Anti-saccharification composition applicable to sensitive skin and application of anti-saccharification composition

Abstract

The invention relates to an anti-saccharification composition applicable to sensitive skin and application, and belongs to the technical field of cosmetics. The anti-saccharification composition suitable for sensitive skin is prepared from the following components in parts by mass: 0.01 to 0.5 part of ascorbic acid polypeptide, 0.5 to 2 parts of ginseng root extract, 0.1 to 2 parts of acetyl tetrapeptide-2 and 0.1 to 5 parts of herba andrographitis leaf extract. The anti-saccharification composition suitable for the sensitive skin, provided by the invention, has a remarkable anti-saccharification effect, can remarkably improve skin elasticity, has a certain repairing effect and is suitable for the sensitive skin.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of cosmetic technology, and more particularly to an anti-glycation composition suitable for sensitive skin and its application. Background Technology

[0002] Skin glycation refers to the binding of sugars in the body with proteins in the skin, producing AGEs (advanced glycation end products), which in turn damage collagen and elastin fibers in the skin. Protein denaturation accelerates skin aging.

[0003] The formation mechanism of AGEs can be divided into three stages. Primary stage: The carbonyl group of reducing sugar reacts with the N-terminal amino group of protein to form a Schiff base. Due to its instability, the Schiff base undergoes further rearrangement to form a more stable Amadori product. This process is accompanied by the generation of a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Intermediate stage: The Amadori product is fragmented or modified into different dicarbonyl compounds (methylglyoxal, glyoxal, 3-deoxyglucose, etc.). Final stage: The dicarbonyl compounds form isomers with arginine and lysine residues in proteins, ultimately leading to the formation of AGEs. After AGEs accumulate in the body, they can interact with their receptor RAGE, triggering a series of inflammatory and oxidative stress responses.

[0004] Existing anti-glycation products are mainly developed to remove AGEs, but they cannot achieve a synergistic effect across multiple stages. This invention provides a composition that can act at each stage of AGE formation, more effectively inhibiting AGE formation, exerting an anti-glycation effect, and thus alleviating skin aging caused by glycation. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art and provide an anti-glycation composition and its application suitable for sensitive skin.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is as follows: In a first aspect, the present invention provides an anti-glycation composition suitable for sensitive skin, comprising the following components in parts by weight: Ascorbic acid peptide: 0.01-0.5 parts; Ginseng root extract: 0.5-2 parts; Acetyl tetrapeptide-2: 0.1-2 parts; Andrographis paniculata leaf extract: 0.1-5 parts.

[0007] Preferably, the anti-glycation composition suitable for sensitive skin comprises the following components in parts by weight: Ascorbic acid peptide: 0.05-0.2 parts; Ginseng root extract: 0.8-1.2 parts; Acetyl tetrapeptide-2: 0.5-1 part; Andrographis paniculata leaf extract: 0.5-2 parts.

[0008] This invention, through the selection and combination of specific components, yields an anti-glycation composition with significant anti-glycation effects, which can significantly improve skin elasticity, has certain repair effects, and is suitable for sensitive skin.

[0009] Secondly, the present invention provides the use of the composition described in the first aspect in the preparation of cosmetics with anti-aging effects.

[0010] Preferably, the dosage form of the cosmetic includes any one of lotion, face cream, eye cream, and face mask.

[0011] Thirdly, the present invention provides an emulsion with anti-aging effects, wherein the emulsion comprises 2wt%-5wt% of the composition described in the first aspect.

[0012] Preferably, the emulsion further includes moisturizers, emollients, emulsifiers, antioxidants, thickeners, pH adjusters, chelating agents, and deionized water.

[0013] Preferably, the moisturizer includes at least one of allantoin, butylene glycol, hexanediol, glycerin, and betaine.

[0014] Preferably, the emollient comprises at least one of bis-PEG-15 methyl ether polydimethylsiloxane, caprylic / capric triglyceride, squalane, isohexadecane, meadowfoam seed oil, C10-18 fatty acid triglycerides, shea butter, and hydrogenated polyisobutylene.

[0015] Preferably, the emulsifier comprises at least one of hydrogenated lecithin, C14-22 alcohol / C12-20 alkyl glucoside, cetearyl alcohol / cetearyl glucoside, polyglycerol-6 distearate, sodium stearoyl glutamate, arachidonic acid / behenol / arachidonic acid glucoside, and cetearyl oleate / sorbitan oleate.

[0016] Preferably, the antioxidant includes at least one of p-hydroxyacetophenone, tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, sodium sulfite, sodium metabisulfite, and pentaerythritol tetra(bis-tert-butylhydroxyhydrocinnamic acid) ester.

[0017] Preferably, the thickener includes at least one of carbomer, xanthan gum, sodium polyacrylate, ammonium acryloyl dimethyl taurate / VP copolymer, acrylate copolymer, sclerotium gum, carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, sclerotium tartrate gum, guar gum, gellan gum, and carrageenan. Preferably, the pH adjuster includes at least one of arginine and tromethamine; Preferably, the chelating agent comprises EDTA-2Na.

[0018] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: This invention provides an anti-glycation composition suitable for sensitive skin, which consists of ascorbic acid peptide, ginseng root extract, acetyl tetrapeptide-2, and andrographis paniculata leaf extract.

[0019] Ascorbic acid peptides are derivatives of carnosine, derived from the etherification and esterification of ascorbic acid and carnosine. They possess the dual functions of ascorbic acid and carnosine, and their molecular structure contains active sites that can bind tightly to sugar molecules. They can react with reducing sugar molecules, replacing the binding of proteins to sugars and competitively inhibiting the body's glycation reaction. In addition, they can also interact with already glycosylated protein products, preventing further cross-linking of glycosylated proteins and effectively inhibiting AGEs.

[0020] In addition to polysaccharides and saponins, ginseng root extract also contains flavonoids such as phloretin. Phloretin can capture active dicarbonyl compounds such as methylglyoxal and glyoxal, deactivating them and preventing the further formation of stable AGEs.

[0021] Acetyl tetrapeptide-2 can inhibit mTOR signaling, activate cellular glycophagy, clear toxic AGEs proteins that have formed in cells, prevent their accumulation and cross-linking, and prevent damage to cell structure and function, thus fundamentally avoiding cellular senescence, inflammation and apoptosis caused by glycation.

[0022] Andrographolide and other components in Andrographis paniculata leaf extract can significantly inhibit the activation of the AGEs-RAGE signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting the chronic inflammation and oxidative stress caused by it.

[0023] The rational combination of the four components inhibits the binding of reducing sugars to proteins at the source, intervenes in the intermediate stage by active carbonyl compounds, and clears AGEs formed by glycophage at the end and inhibits their binding to the receptor RAGE, thus synergistically enhancing the anti-glycation effect at multiple levels. Detailed Implementation

[0024] To better illustrate the purpose, technical solution, and advantages of the present invention, the present invention will be further described below in conjunction with specific embodiments.

[0025] The sources of some of the raw materials used in this invention are as follows: Ascorbic acid peptide: purchased from Bioharvest, product name VitaPep C ® ; Ginseng root extract: purchased from Draco Natural products, product name: Ginseng Extract Powder; Acetyl tetrapeptide-2: Purchased from lipotrue, product name Cellaigie™; Andrographis paniculata leaf extract: purchased from Zhencui (Guangdong) Innovation Technology Co., Ltd., product name Andrographis paniculata leaf extract.

[0026] All other raw materials and reagents were commercially available.

[0027] Preparation of an anti-glycation composition suitable for sensitive skin Composition 1 Composed of the following components by mass: Ascorbic acid peptide: 0.1 parts; Ginseng root extract: 1 part; Acetyl tetrapeptide-2: 0.8 parts; Andrographis paniculata leaf extract: 1 part; Preparation method: Mix the above components evenly, seal, and store in the dark.

[0028] Composition 2 Composed of the following components by mass: Ascorbic acid peptide: 0.01 parts; Ginseng root extract: 0.5 parts; Acetyl tetrapeptide-2: 0.1 parts; Andrographis paniculata leaf extract: 0.1 part; The preparation method is the same as that of composition 1.

[0029] Composition 3 Composed of the following components by mass: Ascorbic acid peptide: 0.5 parts; Ginseng root extract: 2 parts; Acetyl tetrapeptide-2: 2 parts; Andrographis paniculata leaf extract: 5 parts; The preparation method is the same as that of composition 1.

[0030] Composition ① Unlike composition 1, it lacks ascorbic acid peptides. The missing mass fractions are made up by ginseng root extract, acetyl tetrapeptide-2, and andrographis paniculata leaf extract in a mass ratio of 1:0.8:1. The remaining components, mass fractions, and preparation methods are the same as those of composition 1.

[0031] Composition ② Unlike composition 1, this composition lacks ginseng root extract. The missing mass fractions are made up by ascorbic acid polypeptide, acetyl tetrapeptide-2, and andrographis paniculata leaf extract in a mass ratio of 0.1:0.8:1. The remaining components, mass fractions, and preparation methods are the same as those in composition 1.

[0032] Composition ③ Unlike composition 1, it lacks acetyl tetrapeptide-2, and the missing mass is made up by ascorbic acid polypeptide, ginseng root extract and andrographis paniculata leaf extract in a mass ratio of 0.1:1:1; the remaining components, mass parts of components and preparation methods are the same as those of composition 1.

[0033] Composition ④ Unlike composition 1, this composition lacks Andrographis paniculata leaf extract. The missing components are made up by ascorbic acid polypeptide, ginseng root extract, and acetyl tetrapeptide-2 in a mass ratio of 0.1:1:0.8. The remaining components, their mass fractions, and preparation methods are the same as those in composition 1.

[0034] Composition ⑤ Composed of the following components by mass: Ascorbic acid peptide: 1 part; Ginseng root extract: 0.1 part; Acetyl tetrapeptide-2: 0.05 parts; Andrographis paniculata leaf extract: 0.05 parts; The preparation method is the same as that of composition 1.

[0035] The preparation of an anti-aging emulsion: the A, B, C, and D phases of emulsions 1-5, ①-⑤, and the blank emulsion have the same composition and mass percentage, only the E phase is different. Among them, the E phase composition of emulsions 1-3 has the same number but different mass percentage, the E phase composition of emulsions 4-5 and ①-⑤ has different number but the same mass percentage, and the blank emulsion does not contain the E phase. The specific components and mass percentages are shown in Table 1.

[0036] Table 1. Specific components and mass percentage of the anti-aging emulsion.

[0037] Note: "-" indicates that no addition is needed.

[0038] The preparation method of emulsion 1 is as follows: S1. Mix water with phase A and heat to 80°C. Homogenize at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes until evenly dispersed. After homogenization, keep warm for later use to obtain pre-prepared component A. S2. After mixing phase B, heat to 80°C and homogenize at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes. After homogenization, keep warm for later use to obtain pre-prepared component B. S3. Mix phase C and heat and stir at 60°C until dissolved to obtain pre-prepared component C; mix phase D and phase E separately and stir until dissolved to obtain pre-prepared components D and E; S4. Heat the pre-formulated component A obtained in S1 to 85°C, add the pre-formulated component B at 350 rpm, mix evenly, then cool down to 60°C, add the pre-formulated component C and stir to mix, continue cooling down to 45°C, add the pre-formulated component D and pre-formulated component E, stir evenly and then discharge to obtain the emulsion.

[0039] The preparation methods for emulsions 2-5 and ①-⑤ are the same as those for emulsion 1.

[0040] The method for preparing blank emulsion is as follows: S1. Mix water with phase A and heat to 80°C. Homogenize at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes until evenly dispersed. After homogenization, keep warm for later use to obtain pre-prepared component A. S2. After mixing phase B, heat to 80°C and homogenize at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes. After homogenization, keep warm for later use to obtain pre-prepared component B. S3. Mix phase C and heat and stir at 60°C until dissolved to obtain pre-prepared component C; mix phase D and stir until dissolved to obtain pre-prepared component D. S4. Heat the pre-formulated component A obtained in S1 to 85°C, add the pre-formulated component B at 350 rpm, mix evenly, then cool down to 60°C, add the pre-formulated component C and stir to mix, continue cooling down to 45°C, add the pre-formulated component D, stir evenly, and then discharge to obtain the emulsion.

[0041] Efficacy verification Test Example 1: Anti-glycation effect test of the composition Test samples: Compositions 1-3, Compositions ①-⑤; Experimental method: Preparation of model solution: BSA was dissolved in 0.02 mol / L PBS solution (pH=7.4) to prepare a 25 mg / mL BSA solution. Glucose was added at a glucose to BSA protein ratio of 1:1, and the mixture was thoroughly mixed. The mixture was reacted at 60℃ in the dark for 12 h to obtain the model solution for later use. Sample solution preparation: The test sample was prepared into a 1wt% sample solution using 0.02mol / L PBS solution (pH=7.4) for later use; Experimental method: Test samples were prepared according to the dosages described in Table 2. The prepared test samples were reacted in the dark for 1 hour. Fluorescence was tested at an excitation wavelength of 370 nm and an emission wavelength of 440 nm. The AGEs inhibition rate was calculated using the following formula: AGEs inhibition rate (%) = [1 - (AB) / (CD)] × 100% In the formula: A is the fluorescence intensity of the model solution with added sample solution; B is the fluorescence intensity of pure water with added sample solution; C is the fluorescence intensity of the model solution without sample solution; and D is the fluorescence intensity of pure water.

[0042] Table 2 Test Sample Preparation Reagent / Dosage A B C D Model solution / μL 350 / 350 / Sample solution / μL 250 250 / / pure water / μL / 350 250 600 Test Example 2: Effect of the composition on type I collagen / elastin Test samples: Compositions 1-3, Compositions ①-⑤; Experimental Methods: Human skin fibroblasts (HSFs) were seeded in 96-well cell culture plates at a density of 2000 cells / well. 100 μL of DMEM + 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) + 1% penicillin / streptomycin medium was added to each well, and the cells were cultured for 24 h. The supernatant was discarded, and the cells were divided into a control group and an experimental group. The control group was added 100 μL of DMEM medium. The experimental groups were added 100 μL of medium containing 0.1 wt% of the corresponding test sample (the test sample was dissolved in DMSO and then diluted with DMEM medium). After 24 h of culture, cells from each group were collected, the medium was discarded, and the cells were washed twice with PBS. 1 mL of TRIzol lysis buffer (ELISA kit, ml095476) was added, cells were scraped, transferred to EP tubes, and stored at -80℃ for later use. The content of type I collagen in HSF cells was detected using a human type I collagen ELISA kit (ELISA kit, ml057630). The content of elastin in HSF was detected using a human elastin ELISA kit (Enzyme-Linked Biotechnology, ml038411).

[0043] The results are expressed as the protein content promotion rate: Type I collagen / elastin content promotion rate (%) = |(Type I collagen / elastin content experimental group - Type I collagen / elastin content blank group)| / Type I collagen / elastin content blank group × 100%.

[0044] In both Test Example 1 and Test Example 2, the test samples were tested in parallel for three times and the average value was taken. The test results are shown in Table 3.

[0045] Table 3. Test results for Test Example 1 and Test Example 2 Group AGEs inhibition rate (%) Type I collagen promotion rate (%) Elastin promotion rate (%) Composition 1 89.71 211.79 137.62 Composition 2 80.52 193.66 118.39 Composition 3 83.55 201.37 117.82 Composition ① 38.26 83.27 67.39 Composition ② 48.53 90.55 70.41 Composition ③ 50.22 72.61 42.57 Composition ④ 49.46 106.79 55.69 Composition ⑤ 59.37 138.44 78.25 As shown in Table 3, compositions 1-3 exhibit certain AGEs inhibition effects and promote the production of type I collagen and elastin. This indicates that compositions 1-3 possess certain anti-glycation and anti-aging effects. Comparing the results of composition 1 with those of compositions ①-④, it is evident that ascorbic acid peptide, ginseng root extract, acetyl tetrapeptide-2, and andrographis paniculata leaf extract in the compositions have significant synergistic effects. The absence of any one component significantly reduces the anti-glycation and anti-aging effects. Comparing the results of compositions 1-3 with those of composition ⑤, it is evident that when the mass range of each component in the composition is within the range defined by this invention, its anti-glycation and anti-aging effects are more significant.

[0046] Test Example 3: Sensitive Skin Suitability Test Whether a product is suitable for people with sensitive skin can be determined by assessing the improvement rate of lactic acid stinging before and after using the product.

[0047] Test samples: Emulsions 1-5, Emulsions ①-⑤, and blank emulsion; Volunteer selection: People with sensitive skin (lactic acid stinging score ≥3) were selected. Ten volunteers were divided into 12 groups, of which 11 groups corresponded to one test sample each, and the remaining group was a blank control group.

[0048] Test procedure: The test was conducted on the nasolabial folds of volunteers. 50 μL of 10% lactic acid solution was dropped onto a single layer of filter paper with a diameter of 0.8 cm. The subjects were asked about their stinging sensation at 0.5 min and 2 min. The subjects were scored on a 4-point scale (0 points for no stinging, 1 point for mild stinging, 2 points for moderate stinging, and 3 points for severe stinging). The test was terminated if the subject scored 3 points at any time during the test.

[0049] Sample usage: Volunteers applied the test sample to their entire face, while volunteers in the blank control group used deionized water as their sample. Volunteers applied the product twice daily, morning and evening, 1 mL each time, for two consecutive weeks. After two weeks of use, the above test steps were repeated.

[0050] Record the lactic acid stinging scores of volunteers before and after 2 weeks of use, and calculate the improvement rate of lactic acid stinging in volunteers.

[0051] The improvement rate of lactic acid stinging (%) = (average lactic acid stinging score before use - average lactic acid stinging score after 2 weeks of use) / average lactic acid stinging score before use × 100%; The average lactic acid stinging score = the average stinging score over 0.5 minutes + the average stinging score over 2 minutes.

[0052] The higher the improvement rate of lactic acid stinging, the better the repair effect of the sample, and the more suitable the product is for people with sensitive skin. The test results are shown in Table 4.

[0053] Table 4 Test Results of Test Example 3 Test sample Improvement rate of lactic acid stinging (%) Emulsion 1 70.59 Emulsion 2 64.71 Emulsion 3 72.22 Emulsion 4 66.67 Emulsion 5 68.42 Emulsion ① 52.94 Emulsion ② 35.29 Emulsion ③ 55.56 Emulsion ④ 42.10 Emulsion ⑤ 57.14 Blank lotion 15.79 Test Example 4: Test on the skin elasticity and repair effects of lotion Test samples: Emulsions 1-5, Emulsions ①-⑤, and blank emulsion; Experimental Methods: Several volunteers aged 18-45 were selected and randomly divided into 11 groups of 5 people each. Each group used one experimental sample, applied twice daily, morning and evening. The method of application was to take a sample after cleansing and moisturizing, at a concentration of 2 mg / cm³. 2Apply evenly to the entire face and gently massage until fully absorbed. Follow up on days 0 and 28 to conduct various indicator tests.

[0054] (2) On the days of follow-up visits on days 0 and 28, the subjects did not apply any skin care products. After cleansing, they sat quietly for 30 minutes in a constant temperature and humidity room with a temperature of 21±1℃ and a humidity of 50±10%. The subjects' facial skin elasticity coefficient R2 value and skin firmness F4 value were measured using a Cutometer MPA580, and the subjects' facial TEWL value was measured using a Tewameter®™ Hex (Courage+Khazaka) transdermal moisture loss probe. (3) Analyze the improvement of each indicator, and take the average value of the data. The improvement rate is calculated as follows: ; X 使用前 Data on various indicators tested before subjects used the product; X 使用后 Data on various indicators for subjects before they use the product.

[0055] The test results are shown in Table 5: Table 5 Test Results of Test Example 4 Test sample R2 improvement rate (%) F4 Improvement Rate (%) TEWL value improvement rate (%) Emulsion 1 15.8 32.6 13.7 Emulsion 2 13.2 30.3 11.6 Emulsion 3 16.2 33.1 13.9 Emulsion 4 14.2 27.3 12.6 Emulsion 5 14.4 27.6 12.9 Emulsion ① 4.9 11.1 7.6 Emulsion ② 5.1 11.9 5.2 Emulsion ③ 3.8 8.4 8.1 Emulsion ④ 5.6 12.4 6.5 Emulsion ⑤ 6.9 14.8 8.6 Blank Emulsion 0.7 1.6 2.1 Comparing the test results of Test Examples 3 and 4 (Tables 4 and 5), it can be seen that the emulsion containing the composition defined in this invention has certain anti-aging and repairing effects. Comparing the results of emulsions 1-5 and the blank emulsion in Tables 4 and 5, it can be seen that the anti-aging and repairing effects provided by the emulsion are mainly provided by the composition. Comparing the results of emulsions 1-3 in Tables 4 and 5, it can be seen that the content of the composition has a certain influence on the anti-aging and repairing effects of the emulsion. Comparing the results of emulsions 1, 4-5, and ⑤ in Tables 4 and 5, it can be seen that the anti-aging and repairing effects are best when the mass fractions of each component in the composition are within the range defined in this invention. Comparing the results of emulsion 1 and emulsions ①-④, it can be seen that there is a significant synergistic effect between ascorbic acid polypeptide, ginseng root extract, acetyl tetrapeptide-2, and andrographis paniculata leaf extract in the composition, and their combined use can significantly improve the anti-aging and repairing effects of the emulsion.

[0056] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications or equivalent substitutions can be made to the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the essence and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention.

Claims

1. An anti-glycation composition suitable for sensitive skin, characterized in that, The composition comprises the following components in parts by weight: Ascorbic acid peptide: 0.01-0.5 parts; Ginseng root extract: 0.5-2 parts; Acetyl tetrapeptide-2: 0.1-2 parts; Andrographis paniculata leaf extract: 0.1-5 parts.

2. The composition according to claim 1, characterized in that, Includes the following components by weight: Ascorbic acid peptide: 0.05-0.2 parts; Ginseng root extract: 0.8-1.2 parts; Acetyl tetrapeptide-2: 0.5-1 part; Andrographis paniculata leaf extract: 0.5-2 parts.

3. The use of the composition as described in claim 1 or 2 in the preparation of cosmetics with anti-aging effects.

4. The application as described in claim 3, characterized in that, The dosage form of the cosmetic includes any one of lotion, face cream, eye cream, and face mask.

5. An emulsion with anti-aging effects, characterized in that, It includes 2-5 wt% of the composition described in claim 1 or 2.

6. The emulsion as described in claim 5, characterized in that, It also includes moisturizers, emollients, emulsifiers, antioxidants, thickeners, pH adjusters, chelating agents, and deionized water.

7. The emulsion as described in claim 6, characterized in that, The moisturizer includes at least one of allantoin, butylene glycol, hexanediol, glycerin, and betaine; The emollient includes at least one of the following: bis-PEG-15 methyl ether polydimethylsiloxane, caprylic / capric triglyceride, squalane, isohexadecane, meadowfoam seed oil, C10-18 fatty acid triglycerides, shea butter, and hydrogenated polyisobutylene.

8. The emulsion as described in claim 6, characterized in that, The emulsifier includes at least one of hydrogenated lecithin, C14-22 alcohol / C12-20 alkyl glucoside, cetearyl alcohol / cetearyl glucoside, polyglycerol-6 distearate, sodium stearoyl glutamate, arachidonic acid / behenol / arachidonic acid glucoside, and cetearyl oleate / sorbitan oleate; The antioxidants include at least one of p-hydroxyacetophenone, tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, sodium sulfite, sodium metabisulfite, and pentaerythritol tetra(bis-tert-butylhydroxyhydrocinnamic acid) ester.

9. The emulsion as described in claim 6, characterized in that, The thickener includes at least one of carbomer, xanthan gum, sodium polyacrylate, ammonium acryloyldimethyl taurate / VP copolymer, acrylate copolymer, sclerotium gum, carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, sclerotium tartrate gum, guar gum, gellan gum, and carrageenan.

10. The emulsion as described in claim 6, characterized in that, The pH adjuster includes at least one of arginine and tromethamine; The chelating agent includes EDTA-2Na.

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