.g., ethyl). In some embodiments, R1 is a C3 alkyl (e.g., propyl, isopropyl). In some embodiments, R1 is a C4 alkyl (e.g., butyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl). In some embodiments, R1 is a C5 alkyl (e.g., pentyl, n-pentyl). In some embodiments, R1 is a C6 alkyl (e.g., hexyl, n-hexyl). In some embodiments, R1 is a C7 alkyl (e.g., heptyl, n-heptyl). In some embodiments, R1 is influenced by one or more C7 alkyl groups. 1- C7 alkyl substituted. In some embodiments, R1 is replaced by a C7 alkyl group. 1- C7 alkyl substituted. In some embodiments, R1 is replaced by two C7 alkyl groups. 1- C7 alkyl substituted. In some embodiments, R1 is replaced by three C7 alkyl groups. 1- C7 alkyl substitution. In some embodiments, R2 is hydrogen and calcium. In some embodiments, R2 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R2 is calcium. In some embodiments, M is a cation selected from Ca, Na, Li, P, and Mg. In some embodiments, M is a Ca (calcium) cation. In some embodiments, M is a Na (sodium) cation. In some embodiments, M is a Li (lithium) cation. In some embodiments, M is a P (phosphorus) cation. In some embodiments, M is a Mg (magnesium) cation. In some embodiments, L is optionally replaced by one or more C... 1- C7 alkyl-substituted C 1- C7 alkyl. In some embodiments, L is a C1 alkyl (e.g., methyl). In some embodiments, L is a C2 alkyl (e.g., ethyl). In some embodiments, L is a C3 alkyl (e.g., propyl, isopropyl). In some embodiments, L is a C4 alkyl (e.g., butyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl). In some embodiments, L is a C5 alkyl (e.g., pentyl, n-pentyl). In some embodiments, L is a C6 alkyl (e.g., hexyl, n-hexyl). In some embodiments, L is a C7 alkyl (e.g., heptyl, n-heptyl). In some embodiments, L is separated by a C 1-C7 alkyl substitution. In some embodiments, L is replaced by two C7 alkyl groups. 1- C7 alkyl substitution. In some embodiments, L is replaced by three C... 1- C7 alkyl substitution. In some embodiments, L is substituted with one -OH. In some embodiments, L is substituted with two -OH. In some embodiments, L is substituted with three -OH.

[0047] In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) has a purity of at least about 70% to about 99.9%. In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) has a purity of at least about 70% to about 75%, about 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 85%, about 70% to about 90%, about 70% to about 95%, about 70% to about 98%, about 70% to about 99%, about 70% to about 99.9%, about 75% to about 80%, about 75% to about 85%, about 75% to about 90%, about 75% to about 95%, about 75% to about 98%, about 75% to about 99%, about 75% to about 99.9%, about 80% to about 85%, about 80% to about 90%, and about 80% to about [missing information - likely a purity value]. 95% purity, approximately 80% purity to approximately 98% purity, approximately 80% purity to approximately 99% purity, approximately 80% purity to approximately 99.9% purity, approximately 85% purity to approximately 90% purity, approximately 85% purity to approximately 95% purity, approximately 85% purity to approximately 98% purity, approximately 85% purity to approximately 99% purity, approximately 85% purity to approximately 99.9% purity, approximately 90% purity to approximately 95% purity Approximately 90% purity to approximately 98% purity, approximately 90% purity to approximately 99% purity, approximately 90% purity to approximately 99.9% purity, approximately 95% purity to approximately 98% purity, approximately 95% purity to approximately 99% purity, approximately 95% purity to approximately 99.9% purity, approximately 98% purity to approximately 99% purity, approximately 98% purity to approximately 99.9% purity, or approximately 99% purity to approximately 99.9% purity.

[0048] In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) has a purity of at least about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 99.9%.

[0049] In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) has a purity of at least about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 99.9%.

[0050] In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) has a purity of at least about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 99.9%.

[0051] In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is in the form of a calcium salt, sodium salt, lithium salt, phosphate salt, potassium salt, magnesium salt, zinc salt, manganese salt, copper salt, iron salt, cobalt salt, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is in the form of a calcium salt. In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is in the form of a sodium salt. In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is in the form of a lithium salt. In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is in the form of a phosphate salt. In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is in the form of a potassium salt. In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is in the form of a magnesium salt. In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is in the form of a zinc salt. In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is in the form of a manganese salt. In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is in the form of a copper salt. In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is in the form of an iron salt. In some implementations, the compound of formula (I) is in the form of a cobalt salt.

[0052] In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 0.1% to about 99% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 1% to about 50% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 24% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 23.63% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 50% to about 100% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 75% to about 99% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier solution.

[0053] In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 0.1% to about 20% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 1% to about 20% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 1% to about 15% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 1% to about 10% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 20% to about 80% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 20% to about 40% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 20% to about 60% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 40% to about 80% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 60% to about 80% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 0.1% to about 0.5% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 1% to about 20% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 1% to about 15% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 1% to about 10% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 0.1% to about 1% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 0.1% to about 5% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 0.1% to about 10% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is present in an amount between about 1% and about 20% by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is present in an amount between about 1% and about 15% by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is present in an amount between about 1% and about 10% by weight of the emulsifier solution.

[0054] In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution contains, by weight, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about [amount missing], [weight ... Compounds of formula (I) of 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, about 60%, about 61%, about 62%, about 63%, about 64%, about 65%, about 66%, about 67%, about 68%, about 69%, about 70%, about 71%, about 72%, about 73%, about 74%, about 75%, about 76%, about 77%, about 78%, about 79%, about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%.

[0055] In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution contains about 0.1% to about 99% sodium hydroxide by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution contains about 1% to about 25% sodium hydroxide by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution contains about 1% to about 10% sodium hydroxide by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution contains about 3% sodium hydroxide by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution contains about 2.55% sodium hydroxide by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution contains about 1% to about 5% sodium hydroxide by weight of the emulsifier solution.

[0056] In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution contains, by weight, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about [amount missing], approximately [percentage missing] Sodium hydroxide at approximately 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%.

[0057] In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution contains about 0% to about 99% water by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution contains about 25% to about 99% water by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution contains about 74% water by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution contains about 73.83% water by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution contains about 0% to about 10% water by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution contains about 0% water by weight of the emulsifier solution. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution does not contain water.

[0058] In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution contains approximately 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, and 48% by weight of the emulsifier solution. Approximately 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% of the water.

[0059] In some embodiments, this document discloses a method for preparing a compound having a structural formula (I) or a salt thereof, comprising: (a) mixing a compound having a structural formula (II) or a salt thereof with a strong base comprising a hydroxide or a salt thereof, wherein the strong base is between about 5% and 25% by volume of the reaction mixture, wherein formula (II) is: Equation (II), where R 1 It is optionally controlled by one or more Cs 1- C7 alkyl-substituted C 1- C7 alkyl; and L is optionally selected from one or more C7 alkyl groups. 1- C7 alkyl groups and -OH groups substituted C 2- C7 alkyl.

[0060] In some embodiments, the method further includes a heating step between about 20°C and 150°C prior to step (a).

[0061] In some embodiments, mixing is performed at a temperature between about 0°C and 25°C. In some embodiments, mixing is performed at a temperature between about 10°C and 25°C. In some embodiments, mixing is performed at a temperature between about -10°C and 25°C. In some embodiments, mixing is performed at a temperature between about 0°C and 25°C. In some embodiments, mixing is performed at a temperature between about -20°C and 25°C. In some embodiments, mixing is performed at a temperature between about 0°C and 35°C. In some embodiments, mixing is performed at a temperature between about 0°C and 45°C. In some embodiments, the method further includes a heating step between about 20°C and 150°C.

[0062] In some embodiments, the carrier is selected from: one or more lime sources, one or more silica sources, sodium chloride, one or more cellulose sources, dextrose, one or more carbohydrates, lactose, or combinations thereof.

[0063] In some embodiments, the strong base is selected from sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or any combination thereof.

[0064] In some embodiments, the strong base in step (a) has a pH between 8 and 14. In some embodiments, the strong base in step (a) has a pH between 11 and 14. In some embodiments, the strong base in step (a) has a pH between 11 and 13. In some embodiments, the strong base in step (a) has a pH between 11 and 12. In some embodiments, the strong base in step (a) has a pH between 12 and 14. In some embodiments, the strong base in step (a) has a pH between 11 and 12. In some embodiments, the strong base in step (a) has a pH between 12 and 13.

[0065] In some embodiments, the strong base in step (a) is present at a concentration of 5% to 25% of the total volume. In some embodiments, the strong base in step (a) is present at a concentration of 5% to 15% of the total volume. In some embodiments, the strong base in step (a) is present at a concentration of 15% to 25% of the total volume.

[0066] In some embodiments, the strong base in step (a) exists at a concentration of about 15% to about 30% of the compound of formula (II).

[0067] In some embodiments, the concentration of the compound of formula (II) in step (a) is from about 20% to about 75% by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration of the compound of formula (II) in step (a) is from about 40% to about 75% by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration of the compound of formula (II) in step (a) is from about 50% to about 75% by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration of the compound of formula (II) in step (a) is from about 60% to about 75% by weight.

[0068] In some embodiments, mixing is performed over a period of 5 to 30 minutes. In some embodiments, mixing is performed over a period of 5 to 60 minutes. In some embodiments, mixing is performed over a period of 10 to 30 minutes. In some embodiments, mixing is performed over a period of 15 to 30 minutes. In some embodiments, mixing is performed over a period of 5 to 15 minutes.

[0069] Diet and diet compositions, nutritional supplements and manufacturing This document describes diets or diet compositions. In some embodiments, the diet or diet composition comprises a feed source and a nutritional supplement.

[0070] In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement is a calcium and phosphorus absorption optimizer. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement comprises an emulsifier solution.

[0071] In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution is present in an amount of about 0.1% to 100% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution is present in an amount of about 0.1% to 50% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution is present in an amount of about 5% to 40% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution is present in an amount of about 10% to 30% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution is present in an amount of about 15% to 25% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution is present in an amount of about 20% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

[0072] In some implementations, the emulsifier solution is present in an amount of about 20% to about 80% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

[0073] In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution is expressed as approximately 1% to 100% by weight of the nutritional supplement, approximately 2% to 100%, approximately 3% to 100%, approximately 4% to 100%, approximately 5% to 100%, approximately 6% to 100%, approximately 7% to 100%, approximately 8% to 100%, approximately 9% to 100%, approximately 10% to 100%, approximately 15% to 100%, approximately 20% to 100%, approximately 25% to 100%, approximately 30% to 100%, approximately 35% to 100%, approximately 40% to 100%, approximately 45% to 100%, approximately 50% to 100%, approximately 55% to 100%, approximately 60% to 100%, approximately 65% ​​to 100%, approximately... The amount present is approximately 70% to 100%, approximately 75% to 100%, approximately 80% to 100%, approximately 85% to 100%, approximately 90% to 100%, approximately 95% to 100%, approximately 50% to 95%, approximately 55% to 95%, approximately 60% to 95%, approximately 65% ​​to 95%, approximately 70% to 95%, approximately 75% to 95%, approximately 80% to 95%, approximately 85% to 95%, approximately 90% to 95%, approximately 95% to 95%, approximately 50% to 90%, approximately 55% to 90%, approximately 60% to 90%, approximately 65% ​​to 90%, approximately 70% to 90%, approximately 75% to 90%, approximately 80% to 90%, or approximately 85% to 90%.

[0074] In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution is expressed as approximately 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, or 49% of the nutritional supplement by weight. The quantities are approximately 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%.

[0075] In some implementations, the nutritional supplement further includes one or more carriers.

[0076] In some embodiments, the carrier is selected from one or more lime sources; one or more silica sources, or both; one or more fiber sources; or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, one or more carriers comprise at least one or more silica sources or at least one or more calcium sources. In some embodiments, one or more carriers comprise at least one or more silica sources and at least one or more calcium sources.

[0077] In some embodiments, one or more carriers are present at a concentration based on the weight of the nutritional supplement of about 1% to about 60%, about 2% to about 60%, about 3% to about 60%, about 4% to about 60%, about 5% to about 60%, about 6% to about 60%, about 7% to about 60%, about 8% to about 60%, about 9% to about 60%, about 10% to about 60%, about 15% to about 60%, about 20% to about 60%, about 25% to about 60%, about 30% to about 60%, about 35% to about 60%, about 40% to about 60%, about 45% to about 60%, about 50% to about 60%, or about 55% to about 60%. %, approximately 1% to approximately 55%, approximately 2% to approximately 55%, approximately 3% to approximately 55%, approximately 4% to approximately 55%, approximately 5% to approximately 55%, approximately 6% to approximately 55%, approximately 7% to approximately 55%, approximately 8% to approximately 55%, approximately 9% to approximately 55%, approximately 10% to approximately 55%, approximately 15% to approximately 55%, approximately 20% to approximately 55%, approximately 25% to approximately 55%, approximately 30% to approximately 55%, approximately 35% to approximately 55%, approximately 40% to approximately 55%, approximately 45% to approximately 55%, approximately 1% to approximately 50%, approximately 2% to approximately 50%, approximately 3% to approximately 50%, approximately 4% to approximately 50%, approximately 5% to approximately 50%. Approximately 6% to approximately 50%, approximately 7% to approximately 50%, approximately 8% to approximately 50%, approximately 9% to approximately 50%, approximately 10% to approximately 50%, approximately 15% to approximately 50%, approximately 20% to approximately 50%, approximately 25% to approximately 50%, approximately 30% to approximately 50%, approximately 35% to approximately 50%, approximately 40% to approximately 50%, approximately 45% to approximately 50%, approximately 1% to approximately 45%, approximately 2% to approximately 45%, approximately 3% to approximately 45%, approximately 4% to approximately 45%, approximately 5% to approximately 45%, approximately 6% to approximately 45%, approximately 7% to approximately 45%, approximately 8% to approximately 45%, approximately 9% to approximately 45%, approximately 10% to approximately 45%. The amounts are between approximately 15% and approximately 45%, approximately 20% and approximately 45%, approximately 25% and approximately 45%, approximately 30% and approximately 45%, approximately 35% and approximately 45%, approximately 40% and approximately 45%, approximately 1% and approximately 40%, approximately 2% and approximately 40%, approximately 3% and approximately 40%, approximately 4% and approximately 40%, approximately 5% and approximately 40%, approximately 6% and approximately 40%, approximately 7% and approximately 40%, approximately 8% and approximately 40%, approximately 9% and approximately 40%, approximately 10% and approximately 40%, approximately 15% and approximately 40%, approximately 20% and approximately 40%, approximately 25% and approximately 40%, approximately 30% and approximately 40%, or approximately 35% and approximately 40%.

[0078] In some embodiments, at least one carrier comprises, by weight of the nutritional supplement, approximately 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, or 49%. The quantities are approximately 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%.

[0079] In some implementations, one or more silica sources comprise diatomaceous earth.

[0080] In some embodiments, one or more silica sources are present in an amount between about 0% and 99% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, one or more silica sources are present in an amount between about 0% and 95% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, one or more silica sources are present in an amount between about 30% and 40% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, one or more silica sources are present in an amount between about 30% and about 40% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

[0081] In some embodiments, one or more silica sources are present in amounts based on the weight of the nutritional supplement, ranging from about 1% to about 60%, from about 2% to about 60%, from about 3% to about 60%, from about 4% to about 60%, from about 5% to about 60%, from about 6% to about 60%, from about 7% to about 60%, from about 8% to about 60%, from about 9% to about 60%, from about 10% to about 60%, from about 15% to about 60%, from about 20% to about 60%, from about 25% to about 60%, from about 30% to about 60%, from about 35% to about 60%, from about 40% to about 60%, from about 45% to about 60%, from about 50% to about 60%, from about 55% to about 60%. 60%, about 1% to about 55%, about 2% to about 55%, about 3% to about 55%, about 4% to about 55%, about 5% to about 55%, about 6% to about 55%, about 7% to about 55%, about 8% to about 55%, about 9% to about 55%, about 10% to about 55%, about 15% to about 55%, about 20% to about 55%, about 25% to about 55%, about 30% to about 55%, about 35% to about 55%, about 40% to about 55%, about 45% to about 55%, about 1% to about 50%, about 2% to about 50%, about 3% to about 50%, about 4% to about 50%, about 5% to about 50% %, approximately 6% to approximately 50%, approximately 7% to approximately 50%, approximately 8% to approximately 50%, approximately 9% to approximately 50%, approximately 10% to approximately 50%, approximately 15% to approximately 50%, approximately 20% to approximately 50%, approximately 25% to approximately 50%, approximately 30% to approximately 50%, approximately 35% to approximately 50%, approximately 40% to approximately 50%, approximately 45% to approximately 50%, approximately 1% to approximately 45%, approximately 2% to approximately 45%, approximately 3% to approximately 45%, approximately 4% to approximately 45%, approximately 5% to approximately 45%, approximately 6% to approximately 45%, approximately 7% to approximately 45%, approximately 8% to approximately 45%, approximately 9% to approximately 45%, approximately 10% to approximately 45% The amounts are between approximately 15% and approximately 45%, approximately 20% and approximately 45%, approximately 25% and approximately 45%, approximately 30% and approximately 45%, approximately 35% and approximately 45%, approximately 40% and approximately 45%, approximately 1% and approximately 40%, approximately 2% and approximately 40%, approximately 3% and approximately 40%, approximately 4% and approximately 40%, approximately 5% and approximately 40%, approximately 6% and approximately 40%, approximately 7% and approximately 40%, approximately 8% and approximately 40%, approximately 9% and approximately 40%, approximately 10% and approximately 40%, approximately 15% and approximately 40%, approximately 20% and approximately 40%, approximately 25% and approximately 40%, approximately 30% and approximately 40%, or approximately 35% and approximately 40%.

[0082] In some embodiments, one or more silica sources are present in quantities of approximately 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, and 4% by weight of the nutritional supplement. The quantities are approximately 9%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%.

[0083] In some embodiments, one or more calcium sources comprise calcium carbonate. In some embodiments, calcium carbonate comprises calcite.

[0084] In some embodiments, one or more calcium sources are present in an amount of about 0% to about 99% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, one or more calcium sources are present in an amount of about 1% to about 50% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, one or more calcium sources are present in an amount of about 10% to about 50% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, one or more calcium sources are present in an amount of about 40% to about 50% by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, one or more calcium sources are present in an amount of about 45% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

[0085] In some embodiments, one or more silica sources are present in amounts based on the weight of the nutritional supplement, ranging from about 1% to about 60%, from about 2% to about 60%, from about 3% to about 60%, from about 4% to about 60%, from about 5% to about 60%, from about 6% to about 60%, from about 7% to about 60%, from about 8% to about 60%, from about 9% to about 60%, from about 10% to about 60%, from about 15% to about 60%, from about 20% to about 60%, from about 25% to about 60%, from about 30% to about 60%, from about 35% to about 60%, from about 40% to about 60%, from about 45% to about 60%, from about 50% to about 60%, from about 55% to about 60%. 60%, about 1% to about 55%, about 2% to about 55%, about 3% to about 55%, about 4% to about 55%, about 5% to about 55%, about 6% to about 55%, about 7% to about 55%, about 8% to about 55%, about 9% to about 55%, about 10% to about 55%, about 15% to about 55%, about 20% to about 55%, about 25% to about 55%, about 30% to about 55%, about 35% to about 55%, about 40% to about 55%, about 45% to about 55%, about 1% to about 50%, about 2% to about 50%, about 3% to about 50%, about 4% to about 50%, about 5% to about 50% %, approximately 6% to approximately 50%, approximately 7% to approximately 50%, approximately 8% to approximately 50%, approximately 9% to approximately 50%, approximately 10% to approximately 50%, approximately 15% to approximately 50%, approximately 20% to approximately 50%, approximately 25% to approximately 50%, approximately 30% to approximately 50%, approximately 35% to approximately 50%, approximately 40% to approximately 50%, approximately 45% to approximately 50%, approximately 1% to approximately 45%, approximately 2% to approximately 45%, approximately 3% to approximately 45%, approximately 4% to approximately 45%, approximately 5% to approximately 45%, approximately 6% to approximately 45%, approximately 7% to approximately 45%, approximately 8% to approximately 45%, approximately 9% to approximately 45%, approximately 10% to approximately 45% The amounts are between approximately 15% and approximately 45%, approximately 20% and approximately 45%, approximately 25% and approximately 45%, approximately 30% and approximately 45%, approximately 35% and approximately 45%, approximately 40% and approximately 45%, approximately 1% and approximately 40%, approximately 2% and approximately 40%, approximately 3% and approximately 40%, approximately 4% and approximately 40%, approximately 5% and approximately 40%, approximately 6% and approximately 40%, approximately 7% and approximately 40%, approximately 8% and approximately 40%, approximately 9% and approximately 40%, approximately 10% and approximately 40%, approximately 15% and approximately 40%, approximately 20% and approximately 40%, approximately 25% and approximately 40%, approximately 30% and approximately 40%, or approximately 35% and approximately 40%.

[0086] In some embodiments, one or more silica sources are present in quantities of approximately 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, and 4% by weight of the nutritional supplement. The quantities are approximately 9%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%.

[0087] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more sources of silica and one or more sources of calcium.

[0088] In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement further comprises water. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement comprises water in an amount between about 5% and 20% by weight of the composition. In some embodiments, it contains essentially no water. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement comprises less than 1% water by weight of the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement comprises less than 0.01% water by weight of the nutritional supplement.

[0089] In some embodiments, water is present at a concentration of approximately 1% to approximately 60%, approximately 2% to approximately 60%, approximately 3% to approximately 60%, approximately 4% to approximately 60%, approximately 5% to approximately 60%, approximately 6% to approximately 60%, approximately 7% to approximately 60%, approximately 8% to approximately 60%, approximately 9% to approximately 60%, approximately 10% to approximately 60%, approximately 15% to approximately 60%, approximately 20% to approximately 60%, approximately 25% to approximately 60%, approximately 30% to approximately 60%, approximately 35% to approximately 60%, approximately 40% to approximately 60%, approximately 45% to approximately 60%, approximately 50% to approximately 60%, approximately 55% to approximately 60%, approximately 1% to approximately 60% by weight of the nutritional supplement. % to 55%, about 2% to 55%, about 3% to 55%, about 4% to 55%, about 5% to 55%, about 6% to 55%, about 7% to 55%, about 8% to 55%, about 9% to 55%, about 10% to 55%, about 15% to 55%, about 20% to 55%, about 25% to 55%, about 30% to 55%, about 35% to 55%, about 40% to 55%, about 45% to 55%, about 1% to 50%, about 2% to 50%, about 3% to 50%, about 4% to 50%, about 5% to 50%, about 6 ...6% to 50%, about 2% to 50%, about 3% to 50%, about 4% to 50%, about 5% to 50%, about 6% to 50%, about 6% to 50%, about 6% to 50%, about 2% to 50%, about 2% to 50%, about 3% to 50%, about 4% to 50%, about 5% to 50%, about 6% to 50%, about % to 50%, about 7% to 50%, about 8% to 50%, about 9% to 50%, about 10% to 50%, about 15% to 50%, about 20% to 50%, about 25% to 50%, about 30% to 50%, about 35% to 50%, about 40% to 50%, about 45% to 50%, about 1% to 45%, about 2% to 45%, about 3% to 45%, about 4% to 45%, about 5% to 45%, about 6% to 45%, about 7% to 45%, about 8% to 45%, about 9% to 45%, about 10% to 45%, about The amounts are between 15% and 45%, about 20% and 45%, about 25% and 45%, about 30% and 45%, about 35% and 45%, about 40% and 45%, about 1% and 40%, about 2% and 40%, about 3% and 40%, about 4% and 40%, about 5% and 40%, about 6% and 40%, about 7% and 40%, about 8% and 40%, about 9% and 40%, about 10% and 40%, about 15% and 40%, about 20% and 40%, about 25% and 40%, about 30% and 40%, or about 35% and 40%.

[0090] In some implementations, water is expressed as approximately 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, and so on, by weight of the nutritional supplement. The quantities are approximately 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%.

[0091] In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 0.1% to about 99% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier solution, about 0.1% to 99% of sodium hydroxide and about 0% to about 99% of water.

[0092] In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 1% to about 50% by weight of the compound of formula (I), about 1% to about 25% sodium hydroxide, and about 25% to about 99% water.

[0093] In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 1% to about 50% by weight of the compound of formula (I), about 1% to about 10% sodium hydroxide, and about 25% to about 99% water.

[0094] In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 24% by weight of the compound of formula (I), about 3% sodium hydroxide, and about 74% water.

[0095] In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution contains about 23.63% by weight of the compound of formula (I), about 2.55% sodium hydroxide and about 73.83% water.

[0096] In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 50% to 100% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier solution, about 0% to 10% of sodium hydroxide and about 0% to about 10% of water.

[0097] In some embodiments, the emulsifier solution comprises about 75% to about 99% by weight of the compound of formula (I), about 1% to 5% sodium hydroxide, and about 0% water.

[0098] In some embodiments, the diet contains less than about 0.1% emulsifier by weight of the diet. In some embodiments, the diet contains less than about 0.01% emulsifier by weight of the diet. In some embodiments, the diet contains about 0.0023% to 0.0046% emulsifier by weight of the diet. In some embodiments, the diet contains about 0.00115% to 0.0056% emulsifier by weight of the diet. In some embodiments, the diet contains 0.0035% emulsifier by weight of the diet.

[0099] In some implementations, the diet contains, by weight, less than about 25%, less than about 20%, less than about 10%, less than about 9%, less than about 8%, less than about 7%, less than about 6%, less than about 5%, less than about 4%, less than about 3%, less than about 2%, less than about 1%, less than about 0.9%, less than about 0.8%, less than about 0.7%, less than about 0.6%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 0.4%, less than about 0.3%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.1%, and less than about 0%. Emulsifiers of 0.09%, less than about 0.08%, less than about 0.07%, less than about 0.06%, less than about 0.05%, less than about 0.04%, less than about 0.03%, less than about 0.02%, less than about 0.01%, less than about 0.009%, less than about 0.008%, less than about 0.007%, less than about 0.006%, less than about 0.005%, less than about 0.004%, less than about 0.003%, less than about 0.002%, or less than about 0.001%.

[0100] In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement is present at about 0.001% to about 1% by weight relative to the feed source. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement is present at about 0.01% to about 0.5% by weight relative to the feed source. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement is present at about 0.025% to about 0.1% by weight relative to the feed source.

[0101] In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement is added at a concentration relative to the weight of the feed source of about 0.001% to about 5%, about 0.005% to about 5%, about 0.01% to about 5%, about 0.02% to about 5%, about 0.03% to about 5%, about 0.04% to about 5%, about 0.05% to about 5%, about 0.06% to about 5%, about 0.07% to about 5%, about 0.08% to about 5%, about 0.09% to about 5%, or about 0.1% to about 5%. %, about 0.2% to about 5%, about 0.3% to about 5%, about 0.4% to about 5%, about 0.5% to about 5%, about 0.6% to about 5%, about 0.7% to about 5%, about 0.8% to about 5%, about 0.9% to about 5%, about 1% to about 5%, about 1.1% to about 5%, about 1.2% to about 5%, about 1.3% to about 5%, about 1.4% to about 5%, about 1.5% to about 5%, about 1.6% to about 5%, about 1.7% to Approximately 5%, approximately 1.8% to approximately 5%, approximately 1.9% to approximately 5%, approximately 2% to approximately 5%, approximately 2.1% to approximately 5%, approximately 2.2% to approximately 5%, approximately 2.3% to approximately 5%, approximately 2.4% to approximately 5%, approximately 2.5% to approximately 5%, approximately 2.7% to approximately 5%, approximately 2.8% to approximately 5%, approximately 2.9% to approximately 5%, approximately 3% to approximately 5%, approximately 3.1% to approximately 5%, approximately 3.2% to approximately 5%, approximately 3.3% to approximately 5%, approximately 3.4% to It is present in about 5%, about 3.5% to about 5%, about 3.6% to about 5%, about 3.7% to about 5%, about 3.8% to about 5%, about 3.9% to about 5%, about 4% to about 5%, about 4.1% to about 5%, about 4.2% to about 5%, about 4.3% to about 5%, about 4.4% to about 5%, about 4.5% to about 5%, about 4.6% to about 5%, about 4.7% to about 5%, about 4.8% to about 5%, or about 4.9% to about 5% by weight.

[0102] In some embodiments, the feed source is animal feed. In some embodiments, the animal feed includes poultry feed, pig feed, aquatic animal feed, or ruminant feed. In some embodiments, the feed source is suitable for human consumption. In some embodiments, the feed source further includes water.

[0103] In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement is present in a ratio of approximately 0.1 kg to approximately 2 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement is present in a ratio of approximately 0.2 kg to approximately 1.5 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement is present in a ratio of approximately 0.5 kg to approximately 1 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source.

[0104] In some implementations, the nutritional supplement is present in the following ratios to the feed source: approximately 0.001 kg to approximately 10 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source; approximately 0.005 kg to approximately 10 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source; approximately 0.01 kg to approximately 10 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source; approximately 0.02 kg to approximately 10 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source; approximately 0.03 kg to approximately 10 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source; approximately 0.04 kg to approximately 10 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source; approximately 0.05 kg to approximately 10 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source; approximately 0.06 kg to approximately 10 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source; approximately 0.07 kg to approximately 10 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source. kg, approximately 0.08 kg to approximately 10 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source, approximately 0.09 kg to approximately 10 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source, approximately 0.1 kg to approximately 10 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source, approximately 0.2 kg to approximately 10 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source, approximately 0.3 kg to approximately 10 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source, approximately 0.4 kg to approximately 10 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source, approximately 0.5 kg to approximately 10 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source, approximately 0.6 kg to approximately 10 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source, approximately 0.7 kg to approximately 10 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source, approximately 0.8 kg to approximately 10 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source. kg of nutritional supplements, approximately 0 per ton of feed source.9 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source to approximately 10 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source; approximately 1 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source to approximately 10 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source; approximately 1 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source to approximately 100 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source; approximately 1 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source to approximately 50 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source; approximately 5 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source to approximately 50 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source; approximately 10 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source to approximately 50 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source; approximately 15 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source to approximately 50 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source; approximately 20 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source to approximately 50 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source; approximately 25 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source to approximately 50 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source; approximately 30 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source to approximately 50 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source; approximately 35 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source. The following amounts of nutritional supplements are listed: approximately 50 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source, approximately 40 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source, approximately 50 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source, approximately 45 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source, approximately 50 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source, approximately 10 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source, approximately 10 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source, approximately 20 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source, approximately 100 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source, approximately 30 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source, approximately 100 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source, approximately 40 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source, approximately 100 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source, approximately 30 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source, approximately 100 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source, approximately 40 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source, approximately 60 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source, approximately 100 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source, approximately 70 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source, approximately 100 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source, approximately 80 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source, approximately 100 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source. Approximately 90 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source to approximately 100 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed source.

[0105] In some embodiments, the feed source contains 1% to 1,000% less calcium or phosphorus by weight compared to a control feed source. In some embodiments, the feed source contains 1% to 500% less calcium or phosphorus by weight compared to a control feed source. In some embodiments, the feed source contains 1% to 200% less calcium or phosphorus by weight compared to a control feed source. In some embodiments, the feed source contains 1% to 100% less calcium or phosphorus by weight compared to a control feed source. In some embodiments, the feed source contains 1% to 50% less calcium or phosphorus by weight compared to a control feed source. In some embodiments, the feed source contains 1% to 25% less calcium or phosphorus by weight compared to a control feed source. In some embodiments, the feed source contains 1% to 10% less calcium or phosphorus by weight compared to a control feed source. In some embodiments, the feed source contains 1% to 0.01% less calcium or phosphorus by weight compared to a control feed source. In some embodiments, the feed source contains 1% to 5% less calcium or phosphorus by weight than the control feed source. In some embodiments, the feed source contains 1% less calcium or phosphorus by weight compared to the control feed source. In some embodiments, the feed source contains even less calcium and phosphorus by weight of the control feed source. In some embodiments, the feed source does not contain meat meal or bone meal, or dicalcium phosphate, or any other supplemental phosphorus source.

[0106] As used herein, the term "control feed source" refers to a feed source containing a nutrient profile optimized to promote animal growth or health but lacking calcium or phosphate absorption optimizers. The term "calcium or phosphate absorption optimizer" refers to a compound known or believed to enhance the absorption of calcium or phosphate in animals. Examples of calcium or phosphate absorption optimizers include, but are not limited to, the emulsifiers of this invention, the enzyme phytase, and organic minerals (chelates) that improve phosphate or calcium absorption. Non-limiting examples of control feed sources include commercially available animal feeds lacking the compounds of this invention, and feed sources designed by nutritionists based on the expected phosphorus and calcium absorption rates of animals under unenhanced conditions for optimal growth or health.

[0107] Methods to enhance calcium and phosphate absorption in animals This article describes a method for improving the bioavailability of phosphorus, calcium, or both in an animal, comprising feeding the animal a diet as described herein, a nutritional supplement, an emulsifier, an emulsifier solution, a feed, or any combination thereof.

[0108] In some embodiments, this document discloses a method of feeding an individual, the method comprising providing the individual with a composition comprising: a carrier selected from one or more lime sources, one or more silica sources, sodium chloride, one or more fiber sources or combinations thereof; and a salt of formula (I).

[0109] The compositions disclosed herein represent only trace amounts of feed formulations for animal feed and may include other raw materials. Numerically, the compositions may constitute about 0.1% of a feed formulation relative to about 1.5% phosphate and 5% animal meal.

[0110] In some embodiments, the method includes supplementing the animal's diet without additional calcium and phosphate sources. In some embodiments, the method includes excluding bone meal from the animal's diet.

[0111] In some implementations, feeding animals involves providing them with food.

[0112] As used herein, the term diet refers to the total amount of food provided to an animal or human for consumption. For clarity, in the case of domestic animals and livestock, diet refers to the total amount of food provided by humans and includes the amount of food that the animal will consume from its environment (e.g., enclosure, pasture, field, etc.) as calculated by a nutritionist.

[0113] In some implementations, methods for feeding animals include providing them with a diet containing feed sources and nutritional supplements.

[0114] In some implementations, the method of feeding animals includes feeding the animals an emulsifier and a feed source, wherein the feed source contains less calcium or phosphorus than a control feed source that does not contain an emulsifier.

[0115] In some embodiments, methods for enhancing calcium and phosphate absorption in subjects are described herein, including the administration of an effective amount of an emulsifier or nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, the method bypasses the regulation of calcium and phosphate absorption by calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D3, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the benefits provided by enhanced phosphate absorption include improved bone health, increased energy levels, improved metabolic function, support for growth and development in children, support for fetal growth and maternal metabolism during pregnancy and lactation, support for bone health, support for longevity in the elderly, and enhanced performance and recovery in athletes, or any combination thereof.

[0116] In some embodiments, altering at least one nutritional indicator includes increasing or decreasing at least one nutritional indicator (e.g., vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, ionized calcium, etc.). In some embodiments, altering at least one nutritional indicator includes increasing at least one nutritional indicator (e.g., vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, ionized calcium, etc.). In some embodiments, altering at least one nutritional indicator includes decreasing at least one nutritional indicator (e.g., vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, ionized calcium, etc.). In some embodiments, altering vitamin D levels or concentrations involves increasing the vitamin D levels or concentrations in the subject. In some embodiments, altering vitamin D levels or concentrations involves decreasing the vitamin D levels or concentrations in the subject.

[0117] In some implementations, administering an effective amount of emulsifier or nutritional supplement to animals provides benefits for nutritional indicators.

[0118] In some implementations, administering an effective amount of emulsifier or nutritional supplement to animals provides benefits for weight gain.

[0119] In some implementations, administering an effective amount of emulsifier or nutritional supplement to poultry provides benefits to egg quality (e.g., shell strength).

[0120] In some implementations, administering an effective amount of emulsifier or nutritional supplement to poultry provides benefits for egg weight.

[0121] In some implementations, administering an effective amount of emulsifier or nutritional supplement to animals provides benefits for weight gain (e.g., carcass yield, average carcass weight, and average live weight).

[0122] In some implementations, administering an effective amount of emulsifier or nutritional supplement to animals provides benefits for bone healing (e.g., fracture healing rate).

[0123] In some implementations, administering an effective amount of emulsifier or nutritional supplement to poultry provides benefits to shell quality (e.g., shell strength).

[0124] In some implementations, administering an effective amount of emulsifier or nutritional supplement to animals provides the benefit of impermeability to bone rays.

[0125] In some implementations, administering an effective amount of emulsifier or nutritional supplement to animals provides benefits for feed conversion.

[0126] In some implementations, administering an effective amount of emulsifier or nutritional supplement to animals provides benefits to milk production.

[0127] In some embodiments, the method of feeding animals includes feeding animals a feed source containing less calcium or phosphorus than a control feed source with an emulsifier solution, and exhibiting the same or enhanced levels of at least one nutritional indicator relative to animals feeding a control feed source without an emulsifier solution.

[0128] In some implementation schemes, nutritional indicators include weight gain, eggshell quality, carcass yield, average live weight, average carcass weight, fracture healing rate, serum calcium or phosphate levels, reduced calcium or phosphate levels in excrement, bone ray impermeability, egg production, egg quality, feed conversion ratio, daily weight gain, final clutch weight, meat quality score, average daily weight gain, feed efficiency, body condition score, ionic calcium level, vitamin D level, reproductive parameters, fertility, multifertility, ease of farrowing, reduction in pregnancy-related problems, reduction in parturition-related problems, reduction in prolapse problems, reduction in retained placenta problems, or any combination thereof.

[0129] In some implementations, animals are fed annually. In some implementations, animals are fed monthly. In some implementations, animals are fed weekly. In some implementations, animals are fed daily. In some implementations, animals are fed twice daily. In some implementations, animals are fed three times daily. In some implementations, animals are fed four times daily. In some implementations, animals are fed continuously. In some implementations, animals are fed as needed. In some implementations, animals are fed once daily.

[0130] poultry In some embodiments, the methods described herein increase egg production frequency, improve egg quality, increase poultry meat weight gain, improve bone ray impermeability, improve poultry bone strength, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, improving egg quality includes increasing eggshell strength, eggshell thickness, or both.

[0131] In laying conditions, the proportion of eggs with shell problems (which would otherwise be unsaleable) is significantly reduced because the emulsifier derived from ricinoleic acid disclosed herein is transferred to the shell membrane, thereby maximizing productivity. Typically, up to 7% of eggs produced daily are lost due to shell problems. By using this invention, this level is reduced to below 2%, resulting in an increase of up to 5% in the quantity of marketable eggs, offering excellent cost-effectiveness. In breeding poultry, the proportion of incubatable eggs can also be increased. The ricinoleic acid derivatives disclosed herein also reduce problems related to poor bone calcification in chickens and other laying birds (prone to problems when calcium and phosphorus requirements are not met throughout the poultry's lifespan), thereby reducing poultry mortality and extending their productive lifespan.

[0132] In some embodiments, the emulsifier may be fed to poultry in an amount of about 0.0023% to about 0.0046% by weight of the total diet. In some embodiments, the emulsifier is a compound of formula (1).

[0133] In some implementations, poultry may be fed a nutritional supplement containing about 5% by weight of a compound of formula (I), about 15% of an aqueous solution of water and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), about 35% of diatomite (i.e., silica) and about 45% of limestone (i.e., calcium).

[0134] In some implementations, poultry may be fed a diet containing about 0.05% to about 0.1% emulsifier by weight of the feed source.

[0135] In some implementations, poultry may be fed a nutritional supplement of about 0.005 g to about 0.2 g.

[0136] In some embodiments, the methods described herein increase milk production in ruminants, increase meat weight gain in ruminants, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the methods described herein increase meat weight gain in ruminants.

[0137] In some embodiments, about 5 g to about 25 g of nutritional supplement is administered daily. In some embodiments, about 10 g to about 20 g of nutritional supplement is administered daily. In some embodiments, about 15 g of nutritional supplement is administered daily.

[0138] In some embodiments, approximately 20 kg to approximately 60 kg of food is administered daily. In some embodiments, approximately 25 kg to approximately 55 kg of food is administered daily. In some embodiments, approximately 30 kg to approximately 50 kg of food is administered daily.

[0139] In some embodiments, the emulsifier may be fed to the ruminant at an amount of about 0.0035% by weight of the total diet. In some embodiments, the emulsifier is a compound of formula (1).

[0140] In some implementations, ruminants may be fed a nutritional supplement containing about 5% by weight of a compound of formula (I), about 15% of an aqueous solution of water and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), about 30% of diatomite (i.e., silica), and about 50% of limestone (i.e., calcium).

[0141] In some implementation schemes, a nutritional supplement is administered daily at a dose of approximately 0.15 g to approximately 1.5 g.

[0142] In some implementations, ruminants may be fed a diet containing about 0.075% to about 0.1250% emulsifier by weight of the feed source.

[0143] In some implementations, ruminants may be fed a nutritional supplement of about 1.5 g to about 18.75 g per day.

[0144] In some implementations, the methods described herein increase the volume of milk produced by pigs, improve the quality of milk produced by pigs, increase the weight gain of pig meat, or any combination thereof.

[0145] In some embodiments, the emulsifier may be fed to pigs in an amount of about 0.00115% to about 0.0056% by weight of the total diet. In some embodiments, the emulsifier is a compound of formula (1).

[0146] In some implementations, pigs may be fed a nutritional supplement containing about 5% by weight of a compound of formula (I), about 15% by weight of an aqueous solution of water and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), about 30% by weight of diatomite (i.e., silica) and about 50% by weight of limestone (i.e., calcium).

[0147] In some implementations, pigs may be fed a diet containing about 0.0025% to about 0.1% emulsifier by weight of the feed source.

[0148] In some implementations, pigs are given approximately 0.075 g to approximately 4.0 kg of diet daily. In some implementations, pigs may be fed approximately 0.075 g to approximately 12 g of nutritional supplements daily.

[0149] In some embodiments, this document discloses a method for improving the bioavailability of phosphorus, calcium, or both, including administering a compound of formula (I) to a subject.

[0150] In some embodiments, this document discloses a method for enhancing calcium and phosphate absorption in a subject, comprising applying a composition containing a salt of formula (I).

[0151] In some embodiments, methods for improving absorption in subjects include administering the nutritional supplements disclosed herein to animals.

[0152] In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein increase calcium and phosphate absorption by at least about 70% to about 99.9%. In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein increase calcium and phosphate absorption by at least about 70% to about 75%, about 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 85%, about 70% to about 90%, about 70% to about 95%, about 70% to about 98%, about 70% to about 99%, about 70% to about 99.9%, about 75% to about 80%, about 75% to about 85%, about 75% to about 90%, about 75% to about 95%, about 75% to about 98%, about 75% to about 99%, about 75% to about 99.9%, about 80% to about 85%, and about 80% to about 90%. The concentrations are approximately 80% to 95%, approximately 80% to 98%, approximately 80% to 99%, approximately 80% to 99.9%, approximately 85% to 90%, approximately 85% to 95%, approximately 85% to 98%, approximately 85% to 99%, approximately 85% to 99%, approximately 85% to 99.9%, approximately 90% to 95%, approximately 90% to 98%, approximately 90% to 99%, approximately 90% to 99.9%, approximately 95% to 98%, approximately 95% to 99%, approximately 95% to 99.9%, approximately 98% to 99.9%, or approximately 99% to 99.9%. In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein increase calcium and phosphate absorption by at least approximately 70%, approximately 75%, approximately 80%, approximately 85%, approximately 90%, approximately 95%, approximately 98%, approximately 99%, or approximately 99.9%. In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein increase calcium and phosphate absorption by at least about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 98%, or about 99%. In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein increase calcium and phosphate absorption by at least and at most about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 99.9%.

[0153] This disclosure also envisions a method for producing a composition for improving the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the digestive tract of farm animals, comprising the steps of: saponifying fatty acids with a strong alkali at high temperature; and mixing the fatty acids obtained in step (A) with a high molecular weight fatty acid salt.

[0154] This disclosure also envisions the use of the compositions disclosed herein in the production of feed formulations for improving the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the digestive tract of farm animals.

[0155] Not wanting to be bound by theory, this method is believed to work by bypassing the regulation of calcium and phosphate absorption by calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D3.

[0156] In some implementations, the target is farm animals, pets, or people.

[0157] In some embodiments, the use of compounds of formula (I) in the preparation of compositions for enhancing phosphate uptake in a target is disclosed herein.

[0158] In some embodiments, the use of castor oil salt in the preparation of compositions for enhancing phosphate absorption in humans or animals is disclosed herein.

[0159] This disclosure provides a composition and its use for maximizing the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the digestive tract of farm animals. Furthermore, the use of an emulsifier derived from ricinoleic acid is provided, along with a formulation of the emulsifier and a method for its manufacture. In this way, this disclosure allows for the complete elimination of supplemental phosphorus sources from the diets of farm animals and a significant reduction in calcium sources, thereby providing an alternative to meat and bone meal in feed. In some embodiments, a nutrient matrix has up to 200% total calcium, up to 200% digestible calcium, up to 200% total phosphorus, up to 200% digestible or available phosphorus, and / or up to 48,000 kcal of metabolizable energy.

[0160] In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement is combined with animal feed and fed to at least one animal. In some embodiments, providing an animal with animal feed containing the nutritional supplement of the present invention enhances the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the animal. In some embodiments, animal feed containing the nutritional supplement of the present invention may contain less calcium and phosphate than animal feed lacking the nutritional supplement. In some embodiments, providing an animal with animal feed containing the nutritional supplement and less calcium and phosphate than an equivalent animal feed lacking the nutritional supplement will result in the same or enhanced absorption of calcium and phosphate compared to providing an equivalent animal feed lacking the nutritional supplement.

[0161] In some implementations, pigs may be fed lower amounts of the nutritional supplements described herein during the fattening stage compared to the amount fed during the growth stage.

[0162] In some embodiments, the present invention is fed to humans to obtain nutritional benefits.

[0163] In some implementations, the methods described herein increase serum phosphorus concentration, increase serum calcium concentration, decrease serum ionized calcium concentration, alter serum vitamin D concentration, or any combination thereof.

[0164] In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement is administered at a dose of approximately 0.1 g to approximately 3.5 g daily. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement is administered at a dose of approximately 0.5 g to approximately 2.5 g daily. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement is administered at a dose of approximately 1.5 g daily.

[0165] In some implementations, the nutritional supplement is administered at least once daily. In other implementations, the nutritional supplement is administered from once to every three days.

[0166] In some embodiments, the serum phosphorus concentration increases from about 0.1 mg / dL to about 2 mg / dL. In some embodiments, the serum phosphorus concentration increases from about 0.3 mg / dL to about 1 mg / dL. In some embodiments, the serum phosphorus concentration increases from about 1% to about 50%. In some embodiments, the serum phosphorus concentration increases from about 10% to about 35%.

[0167] In some embodiments, the serum calcium concentration increases from about 0.1 mg / dL to about 5 mg / dL. In some embodiments, the serum calcium concentration increases from about 0.2 mg / dL to about 0.3 mg / dL. In some embodiments, the serum calcium concentration increases from about 0.1% to about 5%. In some embodiments, the serum calcium concentration increases from about 2% to about 3%.

[0168] In some embodiments, the serum ionized calcium concentration decreases by about 0.005 mmol / L to about 0.1 mmol / L. In some embodiments, the serum ionized calcium concentration decreases by about 0.01 mmol / L. In some embodiments, the serum ionized calcium concentration increases by about 0.005% to about 0.01%. In some embodiments, the serum ionized calcium concentration increases by about 0.007%.

[0169] In some embodiments, the serum vitamin D concentration is reduced by about 10 ng / mL to about 35 ng / mL. In some embodiments, the serum vitamin D concentration is reduced by about 22.7 ng / mL. In some embodiments, the serum vitamin D concentration is reduced by about 20% to about 50%. In some embodiments, the serum vitamin D concentration is reduced by about 34%.

[0170] In some embodiments, the serum vitamin D concentration changes from about 10 ng / mL to about 35 ng / mL. In some embodiments, the serum vitamin D concentration changes from about 22.7 ng / mL. In some embodiments, the serum vitamin D concentration changes from about 20% to about 50%. In some embodiments, the serum vitamin D concentration changes from about 34%.

[0171] In some implementations, bone radiopaqueness is measured by radiographic imaging.

[0172] certain terms Throughout this application, various embodiments may be presented in a range format. It should be understood that the range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as a rigid limitation on the scope of this disclosure. Therefore, the description of a range should be considered as having specifically disclosed all possible subranges and individual numerical values ​​within that range. For example, a description of a range such as 1 to 6 should be considered as having specifically disclosed subranges such as 1 to 3, 1 to 4, 1 to 5, 2 to 4, 2 to 6, 3 to 6, etc., and individual numbers within that range, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. This applies regardless of the width of the range.

[0173] Whenever the terms "at least," "greater than," or "greater than or equal to" precede the first value in a series of two or more values, the terms "at least," "greater than," or "greater than or equal to" apply to each value in the series. For example, greater than or equal to 1, 2, or 3 is equivalent to greater than or equal to 1, greater than or equal to 2, or greater than or equal to 3.

[0174] Whenever the terms "not exceeding," "less than," or "less than or equal to" precede the first value in a series of two or more values, the terms "not exceeding," "less than," or "less than or equal to" apply to each value in that series. For example, less than or equal to 3, 2, or 1 is equivalent to less than or equal to 3, less than or equal to 2, or less than or equal to 1.

[0175] "alkyl" refers to a straight-chain or branched monovalent group of a saturated hydrocarbon having one to about ten carbon atoms (more preferably one to seven carbon atoms). Examples include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, 2-methyl-1-propyl, 2-methyl-2-propyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 2-methyl-3-butyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-propyl, 2-methyl-1-pentyl, 3-methyl-1-pentyl, 4-methyl-1-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 2-ethyl-1-butyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, and hexyl, as well as longer alkyl groups such as heptyl and octyl. Whenever it appears herein, numerical ranges such as “C1-C7 alkyl” or “C1-7 alkyl” mean that an alkyl group can consist of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 carbon atoms, but this definition also covers the occurrence of the term “alkyl” where no numerical range is specified. In some embodiments, the alkyl group is C1-6 alkyl. In some embodiments, the alkyl group is C1-5 alkyl. In some embodiments, the alkyl group is C1-4 alkyl. In some embodiments, the alkyl group is C1-3 alkyl.

[0176] The terms “object,” “individual,” or “patient” are generally used interchangeably in this document. An “object” can be a biological entity containing expressed genetic material. This biological entity can be a plant, animal, or microorganism, including, for example, bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. An object can be a tissue, cell, or progeny of a biological entity obtained in vivo or cultured in vitro. An object can be a mammal. In some embodiments, the object is an animal. In some embodiments, the animal is a ruminant, poultry, pig, aquatic animal, or human. In some embodiments, the animal is a ruminant. An object or mammal can be a human. The object may be diagnosed with a disease or suspected of having a high risk of having a disease. In some cases, the object may not be diagnosed with a disease or suspected of having a high risk of having a disease. The terms “object” or “patient” cover mammals. Examples of mammals include, but are not limited to, humans. In one embodiment, the mammal is a human. In some embodiments, the ruminant is a castrated ox, a beef ruminant, or a milk ruminant. In some embodiments, the animal is poultry. In some embodiments, the poultry is meat poultry, breeding poultry, or laying hens. In some embodiments, the animal is a pig. In some implementations, the pig is a sow or a piglet. In other implementations, the object is a farm animal, a pet, or a person.

[0177] As used in this article, the term “about” for a number means that number plus or minus 10% of that number. The term “about” for a range means that range minus 10% of its minimum value and plus 10% of its maximum value. Example

[0178] The following examples are intended to illustrate, but not limit, the disclosed implementations.

[0179] Example 1: Weight gain of broiler chickens To assess the effects of emulsifier use on calcium and phosphorus absorption in growing animals, a study comparing weight gain in hens up to 21 days of age was conducted. The study was conducted in Santa Catarina in an integrated manner, where animals were divided into batches to receive a diet containing emulsifier, and their weight gain was then compared to a similar batch of hens of the same age and weight that served as a control and did not receive emulsifier.

[0180] More specifically, the animals were divided into two groups: Group 1 received a diet containing the feed source and nutritional supplement disclosed herein, while Group 2 received a standard (control) feed source without the nutritional supplement. The test results are shown in Table 1 below. One month of use of the nutritional supplement increased the weight of the test hens, demonstrating nutritional improvement.

[0181] Table 1: Comparison of weight gain in hens receiving emulsifiers up to 21 days of age.

[0182]

[0183] Example 2: Comparison of different hen feed formulations Tables 2 through 5 below show the feed sources used in the weight gain studies, including those containing and without the nutritional supplements of this invention, and their costs. Tables 2 and 3 depict the feed sources with and without the nutritional supplements, and Tables 4 and 5 depict the nutrient levels of the feed sources with and without the nutritional supplements. The results show that the ricinoleic acid formulation improved nutritional outcomes. Tables 2-5 show that the product containing the nutritional supplement is cheaper than the product without the nutritional supplement. The table comparisons show that, in addition to being cheaper and thus reducing production costs, the feed formulation containing the ricinoleic acid supplement also increased the calcium and phosphorus content from 1.045% to 1.185% and from 0.550% to 0.624%, respectively.

[0184] Table 2: Feed formulation for hens without nutritional supplements

[0185] Table 3: Feed formulation for hens during the brooding and start-up period containing nutritional supplements

[0186] Table 4: Nutrient Levels in Formulas Without Added Nutritional Supplements

[0187] Table 5: Nutrient Levels in Formulas with Added Nutritional Supplements

[0188] Example 3: Shell Quality Assessment in Laying Hen Farms To assess the effects of nutritional supplement use on calcium and phosphorus absorption in laying hens, several studies were conducted on laying hens from different farms. These studies included analyses of animals before and after feeding with formulations containing nutritional supplements and the ingredients shown in Table 3.

[0189] More specifically, the shell quality of laying hens was assessed by collecting eggs before and after feeding the animals with a formula containing a nutritional supplement. Hens from farms in Espírito Santo (350,000 hens), São Paulo (2,000,000 hens), Paraná (1,100,000 hens), and Minas Gerais (850,000 hens) were fed a pair of feed formulas, one without the nutritional supplement of the present invention and the other containing it.

[0190] Eggs were collected after hens were fed a conventional diet followed by a diet containing the emulsifier of this invention. Data obtained from the analysis of eggs from farms in Espírito Santo, São Paulo, Paraná, and Minas Gerais are included in Tables 6 through 9 below, which highlight the beneficial effects on shell quality, including a reduction in egg cracking. The data presented in Table 6 show that the use of the nutritional supplement in poultry feed increased egg weight, improved the incidence of cracking by 2%, and improved other shell defects. The number of defective eggs was reduced to zero, and shell porosity was decreased.

[0191] The data presented in Table 6 show that the use of nutritional supplements in poultry feed increases egg weight, improves the crack incidence rate by 2%, and improves other shell defects. The number of defective eggs decreased to zero, and shell porosity decreased. Table 7 shows that egg weight increased and the crack incidence rate decreased in all farms assessed in São Paulo state. Other defects, such as deformities, thin shells, and defective eggs, also decreased significantly. Table 8 shows data on eggs collected before and after the use of nutritional supplements in feed formulations on farms in Paraná state. As expected, the data comparisons show reductions in crack incidence, deformities, porosity, and thin shells. The data shown in Table 9 refer to a study conducted on farms in Minas Gerais state, where, as with other farms, an increase in egg weight, a 2% improvement in the crack incidence rate, and improvements in other shell defects were observed. The number of defective eggs, porosity, and shell deformities all decreased.

[0192] Table 6: Eggshell Quality Report - Farms in Espírito Santo

[0193] Table 7: Eggshell Quality Report - Farms in São Paulo State

[0194] Table 8: Eggshell Quality Report - Farms in Paraná

[0195] Table 9: Eggshell Quality Report - Farms in Minas Gerais

[0196] Example 4: Evaluation of the use of nutritional supplements in cattle feed A) Cattle slaughter - Paraná State This study involved a total of 40 animals from a farm in Prudentópolis, Paraná. In this study, 20 animals received a daily diet containing 7 grams of the nutritional supplement of this invention, while the remaining 20 animals received a diet without the supplement. Animals were slaughtered at two different slaughterhouses (Argus and Maria Macia), always in batches of 10 treated animals (positive control) and 10 witness animals (negative control).

[0197] The farmer's cost per animal is R$7.35 per month, and with the animals receiving nutritional supplements for 3 months, the cost per animal is R$22.05. Furthermore, the use of nutritional supplements in the feed source increases carcass yield by 1.5% to over 2%, resulting in a profit for the farmer between R$197 and R$321 per livestock unit. The obtained data is described in the table below.

[0198] B) Cattle slaughter - São Paulo State Similar to the study conducted in Paraná, this study involved 40 animals from a farm in Registro, São Paulo. The animals received daily supplementation containing 7 grams of the nutritional supplement of this invention. In response, the animals showed a 1.5% higher carcass yield than the control group.

[0199] The results showed improved animal productivity based on carcass measurements, demonstrating the efficacy of using nutritional supplements containing ricinoleic acid.

[0200] Table 10: Comparison of animal weights with and without nutritional supplements.

[0201]

[0202] Example 5: Gas chromatography of ricinoleic acid composition The following are the analytical results of the emulsion contents obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry according to references AOAC - Official Methods of Analysis, 21st edition, 2019, 969.33, 996.06, and 963.22:

[0203] The fatty acid profile shows ricinoleic acid as the predominant component, along with several other acids present in much lower concentrations. This is reasonable, given that ricinoleic acid is obtained from the saponification of castor oil, and the other acids are present as components of triacylglycerols found in castor oil. However, it is noteworthy that ricinoleic acid or any other derivatives of ricinoleic acid, such as stolide, are not present.

[0204] Hydrogen nuclear resonance spectroscopy analysis of the product extracted from the emulsifier solution confirmed that ricinoleic acid was the major product, and no polyols or stolide were present in the solution. Hydrogen in the 5.25–5.75 ppm region refers to vinyl hydrogen, the signal in the 3.50–3.75 ppm region refers to methanol hydrogen, the triplet at 2.35 ppm refers to ortho-carboxyl hydrogen, allyl hydrogen was observed in the 1.80–2.25 ppm region, and other aliphatic hydrogens were observed in the 0.75–1.75 ppm region. The carboxyl and hydroxyl terminals of the derivative of the emulsion composition interact with calcium and phosphate ions, preventing them from binding to form insoluble salts and allowing them to be absorbed in the form of lipid micelles.

[0205] Example 6: Fracture Healing Adequate phosphorus levels are essential for bone healing. The improved bioavailability of the compositions disclosed herein supports the fracture healing process and promotes better recovery. Phosphorus, along with calcium, is essential for maintaining bone density. Improved bioavailability complements the role of calcium in the prevention and management of osteoporosis, which is crucial for better aging and longevity. By improving the bioavailability of calcium and phosphorus, the compositions disclosed herein contribute to better bone health, enhanced physical function, and overall health. Its numerous benefits, particularly in promoting child development, aiding fracture healing, and supporting better aging and longevity, make it a valuable supplement for a variety of applications in human health and function.

[0206] An 82-year-old woman with tibial osteonecrosis was given a 1 g nutritional supplement daily for 30 days. The results showed significant improvement in bone stabilization, indicating the potential therapeutic benefit of the emulsified composition.

[0207] Example 7: Bioavailability test of the emulsified composition.

[0208] Bioavailability assessments were performed to measure pre-dose serum phosphorus and calcium levels, with measurements taken at four post-dose intervals (30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours). Pharmacokinetic statistics and parameters (such as cMax, tMax, and AUC at 0–3 hours) and standard statistical methods were used to assess changes from pre-dose to each time point. Data obtained from this study guide future research and contribute to establishing the product's efficacy and safety profile. These comprehensive tests and analyses provide valuable insights into the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of the nutritional supplement, supporting its uniqueness as a novel invention with potential benefits across a variety of applications.

[0209] Example 8: Outcome of applying the emulsified composition The positive outcomes of using the nutritional supplements disclosed herein are broad and diverse. Several experimental techniques illustrate the efficacy and benefits of the nutritional supplements disclosed herein.

[0210] Serum concentration measurements: Blood tests can be used to measure the levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood serum. While blood tests do not directly measure absorption, they can indicate whether a person's intake and absorption of these minerals are adequate. A deficiency in serum levels may indicate malabsorption. However, these tests have limitations because serum levels can be affected by a variety of factors and may not reflect the body's total reserves.

[0211] Protocol: A cross-sectional study design would be appropriate. A sample size of at least 30 participants will help ensure statistically significant results. Blood samples should be collected after fasting for 8 to 10 hours. If more than two groups exist, an independent t-test or ANOVA can be used to compare serum calcium and phosphate levels across different groups (e.g., individuals with different dietary habits or dosages).

[0212] Balance studies: These studies measure the intake (input) and excretion (output) of calcium or phosphate over a specific period. The difference between input and output indicates the amount absorbed. However, this method can be time-consuming and requires careful sample collection.

[0213] Protocol: These will typically be conducted as longitudinal studies, with each participant serving as their own control. A sample size of 10-20 participants is sufficient due to the high degree of control over dietary intake. The study should last at least one week to ensure a balance between intake and excretion. Paired t-tests or repeated measures ANOVA can be used to compare daily balance (intake minus excretion).

[0214] Dual stable isotope method: This is a more complex technique and is often considered the gold standard for assessing mineral absorption. In this method, two stable isotopes of calcium or phosphorus are administered, one orally and one intravenously. By measuring the proportion of these isotopes in the blood or urine, the fraction of the absorbed dose can be calculated. This method may be more accurate, but it is also more complex and expensive.

[0215] Protocol: This is typically conducted as a crossover trial, where each participant receives oral and intravenous doses in a randomized order at different times. For reliable results, at least 10 participants will be required. Urine and / or blood samples should be collected for at least 24 hours after each dose. A paired t-test can be used to compare the absorption fraction for each route.

[0216] Imaging studies: Techniques such as DXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) can measure bone mineral density and indirectly reflect calcium and phosphate absorption. This method is non-invasive and is commonly used to assess the risk of osteoporosis. However, it does not provide a real-time measurement of absorption.

[0217] Protocol: A cross-sectional study design also applies here. A larger sample size (at least 50 participants) will be needed to account for variability in bone mineral density. DXA scans should be performed in a single time period to avoid variability due to time of day or diet. Independent t-tests or ANOVA can be used for cross-group comparisons of bone mineral density.

[0218] Fractional Absorption Test: This test involves consuming a meal or supplement containing a known amount of calcium or phosphorus, followed by urine collection over several hours. By measuring the concentration of the minerals in the urine, a fraction of the absorbed dose can be estimated.

[0219] Protocol: A crossover trial would be appropriate here, with each participant consuming the test meal or supplement at different times. A sample size of 10-20 participants is usually sufficient. Urine should be collected 24 hours after each test meal. Paired t-tests can be used to compare absorption scores.

[0220] Example 9: The benefits of ricinoleic acid for calcium absorption.

[0221] Advances in the preparation of ricinoleate have led to a final formulation exhibiting superior absorption and distribution of calcium and phosphate in the body. Room-temperature saponification using sodium chloride produces a salt that is easily handled, stable over time, and interacts effectively with food and beverages to deliver their calcium and phosphorus into the human body. Ricinoleate has been notoriously difficult to process, and the unexpectedly simple preparation and formulation disclosed herein represents a breakthrough for the use of sodium ricinoleate in the human diet. Furthermore, the volume and economic cost of different concentrated forms of ricinoleic acid offer economic and logistical advantages for feeding large numbers of animals. At lower concentrations, the physicochemical properties of ricinoleic acid are less pronounced and less likely to affect the overall quality of food or nutrition, but may occupy a larger volume in animal feed stocks. This translates to significant savings in time, energy, and manpower across the farm.

[0222] Example 10: Using laying hens Experimental summary: This experiment involved a comparison of two different diets in laying hens, using quantitative and qualitative assessment methods to analyze egg production and quality, as well as bone health in poultry.

[0223] Materials and methods: Number of animals: 330 laying hens.

[0224] Number of groups: Two groups, 165 birds in each group.

[0225] Indoor rearing: Poultry are housed in cages with a density of 5 hens per cage.

[0226] deal with: Control diet: Provided to a group called dicalcium phosphate, which contains dicalcium phosphate as the primary source of phosphorus and calcium.

[0227] Test diet: Provided to a group referred to as Less. The test diet contained the nutritional supplement of this disclosure (20 wt% emulsifier solution, 35 wt% diatomaceous earth and 45 wt% calcium carbonate, wherein the emulsifier solution contained 23.6 wt% sodium ricinoleate, 2.55 wt% NaOH and 73.83 wt% water) and a feed source without added dicalcium phosphate.

[0228] Both diets contain phytase, and both feed sources use the same basic ingredients, except that dicalcium phosphate is used as the phosphorus and calcium source in the control diet.

[0229] The assessment conducted: Egg production: Daily quantification was performed using Digital Egg Tester (Nabel Co).

[0230] Bone radiographic impermeability: Femoral and tibial mineralization was assessed by radiographic imaging in 12 randomly selected birds at 30, 60, and 90 weeks of age.

[0231] Discover: Egg production: There was no statistically significant difference in average egg production among the groups. From 24 to 76 weeks of age, the average egg production per bird was 327.46.

[0232] Egg quality: No statistically significant differences were observed in eggshell weight, strength, and thickness.

[0233] Bone ray impermeability: No visible differences in bone mineralization were observed between groups at any point in the analysis.

[0234] Table 11: Statistical Results of Laying Hens

[0235] Conclusion: The use of nutritional supplements allows for the removal of dicalcium phosphate from the diet, with no difference in any production parameters.

[0236] Example 11 - Pig Experiment Experiment 1: category Sows and piglets Experiment location: Palotina Campus of the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR PALOTINA) Experimental summary: This study assessed the effects of different supplementation levels on the diet of lactating sows and their subsequent effects on nursery piglets, with a total of six different treatments, focusing on feed intake, feed conversion, and litter weight gain.

[0237] Materials and methods: Number of animals and groups: Each treatment consists of 17 sows, with a total of 3 groups.

[0238] After weaning, piglets are divided into six different treatments based on the sow's diet.

[0239] deal with: Sow group: In the experiment, based on the amount of the disclosed nutritional supplement (20 wt% emulsifier solution, 35 wt% diatomaceous earth, and 45 wt% calcium carbonate in the lactation diet, wherein the emulsifier solution contains 23.6 wt% sodium ricinoleate, 2.55 wt% NaOH, and 73.83 wt% water in the emulsifier solution) in the lactation diet, the sows were divided into three groups: Group T1: Control diet. No nutritional supplements were added.

[0240] Group T2: 0.5 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed. Add nutritional supplement as needed.

[0241] Group T3: 1.0 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed. This is the highest possible amount of nutritional supplement.

[0242] Each group has 17 sows, for a total of 51 sows in all groups.

[0243] Piglet Group After weaning, piglets were divided into six groups based on the sows' diets and given nutritional supplements in the nursery at a ratio of 1 kg of supplement to 1 ton of feed. The results are as follows: Group P1: Control group x No nutritional supplements. Control piglets that did not receive nutritional supplements after weaning.

[0244] Group P2: Control group (x) received nutritional supplements. Control piglets received nutritional supplements after weaning.

[0245] Group P3. 0.5 kg x No nutritional supplement. From sows that have received 0.5 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed and piglets that have not received nutritional supplements after weaning.

[0246] Group P4: 0.5 kg x with nutritional supplement. Piglets from sows receiving 0.5 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of feed and receiving nutritional supplements after weaning.

[0247] Group P5: 1.0 kg x No nutritional supplement. Sows and piglets receiving 1.0 kg of nutritional supplement were given no supplements after weaning.

[0248] Group P6: 1.0 kg x with nutritional supplements. Piglets from 1.0 kg sows that received nutritional supplements after weaning.

[0249] Accommodation and meals: During the nursery period, each treatment area is divided into 9 pens, with 10 piglets in each pen.

[0250] Discover: Regarding feed intake, no statistically significant differences were observed among the treatments, but a trend toward lower intake and better feed conversion was observed in the treated sows, and higher daily weight gain was observed in litters of the treated sows. Figure 1 and Figure 2 The results in Table 12 are shown.

[0251] Table 12: Results of the sow experiment:

[0252] Table 13: Results according to treatment of piglets (P1 to P6)

[0253] Results regarding the piglets: Piglet performance: Generally, piglets receiving nutritional supplements performed better than untreated piglets. The best results were observed in piglets whose sows received the highest dose of nutritional supplement (1 kg per tonne). Compared to groups that did not receive supplementation or whose sows received lower doses, these piglets showed significant improvements in parameters such as daily weight gain and feed conversion ratios, in addition to receiving nutritional supplements after weaning.

[0254] in conclusion: Data show that supplementing lactating sows and post-weaning piglets with nutritional supplements can significantly improve piglet performance, especially when both sows and piglets are treated with the highest dose tested.

[0255] Experiment 2: category: Growth and development Experimental summary: This experiment investigated the effects of different levels of available phosphorus and the nutritional supplement disclosed herein (20 wt% emulsifier solution, 35 wt% diatomaceous earth, and 45 wt% calcium carbonate, wherein the emulsifier solution contained 23.6 wt% sodium ricinoleate, 2.55 wt% NaOH, and 73.83 wt% water) on pigs during their growing and finishing periods. The dietary available phosphorus ranged from 0.28% to 0.40%, and absorption was optimized by adjusting the amount of nutritional supplement. The results showed that an appropriate dose of available phosphorus combined with finely adjusted nutritional supplement dosage improved weight gain and feed efficiency.

[0256] Description of the experimental group: Table 13: Description of the experimental groups during the growth and fattening periods

[0257] Discover: Table 14: Animal behavior during the growth period with or without dietary phosphorus levels decreasing and with or without nutritional supplements.

[0258]

[0259] Result description: Higher daily weight gain (DWG) and significantly higher final weight, as well as a trend toward better feed conversion, were observed at T2 (0.36% available phosphorus).

[0260] The higher level of available phosphorus (0.40%) in T1 did not produce better performance, which is confirmed by previous studies that also showed poor performance at extreme levels.

[0261] T5 showed similar results to T1, indicating that the dosage of 1 kg of phosphorus-optimized emulsifier may have caused an excessive increase in available phosphorus.

[0262] Changes to the developmental program: T4 only accepted 250 g of phosphorus nutrient supplement per tonne, while T5 served as a negative control without nutrient supplementation. This change was made because poor performance was observed when the available phosphorus added to the phosphorus matrix by the nutrient supplement exceeded the indicated maximum.

[0263] Table 15: Animal husbandry performance during the fattening period.

[0264]

[0265] Result description: Body weight at 102 days was significantly higher at T2, T4, and T3 in that order.

[0266] At T4, in addition to a similar final weight as at T2, there was a trend toward higher GPD and lower average intake and feed conversion, suggesting that reduced doses of nutrient supplements can efficiently optimize the absorption of available phosphorus.

[0267] in conclusion: This experiment demonstrates that adjusting the dosage of nutritional supplements as pigs grow is crucial, indicating that the effect of emulsifiers is proportional to the animal's weight. Reducing the dosage of emulsifiers as pigs enter the fattening stage has proven to be an effective strategy, maintaining efficient absorption of available phosphorus without excessive amounts that could impair performance.

[0268] Example 12 - Broiler Chicken Experiment Place: Federal University of Parana Palotina Campus category: Growth and development Experimental summary: This study evaluated the effects of different calcium-to-phosphorus ratios in broiler diets supplemented with the nutritional supplement disclosed herein (20 wt% emulsifier solution, 35 wt% diatomaceous earth and 45 wt% calcium carbonate, wherein the emulsifier solution contains 23.6 wt% sodium ricinoleate, 2.55 wt% NaOH and 73.83 wt% water) on growth, feed intake and bone strength at various developmental stages.

[0269] Experimental Design: Number of birds: 1,548 male Cobb chicks were evenly distributed across four treatments.

[0270] deal with: T1 / A: Phytase only (negative control).

[0271] T2 / B: The recommended calcium-to-phosphorus ratio of 1.65:1 was used (positive control).

[0272] T3 / C: Use a calcium-to-phosphorus ratio of 2:1.

[0273] T4 / D: A nutritional supplement with a calcium to phosphorus ratio of 1.65:1.

[0274] set up: 4 processing × 9 replications × 43 birds per column = 1548 birds.

[0275] Table 16: Animal behavior results from 1 to 42 days of age.

[0276]

[0277] The table shows that the treatment with a calcium-to-phosphorus ratio of 1.65:1, including nutritional supplements, produced results comparable to the positive control, indicating that formulations can be optimized without impairing animal performance.

[0278] Table 17: Bone strength on days 7, 21, 28 and 42.

[0279] The results showed that even with reduced phosphate levels when nutritional supplements were included, bone strength was similar to or better than the control, especially in the treatment with optimized calcium-to-phosphorus ratio.

[0280] Example 13 - Preliminary Results in Ruminants: Beef Cattle Place Guapiara Farm, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil Species used: beef cattle category: Fattening (farm) Experimental summary: This study evaluated the effect of supplementation with the disclosed nutritional supplement (20 wt% emulsifier solution, 35 wt% diatomaceous earth, and 45 wt% calcium carbonate, wherein the emulsifier solution contains 23.6 wt% sodium ricinoleate, 2.55 wt% NaOH, and 73.83 wt% water) on the daily weight gain of cattle in a feedlot. The experiment compared the performance of cattle treated with the nutritional supplement with a control group that did not receive supplementation.

[0281] Experimental Design: Number of animals: A total of 166 steers were involved, with 84 in the treatment group and 82 in the control group.

[0282] deal with: Control: Animals not supplemented.

[0283] Treatment: Animals were given a nutritional supplement at a dose of 15 g per animal per day.

[0284] Processing duration: 80 days, until the first weigh-in.

[0285] The testing is still ongoing, and the final results will include data on weight gain, feed conversion, and carcass yield at slaughter.

[0286] Experimental results: Table 18: Weight gain of beef cattle.

[0287]

[0288] The results showed that cattle treated with nutritional supplements had a 105-gram higher average daily weight gain compared to the control group, indicating a significant improvement in the animal husbandry performance of the supplemented animals. The difference in total weight gain over 80 days was 8.4 kg, with the treatment group showing the advantage.

[0289] Lamb Experiment Place: State University of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil Species used: lamb category: Fattening (farm) Experimental summary: This study evaluated the effects of supplementation with the nutritional supplement disclosed herein (20 wt% emulsifier solution, 35 wt% diatomaceous earth, and 45 wt% calcium carbonate, wherein the emulsifier solution contains 23.6 wt% sodium ricinoleate, 2.55 wt% NaOH, and 73.83 wt% water) on the daily weight gain of lambs in a feedlot. The experiment compared the performance of lambs treated with the nutritional supplement and those with normal (0.42% P) or lower (0.26% P) dicalcium phosphate levels to a control group that was not supplemented and had normal (0.42% P) or lower (0.26%) phosphorus levels.

[0290] Experimental Design: Number of animals: A total of 32 lambs (50% male, 50% female) were used, with 8 replicates per treatment.

[0291] deal with: Positive control: Animals without supplementation, 0.42% P.

[0292] Negative control: Animals not supplemented, 0.26% P.

[0293] Treatment: Animals receiving nutritional supplements at 0.05% of their diet.

[0294] Processing duration: 82 days, until the final weighing.

[0295] Experimental results: Table 19: Performance and feed efficiency of Dorper x Santa Inês lambs fed on diets containing two phosphorus levels, with and without nutritional supplements in a farm setting.

[0296]

[0297] I ADG: Average daily gain; DMI: Dry matter intake; DMIbw: Dry matter intake as a percentage of body weight; GFE: Total feed efficiency; FCR: Feed conversion ratio; BCS: Body condition score II SEM: Standard error of the mean III P: Phosphorus; NS: Nutritional supplement The lowercase letters in the rows and the uppercase letters in the columns were compared by means using an F-test (P < 0.05).

[0298] Adding a nutritional supplement of 0.5 g / kg normal saline to the diet can improve feed efficiency in fattening lambs on farms, regardless of the phosphorus content in the diet.

[0299] Example 14 - Nutritional Supplements in Humans Experiment 1 introduction: Nutritional supplements are scientifically developed products designed to optimize the absorption of essential minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. While their efficacy has been demonstrated in various animal studies, recent data suggest potential benefits for human health.

[0300] method: This study involved administering the disclosed nutritional supplement (containing 20 wt% emulsifier solution, 35 wt% diatomaceous earth, and 45 wt% calcium carbonate, wherein the emulsifier solution contained 23.6 wt% sodium ricinoleate, 2.55 wt% NaOH, and 73.83 wt% water) to human subjects over a specified time period, and assessing its effects on calcium and phosphorus levels by adjusting the dosage. The administration protocol is as follows: From September 1, 2023 to May 14, 2024: 1.5 grams of nutritional supplement every three days.

[0301] From May 14, 2024 to June 22, 2024: 1.5 grams of nutritional supplement daily.

[0302] result: Figures 3-4 The changes in serum calcium and phosphorus levels during the study period are shown.

[0303] Phosphorus level: The initial phosphorus level on September 1, 2023, was 2.8 mg / dL, within the reference range of 2.4 to 5.1 mg / dL. By May 14, 2024, this level had increased to 3.1 mg / dL, and by June 22, 2024, it had further increased to 3.8 mg / dL. This sustained increase indicates that the administration of the nutritional supplement improved phosphorus absorption. Results are as follows... Figure 3 As shown.

[0304] Calcium levels: The initial calcium level on September 1, 2023, was 9.3 mg / dL, within the reference range of 8.3 to 10.6 mg / dL. By May 14, 2024, this level had increased slightly to 9.5 mg / dL, and remained at 9.6 mg / dL by June 22, 2024. This stability within the optimal range highlights the effectiveness of the nutritional supplement in maintaining adequate calcium levels.

[0305] Ionized calcium levels: The ionized calcium level measured on May 14, 2024, was 1.33 mmol / L, which decreased slightly to 1.32 mmol / L by June 22, 2024. Despite this slight decrease, the ionized calcium level remained within the reference range of 1.16 to 1.32 mmol / L. This slight decrease suggests a potential increase in calcium retention in bone, as observed in similar tests performed on poultry. Results are as follows... Figure 4 As shown.

[0306] Ionized calcium levels: The ionized calcium level measured on May 14, 2024, was 1.33 mmol / L, which decreased slightly to 1.32 mmol / L by June 22, 2024. Despite this slight decrease, the ionized calcium level remained within the reference range of 1.16 to 1.32 mmol / L. This slight decrease suggests a potential increase in calcium retention in bone, as observed in similar tests performed on poultry.

[0307] Vitamin D levels: Vitamin D levels were 67.0 ng / mL on January 12, 2023, decreasing to 44.3 ng / mL by June 22, 2024. Despite this decrease, calcium and phosphorus levels increased, indicating that the supplements effectively enhanced the absorption of these minerals independently of vitamin D supplementation.

[0308] in conclusion: Data indicate that the use of nutritional supplements significantly enhances calcium and phosphorus absorption. Furthermore, a slight decrease in ionized calcium levels while remaining within the normal range suggests increased calcium retention in bones, consistent with findings from avian studies.

[0309] Increased calcium and phosphorus levels but decreased vitamin D levels underscore the efficacy of nutritional supplements in optimizing mineral absorption independently of vitamin D supplementation. These findings are crucial for determining their efficacy in humans and justify the need for patent protection. Improved mineral absorption underscores the potential of nutritional supplements to address deficiencies and support overall health.

[0310] Experiment 2 Test Plan Three individuals were selected as test participants (Subject 1, Subject 2, and Subject 3). Participants fasted for 8 hours prior to the test. Baseline levels of total calcium and phosphorus were measured. Each participant received 500 mg of calcium and 500 mg of phosphorus. Measurements were taken at 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes after supplement administration. Each participant completed one protocol with and without the addition of 2 grams of the disclosed nutritional supplement (20 wt% emulsifier solution, 35 wt% diatomaceous earth, and 45 wt% calcium carbonate, wherein the emulsifier solution contains 23.6 wt% sodium ricinoleate, 2.55 wt% NaOH, and 73.83 wt% water, administered together with the calcium and phosphorus doses).

[0311] Observed results Table 20: The effects of nutritional supplements on test participants.

[0312] Interpretation of the results Object 1 There was no difference in total calcium change (7.61%) with and without nutritional supplements. Phosphorus increased by 28.00% with nutritional supplements, compared to 25.00% without supplements.

[0313] Object 2 Total calcium increased more significantly with the presence of nutritional supplements (9.80% vs. 4.08%). Phosphorus showed a similar change (17.65% with supplements vs. 17.86% without supplements).

[0314] Object 3 The increase in total calcium was slightly higher with the presence of nutritional supplements (4.90% vs. 3.96%). Phosphorus was significantly increased with the presence of nutritional supplements (37.93% vs. 18.18%).

[0315] in conclusion The results showed that nutritional supplements positively affected the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, especially in subjects 2 and 3.

[0316] While preferred embodiments of the present disclosure have been shown and described herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these embodiments are provided by way of example only. The invention is not intended to be limited to the specific examples provided in the specification. Although the invention has been described with reference to the foregoing specification, the description and illustration of embodiments herein are not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Many variations, alterations, and substitutions will now be conceived by those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. Furthermore, it should be understood that all aspects of the invention are not limited to the specific descriptions, configurations, or relative proportions set forth herein, which depend on various conditions and variables. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in the practice of the invention. Therefore, it is contemplated that the invention should also cover any such alternatives, modifications, variations, or equivalents. The appended claims are intended to define the scope of the invention and thereby cover the methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A method of feeding an animal, the method comprising providing the animal with a diet, wherein the diet comprises a feed source and a nutritional supplement; The nutritional supplement mentioned above contains: (a) Emulsifier solution; and (b) One or more carriers may be selected. The emulsifier solution comprises: (i) an emulsifier comprising a compound having the structural formula (I) or a salt thereof, or a salt thereof: ， in, R1 is optionally defined by one or more Cs 1- C7 alkyl-substituted C 1- C7 alkyl; R2 is hydrogen, sodium, or calcium; M is a cation selected from Ca, Na, Li, P, and Mg; and L is optionally selected by one or more of C 1- C7 alkyl groups and -OH groups substituted C 2- C7 alkyl; (ii) Sodium hydroxide (NaOH); and (iii) Water of your choice; The feed source contains less calcium or phosphorus than a control feed source that does not contain the emulsifier. Animals fed with the feed source containing less calcium or phosphorus and the emulsifier solution showed the same or enhanced levels of at least one nutritional indicator compared to animals fed with the control feed source that did not contain the emulsifier solution. And the diet contains less than about 0.2% of the emulsifier by weight of the diet.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein in formula (I), the compound is further defined as: 。 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein in formula (I), the compound is further defined as: 。 4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the compound of formula (I) is in the form of calcium salt, sodium salt, lithium salt, phosphate salt, potassium salt, magnesium salt, zinc salt, manganese salt, copper salt, iron salt, cobalt salt or any combination thereof.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the compound of formula (I) is in the form of a calcium salt or a sodium salt.

6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the emulsifier solution is present in an amount of about 0.1% to 100% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the emulsifier solution is present in an amount of about 0.1% to 50% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the emulsifier solution is present in an amount of about 5% to 40% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

9. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the emulsifier solution is present in an amount of about 10% to 30% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

10. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the emulsifier solution is present in an amount of about 15% to 25% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

11. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the emulsifier solution is present in an amount of about 20% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

12. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the emulsifier solution comprises about 0.1% to about 99% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier solution, about 0.1% to 99% of sodium hydroxide and about 0% to about 99% of water.

13. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the emulsifier solution comprises about 1% to about 50% by weight of the compound of formula (I), about 1% to about 25% sodium hydroxide, and about 25% to about 99% water, based on the weight of the emulsifier solution.

14. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the emulsifier solution comprises about 1% to about 50% by weight of the compound of formula (I), about 1% to about 10% sodium hydroxide, and about 25% to about 99% water.

15. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the emulsifier solution comprises about 24% by weight of the compound of formula (I), about 3% sodium hydroxide and about 74% water.

16. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the emulsifier solution comprises about 23.63% by weight of the compound of formula (I), about 2.55% sodium hydroxide and about 73.83% water.

17. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the emulsifier solution comprises about 50% to 100% by weight of the compound of formula (I), about 0% to 10% sodium hydroxide, and about 0% to about 10% water.

18. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the emulsifier solution comprises about 75% to about 99% by weight of the compound of formula (I), about 1% to 5% sodium hydroxide and about 0% water.

19. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein the nutritional supplement comprises the at least one or more carriers.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the at least one or more carriers comprise at least one or more silica sources or at least one or more calcium sources.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein the one or more silica sources comprise diatomaceous earth.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the one or more silica sources are present in an amount between about 0% and 99% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein the one or more silica sources are present in an amount of about 0% to about 95% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

24. The method of claim 22 or 23, wherein the one or more silica sources are present in an amount of about 25% to about 45% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

25. The method according to any one of claims 22 to 24, wherein the one or more silica sources are present in an amount of about 30% to about 40% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

26. The method according to any one of claims 22 to 25, wherein the one or more silica sources are present in an amount of about 35% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

27. The method according to any one of claims 20 to 26, wherein the one or more calcium sources comprise calcium carbonate.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein the calcium carbonate comprises calcite.

29. The method according to any one of claims 27 or 28, wherein the one or more calcium sources are present in an amount of about 0% to about 99% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein the one or more calcium sources are present in an amount of about 1% to about 50% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

31. The method of claim 29 or 30, wherein the one or more calcium sources are present in an amount of about 10% to about 50% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

32. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 31, wherein the one or more calcium sources are present in an amount of about 40% to about 50% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

33. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 32, wherein the one or more calcium sources are present in an amount of about 45% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

34. The method according to any one of claims 20 to 33, wherein the carrier comprises at least one silica source and at least one calcium source.

35. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 34, wherein the feed source is animal feed.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein the animal feed comprises poultry feed, pig feed, aquatic animal feed, or ruminant feed.

37. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 35, wherein the feed source is suitable for human consumption.

38. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 33, wherein the nutritional supplement is present in a ratio of about 0.1 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of the feed source to about 2 kg of the nutritional supplement per ton of the feed source.

39. The method of claim 35, wherein the nutritional supplement is present in a ratio of about 0.2 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of the feed source to about 1.5 kg of the nutritional supplement per ton of the feed source.

40. The method of claim 35 or 39, wherein the nutritional supplement is present in a ratio of about 0.5 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of the feed source to about 1 kg of nutritional supplement per ton of the feed source.

41. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 40, wherein the feed source further comprises water.

42. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 41, wherein the nutritional supplement is present at about 0.001% to about 1% by weight relative to the weight of the feed source.

43. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 41, wherein the nutritional supplement is present at about 0.01% to about 0.5% by weight relative to the weight of the feed source.

44. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 41, wherein the nutritional supplement is present at about 0.025% to about 0.1% by weight relative to the weight of the feed source.

45. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 44, wherein the feed source contains 1% to 1,000% less calcium or phosphorus by weight of the feed source compared to the control feed source.

46. ​​The method according to any one of claims 1 to 45, wherein the feed source comprises less than 1% to 500% calcium or phosphorus by weight of the control feed source.

47. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 46, wherein the feed source comprises less than 1% to 200% calcium or phosphorus by weight of the control feed source.

48. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 47, wherein the feed source contains 1% to 100% less calcium or phosphorus by weight of the control feed source compared to the control feed source.

49. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 48, wherein the feed source contains 1% to 50% less calcium or phosphorus by weight of the control feed source compared to the control feed source.

50. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 49, wherein the feed source contains 1% to 25% less calcium or phosphorus by weight of the feed source compared to the control feed source.

51. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 50, wherein the feed source contains 1% to 10% less calcium or phosphorus by weight of the control feed source compared to the control feed source.

52. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 51, wherein the feed source contains less than 1% to 5% calcium or phosphorus by weight of the control feed source.

53. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 52, wherein the feed source contains 1% less calcium or phosphorus by weight of the feed source compared to the control feed source.

54. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 44, wherein the feed source contains 0.01% to 1% less calcium or phosphorus by weight of the feed source compared to the control feed source.

55. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 53, wherein the feed source contains less calcium and phosphorus by weight of the control feed source.

56. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 54, wherein the feed source does not contain meat meal or bone meal or dicalcium phosphate or any other phosphorus source.

57. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 56, wherein the at least one nutritional indicator comprises weight gain, eggshell quality, carcass yield, average live weight, average carcass weight, fracture healing rate, serum calcium or phosphate level, reduced calcium or phosphate level in excrement, bone ray impermeability, egg production, egg quality, feed conversion ratio, daily weight gain, final clutch weight, meat quality score, average daily weight gain, feed efficiency, body condition score, ionic calcium level, vitamin D level, reproductive parameters, fertility, multifertility, ease of farrowing, reduction in pregnancy-related problems, reduction in parturition-related problems, reduction in prolapse problems, reduction in placental retention problems, or any combination thereof.

58. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 57, wherein the diet comprises less than about 0.1% of the emulsifier by weight of the diet.

59. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 58, wherein the diet comprises less than about 0.01% of the emulsifier by weight of the diet.

60. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 58, wherein the diet comprises about 0.0023% to 0.0046% of the emulsifier by weight of the diet.

61. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 58, wherein the diet comprises about 0.00115% to 0.0056% of the emulsifier by weight of the diet.

62. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 58, wherein the diet comprises 0.0035% of the emulsifier by weight of the diet.

63. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 62, wherein the diet is provided to the animal annually.

64. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 62, wherein the diet is provided to the animal monthly.

65. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 62, wherein the diet is provided to the animal weekly.

66. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 62, wherein the diet is provided to the animal daily.

67. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 62, wherein the diet is provided to the animal twice daily.

68. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 62, wherein the diet is provided to the animal three times a day.

69. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 62, wherein the diet is provided to the animal four times a day.

70. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 62, wherein the diet is continuously provided to the animal.

71. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 62, wherein the diet is provided to the animal as needed.

72. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 62, wherein the diet is provided to the animal once.

73. A method for improving the bioavailability of phosphorus, calcium, or both in an animal, the method comprising feeding the animal according to any one of the methods according to claims 1 to 72.

74. The method of claim 73, wherein the object is an animal.

75. The method of claim 74, wherein the animal is a ruminant, poultry, pig, aquatic animal, or human.

76. The method of claim 75, wherein the animal is a ruminant.

77. The method of claim 76, wherein the ruminant is given about 0.1 g to about 25 g of the nutritional supplement daily.

78. The method of claim 77, wherein the ruminant is given about 5 g to about 20 g of the nutritional supplement daily.

79. The method according to claim 77 or 78, wherein the nutrient supplement is administered to the ruminant at a rate of about 10 g to about 20 g per day.

80. The method according to any one of claims 77 to 79, wherein about 15 g of the nutritional supplement is administered to the ruminant daily.

81. The method of claim 77, wherein about 0.5 g of the nutritional supplement is administered to the ruminant daily.

82. The method of claim 76, wherein the ruminant is given about 0.01 kg to about 60 kg of the diet daily.

83. The method of claim 82, wherein the ruminant is given about 0.1 g to about 60 g of the nutritional supplement daily.

84. The method of claim 83, wherein the ruminant is given about 0.1 kg to about 55 kg of the diet daily.

85. The method according to claim 83 or 84, wherein the ruminant is given about 10 kg to about 55 kg of the diet daily.

86. The method according to any one of claims 82 to 85, wherein the ruminant is given about 25 kg to about 55 kg of the diet daily.

87. The method according to any one of claims 82 to 86, wherein the ruminant is given about 30 kg to about 50 kg of the diet daily.

88. The method of claim 76, wherein the nutrient supplement is administered to the ruminant daily in an amount of about 0.5 g to about 15 g.

89. The method of claim 76, wherein the ruminant is given about 0.1 kg to about 30 kg of the diet daily.

90. The method according to any one of claims 76 to 87, wherein the ruminant is a castrated ox, a beef ruminant, a milk ruminant, a lamb, a sheep, a ram, a goat, a goat, a male goat, or a small ruminant.

91. The method according to any one of claims 76 to 90, wherein the method further increases the milk production of the ruminant, increases the meat weight gain of the ruminant, or any combination thereof.

92. The method according to any one of claims 76 to 90, wherein the method further increases the meat weight gain of the ruminant.

93. The method of claim 74, wherein the animal is poultry.

94. The method according to claim 74 or 92, wherein the poultry are given about 0.005 kg to about 0.2 kg of the diet daily.

95. The method according to any one of claims 92 to 94, wherein the poultry is meat poultry, laying hens, breeding poultry, quail, duck, mallard or turkey.

96. The method according to any one of claims 92 to 95, wherein the method further improves the egg production frequency, improves egg quality, improves the meat weight gain of the poultry, improves the bone radiolucency of the poultry, improves the bone strength of the poultry, or any combination thereof.

97. The method of claim 96, wherein the improvement in egg quality includes an increase in eggshell strength, eggshell thickness, or both.

98. The method of claim 74, wherein the animal is a pig.

99. The method according to claim 74 or 98, wherein the pig is given about 0.075 kg to about 12 kg of the diet daily.

100. The method according to any one of claims 98 to 99, wherein the pig is a sow, piglet, castrated boar, uncastrated boar, or gilt.

101. The method according to any one of claims 98 to 100, wherein the method further increases the volume of milk produced by the pig, improves the quality of milk produced by the pig, increases the weight gain of the pig's meat, or any combination thereof.

102. The method of claim 60, wherein the object is a person.

103. The method of claim 102, wherein the person is given about 0.1 g to about 3.5 g of the nutritional supplement daily.

104. The method of claim 103, wherein the person is given about 0.5 g to about 2.5 g of the nutritional supplement daily.

105. The method according to claim 103 or 104, wherein about 1.5 g of the nutritional supplement is administered to the person daily.

106. The method of claim 102, wherein about 2 g of the nutritional supplement is administered to the person daily.

107. The method according to any one of claims 102 to 106, wherein the nutritional supplement is applied at least once a day.

108. The method according to any one of claims 102 to 107, wherein the nutritional supplement is administered once to once every 3 days.

109. The method according to any one of claims 102 to 108, wherein the method further increases the phosphorus concentration in serum, increases the calcium concentration in serum, decreases the ionized calcium concentration in serum, alters the vitamin D concentration in serum, or any combination thereof.

110. The method of claim 109, wherein the phosphorus concentration in the serum increases from about 0.1 mg / dL to about 2 mg / dL.

111. The method of claim 110, wherein the phosphorus concentration in the serum is increased from about 0.3 mg / dL to about 1 mg / dL.

112. The method of claim 109, wherein the phosphorus concentration in the serum is increased by about 1% to about 50%.

113. The method of claim 112, wherein the phosphorus concentration in the serum is increased by about 10% to about 35%.

114. The method of claim 109, wherein the calcium concentration in the serum increases from about 0.1 mg / dL to about 5 mg / dL.

115. The method of claim 114, wherein the calcium concentration in the serum increases from about 0.2 mg / dL to about 0.3 mg / dL.

116. The method of claim 108, wherein the calcium concentration in the serum increases by about 0.1% to about 10%.

117. The method of claim 116, wherein the calcium concentration in the serum increases by about 2% to about 3%.

118. The method of claim 109, wherein the concentration of said ionic calcium in the serum increases by about 0.005% to about 0.01%.

119. The method of claim 118, wherein the concentration of said ionic calcium in the serum increases by about 0.007%.

120. A method for preparing a compound having the structural formula (I) or a salt thereof, the method comprising: (a) A compound having the structural formula (II) or a salt thereof is mixed with a strong base including sodium hydroxide or a salt thereof, wherein the strong base is between about 5% and 25% by volume of the reaction mixture, wherein formula (II) is: Equation (II), in, R1 is optionally defined by one or more Cs 1- C7 alkyl-substituted C 1- C7 alkyl; and L is optionally selected by one or more of C 1- C7 alkyl groups and -OH groups substituted C 2- C7 alkyl.

121. The method of claim 120, further comprising a heating step between about 20°C and 150°C prior to step (a).

122. The method according to claim 120, wherein the strong base is selected from sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and any combination thereof.

123. The method according to any one of claims 120 to 122, wherein the strong base in step (a) has a pH between 8 and 14.

124. The method according to any one of claims 120 to 123, wherein the strong base in step (a) is present at a concentration of 5% to 25% of the total volume.

125. The method according to any one of claims 120 to 124, wherein the strong base in step (a) exists in an amount of about 5% to about 30% of the concentration of the compound of formula (II).

126. The method according to any one of claims 120 to 125, wherein the concentration of the compound of formula (II) in step (a) is from about 20% to about 75% by weight.

127. The method according to any one of claims 120 to 126, wherein the mixing is carried out over a period of 5 to 30 minutes.

128. An emulsifier for improving calcium or phosphorus absorption, wherein the emulsifier comprises: (i) A compound having the structural formula (I) or a salt thereof, or a salt thereof: ， in, R1 is optionally defined by one or more Cs 1- C7 alkyl-substituted C 1- C7 alkyl; R2 is either hydrogen or calcium; M is a cation selected from Ca, Na, Li, P, and Mg; and L is optionally selected by one or more of C 1- C7 alkyl groups and -OH groups substituted C 2- C7 alkyl; (ii) Sodium hydroxide (NaOH); and (iii) Water of your choice.

129. The emulsifier according to claim 128, wherein in formula (I), the compound is further defined as: 。 130. The emulsifier according to claim 128 or 129, wherein in formula (I), the compound is further defined as: 。 131. The emulsifier according to any one of claims 128 to 130, wherein the compound of formula (I) is in the form of a calcium salt, sodium salt, lithium salt, phosphate salt, potassium salt, magnesium salt, zinc salt, manganese salt, copper salt, iron salt, cobalt salt, or any combination thereof.

132. The emulsifier according to claim 131, wherein the compound of formula (I) is in the form of a calcium salt or a sodium salt.

133. The emulsifier according to any one of claims 128 to 132, wherein the emulsifier comprises about 0.1% to about 99% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier, about 0.1% to 99% of sodium hydroxide and about 0% to about 99% of water.

134. The emulsifier according to any one of claims 128 to 133, wherein the emulsifier comprises about 1% to about 50% by weight of the compound of formula (I) of the emulsifier solution, about 1% to 25% sodium hydroxide and about 25% to about 99% water.

135. The emulsifier according to any one of claims 128 to 134, wherein the emulsifier comprises about 1% to 50% by weight of the compound of formula (I), about 1% to 10% sodium hydroxide, and about 25% to about 99% water.

136. The emulsifier according to any one of claims 128 to 135, wherein the emulsifier comprises about 24% by weight of the compound of formula (I), about 3% sodium hydroxide and about 74% water.

137. The emulsifier according to any one of claims 128 to 136, wherein the emulsifier comprises about 23.63% by weight of the compound of formula (I), about 2.55% sodium hydroxide and about 73.83% water.

138. The emulsifier according to any one of claims 128 to 137, wherein the emulsifier comprises about 50% to 99% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier, about 1% to 10% of sodium hydroxide and about 0% to about 10% of water.

139. The emulsifier according to any one of claims 128 to 138, wherein the emulsifier solution comprises about 75% to about 99% of the compound of formula (I) by weight of the emulsifier, about 1% to about 5% of sodium hydroxide and about 0% of water.

140. A nutritional supplement for improving calcium or phosphorus absorption, wherein the nutritional supplement comprises at least one emulsifier according to claims 128 to 139 and optionally at least one or more carriers.

141. The nutritional supplement of claim 140, wherein the emulsifier is present in an amount of about 0.1% to about 100% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

142. The nutritional supplement according to claim 140 or 141, wherein the emulsifier is present in an amount of about 0.1% to about 50% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

143. The nutritional supplement according to any one of claims 140 to 142, wherein the emulsifier is present in an amount of about 5% to about 40% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

144. The nutritional supplement according to any one of claims 140 to 143, wherein the emulsifier is present in an amount of about 10% to about 30% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

145. The nutritional supplement according to any one of claims 140 to 144, wherein the emulsifier is present in an amount of about 15% to about 25% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

146. The nutritional supplement according to any one of claims 140 to 145, wherein the emulsifier is present in an amount of about 20% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

147. The nutritional supplement according to any one of claims 140 to 146, wherein the nutritional supplement comprises the at least one or more carriers.

148. The nutritional supplement of claim 147, wherein the at least one or more carriers comprise at least one or more silica sources or at least one or more calcium sources.

149. The nutritional supplement of claim 148, wherein the one or more silica sources comprise diatomaceous earth.

150. The nutritional supplement of claim 149, wherein the one or more silica sources are present in an amount between about 0% and about 99% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

151. The nutritional supplement of claim 150, wherein the one or more silica sources are present in an amount of about 0% to about 95% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

152. The nutritional supplement according to claim 150 or 151, wherein the one or more silica sources are present in an amount of about 25% to about 45% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

153. The nutritional supplement according to any one of claims 149 to 152, wherein the one or more silica sources are present in an amount of about 30% to about 40% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

154. The nutritional supplement according to any one of claims 149 to 153, wherein the one or more silica sources are present in an amount of about 35% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

155. The nutritional supplement according to any one of claims 148 to 154, wherein the one or more calcium sources comprise calcium carbonate.

156. The nutritional supplement according to claim 155, wherein the calcium carbonate comprises calcite.

157. The nutritional supplement according to any one of claims 155 or 156, wherein the one or more calcium sources are present in an amount of about 0% to about 99% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

158. The nutritional supplement of claim 157, wherein the one or more calcium sources are present in an amount of about 1% to about 50% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

159. The nutritional supplement according to claim 157 or 158, wherein the one or more calcium sources are present in an amount of about 10% to about 50% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

160. The nutritional supplement according to any one of claims 157 to 159, wherein the one or more calcium sources are present in an amount of about 40% to about 50% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

161. The nutritional supplement according to any one of claims 157 to 160, wherein the one or more calcium sources are present in an amount of about 45% by weight of the nutritional supplement.

162. The nutritional supplement according to any one of claims 147 to 161, wherein the carrier comprises at least one silica source and at least one calcium source.

163. A method for enhancing calcium and phosphate absorption in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an emulsifier according to any one of claims 128 to 139 or a nutritional supplement according to any one of claims 140 to 162.

164. The method of claim 163, wherein the method bypasses the regulation of calcium and phosphate absorption by calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D3, or any combination thereof.

165. The method of claim 163 or claim 164, wherein the object is a farm animal, a pet, or a person.

166. The method of any one of claims 163 to 165, wherein the benefits provided by the enhanced phosphate absorption include improved bone health, increased energy levels, improved metabolic function, support for growth and development in children, support for fetal growth and maternal metabolism during pregnancy and lactation, support for bone health, support for longevity in the elderly, enhanced performance and recovery in athletes, or any combination thereof.

167. Use of the emulsifier according to any one of claims 128 to 139 or the nutritional supplement according to any one of claims 140 to 162 for the preparation of compositions for enhancing phosphate absorption in subjects.

168. A method for producing a nutritional supplement according to any one of claims 140 to 162, the method comprising mixing an emulsifier according to any one of claims 128 to 139 with at least one carrier optionally at room temperature.

169. Use of the emulsifier according to any one of claims 128 to 139 or the nutritional supplement according to any one of claims 140 to 162 for the preparation of a composition for enhancing at least one nutritional indicator of a subject.

170. The use according to claim 169, wherein the object is an animal, pet, livestock, or human being.

171. A method for obtaining a compound having the structural formula (I) or a salt thereof, the method comprising: (a) A compound having the structural formula (II) or its salt sodium hydroxide is mixed in a pH neutral medium at room temperature, wherein formula (II) is: Equation (II), in, R 1 It is optionally controlled by one or more Cs 1- C7 alkyl-substituted C 1- C7 alkyl; and L is optionally selected by one or more of C 1- C7 alkyl groups and -OH groups substituted C 2- C7 alkyl.

Images