Haptic keyframe interpolation for streaming

Abstract

A haptic data encoding device may include a processor. The device may receive an indication of a haptic frequency band. The device may determine a haptic keyframe based on the indication of the haptic frequency band. The haptic keyframe may be associated with a packet duration. The device may encode haptic data including a haptic keyframe. The device may transmit the encoded haptic data in the signal. The packet duration may include a timestamp. The device may obtain a first key frame and / or a second key frame. The first key frame may occur before the timestamp, and / or the second key frame may occur after the timestamp. The device may further determine a haptic keyframe based on the interpolation. The interpolation may indicate a location of the key frame based on the first key frame, the second key frame, and / or the timestamp. The location of the key frame may indicate the amplitude or frequency of the haptic band at the timestamp.

Description

[0001] Cross-references to related applications This application claims the benefit of European Provisional Patent Application No. 23306728.9, filed on October 6, 2023, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Background Technology

[0002] Video coding systems can be used to compress digital video signals, for example, to reduce the storage and / or transmission bandwidth required for such signals. Video coding systems can include, for example, block-based, wavelet-based, and / or object-based systems. In some systems, haptic-related information can be encoded and streamed. Some encoder and / or decoder implementations for encoding and streaming haptic-related information may be insufficient. Summary of the Invention

[0003] This document discloses systems, methods, and means for encoding haptic data in a data stream. A haptic encoding / rendering device may include a processor. The device may be configured to receive an indication of a haptic frequency band. The device may determine haptic keyframes based on the indication of the haptic frequency band. The haptic keyframes may be associated with a group duration. The device may encode haptic data including the haptic keyframes. The device may transmit the encoded haptic data in a signal. The group duration may include a timestamp. The device may obtain a first keyframe and / or a second keyframe. The first keyframe may appear before the timestamp, and / or the second keyframe may appear after the timestamp. The device may further determine haptic keyframes based on interpolation. Interpolation may indicate the position of the haptic keyframe based on the first keyframe, the second keyframe, and / or the timestamp. The position of the haptic keyframe may indicate the amplitude or frequency of the haptic frequency band at the timestamp.

[0004] A haptic rendering device can be configured to receive signals including haptic data. The device can decode the haptic data. The device can determine haptic keyframes based on indications of haptic frequency bands. Haptic keyframes can be associated with group durations. The device can render the haptic frequency bands, including the haptic keyframes, on a haptic rendering device.

[0005] The haptic encoding / rendering device may include one or more of the following features: The packet duration may be at least one of an MPEG-I Haptic Stream (MIHS) unit or an MIHS packet. The device may determine haptic keyframes based on frequencies associated with a haptic frequency band. The device may determine haptic keyframes based on timestamps. The timestamps may correspond to the start of the packet duration. The haptic frequency band may be at least one of a curve frequency band or a vector wave frequency band.

[0006] The signal may include information representing the encoded output generated according to the haptic encoding device described herein.

[0007] This document discloses systems, methods, and means for encoding tactile data in a bitstream. A device (e.g., an encoding device) can determine timestamps (e.g., curve bands or vector wave bands) for adding tactile keyframes associated with tactile frequency bands. The device can add keyframes at duration frequencies.

[0008] The device can add haptic keyframes associated with haptic frequency bands. The added haptic keyframes can be interpolated based on, for example, a first haptic keyframe of a haptic effect that occurs timely before a second haptic keyframe of the haptic effect. Haptic keyframes can be added at a determined timestamp, which can be, for example, a strategy time based on the duration of an MPEG-I Haptic Data (MIHS) unit. The device can encode haptic data including the haptic keyframes and transmit the encoded data in a bitstream.

[0009] A haptic rendering apparatus can receive bitstream haptic data (e.g., an encoding apparatus) including haptic keyframes associated with haptic frequency bands. Haptic keyframes can be associated with keyframes at duration frequencies. Haptic keyframes can exist in the haptic data at predetermined time intervals. The haptic rendering apparatus can decode the haptic keyframes. Added haptic keyframes are interpolated based on, for example, a first haptic keyframe of a haptic effect that appears timely before a second haptic keyframe of the haptic effect. The first and second haptic keyframes can appear in the haptic data at a policy time. The policy time associated with the first and second haptic keyframes is determined based on the duration of MPEG-I Haptic Data (MIHS) units.

[0010] Rendering devices can render haptic data that includes haptic keyframes. In one example, a rendering device can use an intermediate synthesizer that generates pulse code modulation (PCM) data to render haptic data. Attached Figure Description

[0011] Figure 1A This is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system in which one or more of the disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

[0012] Figure 1B The illustration shows a method according to one embodiment. Figure 1A The diagram shows a system diagram of an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) used in a communication system.

[0013] Figure 1C The illustration shows a method according to one embodiment. Figure 1A The diagram illustrates a system diagram of an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) used in the communication system.

[0014] Figure 1DThe illustration shows a method according to one embodiment. Figure 1A The illustrated system diagram shows yet another example RAN and yet another example CN used in the communication system.

[0015] Figure 2 An example video encoder is shown.

[0016] Figure 3 An example video decoder is shown.

[0017] Figure 4 Examples of systems in which various aspects and examples can be implemented are shown.

[0018] Figure 5 An example of an MPEG haptic data structure is shown. This format's data structure can have a hierarchical organization.

[0019] Figure 6 An example is shown where the tactile signal (top) is broken down into two frequency bands (bottom).

[0020] Figure 7 An example of tactile data including a single tactile perception is shown, with two channels.

[0021] Figure 8 An exemplary MPEG codec architecture is shown.

[0022] Figure 9 An example of MIHS packetization is shown.

[0023] Figure 10 It shows, for example, based on Figure 7 An example of MIHS grouping of exemplary tactile data.

[0024] Figure 11 An exemplary grouping is shown, where each group in a frequency band depends on a data group.

[0025] Figure 12 An exemplary grouping strategy, such as frequency band-based haptic effects, is shown.

[0026] Figure 13 An example of a tactile track with two frequency bands is shown.

[0027] Figure 14 An example of keyframe interpolation is shown.

[0028] Figure 15 An example of curve band type keyframe interpolation is shown.

[0029] Figure 16 An example of a keyframe interpolation mechanism for vector wave bands is shown. Detailed Implementation

[0030] A more detailed understanding can be obtained through the following description, which is given with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.

[0031] Figure 1A This is a schematic diagram illustrating an example communication system 100 in which one or more of the disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communication system 100 may be a multi-access system that provides content such as voice, data, video, messages, and broadcasts to multiple wireless users. The communication system 100 enables multiple wireless users to access such content by sharing system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), Zero-Tail Unique Word DFT Spread Spectrum OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), Unique Word OFDM (UW-OFDM), Resource Block Filtered OFDM, Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC), etc.

[0032] like Figure 1A As shown, the communication system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RAN 104 / 113, CN 106 / 115, Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 108, Internet 110, and other networks 112. However, it should be understood that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d (any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA”) may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), mobile stations, fixed or mobile subscriber units, subscription-based units, pagers, cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smartphones, laptops, netbooks, personal computers, wireless sensors, hotspots or Mi-Fi devices, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, watches or other wearable devices, head-mounted displays (HMDs), vehicles, drones, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in industrial and / or automated processing chain environments), consumer electronics devices, devices operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, etc. Any of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0033] The communication system 100 may also include base station 114a and / or base station 114b. Each of base stations 114a and 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. For example, base stations 114a and 114b may be base transceiver stations (BTS), node B, eNode B, home node B, home eNode B, gNB, NR node B, site controller, access point (AP), wireless router, etc. Although base stations 114a and 114b are each depicted as a single element, it should be understood that base stations 114a and 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0034] Base station 114a may be part of RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as base station controllers (BSCs), radio network controllers (RNCs), relay nodes, etc. Base station 114a and / or base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive radio signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as cells (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage of a specific geographic area, which may be relatively fixed or may change over time. The cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Therefore, in one embodiment, base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one transceiver for each sector of the cell. In one embodiment, base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may use multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming can be used to transmit and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0035] Base stations 114a and 114b can communicate with one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d via air interface 116. Air interface 116 can be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). Any suitable radio access technology (RAT) can be used to establish air interface 116.

[0036] More specifically, as described above, the communication system 100 can be a multi-access system and can employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, etc. For example, base stations 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c in RAN 104 / 113 can implement radio technologies such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which can establish air interfaces 115 / 116 / 117 using Wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed ​​UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0037] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA), which may use Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or Advanced LTE (LTE-A) and / or Advanced LTE Pro (LTE-A Pro) to establish air interface 116.

[0038] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technologies such as NR radio access, which can establish an air interface 116 using a new radio (NR).

[0039] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can jointly implement LTE radio access and NR radio access, for example, using the dual connectivity (DC) principle. Therefore, the air interface used by WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0040] In other embodiments, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., WiMAX), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Provisional Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Provisional Standard 95 (IS-95), Provisional Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data Rate GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), etc.

[0041] For example, Figure 1A Base station 114b can be a wireless router, home node B, home eNodeB, or access point, and can utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a local area, such as commercial locations, homes, vehicles, campuses, industrial facilities, air corridors (e.g., for drone use), roads, etc. In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can utilize cellular-based RATs (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish picocells or femtocells. Figure 1A As shown, base station 114b can be directly connected to the Internet 110. Therefore, base station 114b may not need to access the Internet 110 via CN 106 / 115.

[0042] RAN 104 / 113 can communicate with CN 106 / 115, which can be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, application, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d. Data can have different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, fault tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. CN 106 / 115 can provide call control, billing services, location-based services, prepaid calling, internet connectivity, video distribution, and / or perform advanced security functions such as user authentication. Although in Figure 1AAlthough not shown, it should be understood that RAN104 / 113 and / or CN 106 / 115 can communicate directly or indirectly with other RANs that use the same RAT as or a different RAT than RAN 104 / 113. For example, in addition to being connected to RAN 104 / 113, which may utilize NR radio technology, CN 106 / 115 can also communicate with another RAN (not shown) that uses GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0043] CN 106 / 115 can also serve as a gateway for WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network providing Common Old-Style Telephone Service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices using common communication protocols such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or Internet Protocol (IP) from the TCP / IP Internet Protocol suite. Network 112 may include wired and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, network 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may use the same RAT as RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0044] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d in the communication system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks via different wireless links). For example... Figure 1A The WTRU 102c shown can be configured to communicate with base station 114a, which may employ cellular-based radio technology, and to communicate with base station 114b, which may employ IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0045] Figure 1B This is a system diagram illustrating example WTRU 102. (Example:) Figure 1B As shown, among other things, WTRU 102 may include, in particular, a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power supply 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripheral devices 138, etc. It should be understood that WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with the embodiments.

[0046] Processor 118 may be a general-purpose processor, a special-purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. As described above, processor 118 may include multiple processors. Processor 118 may perform signal encoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functions that enable WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. Processor 118 may be coupled to transceiver 120, which may be coupled to transmitting / receiving element 122. Although Figure 1B The processor 118 and transceiver 120 are depicted as separate components, but it should be understood that the processor 118 and transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0047] Transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit signals to or receive signals from a base station (e.g., base station 114a) over air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In one embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be, for example, a transmitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals. In yet another embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and optical signals. It should be understood that transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0048] Although the transmitting / receiving element 122 is in Figure 1B While depicted as a single element, WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals on air interface 116.

[0049] Transceiver 120 can be configured to modulate signals transmitted by transmitting / receiving element 122 and demodulate signals received by transmitting / receiving element 122. As described above, WTRU 102 can have multi-mode capability. Therefore, for example, transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers to enable WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as, for example, NR and IEEE 802.11.

[0050] The processor 118 of WTRU 102 can be coupled to a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) unit or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit) and can receive user input data therefrom. The processor 118 can also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, keypad 126, and / or display / touchpad 128. Furthermore, the processor 118 can access and store information from any type of suitable memory, such as non-removable memory 130 and / or removable memory 132. Non-removable memory 130 may include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. Removable memory 132 may include a user identification module (SIM) card, memory stick, secure digital storage (SD) card, etc. In other embodiments, the processor 118 can access and store information from memory that is not physically located on WTRU 102 (e.g., a server or home computer (not shown)).

[0051] The processor 118 can receive power from the power supply 134 and can be configured to distribute and / or control power to other components in the WTRU 102. The power supply 134 can be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power supply 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, etc.

[0052] The processor 118 may also be coupled to a GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) about the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or instead of, information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information on the air interface 116 from base stations (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It should be understood that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information using any suitable location determination method while remaining consistent with the embodiments.

[0053] The processor 118 may be further coupled to other peripheral devices 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules providing additional features, functions, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, peripheral devices 138 may include accelerometers, electronic compasses, satellite transceivers, digital cameras (for photos and / or videos), Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports, vibration devices, television transceivers, hands-free headsets, Bluetooth® modules, FM radio units, digital music players, media players, video game player modules, internet browsers, virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) devices, activity trackers, etc. Peripheral devices 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of the following: gyroscopes, accelerometers, Hall effect sensors, magnetometers, orientation sensors, proximity sensors, temperature sensors, time sensors; geolocation sensors, altimeters, light sensors, touch sensors, magnetometers, barometers, attitude sensors, biosensors, and / or humidity sensors.

[0054] WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio for which the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., signals associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and / or substantially eliminate self-interference via hardware (e.g., chokes) or via signal processing by a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In one embodiment, WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., signals associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous.

[0055] Figure 1C This diagram illustrates a system diagram of RAN 104 and CN 106 according to an embodiment. As described above, RAN 104 can communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116 using E-UTRA radio technology. RAN 104 can also communicate with CN 106.

[0056] RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c; however, it should be understood that RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with the embodiments. eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c on air interface 116. In one embodiment, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may implement MIMO technology. Therefore, for example, eNode-B 160a may use multiple antennas to transmit and / or receive radio signals from WTRU 102a.

[0057] Each of the eNode-B 160a, 160b, and 160c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in UL and / or DL, etc. Figure 1C As shown, eNode-B 160a, 160b, and 160c can communicate with each other on the X2 interface.

[0058] Figure 1C The CN 106 shown may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, a Serving Gateway (SGW) 164, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements is described as part of CN 106, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than a CN operator.

[0059] The MME 162 can connect to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, and 162c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface and can act as a control node. For example, the MME 162 can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a specific serving gateway during the initial attachment of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, etc. The MME 162 can provide control plane functions for handover between RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) employing other radio technologies such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0060] The SGW 164 can connect to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 can typically route and forward user data packets to / from WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c. The SGW 164 can perform other functions, such as anchoring the user plane during inter-eNode B handover, triggering paging when DL data is available for WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, and managing and storing the context of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c.

[0061] SGW 164 can connect to PGW 166, which can provide WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks such as Internet 110, so as to facilitate communication between WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0062] CN 106 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN 106 can provide WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to a circuit-switched network such as PSTN 108, facilitating communication between WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c and traditional landline communication equipment. For example, CN 106 may include, or be able to communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between CN 106 and PSTN 108. Furthermore, CN 106 can provide WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0063] Despite WTRU in Figure 1A-1D While described as a wireless terminal, it is conceivable that, in some representative embodiments, such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) a wired communication interface with a communication network.

[0064] In a representative embodiment, another network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0065] A WLAN in Infrastructure Basic Services Set (BSS) mode can have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP can access or interface with a distributed system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that transmits traffic to and / or out of the BSS. Traffic originating outside the BSS destined for a STA can reach and be delivered to the STA via the AP. Traffic originating from a STA destined for an external BSS can be sent to the AP for delivery to the appropriate destination. For example, traffic between STAs within the BSS can be transmitted via the AP, where the source STA can send traffic to the AP, and the AP can deliver traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS can be considered and / or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. Peer-to-peer traffic can be transmitted between source and destination STAs (e.g., directly between them) using Direct Link Establishment (DLS). In some representative embodiments, the DLS can use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z Tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using the Standalone BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an access point (AP), and STAs within the IBSS or using the IBSS (e.g., all STAs) can communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode is sometimes referred to here as an "ad-hoc" communication mode.

[0066] When using 802.11ac infrastructure operating mode or a similar operating mode, the AP can transmit beacons on a fixed channel, such as the primary channel. The primary channel can be of a fixed width (e.g., a wide bandwidth of 20 MHz) or dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel can be the operating channel of the BSS and can be used by the STA to establish a connection with the AP. In some representative embodiments, such as in an 802.11 system, Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA / CA) with collision avoidance can be implemented. For CSMA / CA, each STA, including the AP, can sense the primary channel. If a particular STA senses / detects and / or determines that the primary channel is busy, that particular STA can back off. A single STA (e.g., only one station) can transmit at any given time within a given BSS.

[0067] High-throughput (HT) STAs can communicate using a 40 MHz wide channel, for example, by combining a primary 20 MHz channel with adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels.

[0068] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs can support channels with widths of 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz. 40 MHz and / or 80 MHz channels can be formed by combining consecutive 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel can be formed by combining eight consecutive 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-consecutive 80 MHz channels, which can be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, after channel coding, the data passes through a segment resolver, which splits the data into two streams. Each stream can be processed separately using Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) and time-domain processing. These streams can be mapped onto two 80 MHz channels, and the data can be transmitted by the transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the operation of the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be sent to the Media Access Control (MAC).

[0069] 802.11af and 802.11ah support operating modes below 1 GHz. The channel operating bandwidth and carrier in 802.11af and 802.11ah are reduced compared to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV whitespace (TVWS) spectrum, while 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah can support metering-type control / machine-type communications, such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, such as limited capabilities, including support for (e.g., only) certain and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries with a battery life exceeding a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0070] WLAN systems that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah, include channels that can be designated as the primary channel. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be set and / or limited by the STA among all STAs operating in the BSS that supports the minimum bandwidth operating mode. In the example of 802.11ah, for STAs that support (e.g., only support) the 1 MHz mode (e.g., MTC type devices), the primary channel can be 1 MHz wide, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier Sense and / or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, because an STA (which only supports the 1 MHz operating mode) is transmitting to the AP, the entire available band can be considered busy, even if most of the available band remains idle and can be available.

[0071] In the United States, the available frequency band for 802.11ah is from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total available bandwidth for 802.11ah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz, depending on the country code.

[0072] Figure 1D This diagram illustrates a system diagram of RAN 113 and CN 115 according to one embodiment. As described above, RAN 113 can communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116 using NR radio technology. RAN 113 can also communicate with CN 115.

[0073] RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c; however, it should be understood that RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with the embodiments. gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c on air interface 116. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a and 180b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c. Therefore, for example, gNB 180a may use multiple antennas to transmit radio signals to and / or receive radio signals from WTRU 102a. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, gNB 180a can transmit multiple component carriers (not shown) to WTRU 102a. A subset of these component carriers can be on unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers can be on licensed spectrum. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can implement Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a can receive coordinated transmissions from gNBs 180a and 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0074] WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using transmissions associated with scalable digitization. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing can differ for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the radio transmission spectrum. WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using subframes or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., containing a variable number of OFDM symbols and / or a continuously variable absolute time).

[0075] gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can be configured to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c in standalone and / or non-standalone configurations. In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c without accessing other RANs (e.g., eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c). In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c as mobility anchors. In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using signals in unlicensed frequency bands. In a non-standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate / connect with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c, while also communicating / connecting with another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement DC principles to communicate substantially simultaneously with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c, as well as one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c. In a non-standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c can act as mobility anchors for WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, and gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can provide additional coverage and / or throughput for serving WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c.

[0076] Each of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in UL and / or DL, network slicing support, dual connectivity, interoperability between NR and E-UTRA, routing user plane data to User Plane Functions (UPF) 184a and 184b, and routing control plane information to Access and Mobility Management Functions (AMF) 182a and 182b, etc. Figure 1D As shown, gNB 180a, 180b, and 180c can communicate with each other on the Xn interface.

[0077] Figure 1DThe CN 115 shown may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. Although each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 115, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than a CN operator.

[0078] AMF 182a and 182b can connect to one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c in RAN 113 via the N2 interface and can act as control nodes. For example, AMF 182a and 182b can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting specific SMF 183a and 183b, managing registration areas, terminating NAS signaling, mobility management, and so on. AMF 182a and 182b can use network slicing to customize CN support for WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c based on the service types used by WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c. For example, different network slices can be established for different use cases, such as services relying on Ultra Reliable Low Latency Time (URLLC) access, services relying on Enhanced Massive Mobile Broadband (eMBB) access, services for Machine Type Communication (MTC) access, and / or so on. AMF 162 can provide control plane functions for handover between RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) employing other radio technologies such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro and / or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi.

[0079] SMFs 183a and 183b can connect to AMFs 182a and 182b in CN 115 via the N11 interface. SMFs 183a and 183b can also connect to UPFs 184a and 184b in CN 115 via the N4 interface. SMFs 183a and 183b can select and control UPFs 184a and 184b, and configure the routing of services through UPFs 184a and 184b. SMFs 183a and 183b can perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, and providing downlink data notifications. PDU session types can be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

[0080] UPF 184a and 184b can be connected to one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c in RAN 113 via the N3 interface. This N3 interface provides WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to packet-switched networks (such as Internet 110) to facilitate communication between WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. UPF 184 and 184b can perform other functions such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, and providing mobility anchoring.

[0081] CN 115 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN 115 may include, or be able to communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between CN 115 and PSTN 108. Furthermore, CN 115 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c may be connected to local data networks (DNs) 185a and 185b via the N3 interface to UPFs 184a and 184b and the N6 interface between UPFs 184a and 184b and DNs 185a and 185b.

[0082] Given Figure 1A-1D as well as Figure 1A-1D The corresponding descriptions herein indicate that one or more of the following functions can be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown): WTRU 102a-d, base station 114a-b, eNode-B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-b, UPF 184a-b, SMF183a-b, DN 185a-b, and / or any other device(s) described herein. An emulation device can be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more of the functions described herein. For example, an emulation device can be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0083] Simulation devices can be designed to perform tests on one or more other devices in laboratory and / or carrier network environments. For example, one or more simulation devices can perform one or more or all functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network to test other devices within the communication network. One or more simulation devices can perform one or more or all functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. Simulation devices can be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or can perform tests using over-the-air wireless communication.

[0084] One or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions, including all functions, rather than being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, simulation devices may be used to test test scenarios in laboratory and / or non-deployment (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication networks to implement the testing of one or more components. One or more simulation devices may be test devices. Simulation devices may transmit and / or receive data using direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas).

[0085] This application describes various aspects, including tools, features, examples, models, methods, etc. Many of these aspects are described in detail, and often in a manner that may seem restrictive, at least to illustrate individual characteristics. However, this is for clarity and not to limit the application or scope of those aspects. In fact, all the different aspects can be combined and interchanged to provide further aspects. Furthermore, this aspect can also be combined and interchanged with aspects described in earlier applications.

[0086] The aspects described and contemplated in this application can be implemented in many different forms. Figure 5-16 Some examples can be provided, but other examples are envisioned. Figure 5-16 The discussion does not limit the breadth of implementation. At least one aspect typically relates to video encoding and decoding, and at least one other aspect typically relates to transmitting a generated or encoded bitstream. These and other aspects can be implemented as methods, apparatus, computer-readable storage media having instructions stored thereon for encoding or decoding video data according to any of the methods, and / or computer-readable storage media having a bitstream generated according to any of the methods stored thereon.

[0087] In this application, the terms “reconstruction” and “decoding” are used interchangeably, the terms “pixel” and “sample” are used interchangeably, and the terms “image”, “picture” and “frame” are used interchangeably.

[0088] This document describes various methods, and each method includes one or more steps or actions for implementing the method. Unless the correct operation of the method requires a specific order of steps or actions, the order and / or use of specific steps and / or actions can be modified or combined. Furthermore, terms such as "first," "second," etc., can be used in various examples to modify elements, components, steps, operations, etc., such as, for example, "first decoding" and "second decoding." Unless specifically required, the use of such terms does not imply an ordering of the modified operations. Therefore, in this example, the first decoding does not need to be performed before the second decoding and can occur, for example, before, during, or in a time period overlapping with the second decoding.

[0089] The various methods and other aspects described in this application can be used to modify, for example... Figure 2 and Figure 3 The illustrated video encoder 200 and decoder 300 modules are, for example, decoding modules. Furthermore, the subject matter disclosed herein can be applied to, for example, any type, format, or version of video encoding, whether described in standards or recommendations, whether pre-existing or future-developed, and any extensions to such standards and recommendations. Unless otherwise stated or technically excluded, the aspects described in this application may be used individually or in combination.

[0090] Various numerical values, such as bits and bit length, are used in the examples described in this application. These and other specific values ​​are for illustrative purposes only, and the aspects described are not limited to these specific values.

[0091] Figure 2 This is a diagram illustrating an example video encoder. Variations of the example encoder 200 are envisioned, but for clarity, encoder 200 is described below without describing all anticipated variations.

[0092] Before being encoded, the video sequence may undergo pre-coding (201), for example, by applying color transformations to the input color image (e.g., a conversion from RGB 4:4:4 to YCbCr 4:2:0), or by performing remapping of the input image components to obtain a more resilient signal distribution to compression (e.g., using histogram equalization with one of the color components). Metadata may be associated with the pre-processing and attached to the bitstream.

[0093] In encoder 200, as described below, the image is encoded by encoder elements. The image to be encoded is partitioned (202) and processed in units, for example, coding units (CUs). Each unit is encoded using, for example, an intra-frame mode or an inter-frame mode. When a unit is encoded in intra-frame mode, it performs intra-frame prediction (260). In inter-frame mode, motion estimation (275) and compensation (270) are performed. The encoder determines (205) which of the intra-frame or inter-frame modes is used to encode the unit and indicates the intra-frame / inter-frame decision by, for example, a prediction mode flag. For example, the prediction residual is calculated by subtracting (210) the prediction block from the original image block.

[0094] The predicted residual is then transformed (225) and quantized (230). The quantized transform coefficients, along with the motion vector and other syntax elements, are entropy encoded (245) to output a bitstream. The encoder can skip the transform and apply quantization directly to the untransformed residual signal. The encoder can bypass both the transform and quantization, i.e., directly encode the residual without applying either the transform or quantization process.

[0095] The encoder decodes the encoded blocks to provide a reference for further prediction. The quantized transform coefficients are dequantized (240) and inversely transformed (250) to decode the prediction residuals. The image blocks are reconstructed by combining (255) the decoded prediction residuals and the prediction blocks. An in-loop filter (265) is applied to the reconstructed image to perform, for example, deblocking / SAO (sample adaptive offset) filtering to reduce coding artifacts. The filtered image is stored at the reference image buffer (280).

[0096] Figure 3 This is a diagram illustrating an example video decoder. In the example decoder 300, as described below, the bitstream is decoded by decoder elements. The video decoder 300 typically performs operations similar to... Figure 2 The decode traversal is the inverse of the encoding traversal described in [the document]. Encoder 200 typically also performs video decoding as part of the encoding of video data.

[0097] Specifically, the input to the decoder includes a video bitstream, which can be generated by the video encoder 200. The bitstream is first entropy decoded (330) to obtain transform coefficients, motion vectors, and other encoded information. Picture partitioning information indicates how the picture is partitioned. Therefore, the decoder can partition (335) the picture based on the decoded picture partitioning information. The transform coefficients are dequantized (340) and inverse transformed (350) to decode the prediction residuals. By combining (355) the decoded prediction residuals and prediction blocks, the image blocks are reconstructed. The prediction blocks can be obtained (370) from intra-frame prediction (360) or motion-compensated prediction (i.e., inter-frame prediction) (375). An in-loop filter (365) is applied to the reconstructed image. The filtered image is stored at the reference picture buffer (380).

[0098] The decoded image can undergo further post-decoding processing (385), such as inverse color transformation (e.g., a conversion from YCbCr4:2:0 to RGB4:4:4) or inverse remapping of the remapping process performed in pre-encoding processing (201). Post-decoding processing can utilize metadata derived in pre-encoding processing and signaled in the bitstream. In one example, the decoded image (e.g., after applying an in-loop filter (365) and / or after post-decoding processing (385), if post-decoding processing is used) can be sent to a display device for presentation to a user.

[0099] Figure 4 This is a diagram illustrating examples of systems in which the various aspects and examples described herein may be implemented. System 400 may be embodied as a device including the various components described below and configured to perform one or more of the aspects described in this document. Examples of such devices include, but are not limited to, various electronic devices such as personal computers, laptop computers, smartphones, tablet computers, digital multimedia set-top boxes, digital television receivers, personal video recording systems, connected home appliances, and servers. Elements of system 400 may be embodied individually or in combination in a single integrated circuit (IC), multiple ICs, and / or discrete components. For example, in at least one example, the processing and encoder / decoder elements of system 400 are distributed across multiple ICs and / or discrete components. In various examples, system 400 is communicatively coupled to one or more other systems or other electronic devices via, for example, a communication bus or through dedicated input and / or output ports. In various examples, system 400 is configured to implement one or more of the aspects described in this document.

[0100] System 400 includes at least one processor 410 configured to execute instructions loaded thereon to implement various aspects, such as those described in this document. Processor 410 may include embedded memory, input / output interfaces, and various other circuitry as known in the art. System 400 includes at least one memory 420 (e.g., a volatile memory device and / or a non-volatile memory device). System 400 includes a storage device 440 which may include non-volatile memory and / or volatile memory, including but not limited to electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), random access memory (RAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), flash memory, disk drives, and / or optical disk drives. As a non-limiting example, storage device 440 may include internal storage devices, attached storage devices (including removable and non-removable storage devices), and / or network-accessible storage devices.

[0101] System 400 includes an encoder / decoder module 430 configured to, for example, process data to provide encoded or decoded video, and the encoder / decoder module 430 may include its own processor and memory. The encoder / decoder module 430 represents one or more modules that can be included in a device to perform encoding and / or decoding functions. As is known, a device may include one or both of an encoding module and a decoding module. Furthermore, as is known to those skilled in the art, the encoder / decoder module 430 may be implemented as a separate element of system 400, or it may be incorporated within processor 410 as a combination of hardware and software.

[0102] Program code to be loaded onto processor 410 or encoder / decoder 430 to execute the various aspects described in this document may be stored in storage device 440 and subsequently loaded onto memory 420 for execution by processor 410. Depending on various examples, one or more of processor 410, memory 420, storage device 440, and encoder / decoder module 430 may store one or more items of various kinds during the execution of the processes described in this document. Such stored items may include, but are not limited to, input video, decoded video or portions of decoded video, bitstreams, matrices, variables, and intermediate or final results from the processing of equations, formulas, operations, and operational logic.

[0103] In some examples, the memory within processor 410 and / or encoder / decoder module 430 is used to store instructions and provide working memory for processing required during encoding or decoding. However, in other examples, memory external to the processing device (e.g., the processing device itself may be processor 410 or encoder / decoder module 430) is used for one or more of these functions. External memory may be memory 420 and / or storage device 440, such as volatile memory and / or non-volatile flash memory. In several examples, external non-volatile flash memory is used to store, for example, the operating system of a television. In at least one example, fast external volatile memory such as RAM is used as working memory for video encoding and decoding operations.

[0104] Inputs to the components of system 400 can be provided by various input devices, as indicated in block 445. Such input devices include, but are not limited to: (i) an RF section that receives radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted over the air, for example by a broadcasting device; (ii) component (COMP) input terminals (or a set of COMP input terminals); (iii) universal serial bus (USB) input terminals; and / or (iv) high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) input terminals. Figure 4 Other examples not shown include composite videos.

[0105] In various examples, as is known in the art, the input device of block 445 has associated respective input processing elements. For example, the RF section may be associated with elements suitable for: (i) selecting a desired frequency (also known as selecting a signal, or limiting the signal band to a band), (ii) down-converting the selected signal, (iii) band-limiting it again to a narrower band to select, for example, the signal band that may be referred to as a channel in some examples, (iv) demodulating the down-converted and band-limited signal, (v) performing error correction, and / or (vi) demultiplexing to select a desired data packet stream. The RF section of various examples includes one or more elements to perform these functions, such as frequency selectors, signal selectors, band limiters, channel selectors, filters, downconverters, demodulators, error correctors, and demultiplexers. The RF section may include a tuner that performs various of these functions, including, for example, down-converting a received signal to a lower frequency (e.g., intermediate frequency or near-baseband frequency) or baseband. In one set-top box example, the RF section and its associated input processing elements receive RF signals transmitted via a wired (e.g., cable) medium and perform frequency selection by filtering, down-converting, and re-filtering to the desired frequency band. Various examples rearrange the order of the above (and other) components, remove some of these components, and / or add other components that perform similar or different functions. Adding components may include inserting components between existing components, such as, for example, inserting an amplifier and an analog-to-digital converter. In various examples, the RF section includes an antenna.

[0106] USB and / or HDMI terminals may include their respective interface processors for connecting system 400 to other electronic devices across USB and / or HDMI connections. It should be understood that various aspects of input processing (e.g., Reed-Solomon error correction) may be implemented as needed, for example, within a separate input processing IC or within processor 410. Similarly, various aspects of USB or HDMI interface processing may be implemented as needed, either within a separate interface IC or within processor 410. Demodulated, error-corrected, and demultiplexed streams are provided to various processing elements, including, for example, processor 410 and encoder / decoder 430, which operate in conjunction with memory and storage elements to process the data streams as needed for presentation on an output device.

[0107] Various components of system 400 can be housed within an integrated housing. Within the integrated housing, various components can be interconnected and transfer data between them using a suitable connection arrangement 425 (e.g., internal buses as known in the art, including inter-IC (I2C) buses, wiring, and printed circuit boards).

[0108] System 400 includes a communication interface 450 that enables communication with other devices via a communication channel 460. The communication interface 450 may include, but is not limited to, a transceiver configured to transmit and receive data via the communication channel 460. The communication interface 450 may include, but is not limited to, a modem or network interface card (NIC), and the communication channel 460 may be implemented, for example, in a wired and / or wireless medium.

[0109] In various examples, data is streamed to or otherwise provided to system 400 using a wireless network such as a Wi-Fi network (e.g., IEEE 802.11 (IEEE refers to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)). In these examples, the Wi-Fi signal is received via a communication channel 460 and a communication interface 450 suitable for Wi-Fi communication. The communication channel 460 in these examples is typically connected to an access point or router that provides access to external networks, including the Internet, to allow streaming applications and other over-the-top communications. Other examples use a set-top box that delivers data via an HDMI connection to input block 445 to provide streaming data to system 400. Still other examples use an RF connection to input block 445 to provide streaming data to system 400. As indicated above, various examples provide data in a non-streaming manner. Furthermore, various examples use wireless networks instead of Wi-Fi, such as cellular networks or Bluetooth® networks.

[0110] System 400 can provide output signals to various output devices, including display 475, speaker 485, and other peripheral devices 495. Display 475, in various examples, includes one or more of, for example, a touchscreen display, an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display, a flexible display, and / or a foldable display. Display 475 can be used in televisions, tablets, laptops, cellular phones (mobile phones), or other devices. Display 475 can also be integrated with other components (e.g., as in a smartphone) or separate (e.g., an external monitor for a laptop). In various examples, other peripheral devices 495 include one or more of a standalone digital video disc (or digital multifunction disc) (DVD for both terms), a disc player, a stereo system, and / or a lighting system. Various examples use one or more peripheral devices 495 that provide functionality based on the output of system 400. For example, a disc player performs the function of playing the output of system 400.

[0111] In various examples, signaling such as AV links, Consumer Electronics Control (CEC), or other communication protocols that enable inter-device control with or without user intervention is used to communicate control signals between system 400 and display 475, speaker 485, or other peripheral devices 495. Output devices can be communicatively coupled to system 400 via dedicated connections through their respective interfaces 470, 480, and 490. Alternatively, output devices can be connected to system 400 via communication interface 450 using communication channel 460. Display 475 and speaker 485 can be integrated into a single unit with other components of system 400 in electronic devices such as, for example, a television set. In various examples, display interface 470 includes display drivers, such as, for example, a timing controller (TCon) chip.

[0112] For example, if the RF section of input 445 is part of a standalone set-top box, then display 475 and speaker 485 can alternatively be separate from one or more other components. In various examples where display 475 and speaker 485 are external components, the output signal can be provided via dedicated output connections, including, for example, an HDMI port, a USB port, or a COMP output.

[0113] The example can be implemented by computer software implemented by processor 410, or by hardware, or by a combination of hardware and software. As a non-limiting example, the example can be implemented by one or more integrated circuits. As a non-limiting example, memory 420 can be of any type suitable for the technical environment and can be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as optical storage devices, magnetic storage devices, semiconductor-based memory devices, fixed memory, and removable memory. As a non-limiting example, processor 410 can be of any type suitable for the technical environment and can encompass one or more of microprocessors, general-purpose computers, special-purpose computers, and processors based on multi-core architectures.

[0114] Various implementations involve decoding. As used herein, “decoding” can include, for example, performing all or part of the processing on a received encoded sequence to produce a final output suitable for display. In various examples, such a process includes one or more processes typically performed by a decoder, such as entropy decoding, inverse quantization, inverse transform, and differential decoding. In various examples, such a process may also, or alternatively, include processes performed by a decoder of the various implementations described herein, such as identifying a reference image (e.g., a reference frame) associated with a block (e.g., the current block), receiving bitstream haptic data including haptic keyframes associated with haptic bands (the haptic keyframes may be interpolated), wherein the haptic frames exist in the haptic data at predetermined time intervals, decoding the haptic keyframes, and rendering the haptic data including the haptic keyframes on a haptic rendering device.

[0115] As further examples, in one example, "decoding" refers only to entropy decoding; in another example, "decoding" refers only to differential decoding; and in yet another example, "decoding" refers to a combination of entropy decoding and differential decoding. It will be clear, and is considered well understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, whether the phrase "decoding process" is intended to refer specifically to a subset of operations or to a broader decoding process, based on the specific context of the description.

[0116] Various implementations involve encoding. In a manner similar to the discussion above regarding “decoding,” “encoding,” as used herein, can include, for example, performing all or part of a process on an input video sequence to produce an encoded bitstream. In various examples, such a process includes one or more processes typically performed by an encoder, such as partitioning, differential coding, transform, quantization, and entropy coding. In various examples, such a process may also or alternatively include processes performed by an encoder of the various implementations described herein, such as determining a timestamp for adding haptic keyframes associated with a haptic band, interpolating haptic frames, adding haptic keyframes associated with the haptic band, wherein the keyframes are added at the determined timestamps, encoding haptic data including the haptic keyframes, and transmitting the encoded data in the bitstream.

[0117] As further examples, in one example, "encoding" refers only to entropy encoding; in another, "encoding" refers only to differential encoding; and in yet another, "encoding" refers to a combination of differential and entropy encoding. It will be clear, and is considered well understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, whether the phrase "encoding process" is intended to refer specifically to a subset of operations or to a broader encoding process, based on the specific context of the description.

[0118] Note that the syntax elements used here, such as the coding syntax for template matching prediction, including but not limited to flags (indicating true or false values, signaling whether MIHS units or MIHS groups are synchronized), are descriptive terms. Accordingly, they do not preclude the use of other syntax element names.

[0119] When a diagram is presented as a flowchart, it should be understood that it also provides a block diagram of the corresponding device. Similarly, when a diagram is presented as a block diagram, it should be understood that it also provides a flowchart of the corresponding method / process.

[0120] The implementations and aspects described herein can be implemented, for example, in a method or process, apparatus, software program, data stream, or signal. Even if discussed only in the context of a single implementation (e.g., discussed only as a method), the implementation of the discussed features can also be implemented in other forms (e.g., apparatus or program). An apparatus can be implemented, for example, in appropriate hardware, software, and firmware. A method can be implemented, for example, in a processor, which generally refers to a processing device, including, for example, a computer, microprocessor, integrated circuit, or programmable logic device. A processor also includes communication devices, such as, for example, a computer, a cellular phone, a portable / personal digital assistant (“PDA”), and other devices that facilitate information communication between end users.

[0121] References to “an example” or “an example” or “an implementation” or “an implementation”, and their other variations, mean that the specific feature, structure, characteristic, etc., described in connection with the example is included in at least one example. Therefore, the appearance of the phrase “in an example” or “in the example” or “in an implementation” or “in the implementation”, and any other variations appearing in different places throughout the application, do not necessarily refer to the same example.

[0122] Additionally, this application may refer to "determining" various information fragments. Determining information may include, for example, one or more of estimated information, calculated information, predicted information, or information retrieved from memory. Obtaining may include receiving, retrieving, constructing, generating, and / or determining.

[0123] Furthermore, this application may refer to "accessing" various information fragments. Accessing information may include, for example, receiving information, retrieving information (e.g., from memory), storing information, moving information, copying information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information, or one or more of these.

[0124] Additionally, this application may refer to "receiving" various pieces of information. Like "accessing," receiving is intended to be a broad term. Receiving information may include, for example, accessing information or retrieving information (e.g., from memory) one or more. Furthermore, "receiving" is generally referred to in one way or another during operations such as, for example, storing information, processing information, transmitting information, moving information, copying information, erasing information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information.

[0125] It will be understood that the use of any of the following “ / ”, “and / or”, and “…at least one of…”, for example, in the cases of “A / B”, “A and / or B”, and “at least one of A and B”, is intended to include selecting only the first listed option (A), or only the second listed option (B), or selecting both options (A and B). As another example, in the cases of “A, B, and / or C” and “at least one of A, B, and C”, such wording is intended to include selecting only the first listed option (A), or only the second listed option (B), or only the third listed option (C), or only the first and second listed options (A and B), or only the first and third listed options (A and C), or only the second and third listed options (B and C), or selecting all three options (A, B, and C). As will be apparent to those skilled in the art and related fields, this can be extended to a large number of listed items.

[0126] Furthermore, as used herein, the word "signal" specifically refers, among other things, to instructing the corresponding decoder to do something. Encoder signals may include, for example, encoding functions on the input of a block using a precision factor. In this way, in the examples, the same parameters can be used on both the encoder and decoder sides. Thus, for example, the encoder can transmit (explicitly signal) specific parameters to the decoder so that the decoder can use the same specific parameters. Conversely, if the decoder already has specific parameters as well as other parameters, signaling can be used without transmission (implicitly signal) to simply allow the decoder to know and select specific parameters. Bit savings are achieved in various examples by avoiding the transmission of any actual function. It will be understood that signaling can be implemented in many ways. For example, in various examples, one or more syntax elements, flags, etc., are used to signal information to the corresponding decoder. Although the verb form of the word "signal" has been mentioned above, the word "signal" can be used (e.g., also) as a noun in this text.

[0127] As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the implementation can generate various signals, which are formatted to carry information, for example, that can be stored or transmitted. This information may include, for example, instructions for performing a method, or data generated by one of the implementations. For example, the signal may be formatted to carry a bitstream of the example. Such a signal may be formatted as, for example, electromagnetic waves (e.g., using the radio frequency portion of the spectrum) or baseband signals. Formatting may include, for example, encoding the data stream and modulating a carrier wave with the encoded data stream. The information carried by the signal may be, for example, analog or digital information. As is known, the signal can be transmitted via a variety of different wired or wireless links. The signal may be stored on, accessed from, or received from a processor-readable medium.

[0128] This document describes numerous examples. Features of the examples may be provided individually or in any combination across various claim classes and types. Furthermore, examples may include one or more of the features, devices, or aspects described herein, individually or in any combination across various claim classes and types. For example, the features described herein may be implemented in a bitstream or signal including information generated as described herein. According to any of the embodiments described, this information may allow a decoder to decode the bitstream, encoder, bitstream, and / or decoder. For example, the features described herein may be implemented by creating and / or transmitting and / or receiving and / or decoding a bitstream or signal. For example, the features described herein may be implemented as a method, process, apparatus, medium storing instructions, medium storing data, or signal. For example, the features described herein may be implemented by a TV, set-top box, cellular phone, tablet computer, or other electronic device performing decoding. The TV, set-top box, cellular phone, tablet computer, or other electronic device may display (e.g., using a monitor, screen, or other type of display) the obtained image (e.g., an image reconstructed from a residual of a video bitstream). The TV, set-top box, cellular phone, tablet computer, or other electronic device may receive a signal including an encoded image and perform decoding.

[0129] These examples can be executed by a device having at least one processor. The device can be an encoder or a decoder. These examples can be executed by a computer program product stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium and including program code instructions. These examples can be executed by a computer program including program code instructions. These examples can be executed by a bitstream including information representing a template-matching prediction pattern.

[0130] Figure 5 An example of an MPEG haptic data structure is shown. This format's data structure can have a hierarchical organization (e.g., as...). Figure 5(As shown). The MPEG haptic data structure can include multiple channels.

[0131] A haptic encoding format can include metadata (e.g., high-level metadata) information about the overall haptic experience defined in the file. The haptic encoding format can provide a list of avatars (e.g., body representations) that can be referenced in the file to specify the desired location of haptic stimuli on the body. Haptic data can be described by a list of perceptions. These perceptions can correspond to haptic signals associated with a specific perceptual modality (e.g., vibration, force, position, velocity, temperature, etc.). Perceptions can include a list of orbits, where data can be decomposed into frequency bands.

[0132] One or more frequency bands can define a portion of a signal within a frequency range. For example, a frequency band can be described using a list of haptic effects. Haptic effects can include a list of keyframes. For instance, haptic signals in a track can be reconstructed by combining data from different frequency bands.

[0133] Figure 6 An example is shown where a tactile signal (bottom) is decomposed into two frequency bands (top). The original signal can be reconstructed by processing (adding / multiplying) the high-frequency band and low-frequency band associated with the tactile signal.

[0134] Haptic coding formats can be implemented using a variety of (e.g., four) types of haptic frequency bands, such as transient bands, curve bands, wave bands, and vector wave bands. For wave bands, various types of coding modes (e.g., two types) (e.g., vector, wavelet, etc.) can be used. A frequency band can include a series of effects, and each effect can be defined by a list of keyframes. For different types of haptic frequency bands and coding modes, the data included in the effects and keyframes can be interpreted differently. For example, for transient bands, each effect can store a set of keyframes defining position, amplitude, and frequency. Keyframes may represent transient events. In one example, for curve bands, each effect can store a set of keyframes defining position and amplitude. Keyframes may represent control points of the curve or be associated with control points of the curve. Various types of interpolation techniques (e.g., cubic or linear) can be used to synthesize the signal that will be played on the haptic device. This can be specified in the frequency band's metadata. In one example, for vector wave bands, an effect can store a set of keyframes defining position, amplitude, and frequency. In another example, for wavelet bands, an effect can store the content of a wavelet block. This effect can include keyframes for each coefficient of the wavelet-transformed and quantized signal, for example, using only the amplitude value. The coefficients can be scaled to the range [-1, 1]. The original maximum amplitude and the maximum number of bits used can be stored in the keyframes.

[0135] Figure 7An example of tactile data including a single tactile perception with two channels is shown. For example... Figure 7 As shown, one channel (Channel 1) includes a curve band with a single effect and a vector band with four effects. Another channel (Channel 2) includes a single curve band.

[0136] Figure 8 An exemplary MPEG codec architecture is shown. For example... Figure 8 The codec architecture shown can handle both waveforms (e.g., PCM waveforms (WAV)) and descriptive haptic files (such as AHAP, IVS, or HJIF, MPEG formats (e.g., as provided herein)). Metadata information can be provided to the codec via OHM input files. The encoder can process the two types of input files differently. For example, in the case of descriptive content, semantic analysis can be performed on the input to transcode the data (e.g., if needed) into a proposed coded representation. In one example, in the case of PCM content, the signal analysis process can be divided into two sub-processes. After performing band decomposition on the signal, different bands (e.g., one or more bands) can be encoded into a set of keyframes.

[0137] Figure 6 An example of encoding low frequencies using a keyframe extraction process is shown. One or more low-frequency bands are reconstructed, and the error between this signal and the original low-frequency signal is calculated. This residual signal is then added to the original high-frequency bands before encoding using wavelet transform.

[0138] The encoder can output two types of formats, such as an exchange file format encoded as JSON (.hjif) and a binary-encoded streaming format (MIHS) that can be stored as a binary file (.hmpg). The encoder can send MPEG-I haptic stream (MIHS) bitstreams to the decoding entity.

[0139] like Figure 8 As shown, the decoding entity can receive MIHS bitstreams as input binary .hmpg files (MIHS bitstreams). The decoding entity can output .hjif files. In one example, the decoding entity can directly synthesize haptic data. The haptic data can be part of the .hjif file and can be rendered directly on the haptic device or using an intermediate synthesizer that generates PCM data.

[0140] Haptic streaming can be used to support haptics via Dynamic Streaming over HTTP (DASH) (e.g., using ISOBMFF data containers) and media access capabilities in MPEG-I scene description and application engine technologies. Haptic streaming can be used to integrate haptic experiences into linear content, such as movies, music, or other forms of streaming entertainment. Streaming can be used as a mechanism for delivering linear content, such as video or audio, with little or no intermediate storage. Streaming can be achieved by dividing data into small subsets called packages, which can be sent sequentially and interpreted on the fly by a client entity. These packages can be independent (e.g., called synchronous packages) or dependent (e.g., called asynchronous packages). Asynchronous packages may depend on previous packages synthesized by a renderer, while synchronous packages may be interpreted without prior packaging. Independent packages may be used frequently. A package can include two parts: a header and a payload. The header can include metadata and information that can be used by a decoding entity to read the payload and interpret the data. The payload can include data that will be interpreted by the decoding entity receiving the payload.

[0141] Figure 9 An example of MIHS cell grouping is shown. The encapsulation of the MIHS format can have a variable duration and can include the following two levels of grouping: (1) MIHS cells that cover a duration and include zero or more MIHS groups; and (2) MIHS groups that may include metadata or haptic effect data.

[0142] Headers can be sent at the MIHS unit level and / or the MIHS packet level. The headers at the MIHS unit level or the MIHS packet level may include flags (e.g., a single Boolean true or false value) used to signal whether the MIHS unit or MIHS packets are synchronized. An MIHS unit is said to be synchronized if every MIHS packet it includes is synchronized. Otherwise, the MIHS unit is said to be out of sync.

[0143] Figure 10 It shows, for example, based on Figure 7 The example shown is an example of MIHS grouping of exemplary tactile data. Figure 10As shown, for each MIHS unit, MIHS packets can be created for each frequency band of each channel (e.g., channel 1 to channel 2) during the duration of the MIHS unit (e.g., MIHS unit 1, 2, or 3). MIHS units can include one or more haptic data packets that can be defined for a given time range. MIHS initialization units can be used to store timing and metadata packets. In this example, MIHS packets associated with a given unit may depend on MIHS packets from previous units. For example, depending on the chosen interpolation method, MIHS packet 4 may depend on MIHS packet 1, and MIHS packet 7 may depend on MIHS packet 4 or MIHS packets 4 and 1.

[0144] Figure 11 An exemplary grouping is illustrated, where each group of a frequency band (e.g., frequency band 1) may depend on a data group (e.g., data group 1). Therefore, each MIHS unit following the first MIHS unit may subsequently be asynchronous. Encapsulation strategies for streaming haptic signals may be insufficient. For example, in the case of video and audio media, video and / or audio signals may be sampled at a fixed frequency, which allows defining a fixed number of samples to be encapsulated. This may not hold true for haptic signals, such as... Figure 11 As shown.

[0145] This is an encapsulation strategy implemented by the encoding entity when creating MIHS packets for each frequency band of each channel. Data in each frequency band can be segmented into multiple MIHS packets; for example, each frequency band may include data within the time range of an associated MIHS unit. If a frequency band includes an effect with a duration longer than the MIHS unit, the effect can be segmented into multiple packets. Each packet may include data covering its time range. A packet storing data for an effect that began in a previous packet may depend on that previous packet unless it includes a keyframe at the start time of the packet. For temporal MIHS units, the duration of the MIHS unit (and therefore the associated MIHS packets) can be fixed. This strategy may result in the creation of a large number of dependent MIHS units.

[0146] Figure 12 An exemplary grouping strategy based on haptic effects within a frequency band is illustrated. Figure 12 As shown, the effect of band 2 can be used to perform segmentation to select the duration of the MIHS cell, as indicated by the vertical line. In one example, for both the curve band and the vector band, the duration of the effect can be longer than the duration of the associated MIHS cell. In this case, the effect can be segmented into multiple groups. Each subsequent group may potentially depend on the first group. This is in Figure 12As shown, almost all packets containing data from the first frequency band depend on the first packet of that frequency band. Using this method, no MIHS cell can be interpreted independently except for the first cell.

[0147] Figure 13 An example of a tactile track with two frequency bands (band 1 and band 2) is shown. The first frequency band (band 1) is a curved band, and the second frequency band (band 2) is a vector wave band. Figure 13 As shown, keyframes without curve bands correspond to transitions between waveband effects. In one example, even if the duration of each MIHS unit is set so that effects in one band (band 1) are not split into multiple groups (creating independent groups for that band), it is unlikely to align with effects from another band (band 2). This approach may be unsuitable if a band contains multiple overlapping effects. Figure 13 As shown, appropriately selecting the MIHS unit duration allows for the creation of independent groups for the second band (band 2). Effects from the first band (band 1) can still be segmented into multiple dependent groups, thus creating multiple dependent MIHS units. This phenomenon may occur in subsets of band types provided in MPEG haptic-based systems (e.g., two of the four band types (curved band and vector wave band)).

[0148] In the example, wavelet bands can be defined using fixed-size blocks. The MIHS cell duration can be a multiple of the block length. Therefore, MIHS cell dependency may not be caused by this type of band. In the example, transient bands can be represented using a single, self-contained keyframe. This type of band also does not cause MIHS cell dependency.

[0149] Some encoder implementations can leverage MIHS unit dependencies. In this case, for example, when using curve bands and vector wave bands, the entire haptic experience can depend on the first MIHS unit. To decode and render the conveyed haptic experience, each MIHS unit must be received in advance without packet loss.

[0150] Systems, methods, and means are provided for adding haptic keyframes to a haptic experience. Haptic keyframes can be added during the encapsulation step of the haptic experience. Haptic keyframes can be added to haptic bands. Haptic keyframes can be added at timestamps or frequencies (e.g., defined duration frequencies). Added haptic keyframes can be interpolated. For example, added haptic keyframes can be interpolated based on one or more of previous or subsequent haptic keyframes of the haptic effect. Interpolation methods can be used to interpolate the added haptic keyframes. The interpolation method used to render the haptic track can be determined or known. Various supported interpolation methods may include one or more of the following: “linear,” “cubic,” “Akima,” “Bezier,” or “Bspline.” In one example, the interpolation method used may be unknown: “unknown.” The systems, methods, and means described herein are not limited to the listed interpolation methods. Other interpolation methods can be utilized, for example, to evaluate new keyframes based on the required number of keyframes.

[0151] Figure 14 An exemplary keyframe interpolation mechanism is illustrated. For example... Figure 14 As shown, haptic keyframes can be added to the first frequency band (frequency band 1) at timestamp t. This timestamp can correspond to the end of the effect shown in the second frequency band (frequency band 2). Figure 14 As shown, two signals are separated into two frequency bands (band 1 and band 2). The first frequency band (band 1) includes one unique effect, and the second frequency band (band 2) includes two haptic effects, e.g., defined by a boundary. A mechanism can be provided for interpolating a new keyframe for the first frequency band (band 1) at timestamp t. In one example, it can be assumed that the interpolation method uses two keyframes to perform the interpolation: the previous keyframe and the next keyframe at timestamp t. Some interpolation mechanisms can utilize more than two keyframes; for example, cubic interpolation can utilize all keyframes associated with the effect to perform the interpolation. Figure 14 As shown, the new keyframe K 12 It can be interpolated and added to the effect on band 1. A new keyframe K can be added at timestamp t. 12 .

[0152] Keyframe interpolation mechanisms can be used for two frequency band types—curved bands and vector wave bands. For both band types, new keyframes can be interpolated and given a position (e.g., a new position). For curved bands, the keyframe interpolation mechanisms described herein can be used to calculate the amplitude of new keyframes. For vector wave bands, the keyframe interpolation mechanisms described herein can be used to calculate amplitude and / or frequency, if needed.

[0153] Systems, methods, and means are provided for performing at least one of the following: adding keyframes (e.g., in the encapsulation step of a haptic distribution format); for example, simplifying bitstream encapsulation by adding haptic keyframes based on the desired MIHS cell duration through policy timestamps. The systems, methods, and means disclosed herein can be used for at least two types of haptic frequency bands—curved bands and vector wave bands. The systems, methods, and means disclosed herein are compatible with other haptic signal rendering methods.

[0154] Figure 15 An example of an interpolation mechanism for curve band type keyframes is shown. For curve band type, keyframes can be represented using position (e.g., time and / or space) and amplitude. Figure 15 As shown, each point on the curve represents a haptic keyframe. Each haptic keyframe has a location and amplitude that can be used to describe the effect. The curved line represents the use of interpolation technique F. int Rendering signals. For example... Figure 15 As shown, each MIHS unit has a fixed duration t. Given the fixed duration t of a MIHS unit, the curve band must be grouped into three distinct groups, which are encapsulated within three temporal MIHS units. A MIHS unit is represented using three rectangles (from t0 to t1, t1 to t2, and t2 to t3). In one example, keyframes K1, K2, and K3 can be included in the first MIHS data group, which is the first temporal MIHS unit. The second temporal MIHS unit (e.g., a MIHS unit dependent on the first MIHS unit) can include MIHS data groups containing keyframes K4, K5, K6, and K7. The third and final temporal MIHS units can include MIHS data groups containing keyframes K8 and K9 (which are therefore dependent on the second MIHS unit and may also depend on the first unit). Keyframes K3' and K7' can be added at timestamps corresponding to the end of the first and second MIHS time units, respectively marked t1 and t2. Adding keyframes K3' and K7' allows for the transmission and / or processing of individual MIHS units.

[0155] Adding new keyframes can be done by splitting the effect or keeping it a single effect. In one example, the effect can be split into shorter effects. Shorter effects can start and end using newly added keyframes at the boundaries of the MIHS cells. In this case, the MIHS data can be split into three MIHS groups. Figure 15As shown, the first group may include a first effect with keyframes K1, K2, K3, and K3'. The second group may include a second effect with keyframes K3', K4, K5, K6, K7, and K7'. The third group may include a third effect with keyframes K7', K8, and K9. In this case, no effect can span several data groups. This arrangement allows each group (and therefore each unit) to be independent. Each MIHS unit can then be composited independently. Each independent MIHS unit and group can be rendered independently without any additional latency. In the case of random access, each independent MIHS unit and / or group can be rendered independently and directly.

[0156] In one example, the effect can be segmented and stored across multiple groups. To allow each group to be rendered independently, each keyframe can be created at the junction of two groups and added to both groups. For example... Figure 15 As shown, the first group may include a first part with the effects of keyframes K1, K2, K3, and K3'. The second group may include a second part with the effects of keyframes K3', K4, K5, K6, K7, and K7'. The third group may contain a third part with the effects of keyframes K7', K8, and K9. The keyframe interpolation mechanism enables real-time decoding and compositing. The keyframes included in each group can be used to compose curves spanning the time span of the MIHS unit. For example, in the case of cubic interpolation, this may result in some minor artifacts, but may lead to rendering of haptic data without any delay.

[0157] In one example, for offline decoding, the effect can be reassembled as the original. Keyframes that may have been copied in two consecutive groups can be merged, for example, to avoid rendering artifacts.

[0158] Pseudocode 1 illustrates an exemplary method for calculating the magnitude of keyframes for interpolation. In one example, a new keyframe type can be introduced to reset the interpolation.

[0159] Pseudocode 1: .

[0160] In one example, the interpolation method can be known, for example, provided in the metadata of the haptic band. The `newPosition` parameter can correspond to a timestamp where a new keyframe can be placed. The `listKeyframes` parameter can indicate all keyframes present in the haptic effect for performing interpolation. Pseudocode 2 illustrates an exemplary grouping of the haptic band.

[0161] Pseudocode 2: .

[0162] As shown in pseudocode 2, different effects within a haptic frequency band can be segmented to fit the duration of a MIHS unit. Effects with durations spanning two or more MIHS units can be segmented into multiple desired effect sub-parts, such that each sub-part fits one MIHS unit. Newly created effects can be achieved using a new set of keyframes (e.g., two). These new keyframes can be placed at the start and end timestamps corresponding to the MIHS unit. The resulting segmentation allows the codec to independently interpret and / or synthesize MIHS units.

[0163] Figure 16 An example of a keyframe interpolation mechanism for vector wave bands is shown. For this band type, multiple keyframes (e.g., two keyframes) can be used to describe the effect. For example, the first keyframe can be located at the beginning of the effect, and the second keyframe can be located at the end of the effect. Keyframes for vector wave band types can be represented using location, time or space, optional amplitude, and optional relative frequency. For keyframe interpolation, the amplitude must be specified to achieve continuity of the effect after segmentation. For example, if at least one of the keyframes used for interpolation has a specified frequency, then the frequency must be interpolated.

[0164] like Figure 16 As shown, in this example, three time-based MIHS units can be used to perform packetization. Each MIHS unit can include MIHS data packets transmitting one keyframe, namely K1, K2, and K3. Only the first MIHS unit can be a synchronization unit, and the remaining units can depend on the first unit. To have independent MIHS units, two keyframes can be added at timestamps t1 and t2 respectively. and .

[0165] The amplitude and frequency of the new keyframe can be calculated using the same algorithms described in pseudocode 1 and 2. Pseudocode 1, used to determine the interpolateKeyFrame, can be applied to evaluate the frequency, as shown in the example in pseudocode 3.

[0166] Pseudocode 3: .

[0167] Although the features and elements have been described above in specific combinations, those skilled in the art will understand that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with other features and elements. Furthermore, the methods described herein can be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware contained in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted via wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor storage devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROMs and digital multifunction discs (DVDs). A processor associated with the software can be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver used in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host.

Claims

1. A tactile coding device, comprising: The processor is configured as follows: Receives tactile frequency band indications; Tactile keyframes are determined based on indications of tactile frequency bands, wherein the tactile keyframes are associated with group duration; The encoding includes tactile data from tactile keyframes; and Encoded tactile data is transmitted in the signal.

2. A haptic rendering device, comprising: The processor is configured as follows: Receives signals including tactile data; Decoding tactile data; Tactile keyframes are determined based on indications of tactile frequency bands, wherein the tactile keyframes are associated with group duration; and Render the haptic band, including haptic keyframes, on the rendering device.

3. The device according to claim 1, wherein, The group duration includes a timestamp, and the processor is further configured to: Obtain a first keyframe and a second keyframe, wherein the first keyframe appears before the timestamp and the second keyframe appears after the timestamp; and The haptic keyframes are further determined based on interpolation, wherein the interpolation is based on a first keyframe, a second keyframe, and a timestamp to indicate the position of the haptic keyframe, and wherein the position of the haptic keyframe indicates the amplitude or frequency of the haptic band at the timestamp.

4. The device according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein, The duration of the group is at least one of an MPEG-I Haptic Stream (MIHS) unit or an MIHS group.

5. The device according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein, The processor is also configured to determine the haptic keyframes based on frequencies associated with the haptic frequency band.

6. The device according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein, The processor is also configured to determine the haptic keyframes based on timestamps, wherein the timestamps correspond to the start of the group duration.

7. The device according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein, The tactile frequency band is at least one of a curve frequency band or a vector wave frequency band.

8. A tactile encoding method, comprising: Receives tactile frequency band indications; Tactile keyframes are determined based on indications of tactile frequency bands, wherein the tactile keyframes are associated with group duration; The encoding includes tactile data from the tactile keyframes; and Encoded tactile data is transmitted in the signal.

9. A haptic rendering method, comprising: Receives signals including tactile data; Decoding tactile data; Tactile keyframes are determined based on indications of tactile frequency bands, wherein the tactile keyframes are associated with group duration; and Decode the haptic band including the haptic keyframes on the haptic rendering device.

10. The method of claim 8, wherein the grouping duration includes a timestamp, and wherein the method further comprises: Obtain a first keyframe and a second keyframe, wherein the first keyframe appears before the timestamp and the second keyframe appears after the timestamp; and The haptic keyframes are further determined based on interpolation, wherein the interpolation is based on a first keyframe, a second keyframe, and a timestamp to indicate the position of the haptic keyframe, and wherein the position of the haptic keyframe indicates the amplitude or frequency of the haptic band at the timestamp.

11. The method according to any one of claims 8-10, wherein, The duration of the group is at least one of an MPEG-I Haptic Stream (MIHS) unit or an MIHS group.

12. The method according to any one of claims 8-11, wherein, The method also includes determining the tactile keyframes based on frequencies associated with the tactile frequency band.

13. The method according to any one of claims 8-11, wherein, The method further includes determining the haptic keyframe based on a timestamp, wherein the timestamp corresponds to the start of the group duration.

14. The method according to any one of claims 8-13, wherein, The tactile frequency band is at least one of a curve frequency band or a vector wave frequency band.

15. A signal comprising information representing an encoded output generated by the method according to at least one of claims 8 and 10-14.

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