Mobile application rapid development system based on low-code platform

Abstract

The invention relates to a mobile application rapid development system based on a low-code platform. The system is divided into a middle platform layer, an engine layer, a design layer and a service layer. The middle platform layer provides universal capability support, the engine layer encapsulates core compiling and rendering logic, the design layer provides a visual interaction interface, and the business layer bears a specific application scene; the front end and the rear end are separated, the rear end takes a function point as atomic particle packaging service logic, the front end takes a view as a unit to organize an operation flow, and communication is realized through RESTful API; splitting system functions into independent services by adopting a micro-service architecture; component libraries are abstracted for the PC terminal and the mobile terminal, and function multiplexing is achieved through modular design; and finally, the system performance is improved through distributed cache optimization. The rapid efficiency and reliability of the mobile application are effectively improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of low-code development, and more particularly to a rapid mobile application development system based on a low-code platform. Background Technology

[0002] As enterprises advance their digital transformation, mobile application demands are characterized by a large number of applications, rapid changes, and short delivery cycles. The traditional pure code development model of "requirements-design-coding-testing-release" generally suffers from high development costs, a large workload for cross-platform adaptation, and slow iteration response, making it difficult to meet the business departments' requirements for rapid trial and error and continuous iteration. At the same time, mobile applications often involve common capabilities such as organizational permissions, process approval, data collection, message notification, offline and weak network adaptation. If these are built repeatedly in various projects, it can easily lead to fragmented technology stacks, inconsistent quality, and increased maintenance burden.

[0003] To improve delivery efficiency, the industry is gradually introducing low-code / visual building technologies, but existing solutions still face several bottlenecks in implementation: First, the lack of a clear layering and capability accumulation mechanism makes it difficult to reuse general capabilities and results in strong coupling between the platform and business; second, the lack of unified front-end and back-end collaboration modes and the blurring of interface and page orchestration boundaries lead to high R&D collaboration costs and poor version compatibility; third, the significant differences between PC and mobile interaction paradigms mean that if the component system is not abstracted for each platform, inconsistent experiences or low reusability are likely to occur; and fourth, in multi-tenant, multi-application concurrent access scenarios, monolithic architectures or deployment methods lacking elasticity can easily become performance and availability bottlenecks. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To address the aforementioned problems, the present invention aims to provide a rapid mobile application development system based on a low-code platform, which effectively improves the development efficiency of mobile applications.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical solution: A rapid mobile application development system based on a low-code platform divides the system into a middle platform layer, an engine layer, a design layer, and a business layer. The middle platform layer provides general capability support, the engine layer encapsulates core compilation and rendering logic, the design layer provides a visual interactive interface, and the business layer carries specific application scenarios. The system separates the front-end and back-end, with the back-end encapsulating business logic at functional points and the front-end organizing the operation flow at views, communicating via RESTful APIs. A microservice architecture is adopted to decompose system functions into independent services. Component libraries are abstracted for PC and mobile terminals respectively, and functional reuse is achieved through modular design. Finally, distributed caching is used to optimize and improve system performance.

[0006] Furthermore, the middle platform layer, as the system's general capability foundation, provides reusable public services and standardized support capabilities globally, including but not limited to user and organizational permissions, unified identity authentication and interface authorization, data model and metadata management, process / message / notification, file and object storage, log auditing and monitoring alerts, configuration center, API gateway, and service governance. The middle platform layer supports the assembly of the design and business layers through unified data specifications and service interfaces, shielding the lower layers from infrastructure differences and connecting to microservices and external systems, thereby achieving capability accumulation, cross-application reuse, and consistent security and compliance control. The engine layer encapsulates the core compilation and rendering logic required for low-code operation, responsible for validating, parsing, and compiling the page, component, and process descriptions produced by the design layer to generate executable runtime artifacts, and completing runtime rendering and interaction driving in different terminal environments. The engine layer typically includes component renderers, layout and style calculations, data binding and state management, event distribution and lifecycle management, expression / rule execution, routing and navigation, offline resources and hot updates, performance optimization, and caching strategies. The system provides capabilities such as [missing information], and supports the integration of components, plugins, scripts, and custom logic through a standardized extension mechanism to ensure scalability and cross-platform consistency. The design layer provides a visual interactive interface for developers and business personnel, used for page building, component drag-and-drop orchestration, attribute configuration, data source binding, interface orchestration, process and rule configuration, permission configuration, and multi-platform adaptation preview and release management. The business layer carries specific application scenarios, completing the assembly and implementation of domain pages, business processes, data models, and integration logic on top of the capabilities provided by the design and engine layers. It also realizes common needs for users, permissions, data, messages, and auditing by calling common services in the middle platform layer, thereby enabling rapid construction, rapid iteration, and continuous operation for different businesses.

[0007] Furthermore, the front-end and back-end are separated. The back-end encapsulates business logic at the atomic level of functional points, while the front-end organizes the operation flow at the view level, and communication is achieved through RESTful APIs. Specifically: The back-end encapsulates business logic at the atomic level of functional points, that is, decomposes reusable, composable, and clearly defined business capabilities into independent capability units. Each functional point exposes its capabilities to the outside world through one or a group of RESTful APIs, internally including parameter validation, permission and data scope control, transaction and consistency processing, domain rule execution, data access and persistence, and audit log recording. Multiple atomic functional points can be combined into higher-level business capabilities through service orchestration or aggregation interfaces. The front-end uses views as the organizational unit to carry the user interface and operation flow: each view corresponds to a page, and the UI is formed by assembling components. Multiple views are linked together into a complete business operation chain through routing and navigation. Within the view, calls to the back-end functional point interfaces are triggered through data source configuration and state management to complete data retrieval, submission, validation, and display. At the same time, interactive events are mapped to operation steps, and the interface updates and error prompts are driven by the interface return results.

[0008] Furthermore, a microservice architecture is adopted to decompose system functions into independent services, including authentication and authorization services, user organization services, application / page metadata services, component and material repository services, compilation and build services, runtime rendering and resource distribution services, data source and integration services, process and rule engine services, message notification services, log auditing and monitoring services, etc.; the services collaborate through lightweight communication mechanisms and service governance systems, and externally, the API gateway uniformly accepts requests, performs routing and forwarding, and performs security control.

[0009] Furthermore, separate component libraries are abstracted for PC and mobile devices, as detailed below: To address the different interaction paradigms and capability boundaries of various terminals, separate component libraries are abstracted for PC and mobile devices, achieving common capabilities with differentiated presentations under a unified standard. The PC component library focuses on information density and efficient interaction, providing components such as tables / lists, button groups, search filters, pagination, tree structures, pop-ups, tabs, form fields, and complex layouts. The mobile component library focuses on touch and contextual navigation, providing components such as grid navigation, bottom navigation, top snap-in bar, card lists, pull-to-refresh, pull-to-load, gesture interaction, lightweight forms, and native capability entry components. The component library adopts a layered abstraction and unified interface. The upper layer defines a cross-platform universal component protocol, the middle layer contains reusable general logic modules, and the lower layer connects to the PC Web rendering stack and the mobile rendering stack respectively, converging terminal differences in the adapter and rendering implementation. The components also support configurable and plug-in extensions: the component capabilities are described through metadata, allowing the design layer to use them by drag and drop; the plug-in mechanism opens up custom rendering, behavior extension and native capability bridging to meet the personalized needs of the industry.

[0010] Furthermore, functional reuse is achieved through modular design, specifically as follows: components are broken down into composable modules and managed and versioned as shared assets; the same business view can reuse the same view template, page skeleton or interaction flow at the design layer, and the corresponding component is selected or automatically mapped according to the target end when publishing.

[0011] Furthermore, distributed caching is implemented as follows: Component and page metadata, application configuration, dictionary enumeration, permissions and menus, routing configuration, data source connection information, and read-heavy, write-light rendering resource index data are cached in a Redis distributed cache to reduce redundant computation and I / O between the database and core services; a combination of local and distributed caching is introduced on the gateway / service side; the local cache handles extremely hot and short-cycle data, while Redis handles cross-instance sharing and consistency requirements, reducing cross-network access overhead.

[0012] The present invention has the following beneficial effects: 1. This invention achieves capability decoupling through a four-layer layered architecture and separation of front-end and back-end: the middle platform accumulates general capabilities, the engine encapsulates the compilation and rendering kernel, the design layer provides visual construction, and the business layer focuses on scenario implementation; the back-end encapsulates functional points atomically, and the front-end organizes processes with views and communicates with RESTful APIs, making business iteration more focused, boundaries clearer, reducing coupling and maintenance complexity, and improving delivery efficiency and evolvability. 2. This invention adopts a microservice architecture to decompose system capabilities into independent services, supporting on-demand elastic scaling and high-concurrency processing; at the same time, through PC / mobile terminal component library abstraction and modular reuse (separately accumulating components of different interaction paradigms), it takes into account the consistent development paradigm across multiple terminals and the differences in terminal experience, reduces redundant construction, and improves cross-terminal reuse rate and delivery consistency. 3. This invention improves throughput and response performance through distributed caching, cluster deployment and JVM-level optimization, and enhances security and continuity by combining interface authentication, data encryption and failover mechanisms: it can maintain service availability and data security under high load, node failure or abnormal attack conditions, thereby improving overall stability, reliability and business continuity operation capabilities. Attached Figure Description

[0013] Figure 1 This is a system architecture diagram of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0014] The present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments: refer to Figure 1 In this embodiment, a rapid mobile application development system based on a low-code platform is provided. The system is divided into a middle platform layer, an engine layer, a design layer, and a business layer. The middle platform layer provides general capability support, the engine layer encapsulates the core compilation and rendering logic, the design layer provides a visual interactive interface, and the business layer carries specific application scenarios. The front-end and back-end are separated. The back-end encapsulates business logic at the atomic level of functional points, and the front-end organizes the operation flow at the view level, and communication is achieved through RESTful APIs. A microservice architecture is adopted to decompose the system functions into independent services. Component libraries are abstracted for PC and mobile terminals respectively (such as lists / buttons on PC and grid navigation / bottom navigation on mobile), and function reuse is achieved through modular design. Finally, system performance is improved through distributed caching, cluster deployment, and JVM-level optimization. Interface authentication, data encryption, and failover mechanisms are used to ensure business continuity.

[0015] In this embodiment, the middle platform layer serves as the system's general capability foundation, providing reusable public services and standardized support capabilities globally. These include, but are not limited to, user and organizational permissions, unified identity authentication and interface authorization, data model and metadata management, process / message / notification, file and object storage, log auditing and monitoring alerts, configuration center, API gateway, and service governance. The middle platform layer supports the assembly of the design and business layers through unified data specifications and service interfaces, shielding the lower layers from infrastructure differences and connecting to microservices and external systems, thereby achieving capability accumulation, cross-application reuse, and consistent security and compliance control. The engine layer encapsulates the core compilation and rendering logic required for low-code operation, responsible for processing the pages, components, and process descriptions (such as DSL and JSON) produced by the design layer. The configuration or metadata is validated, parsed, and compiled to generate executable runtime artifacts, and runtime rendering and interaction are driven in different terminal environments. The engine layer typically includes capabilities such as component renderers, layout and style calculations, data binding and state management, event dispatch and lifecycle management, expression / rule execution, routing and navigation, offline resources and hot updates, performance optimization and caching strategies, and supports the access of components, plugins, scripts and custom logic through standardized extension mechanisms to ensure scalability and cross-platform consistency. The design layer provides a visual interactive interface for developers and business personnel for page building, component drag-and-drop orchestration, attribute configuration, data source binding, interface orchestration, process and rule configuration, permission configuration, and multi-terminal adaptation preview and release management. The business layer carries specific application scenarios, and completes the assembly and implementation of domain pages, business processes, data models and integration logic on top of the capabilities provided by the design layer and engine layer. It realizes common needs of users, permissions, data, messages and audits by calling common services of the middle platform layer, thereby enabling rapid construction, rapid iteration and continuous operation for different businesses.

[0016] In this embodiment, the front-end and back-end are separated. The back-end encapsulates business logic at the atomic level of functional points, while the front-end organizes the operation flow at the view level, and communication is achieved through a RESTful API. Specifically, the back-end encapsulates business logic at the atomic level of functional points, that is, it decomposes reusable, composable, and clearly defined business capabilities into independent capability units (such as login / authentication, query list, form submission, process initiation, approval, upload / download, calculation rules, notification sending, data validation, etc.). Each functional point is presented externally through one or a group of RESTful APIs. The API exposes capabilities including parameter validation, permission and data scope control, transaction and consistency processing, domain rule enforcement, data access and persistence, and audit logging. Multiple atomic functionalities can be combined into higher-level business capabilities through service orchestration or aggregation interfaces, achieving reusability, testability, scalability, and maintainability. The front-end uses views as organizational units to carry the user interface and workflow: each view corresponds to a page (such as a list page, details page, edit page, approval page, etc.), and the UI is formed through component assembly. Routing and navigation connect multiple views into a complete business operation chain. Within the view, data source configuration and state management trigger calls to backend functional interface points to complete data retrieval, submission, validation, and display. Simultaneously, interactive events (clicks, swipes, selections, submissions, etc.) are mapped to operation steps (interface calls, conditional branches, pop-up confirmations, jumps, refreshes, etc.), and the interface updates and error messages are driven by the interface return results.

[0017] In this embodiment, a microservice architecture is adopted to decompose the system functions into independent services, including authentication and authorization services, user organization services, application / page metadata services, component and material repository services, compilation and build services, runtime rendering and resource distribution services, data source and integration services, process and rule engine services, message notification services, log auditing and monitoring services, etc. The services collaborate with each other through lightweight communication mechanisms (HTTP / gRPC, etc.) and service governance system. Externally, the API gateway uniformly accepts requests, performs routing and forwarding, and performs security control, thereby reducing system coupling and improving maintainability and evolvability.

[0018] In this embodiment, component libraries are abstracted separately for PC and mobile devices, as detailed below: To address the different interaction paradigms and capability boundaries of various terminals, separate component libraries are abstracted for PC and mobile devices, achieving common capabilities with differentiated presentations under a unified standard. The PC component library focuses on information density and efficient interaction, providing components such as tables / lists, button groups, search filters, pagination, tree structures, pop-ups, tabs, form fields, and complex layouts. The mobile component library focuses on touch and contextual navigation, providing components such as grid navigation, bottom navigation, top snap-in bar, card lists, pull-to-refresh, pull-to-load, gesture interaction, lightweight forms, and native capability entry points (camera / location / QR code scanning). The component library adopts a layered abstraction and unified interface. The upper layer defines cross-platform common component protocols (such as properties, events, slots / regions, validation rules, and default values ​​for IButton / IList / INavigation). The middle layer contains reusable common logic modules (such as data source adaptation, access control, event tracking, internationalization, multiple themes, validation and error messages, empty / loaded states, pagination and caching strategies). The lower layer connects to the PC Web rendering stack and the mobile rendering stack (H5 / Mini Program / native containers, etc.), converging terminal differences in the adapter and rendering implementation. Components also support configurable and plug-in extensions: component capabilities are described through metadata (property panel, event list, bindable data source, style token), enabling drag-and-drop use at the design layer; and a plug-in mechanism opens up custom rendering, behavior extensions, and native capability bridging to meet industry-specific needs.

[0019] In this embodiment, functional reuse is achieved through modular design, specifically as follows: components are broken down into composable modules (display module, interaction module, data module, style theme module, permission and audit module, etc.), and these are consolidated into shareable assets using package management and versioning strategies; the same business view can reuse the same view template, page skeleton, or interaction flow at the design layer, and the corresponding component is selected or automatically mapped according to the target terminal during release (e.g., the "list + pagination" on PC is mapped to "card list + infinite scrolling" on mobile), thereby reducing redundant development and maintenance costs; ultimately, it achieves one-time build, terminal adaptation, component reuse, and capability sharing, ensuring that the PC and mobile experiences conform to their respective habits while improving overall delivery efficiency and consistency.

[0020] In this embodiment, the distributed cache is implemented as follows: Component and page metadata, application configuration, dictionary enumeration, permissions and menus, routing configuration, data source connection information, and read-heavy, write-light rendering resource index data are cached in a Redis distributed cache to reduce redundant computation and I / O between the database and core services; a combination of local caching (in-process) and distributed caching (Redis) is introduced on the gateway / service side; the local cache handles extremely hot and short-cycle data, while Redis handles cross-instance sharing and consistency requirements, reducing cross-network access overhead; The system employs TTL, version numbers (configuration version / metadata version), release event-driven expiration (broadcasting cleanup of related keys after application release), and key design by tenant / application / environment partitioning to avoid cross-tenancy and large-scale accidental deletion; for high-concurrency hotspot keys, mutex locks / singleflight are used to prevent cache breakdown. Those skilled in the art will understand that embodiments of the present invention can be provided as methods, systems, or computer program products. Therefore, the present invention can take the form of a completely hardware embodiment, a completely software embodiment, or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. Furthermore, the present invention can take the form of a computer program product embodied on one or more computer-usable storage media (including, but not limited to, disk storage, CD-ROM, optical storage, etc.) containing computer-usable program code.

[0021] This invention is described with reference to flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions can be provided to a processor of a general-purpose computer, special-purpose computer, embedded processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, generate instructions for implementing the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams. Figure 1 One or more processes and / or boxes Figure 1 A device that provides the functions specified in one or more boxes.

[0022] These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable storage medium that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing device to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable storage medium produce an article of manufacture including instruction means, which are implemented in a process Figure 1 One or more processes and / or boxes Figure 1 The function specified in one or more boxes.

[0023] These computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing equipment to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable equipment to produce a computer-implemented process, thereby providing instructions that execute on the computer or other programmable equipment for implementing the process. Figure 1 One or more processes and / or boxes Figure 1 The steps of the function specified in one or more boxes.

[0024] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention in any other way. Any person skilled in the art may make changes or modifications to the above-disclosed technical content to create equivalent embodiments. However, any simple modifications, equivalent changes, and modifications made to the above embodiments based on the technical essence of the present invention without departing from the scope of the present invention shall still fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A mobile application rapid development system based on a low-code platform, characterized in that, The system is divided into a middle platform layer, an engine layer, a design layer, and a business layer. The middle platform layer provides general capability support, the engine layer encapsulates the core compilation and rendering logic, the design layer provides a visual interactive interface, and the business layer carries specific application scenarios. The front-end and back-end are separated. The back-end encapsulates business logic with functional points as atomic particles, while the front-end organizes the operation flow with views as units and realizes communication through RESTful APIs. The system adopts a microservice architecture to break down system functions into independent services; component libraries are abstracted for PC and mobile devices respectively, and function reuse is achieved through modular design; finally, system performance is improved through distributed caching.

2. The mobile application rapid development system based on a low-code platform according to claim 1, characterized in that, The middle platform layer serves as the general capability foundation of the system, providing reusable public services and standardized support capabilities to the entire system, including but not limited to user and organizational permissions, unified identity authentication and interface authorization, data model and metadata management, process / message / notification, file and object storage, log auditing and monitoring alarms, configuration center, API gateway and service governance; The middle platform layer supports the assembly of the upper design layer and business layer through unified data specifications and service interfaces, shields the lower infrastructure differences and connects microservices and external systems, thereby achieving capability accumulation, cross-application reuse and consistent security and compliance control. The engine layer encapsulates the core compilation and rendering logic required for low-code operation. It is responsible for validating, parsing, and compiling the page, component, and process descriptions produced by the design layer to generate executable runtime artifacts and complete runtime rendering and interaction driving in different terminal environments. The engine layer typically includes capabilities such as component renderers, layout and style calculations, data binding and state management, event dispatch and lifecycle management, expression / rule execution, routing and navigation, offline resources and hot updates, performance optimization and caching strategies, and supports the access of components, plugins, scripts and custom logic through standardized extension mechanisms to ensure scalability and cross-platform consistency. The design layer provides a visual interactive interface for developers and business personnel for operations such as page building, component drag-and-drop orchestration, attribute configuration, data source binding, interface orchestration, process and rule configuration, permission configuration, and multi-terminal adaptation preview and release management. The business layer carries specific application scenarios. It completes the assembly and implementation of domain pages, business processes, data models and integration logic on top of the capabilities provided by the design layer and engine layer. It also realizes common needs for users, permissions, data, messages and auditing by calling common services of the middle platform layer, thereby enabling rapid construction, rapid iteration and continuous operation for different businesses.

3. The mobile application rapid development system based on a low-code platform according to claim 1, characterized in that, The process separates the front-end and back-end. The back-end encapsulates business logic at the atomic level of functional points, while the front-end organizes the operation flow at the view level, and communication is achieved through RESTful APIs. Specifically: The back-end encapsulates business logic at the atomic level of functional points, that is, decomposes reusable, composable, and clearly defined business capabilities into independent capability units. Each functional point exposes its capabilities to the outside world through one or a group of RESTful APIs, internally including parameter validation, permission and data scope control, transaction and consistency processing, domain rule execution, data access and persistence, and audit log recording. Multiple atomic functional points can be combined into higher-level business capabilities through service orchestration or aggregation interfaces. The front-end uses views as the organizational unit to carry the user interface and operation flow: each view corresponds to a page, and the UI is formed by assembling components. Multiple views are linked together into a complete business operation chain through routing and navigation. Within the view, calls to the back-end functional point interfaces are triggered through data source configuration and state management to complete data retrieval, submission, validation, and display. At the same time, interactive events are mapped to operation steps, and the interface updates and error prompts are driven by the interface return results.

4. The mobile application rapid development system based on a low-code platform according to claim 1, characterized in that, The system adopts a microservice architecture, which breaks down system functions into independent services, including authentication and authorization services, user organization services, application / page metadata services, component and material repository services, compilation and building services, runtime rendering and resource distribution services, data source and integration services, process and rule engine services, message notification services, log auditing and monitoring services, etc. The services collaborate through a lightweight communication mechanism and service governance system, and externally, the API gateway uniformly accepts requests, performs routing and forwarding, and performs security control.

5. A mobile application rapid development system based on a low-code platform according to claim 4, characterized in that, The abstract component libraries for PC and mobile devices are as follows: To address the different interaction paradigms and capability boundaries of various terminals, separate component libraries are abstracted for PC and mobile devices, achieving common capabilities with differentiated presentations under a unified standard. The PC component library focuses on information density and efficient interaction, providing components such as tables / lists, button groups, search filters, pagination, tree structures, pop-ups, tabs, form fields, and complex layouts. The mobile component library focuses on touch and contextual navigation, providing components such as grid navigation, bottom navigation, top snap-in bar, card lists, pull-to-refresh, pull-to-load, gesture interaction, lightweight forms, and native capability entry components. The component library adopts a layered abstraction and unified interface. The upper layer defines a cross-platform universal component protocol, the middle layer accumulates reusable general logic modules, and the lower layer connects to the PC Web rendering stack and the mobile rendering stack respectively, converging the terminal differences in the adapter and rendering implementation. The components support both configurable and plug-in extensions: the component capabilities are described through metadata, enabling the design layer to use them immediately by dragging and dropping; the plug-in mechanism opens up custom rendering, behavior extensions and bridges with native capabilities to meet the personalized needs of the industry.

6. The mobile application rapid development system based on a low-code platform according to claim 5, characterized in that, The modular design achieves functional reuse as follows: components are broken down into composable modules and managed and versioned as shared assets; the same business view can reuse the same view template, page skeleton or interaction flow at the design layer, and the corresponding component is selected or automatically mapped according to the target end when it is released.

7. The mobile application rapid development system based on a low-code platform according to claim 1, characterized in that, The distributed cache is specifically as follows: component and page metadata, application configuration, dictionary enumeration, permissions and menus, routing configuration, data source connection information, and rendering resource index data that are read-heavy and write-light are cached in the Redis distributed cache to reduce redundant calculations and I / O between the database and core services; Introduce a combination of local and distributed caching on the gateway / service side; local caching handles extremely hot and short-cycle data, while Redis handles cross-instance sharing and consistency requirements, reducing cross-network access overhead.

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