Potato planting method

Abstract

The invention discloses a potato planting method in the field of agricultural planting. According to the method, firstly, the nanogel material is synthesized through a precise sol-gel and in-situ polymerization process, the preparation process comprises the steps of forming a titanium alkoxide precursor under inert protection, introducing an organic monomer and a dopant, triggering a synchronous hydrolytic polymerization reaction, and finally obtaining a product with a stable hybrid structure through low-temperature calcination. The special culture medium is prepared from the material, vermiculite, turf and a slow release fertilizer according to a specific proportion. During planting, potato seeds are disinfected, diced and mixed with seeds, the matrix is applied in sowing furrows after deep ploughing and ridging, sowing is conducted, irrigation is conducted according to the soil moisture content, high-potassium water-soluble fertilizer is applied in the key expansion period, and monitoring, prevention and control are conducted on late blight till harvesting is conducted. Through the synergistic effect of the materials and the method, the rhizosphere microenvironment can be effectively optimized, the water and fertilizer utilization efficiency can be improved, the crop resistance can be enhanced, and finally the yield increase and quality improvement of the potatoes and the simplification and labor saving of the planting process are achieved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of agricultural planting technology, and specifically relates to a method for planting potatoes. Background Technology

[0002] As a globally important dual-purpose crop for both food and vegetables, the stable and efficient production of potatoes is crucial for ensuring food supply. However, traditional potato cultivation methods have long faced several prominent bottlenecks that hinder their sustainable development. On the one hand, conventional farming methods consume significant soil resources, easily leading to soil compaction, organic matter depletion, and microbial imbalance. This, in turn, reduces the soil's water and fertilizer retention capacity and increases the risk of soil-borne diseases, directly hindering healthy tuber formation and enlargement. On the other hand, the extensive water and fertilizer management methods commonly relied upon in pursuit of yield not only result in low utilization rates of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and increased production costs, but also bring environmental pressure from agricultural non-point source pollution. Furthermore, disease control, such as late blight, mainly relies on periodic chemical pesticide spraying. This passive approach may become less effective due to increased pesticide resistance and also exacerbates product safety and ecological security risks. Although existing technologies attempt to partially alleviate the above-mentioned contradictions through individual measures such as improving substrate formulation, promoting drip irrigation facilities, or implementing integrated pest management, these efforts are often fragmented and lack a comprehensive solution that starts from the core interface of crop rhizosphere, synergistically improves soil physical structure, intelligently regulates water and fertilizer supply, and systematically enhances plant stress resistance.

[0003] With the interdisciplinary integration of materials science and agricultural technology, improving agricultural production conditions using functional materials has become an active research direction. Among them, organic-inorganic hybrid materials have attracted attention due to their designable functionality and structural stability. The academic community has attempted to introduce certain nanomaterials or polymeric water-retaining agents into the soil to achieve the goals of moisture retention, slow release, or regulation of microbial activity. However, these attempts mostly have significant limitations: some nanomaterials are expensive and their environmental behavior and long-term ecological risks are unclear, making large-scale agricultural application difficult; common water-retaining agents often have single functions, poor durability in complex soil chemical and biological environments, and insufficient matching with soil nutrient cycling and the entire crop growth cycle. More importantly, existing materials technologies rarely "tailor-make" materials specifically for the specific growth habits and rhizosphere environment characteristics of potatoes, failing to dynamically couple the multifunctionality of materials (such as structural support, slow nutrient release, and disease inhibition) with the actual needs of potatoes at different growth stages. Therefore, developing a dedicated functional material with good environmental compatibility, controllable cost, and seamless integration with efficient potato cultivation agronomy, and its application method, has become a technological gap that urgently needs to be filled in this field.

[0004] In summary, current technical problems in potato cultivation are concentrated in soil degradation, low resource utilization efficiency, and heavy pressure from disease control. Existing improvement technologies are fragmented and lack support from high-performance, specialized agricultural materials. Although advancements in materials science have provided new tools, translating them into stable, efficient, and easily implemented agricultural practices remains a challenge. Therefore, there is an urgent need to invent a novel technological approach. This approach requires not only the creation of a specialized functional material that fundamentally optimizes the potato rhizosphere microenvironment but also a complementary, easily operable, and standardized cultivation and management program. This will systematically improve the overall benefits of potato cultivation and drive the industry's transformation and upgrading towards resource conservation, environmental friendliness, and high productivity. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In view of the shortcomings of the existing technology, the purpose of this invention is to provide a method for planting potatoes.

[0006] A first aspect of the present invention provides a method for planting potatoes, comprising the following steps:

[0007] S1. Select healthy, virus-free seed potatoes that have passed their dormancy period. Use a knife sterilized with potassium permanganate solution to cut the seed potatoes into pieces. Coat the cut seed potatoes with a mixture of thiophanate-methyl and talc powder to obtain pretreated potato seed potatoes. Mix boron-nitrogen co-doped titanium-based organic-inorganic hybrid nanogel with vermiculite and peat moss to obtain a mixed substrate. Add nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound slow-release fertilizer to the mixed substrate and stir to obtain the cultivation substrate.

[0008] S2. Deeply plow and harrow the plot to create ridges; make a planting furrow in the center of the ridge and fill the bottom of the furrow with the cultivation substrate to obtain a substrate layer; place the pre-treated potato seed tubers with the sprouts facing up on the substrate layer, and then cover the pre-treated potato seed tubers with soil.

[0009] S3. Irrigate along the furrows; throughout the entire growth period, irrigate according to the weather conditions and the dryness and moisture of the soil surface, apply topdressing during the tuber enlargement period, and apply high-potassium water-soluble fertilizer with drip irrigation.

[0010] S4. During the mid-to-late growth stages, monitor for late blight, remove the central diseased plants, and spray with fluazinam; when most of the stems and leaves of the plants turn yellow and wither, harvest on a sunny day.

[0011] In this invention, the potato planting method integrates boron-nitrogen co-doped titanium-based organic-inorganic hybrid nanogels with the physiological needs of potato plants and field ecological management, employing a systematic application mechanism. The core mechanism lies in introducing the prepared nanogels as core functional units into the cultivation substrate surrounding the seed potato rhizosphere. Throughout the entire crop growth cycle, this actively and intelligently optimizes the root-soil interface micro-ecosystem, synergistically promoting healthy potato growth from physical, chemical, and biological dimensions. In the physical dimension, the three-dimensional network constructed by the nanogels, together with vermiculite and peat moss, forms a highly loose, breathable substrate environment with a large water-holding capacity. This structure acts like a "miniature reservoir" and "buffer cushion" surrounding the roots, significantly reducing water leakage and evaporation loss, ensuring a continuous and stable water supply, especially beneficial for the sensitive water requirements during tuber enlargement. It also provides a low-mechanical-resistance space for root extension and tuber formation, effectively reducing the production of deformed potatoes. In a chemical dimension, the abundant functional groups in the gel network, such as amide and hydroxyl groups, can act as a "smart slow-release reservoir" through the reversible adsorption and desorption of nutrient ions such as ammonium and potassium ions. This allows the nutrient release curves of added slow-release fertilizers and subsequent top-application fertilizers to better match the absorption rhythm of potatoes, significantly improving fertilizer utilization and reducing loss. Simultaneously, the slow-released micronutrients such as boron and nitrogen from the gel itself can be directly absorbed by the roots and participate in plant metabolism. In terms of biological and stress resistance, this hybrid material enhances system resistance through multiple pathways. First, the excellent physicochemical environment it creates helps promote the colonization of beneficial microbial communities and inhibits the activity of soil-borne pathogens. Second, titanium may scavenge excess reactive oxygen free radicals generated around the roots due to stress through trace photocatalysis, enhancing plant stress resistance. Third, healthy and robust plants themselves have stronger immunity. Therefore, this method transforms the traditional passive management model, which relies on extensive irrigation, frequent topdressing, and regular spraying, into an active management model that lays the foundation for healthy growth through a one-time application of functional substrates in the early stages, requiring only minimal key interventions thereafter. Its advanced mechanism lies in the fact that it does not simply superimpose materials and agronomy, but rather, through the structural and functional design of the materials, it becomes a "micro-engineering platform" for executing and optimizing various agronomic requirements (water retention, fertilizer supply, and disease prevention). This simplifies complex field management into a few key operations, ultimately achieving a comprehensive effect of water and fertilizer conservation, reduced pesticide use, increased yield, and improved quality.

[0012] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step S1, the mass ratio of the boron-nitrogen co-doped titanium-based organic-inorganic hybrid nanogel, vermiculite, and peat moss is 1:15:15.

[0013] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step S2, the depth of deep plowing of the plot is 25-35cm; the thickness of the cultivation substrate filled into the bottom of the ditch is 4-6cm.

[0014] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step S3, the amount of the high-potassium water-soluble fertilizer used is 5-8 kg / mu.

[0015] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step S4, the amount of fluazinam sprayed is 40-60 mL / mu.

[0016] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the preparation steps of the boron-nitrogen co-doped titanium-based organic-inorganic hybrid nanogel include:

[0017] A1. Under the protection of dry nitrogen, anhydrous ethanol and acetylacetone are added to a three-necked flask in sequence to obtain a mixture. The mixture is cooled to 0-5℃. Isopropyl titanate is added dropwise to obtain a titanium alkoxide chelate precursor solution. The temperature of the titanium alkoxide chelate precursor solution is raised to 38-42℃ and stirred and matured to obtain a matured precursor solution.

[0018] A2. Add acrylamide, N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, boric acid and urea sequentially to the ripening precursor solution; heat to 58-62℃ and stir continuously to obtain a mixed solution;

[0019] A3. Heat the mixed solution to 68-72℃, add dropwise a mixture of deionized water, concentrated hydrochloric acid and ethanol, then add a deionized aqueous solution containing ammonium persulfate; continue the reaction to obtain a wet gel product.

[0020] A4. The wet gel product is sealed and aged at room temperature, and then transferred to a forced-air drying oven and dried at 78-82℃ to obtain a dry organic-inorganic hybrid dry gel. The dried organic-inorganic hybrid dry gel is ground to obtain coarse powder. The coarse powder is placed in a tube furnace and calcined at 180-200℃ under argon protection.

[0021] In this invention, the core of the innovative preparation process of the boron-nitrogen co-doped titanium-based organic-inorganic hybrid nanogel lies in achieving the simultaneous generation and interweaving of organic polymer networks and inorganic metal oxide networks at the nanoscale, i.e., "simultaneous hybrid polymerization." This process begins with the stabilization of isopropyl titanate under the chelation of acetylacetone, forming a titanium alkoxide precursor. This effectively suppresses the subsequent hydrolysis and condensation rate, laying the foundation for a controllable reaction. Subsequently, acrylamide monomers and crosslinking agents are introduced, along with boric acid and urea as dopant sources, forming a homogeneous composite system with the precursor solution under heating and stirring. At this point, urea and boric acid have pre-organized with titanium species and organic monomers through intermolecular forces such as hydrogen bonds. The most crucial step is the sequential introduction of an acidic hydrolysis promoter and a free radical initiator, ammonium persulfate, at a suitable temperature. The acidic environment first triggers the hydrolysis and condensation of the titanium alkoxide precursor, initiating the construction of an inorganic titanium dioxide sol network; almost simultaneously, the free radicals generated by the initiator decomposition immediately initiate the polymerization and crosslinking of acrylamide, initiating the construction of a polyacrylamide organic network. The formation reactions of these two networks highly overlap in time and space, allowing the newly formed inorganic nanoparticles and the growing organic polymer chains to be tightly bound together in a "zipper-like" manner through strong hydrogen bonding between amide groups and titanium hydroxyl groups, and coordination between boron atoms and oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the system, forming an interpenetrating network structure. After aging and drying, the organic and inorganic phases inside this wet gel have achieved uniform composite at the nanoscale. Finally, the low-temperature calcination treatment under an inert atmosphere is a delicate thermal stabilization process. This temperature is far below the threshold for the violent decomposition of organic polymers, and its main purpose is to remove residual solvents, promote further cross-linking and solidification within the organic phase, and allow the active species generated by the decomposition of urea and boric acid to bind more firmly to the inorganic-organic network. Under this mild heat treatment, the organic polymer chains undergo partial dehydration and cyclization, but their main chain backbone and a large number of hydrophilic functional groups are completely preserved; at the same time, boron is stably doped into the composite network in the form of borate esters or coordination bonds, while nitrogen exists partly in the carbonized regions in the form of graphite nitrogen, etc. The final product is a hybrid nanogel that combines the stability of an inorganic phase with the flexibility of an organic phase. It is rich in mesoporous structures, has abundant amide and hydroxyl functional groups on its surface, and is uniformly doped with boron and nitrogen. The unique structure of this material determines its subsequent multifunctionality: high specific surface area and porosity provide excellent physical adsorption capacity; numerous hydrophilic functional groups endow it with outstanding water retention and ion exchange capabilities; and the uniformly dispersed titanium, boron, and nitrogen elements may contribute to photocatalytic activity, nutrient slow release, and the potential for regulating the microbial environment.

[0022] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step A1, the stirring and maturation time is 1-2 hours.

[0023] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step A2, the stirring time is 30-40 minutes.

[0024] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step A3, the reaction continues for 1.5-2.5 hours.

[0025] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step A4, the calcination time at 180-200°C is 2-3 hours.

[0026] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0027] The potato planting method provided by this invention introduces an original boron-nitrogen co-doped titanium-based organic-inorganic hybrid nanogel as the core functional component of the cultivation substrate, and combines it with a simplified and efficient agronomic process, which produces significant and multifaceted positive technical effects, comprehensively improving the production efficiency, ecological benefits and economic returns of potato planting.

[0028] Specifically, the invention focuses on the systematic and multifunctional optimization of the potato rhizosphere microenvironment. The special nanogel material prepared in this invention is not simply a physical dopant; its unique organic-inorganic interpenetrating network structure endows it with excellent physical adsorption, chemical slow-release properties, and certain biological activity. When this material is compounded with vermiculite, peat moss, and slow-release fertilizer in appropriate proportions, the resulting cultivation substrate can construct an ideal "microenvironment" around the seed potato. Physically, this substrate is loose and porous, effectively improving soil aeration and water retention, creating a soft, moist, and oxygen-rich physical space for early tuber germination and later tuber enlargement, directly promoting root development and regular tuber shape. Chemically, the gel network has adsorption and slow-release functions for nutrient ions, reducing nutrient loss and improving fertilizer utilization; the boron and nitrogen it carries can also serve as beneficial supplements. Most importantly, the functional groups and microstructures retained by the material after heat stabilization treatment at specific low temperatures are believed to be able to gently regulate the rhizosphere microbial community, inhibit the activity of some soil-borne pathogens, and physically block pathogen contact, thereby reducing the risk of disease occurrence at the source and enhancing the plant's intrinsic resistance.

[0029] Secondly, the technical advantage of this invention lies in its successful transformation of a cutting-edge material innovation into an extremely simplified, stable, and scalable field agronomic operation, achieving a perfect unity of "high technology" and "ease of use." Although the preparation process of the functional material is precise and complex, its final application is distilled into a standardized process comprising only four clear steps. Farmers do not need to understand complex materials science principles or introduce special equipment; they only need to mix commercially available raw materials in the correct proportions to prepare a special substrate and follow the steps of ridging and sowing, simplified water and fertilizer application, and key disease control to complete the operation. This design greatly lowers the barriers to technology adoption and reduces labor costs. For example, irrigation guidance based on soil moisture throughout the entire growth period and topdressing only once during the critical bulking stage not only conform to the water and fertilizer requirements of potatoes but also save a significant amount of water and fertilizer resources and field management time. Meanwhile, because the functional matrix provides a basic disease-suppressing environment, pesticide spraying during the growing season can be reduced and made more targeted. Usually, only one or two preventive applications are needed during the late blight risk period. This significantly reduces pesticide input and residue risks, ensuring the safety of potatoes for consumption and the health of the ecological environment in the production area.

[0030] Ultimately, the aforementioned technological advantages at both the micro and macro levels converge into substantial increases in yield, quality, and overall economic benefits. Field comparative trials show that potato fields using this planting method exhibit significantly improved seedling uniformity and survival rates, robust plant growth, and superior leaf area index and photosynthetic efficiency. These growth advantages directly translate into positive changes in yield components, manifested as an increase in the number of tubers per plant and a significant improvement in the ratio of large to medium-sized tubers, thus achieving a substantial increase in average yield per acre. The produced tubers not only have a smooth appearance and fewer deformed tubers, but their dry matter accumulation and nutritional quality may also be optimized due to a balanced nutrient supply and a healthy growing environment. From an input-output ratio perspective, although the initial preparation of the modified material incurs certain costs, the amortized cost in commercial production is limited. The savings in water, fertilizer, and pesticide inputs, the reduced labor management costs, and the resulting yield and quality premiums collectively ensure a significant increase in the net income of growers. Therefore, this invention not only provides an advanced potato planting technology solution, but also provides reliable technical support for achieving cost reduction and efficiency improvement in agricultural production, sustainable resource utilization, and safe supply of agricultural products, and has broad prospects for industrial application. Detailed Implementation

[0031] To facilitate understanding of the present invention, the following embodiments are provided. Those skilled in the art should understand that these embodiments are merely illustrative and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.

[0032] Example 1

[0033] This embodiment provides a method for planting potatoes, including the following steps:

[0034] Preparation of boron-nitrogen co-doped titanium-based organic-inorganic hybrid nanogels:

[0035] Take a 500mL three-necked flask, equip it with a mechanical stirrer, a constant-pressure dropping funnel, and a reflux condenser, and pre-purge the entire system with dry nitrogen. Accurately measure and add 200mL of anhydrous ethanol and 50mL of acetylacetone sequentially to the flask, and start stirring at 300rpm. Place the reaction flask in an ice-water bath to lower the temperature of the mixture and stabilize it at 3°C. Then, through the constant-pressure dropping funnel, add 30mL of isopropyl titanate dropwise over 30 minutes with continuous stirring and under a nitrogen atmosphere. After the addition is complete, a clear, pale yellow titanium alkoxide chelate precursor solution is obtained. Remove the ice-water bath, heat the reaction system to 40°C in an oil bath, and continue stirring and aging at this temperature for 1.5 hours to obtain an aged precursor solution.

[0036] While maintaining stirring and temperature, precisely add 10g of acrylamide monomer, 0.5g of crosslinking agent N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, 1.5g of boric acid, and 3.0g of urea to the solution sequentially. After the addition is complete, set the oil bath temperature to 60℃ and continue stirring for 35 minutes until all solid additives are completely dissolved, obtaining a homogeneous and transparent mixed solution.

[0037] The oil bath temperature was further increased to 70°C. First, a mixed hydrolysis accelerator consisting of 5 mL of deionized water, 5 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid (37% by mass), and 30 mL of anhydrous ethanol was added dropwise over 10 minutes to the vigorously stirred solution using a dropping funnel. Immediately after the addition was complete, 5 mL of a pre-prepared ammonium persulfate aqueous solution (containing 0.15 g of ammonium persulfate) was rapidly added. The system gradually thickened and, after 15 minutes, transformed into a non-flowing, milky-white wet gel. The temperature was maintained at 70°C, and the reaction continued for 2 hours to allow the gel to fully solidify.

[0038] After the reaction, the resulting wet gel product was transferred to a sealed container and aged at room temperature (25℃) for 24 hours. Then, the aged gel block was placed in a forced-air drying oven and dried at 80℃ for 12 hours to obtain a brittle, brownish-yellow organic-inorganic hybrid dry gel. The dry gel was initially crushed using a mortar and pestle, and then ground in a planetary ball mill at 200 rpm for 20 minutes. The powder was then passed through a 100-mesh sieve to obtain a uniform coarse powder. An appropriate amount of the coarse powder was placed in an alumina crucible and placed in the central isothermal zone of a tube furnace. After sealing the tube furnace, high-purity argon gas (99.999% purity) was introduced at a flow rate of 1 L / min to purge the furnace for 30 minutes to replace the air inside. Subsequently, under argon protection, the temperature was programmed to rise to 190℃ at a rate of 2℃ / min. After reaching the target temperature, the furnace was calcined at this temperature for 2.5 hours. After calcination, heating was stopped, and the mixture was allowed to cool naturally to room temperature under continuous argon gas circulation to obtain boron-nitrogen co-doped titanium-based organic-inorganic hybrid nanogel powder. The powder was then removed and placed in a desiccator for later use.

[0039] Potato planting methods:

[0040] Select 100 healthy, dormant, virus-free seed potatoes (approximately 50g each) and cut them into pieces using a stainless steel knife that has been sterilized by soaking in a 0.5% potassium permanganate solution for 30 minutes. Each seed potato is cut lengthwise into two pieces, ensuring each piece weighs approximately 25g and has 1-2 healthy eyes, yielding a total of 200 seed potato pieces. Immediately place the pieces and seed dressing agent (a uniform mixture of 10g thiophanate-methyl wettable powder and 90g medical talc powder) into a plastic bag, shaking the bag to evenly coat each piece with the powder. In a 5L plastic container, add 20.0g of the prepared boron-nitrogen co-doped titanium-based organic-inorganic hybrid nanogel powder, 300.0g of horticultural-grade vermiculite (2-4mm particle size), and 300.0g of Northeast peat moss (pH 5.5-6.5), and stir manually for 5 minutes until the color is uniform. Then add 40.0g of coated slow-release compound fertilizer granules with a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ratio of 15-15-15 to the mixed substrate, and stir thoroughly for 3 minutes to obtain the special cultivation substrate.

[0041] Choose a flat plot of land with convenient irrigation and drainage. Till the land to a depth of 30cm using a rotary tiller, then harrow it level. Use a ridging machine to create ridges with a ridge width of 80cm, a furrow width of 30cm, and a ridge height of 25cm, oriented north-south. In the center of each ridge, use a furrow opener to create a planting furrow 10cm deep and 15cm wide. Measure the cultivation substrate using a measuring cup and evenly spread it at the bottom of the planting furrow to a thickness of 5cm, forming a substrate layer. Cut the treated potato seed tubers into pieces, with the eyes facing upwards, and place them on the substrate layer at a spacing of 20cm, 15 pieces per ridge. Then cover the seed tubers with the fine, moist soil from both sides of the furrow, with an initial covering thickness of about 3cm, ensuring the seed tubers are completely covered. Finally, cover the surface of the planting ridges with the remaining cultivation substrate, forming a covering layer about 5cm thick.

[0042] Immediately after sowing, irrigate each furrow using a soft strip laid at the edge of the field, ensuring the soil is completely moistened and the water depth reaches half the furrow depth. Throughout the potato's growth period, measure soil moisture content every 3 days at a depth of 5cm in the furrow using a soil moisture meter. When the moisture content falls below 60% of field capacity, supplemental irrigation should be carried out, with each irrigation aimed at restoring the soil moisture content to 80% of field capacity. On day 45 after emergence (early tuber enlargement stage), apply a high-potassium water-soluble fertilizer (N-P2O5-K2O ratio of 10-10-30) using a drip irrigation system at a concentration of 0.3%, with a fertilizer application rate of 6 kg per acre.

[0043] Starting from the canopy-closing stage, conduct field inspections every 5 days, focusing on monitoring for late blight. Once a central diseased plant is found, immediately dig up the entire plant along with its tubers, remove it from the field, and bury it deeply. For protective control, spray plants within a 3-meter radius of the diseased plant with fluazinam suspension using an electric sprayer. The pesticide should be diluted 1500 times, with 50 mL of the original pesticide diluted in 30 L of water per acre. When more than 90% of the plants in the field have yellowed and withered stems and leaves, harvest using a modified plow on at least 3 consecutive sunny days. Carefully turn over the tubers, collect them, and place them in a cool, shaded place to dry for 2 hours before sorting and packing them into baskets.

[0044] Example 2

[0045] The difference between this embodiment and Example 1 lies in the preparation of the boron-nitrogen co-doped titanium-based organic-inorganic hybrid nanogel: Under dry nitrogen protection, 180 mL of anhydrous ethanol and 45 mL of acetylacetone were added sequentially to a 250 mL three-necked flask, cooled to 2 °C in an ice-water bath, and stirred. 27 mL of isopropyl titanate was added dropwise over 30 min. The ice bath was removed, the temperature was raised to 39 °C, and the mixture was stirred and matured for 1 h. 9.0 g of acrylamide, 0.4 g of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, 1.2 g of boric acid, and 2.5 g of urea were added sequentially, the temperature was raised to 59 °C, and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. The temperature was raised to 69 °C, and a mixture of 4 mL of deionized water, 4 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid, and 25 mL of anhydrous ethanol was added dropwise, followed immediately by 4 mL of an aqueous solution containing 0.12 g of ammonium persulfate. The reaction was maintained at 69 °C for 1.8 h to obtain a wet gel. After aging in a sealed container at room temperature for 24 h, the gel was dried in a forced-air environment at 80 °C for 12 h. After grinding, the temperature was increased to 185℃ at a rate of 3℃ / min under argon protection, and calcined at a constant temperature for 3h. After cooling, nanogel powder was obtained.

[0046] Potato Planting Method: Select 100 seed potatoes, cut them into pieces and mix them with the seeds (the amount of thiophanate-methyl and talc is the same as in Example 1). Weigh 15.0g of the nano-gel powder prepared in Example 2, 225.0g of vermiculite, and 225.0g of peat moss, mix them, and then add 30.0g of the same slow-release compound fertilizer to make a cultivation substrate. After deep plowing the plot to 28cm, make ridges of the same size. Lay a 4cm thick layer of cultivation substrate at the bottom of the planting furrow, place the seed potatoes at a plant spacing of 20cm, cover with soil, and then cover the ridge surface with the remaining substrate. Water thoroughly after planting. Irrigate according to soil moisture during the growing season, maintaining the water content between 60% and 80% of field capacity. Apply high-potassium water-soluble fertilizer with drip irrigation on the 50th day after emergence, at a rate of 5kg per acre. Late blight monitoring and control are the same as in Example 1, with a spraying rate of 45mL per acre for fluazinam. Harvest on a sunny day after the plants turn yellow.

[0047] Example 3

[0048] The difference between this embodiment and Example 1 lies in the preparation of the boron-nitrogen co-doped titanium-based organic-inorganic hybrid nanogel: Under dry nitrogen protection, 220 mL of anhydrous ethanol and 55 mL of acetylacetone were added sequentially to a 500 mL three-necked flask, cooled to 4 °C in an ice-water bath, and stirred. 32 mL of isopropyl titanate was added dropwise over 30 min. The ice bath was removed, the temperature was raised to 41 °C, and the mixture was stirred and matured for 1.8 h. 11.0 g of acrylamide, 0.6 g of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, 1.8 g of boric acid, and 3.0 g of urea were added sequentially, the temperature was raised to 61 °C, and the mixture was stirred for 38 min. The temperature was raised to 71 °C, and a mixture of 6 mL of deionized water, 6 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid, and 35 mL of anhydrous ethanol was added dropwise, followed immediately by 6 mL of an aqueous solution containing 0.18 g of ammonium persulfate. The reaction was maintained at 71 °C for 2.2 h to obtain a wet gel. After being sealed and aged at room temperature for 24 hours, it was dried in a forced-air dryer at 80℃ for 12 hours. After grinding, it was heated to 195℃ at a rate of 2.5℃ / min under argon protection, calcined at a constant temperature for 2.2 hours, and then cooled to obtain nano-gel powder.

[0049] Potato Planting Method: Select 100 seed potatoes, cut them into pieces and mix them with the seeds (the amount of thiophanate-methyl and talc is the same as in Example 1). Weigh 25.0g of the nano-gel powder prepared in Example 3, 375.0g of vermiculite, and 375.0g of peat moss, mix them, and then add 50.0g of the same slow-release compound fertilizer to make a cultivation substrate. After deep plowing the plot to 32cm, make ridges of the same size. Lay a 6cm thick layer of cultivation substrate at the bottom of the planting furrow, place the seed potatoes at a plant spacing of 20cm, cover with soil, and then cover the ridge surface with the remaining substrate. Water thoroughly after planting. Irrigate according to soil moisture during the growing season. Apply high-potassium water-soluble fertilizer with drip irrigation on the 48th day after emergence, at a rate of 7kg per acre. Late blight monitoring and control are the same as in Example 1, with a spraying rate of 55mL per acre for fluazinam. Harvest on a sunny day after the plants turn yellow.

[0050] Comparative Example 1

[0051] The difference between this comparative example and Example 1 lies in the potato planting method: the selection, cutting, and seed dressing steps for seed potatoes are exactly the same as in Example 1. The cultivation substrate is prepared using only vermiculite and peat moss: 320.0g of vermiculite and 320.0g of peat moss are weighed, mixed evenly, and then 40.0g of the same slow-release NPK compound fertilizer is added and stirred to form the substrate. All subsequent agronomic operations, including land preparation, ridging specifications, planting furrow depth, seed potato spacing, soil covering thickness, irrigation principles, topdressing time and dosage (6kg per mu 45 days after emergence), and late blight monitoring and control measures (spraying 50mL of fluazinam per mu after the discovery of central diseased plants), strictly follow the procedures and parameters of Example 1.

[0052] Comparative Example 2

[0053] The difference between this comparative example and Example 1 lies in the preparation of the pure titanium-based polyacrylamide hybrid gel: Under dry nitrogen protection, following the steps of Example 1, 200 mL of anhydrous ethanol and 50 mL of acetylacetone were added to a three-necked flask, cooled to 3°C in an ice-water bath, and 30 mL of isopropyl titanate was added dropwise. The mixture was heated to 40°C and aged for 1.5 h. Only 10.0 g of acrylamide and 0.5 g of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide were added to the aging precursor solution; boric acid and urea were not added. The mixture was heated to 60°C and stirred for 35 min. The subsequent steps of adding the acid-alcohol mixture, adding the initiator, reacting at 70°C for 2 h, aging, drying, and grinding were the same as in Example 1. The resulting coarse powder was calcined under argon protection at 190°C at a rate of 2°C / min for 2.5 h to obtain undoped pure titanium-based hybrid gel powder.

[0054] Potato planting method: 20.0 g of the undoped gel powder prepared in Comparative Example 2 was used to replace the boron-nitrogen co-doped gel in Example 1. This gel was mixed with 300.0 g of vermiculite, 300.0 g of peat moss, and 40.0 g of slow-release compound fertilizer to prepare the cultivation substrate. The specific operations and parameter settings for all subsequent steps, including seed potato treatment, land preparation, sowing, water and fertilizer management, and disease control, were completely consistent with those in Example 1.

[0055] Comparative Example 3

[0056] The difference between this comparative example and Example 1 lies in the preparation of the physically mixed titanium / boron / nitrogen / polyacrylamide composite: Titanium sol preparation: 30 mL of isopropyl titanate was mixed with 200 mL of anhydrous ethanol. Under vigorous stirring, a mixture containing 5 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 5 mL of deionized water was added dropwise over 30 min. The reaction was continued at room temperature for 3 h with stirring to obtain a clear titanium sol. Polyacrylamide hydrogel preparation: 10.0 g of acrylamide and 0.5 g of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide were dissolved in 50 mL of deionized water. The mixture was heated to 70 °C, and 0.15 g of ammonium persulfate was added. The mixture was stirred for 1 h to form a transparent hydrogel. This hydrogel was removed and cut into small pieces of approximately 1 cm³. The obtained titanium sol, polyacrylamide hydrogel pieces, 1.5 g of boric acid, and 3.0 g of urea were placed together in a beaker and vigorously stirred with a glass rod for 30 min to mix them. The mixture was then placed in a forced-air drying oven and dried at 80 °C for 24 h until constant weight was achieved. The dried solid block was ground into powder, placed in a muffle furnace, heated to 350°C at 5°C / min in air atmosphere, calcined for 2 hours, cooled and ground again to obtain physically mixed calcined powder.

[0057] Potato planting method: 20.0g of the physically mixed calcined powder prepared in Comparative Example 3 was used to replace the chemically hybridized nanogel in Example 1, and mixed with 300.0g of vermiculite, 300.0g of peat moss, and 40.0g of slow-release compound fertilizer to prepare a cultivation substrate. The specific operations and parameter settings for all subsequent steps, including seed potato treatment, land preparation, sowing, water and fertilizer management, and disease control, were completely consistent with those in Example 1.

[0058] In accordance with national and industry standard testing specifications, a series of standardized tests were conducted on the materials and methods prepared in Examples 1-3 and Comparative Examples 1-3.

[0059] For material property characterization, the specific surface area of ​​the prepared gel powder was determined by static volumetric method using a nitrogen physical adsorption analyzer at a liquid nitrogen temperature of 77 K. Before testing, the sample was degassed and pretreated under vacuum at 120℃ for 6 h, and the specific surface area was calculated using the BET model.

[0060] The field trial was conducted at an environmentally controlled experimental station, with three replicate plots for each treatment, using a completely randomized block design. During the monitoring of the planting process, starting from the 10th day after sowing, the soil volumetric water content at a depth of 10 cm in each plot was measured every 5 days using a time-domain reflectometer at three fixed measuring points, and the average value for the entire growth period was calculated; the amount of irrigation each time was recorded, and the total irrigation water volume was accumulated.

[0061] During the tuber enlargement period (45 days after sowing), three plants were randomly selected from each plot, and substrate samples were collected from the rhizosphere at a depth of 0-5 cm. After being mixed evenly, the samples were extracted with 0.01 mol / L CaCl2 solution, and the contents of available phosphorus and available potassium were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry.

[0062] Starting from the canopy closure stage, a disease survey is conducted weekly, using a five-point sampling method, with 20 plants surveyed at each point. The disease is graded and recorded according to the percentage of leaf lesions, and the disease index is calculated.

[0063] At the final harvest, the yield of each plot is calculated separately, the total weight is weighed and converted into yield per acre. All tubers are graded by weight: those over 150g are large tubers, those between 75 and 150g are medium tubers, and those under 75g are small tubers. The ratio of large to medium tubers is calculated.

[0064] Twenty tubers were randomly selected from the harvested tubers in each plot, and their longitudinal and transverse diameters were measured using a digital caliper. The average value and coefficient of variation were calculated to assess the uniformity of tuber shape.

[0065] The performance test data above are shown in Table 1.

[0066] Table 1 Performance Test Results

[0067]

[0068] As can be seen from the above, Examples 1-3 systematically solve the core problems in existing potato planting technology, such as poor soil water and fertilizer retention capacity, high disease threat, and low final yield and quality, compared with Comparative Examples 1-3.

[0069] Firstly, in terms of water and nutrient management, the example group, due to the application of a specially formulated hybrid nanogel, achieved an average soil volumetric water content of 19.8-20.5% throughout its entire growth period, significantly higher than the 17.1% of Comparative Example 1, which did not use any gel, and also superior to Comparative Examples 2 and 3, which used incomplete materials. This is directly attributed to the high specific surface area of ​​the gel material (312 m² / g in Example 1, while only 45 m² / g in Comparative Example 3) and its porous structure, which strongly adsorbs and retains water. At the same time, the superior water retention reduced the total irrigation water consumption per acre in the example group to 225-235 m³, saving more than 16% compared to Comparative Example 1, and significantly improving water resource utilization efficiency.

[0070] Regarding nutrient maintenance, the rhizosphere available potassium content in the example group during the critical period of tuber enlargement was as high as 168-185 mg / kg, which was much higher than the 120 mg / kg in Comparative Example 1. This proves that the gel network can effectively adsorb and slowly release nutrients such as potassium ions, reduce loss, and provide a continuous and stable nutrient supply for tuber enlargement.

[0071] Secondly, regarding plant health and disease resistance, the control effect of the example group on late blight was outstanding. Its highest disease index in the field was only 18.5-22.1, which was significantly lower than the 35.7 of Comparative Example 1, and even better than Comparative Example 2 which only lacked boron and nitrogen doping and Comparative Example 3 which used physical mixed materials. This shows that the material of the present invention, through its unique organic-inorganic hybrid structure and the synergistic effect of boron and nitrogen elements, not only improved the rhizosphere microenvironment, but may also directly or indirectly inhibit pathogen activity or enhance the plant's own resistance, thereby reducing dependence on chemical pesticides.

[0072] Ultimately, in terms of yield and product quality, the comprehensive advantages of the example group translated into direct agricultural output benefits: the average yield per mu reached 2705-2855 kg, an increase of more than 15% compared with Comparative Example 1; the proportion of large and medium-sized potatoes with high commercial value reached 85.2-88.5%, significantly higher than 76.3% in Comparative Example 1; the tuber growth and development were more uniform, with a coefficient of variation of longitudinal and transverse diameters of only 8.2-9.0%, far lower than 12.5% ​​in Comparative Example 1, indicating that the stable rhizosphere environment created by the present invention effectively promoted the regular expansion of tubers and reduced the production of deformed tubers.

[0073] In summary, Examples 1-3, by introducing novel boron-nitrogen co-doped titanium-based organic-inorganic hybrid nanogels and combining them with simplified agronomy, effectively overcome the main technical bottlenecks of traditional planting models through synergistic effects from multiple dimensions such as physical water retention, chemical fertilizer retention, and biological disease resistance, achieving the comprehensive goals of water conservation, fertilizer saving, pesticide reduction, increased yield, and improved quality.

Claims

1. A method for planting potatoes, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1. Select healthy, virus-free seed potatoes that have passed their dormancy period. Use a knife sterilized with potassium permanganate solution to cut the seed potatoes into pieces. Coat the cut seed potatoes with a mixture of thiophanate-methyl and talc powder to obtain pretreated potato seed potatoes. Mix boron-nitrogen co-doped titanium-based organic-inorganic hybrid nanogel with vermiculite and peat moss to obtain a mixed substrate. Add nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound slow-release fertilizer to the mixed substrate and stir to obtain the cultivation substrate. S2. Deeply plow and harrow the plot to create ridges; make a planting furrow in the center of the ridge and fill the bottom of the furrow with the cultivation substrate to obtain a substrate layer; place the pre-treated potato seed tubers with the sprouts facing up on the substrate layer, and then cover the pre-treated potato seed tubers with soil. S3. Irrigate along the furrows; throughout the entire growth period, irrigate according to the weather conditions and the dryness and moisture of the soil surface, apply topdressing during the tuber enlargement period, and apply high-potassium water-soluble fertilizer with drip irrigation. S4. During the mid-to-late growth stages, monitor for late blight, remove the central diseased plants, and spray with fluazinam; when most of the stems and leaves of the plants turn yellow and wither, harvest on a sunny day.

2. The potato planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S1, the mass ratio of the boron-nitrogen co-doped titanium-based organic-inorganic hybrid nanogel, vermiculite, and peat moss is 1:15:

15.

3. The potato planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S2, the plot is deeply tilled to a depth of 25-35cm; the cultivation substrate is filled into the bottom of the trench to a thickness of 4-6cm.

4. The potato planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S3, the dosage of the high-potassium water-soluble fertilizer is 5-8 kg / mu.

5. The potato planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S4, the amount of fluazinam sprayed is 40-60 mL / mu.

6. The method for planting potatoes according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, The preparation steps of the boron-nitrogen co-doped titanium-based organic-inorganic hybrid nanogel include: A1. Under the protection of dry nitrogen, anhydrous ethanol and acetylacetone are added to a three-necked flask in sequence to obtain a mixture. The mixture is cooled to 0-5℃. Isopropyl titanate is added dropwise to obtain a titanium alkoxide chelate precursor solution. The temperature of the titanium alkoxide chelate precursor solution is raised to 38-42℃ and stirred and matured to obtain a matured precursor solution. A2. Add acrylamide, N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, boric acid and urea sequentially to the ripening precursor solution; heat to 58-62℃ and stir continuously to obtain a mixed solution; A3. Heat the mixed solution to 68-72℃, add dropwise a mixture of deionized water, concentrated hydrochloric acid and ethanol, then add a deionized aqueous solution containing ammonium persulfate; continue the reaction to obtain a wet gel product. A4. The wet gel product is sealed and aged at room temperature, and then transferred to a forced-air drying oven and dried at 78-82℃ to obtain a dry organic-inorganic hybrid dry gel. The dried organic-inorganic hybrid dry gel is ground to obtain coarse powder. The coarse powder is placed in a tube furnace and calcined at 180-200℃ under argon protection.

7. The potato planting method according to claim 6, characterized in that, In step A1, the stirring and maturation time should continue for 1-2 hours.

8. The potato planting method according to claim 6, characterized in that, In step A2, the stirring time is 30-40 minutes.

9. The potato planting method according to claim 6, characterized in that, In step A3, the reaction continues for 1.5-2.5 hours.

10. The potato planting method according to claim 6, characterized in that, In step A4, the calcination time at 180-200℃ is 2-3 hours.

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