Intelligent inter-plant light supplement lamp control system based on PWM dimming and wireless networking

Abstract

The invention discloses an inter-plant light supplement lamp intelligent control system based on PWM dimming and wireless networking, and relates to the technical field of plant light supplement illumination control, and during operation of the system, the system comprises a central management server, a wireless communication gateway, an environmental data acquisition unit, an intelligent ventilation light supplement terminal, a distributed power supply management unit and a mobile monitoring terminal. The server generates a PWM control instruction based on the environmental parameters and issues the PWM control instruction to the intelligent terminal through the wireless gateway; and the terminal adjusts the light intensity of the LED array by using the PWM driving unit, and synchronously controls the active ventilation device to improve the microenvironment between plants. Through deep integration of PWM dimming and wireless networking, gridding management and control of the greenhouse environment are realized, the photosynthetic efficiency of the middle and lower parts of plants is effectively improved, the gas diffusion rate is enhanced, the system wiring cost and energy efficiency loss are reduced, and precise agricultural production is realized.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of plant supplemental lighting control technology, specifically to an intelligent control system for inter-plant supplemental lighting based on PWM dimming and wireless networking. Background Technology

[0002] With the rapid development of modern agricultural technology, plant lighting, as a core component of smart agriculture, has become a key means to overcome insufficient natural light and improve crop yield and quality. In greenhouse cultivation environments, using LED artificial light sources to simulate the specific spectrum required for plant growth can significantly extend the duration of photosynthesis and enhance light energy conversion efficiency. This artificial lighting system not only reduces energy consumption but also, through precise control of photoperiod, enables a shift in crop production from dependence on the natural environment to precise industrial control.

[0003] Interplant lighting technology, a sub-field specifically designed for vertical farming and tall crops, aims to address uneven light distribution by deploying light sources between plant layers. Combined with pulse width modulation (PWM) technology and wireless communication networks, the intelligent control system can adjust the brightness and coordinate the operation of large-scale light arrays. The initial goal of developing this type of system is to provide personalized light formulations based on the real-time growth status of the crops, thereby creating a more balanced lighting environment in the vertical dimension and ensuring that the overall physiological metabolism of the plants is at its optimal level.

[0004] However, existing inter-plant supplemental lighting solutions still exhibit significant limitations when dealing with complex plant morphologies. Due to the natural shading of top leaves, the light intensity at the base is still insufficient to reach the light compensation point, severely limiting the yield potential of economic crops. Furthermore, existing lighting fixtures are mostly enclosed designs, lacking ventilation functions that interact with the plant's microenvironment. This obstructs airflow at the base of the plant, leading to temperature and humidity imbalances, which in turn inhibits normal root and stem growth. In addition, traditional control systems are inadequate in terms of wireless networking stability and dimming response sensitivity, and the lack of a flexible modular connection mechanism between fixtures results in cumbersome system installation and deployment, and high maintenance costs. Therefore, a smart control system for inter-plant supplemental lighting based on PWM dimming and wireless networking is desired. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, this invention provides an intelligent control system for inter-plant supplemental lighting based on PWM dimming and wireless networking, which solves the problems mentioned in the background art.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, this invention provides the following technical solution: an intelligent control system for inter-plant supplemental lighting based on PWM dimming and wireless networking, comprising a central management server, a wireless communication gateway, an environmental data acquisition unit, an intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminal, a distributed power management unit, and a mobile monitoring terminal, wherein: The central management server is configured to store preset light formula data required for plant growth, receive real-time environmental parameters from the environmental data acquisition unit, and generate pulse width modulation control commands for each intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminal through logical operations. At the same time, it coordinates the task scheduling and historical data recording of the entire system.

[0007] The wireless communication gateway is configured to establish a transparent data transmission channel between the central management server and the intelligent ventilation and lighting terminal. The wireless communication gateway has self-organizing network maintenance capabilities and is responsible for managing the network access authentication, topology updates, and signal relay routing of its subordinate nodes.

[0008] The environmental data acquisition unit is configured to monitor light intensity, air temperature, air humidity, and carbon dioxide concentration in the planting environment in real time, and convert the acquired physical analog signals into digital environmental messages, which are periodically uploaded to the central management server via a wireless communication gateway.

[0009] The intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminal, as the core actuator of the system, integrates a pulse width modulation drive unit, a light-emitting diode array, an active ventilation device, a position sensor, and a wireless communication module. The intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminal dynamically adjusts the light output intensity by receiving pulse width modulation control commands and synchronously adjusts the rotation speed of the active ventilation device to improve the microenvironmental circulation among plants.

[0010] The distributed power management unit is configured to provide a stable power supply for all electronic components in the system. It includes voltage conversion circuits, voltage regulation and protection circuits, and current detection circuits. It can dynamically adjust the power output according to the load changes of the intelligent ventilation and lighting terminal to ensure the electrical safety of the system under full-load dimming conditions.

[0011] The mobile monitoring terminal is configured to provide an interactive interface for users, communicate with the central management server, display the system's operating status in real time, and allow users to remotely configure and manually intervene in preset thresholds under specific permissions.

[0012] The pulse width modulation drive unit is electrically connected between the central management server and the LED array. It is configured to receive digital control commands and adjust the conduction time of the output current based on the duty cycle parameter in the control commands, thereby precisely controlling the luminous flux of the LED array to adapt to the specific needs of the plant for light compensation points at different growth stages.

[0013] The light-emitting diode array, using a multi-spectral mixed arrangement, can provide specific wavelengths of light covering the key absorption peaks of plant growth. Its physical structure is arranged on the side of the shell of the intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminal, and the light is projected to the bottom and middle leaf areas of adjacent plants through directional lenses.

[0014] The active ventilation device is built into the housing cavity of the intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminal. It is connected to the external environment through the air guide channel. The central management server sends frequency conversion commands to the active ventilation device based on the monitored temperature and humidity data and the preset wind speed adjustment logic, driving it to generate directional airflow, thereby breaking the air still layer at the bottom of the plant and increasing the diffusion rate of carbon dioxide.

[0015] The wireless communication module is embedded in each intelligent ventilation and lighting terminal. It supports multi-hop relay protocol and can transmit control commands between lights step by step to ensure coverage in large greenhouse environments. It also has link quality detection function. When an abnormality in the communication link is detected, it automatically finds the optimal path to retransmit the data.

[0016] The position sensor, installed on the bracket structure of the intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminal, is configured to sense the current height of the lamp in the vertical direction and the horizontal distance relative to the main stem of the plant, and feed the coordinate information back to the central management server so that the system can automatically suggest the installation position of the lamp based on the plant's growth height model.

[0017] Preferably, the outer shell of the intelligent ventilation and lighting terminal is made of a metal material with high thermal conductivity, and its surface is provided with densely arranged heat dissipation fins. The heat dissipation fins and the internal active ventilation device form a wind-cooling circulation path in physical space to achieve auxiliary heat dissipation of the light-emitting diode array.

[0018] The light-emitting diode array consists of multiple independently controlled light source channels, each with a different light color energy distribution. The pulse width modulation driving unit can independently adjust the duty cycle of different channels, thereby realizing the dynamic recombination of spectral components to match the specific preferences of different crops for the ratio of red to blue light.

[0019] The intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminal has standardized physical interfaces at both ends. The physical interfaces integrate electrical connectors and mechanical locking components, enabling multiple intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminals to be mechanically spliced ​​and connected to the circuit through cascading, forming a continuous supplemental lighting strip, which simplifies the wiring and installation process in large-scale greenhouses.

[0020] The environmental data acquisition unit includes a multi-point redundant sensing matrix distributed at different spatial heights of the plant. The central management server processes the multi-point data using a weighted average algorithm to eliminate misjudgments in the control logic caused by local shading or environmental interference, ensuring the smoothness and stability of light intensity adjustment.

[0021] The wireless communication gateway has a fault self-healing logic. When it detects that a smart ventilation and lighting terminal directly connected to it has lost response for more than a predetermined time, it will automatically trigger a network reconstruction request, instructing surrounding nodes to increase transmission power or adjust channel parameters to maintain the integrity of the network logical topology.

[0022] The central management server has a built-in energy-saving prediction model. This model combines historical light curves and weather forecast information to predict the natural light intensity in a specific future period and adjusts the output reference of pulse width modulation in advance accordingly. This reduces the overall energy consumption of the system while ensuring that the total photosynthetically effective radiation meets the standard.

[0023] Preferably, the frequency of the pulse width modulation control command is within a specific range to avoid flickering of the light-emitting diodes that is perceptible to the human eye. At the same time, the frequency is filtered to reduce electromagnetic interference to other sensitive electronic devices in the greenhouse.

[0024] The active ventilation system also features dust prevention and protection logic. It has a replaceable filter screen at the air inlet, and the position sensor can assess the degree of filter clogging by monitoring the back-induced electromotive force of the fan motor. When the clogging exceeds a preset threshold, a maintenance reminder will be issued through the mobile monitoring terminal.

[0025] The distributed power management unit has overvoltage protection, overcurrent protection, and short-circuit interruption functions. When any intelligent ventilation and lighting terminal experiences a circuit failure, the distributed power management unit can quickly isolate the faulty node without affecting the normal operation of other terminals on the same power supply line.

[0026] The mechanical structure of the intelligent ventilation and lighting terminal includes a universal adjustable gimbal, which allows the illumination angle of the LED array to be finely adjusted within a specific range in the horizontal and vertical directions. The gimbal is equipped with an angle locking device to ensure that the illumination direction remains constant when subjected to strong winds or vibrations.

[0027] Preferably, the wireless communication gateway supports concurrent access to multiple heterogeneous network protocols. In addition to wireless sensor network communication with the lighting fixtures, it also has an interface for remote data synchronization with an external cloud platform, enabling cross-regional aggregation and analysis of planting data.

[0028] The intelligent ventilation and lighting terminal's outer casing meets the standard requirements for high-humidity greenhouse environments. The internal circuit board is coated with conformal coating, and the connector is sealed with a sealing ring to prevent short circuits or oxidation corrosion caused by condensation.

[0029] The central management server can automatically adjust the system's operating logic mode according to seasonal changes and sunrise and sunset times. It can automatically increase the duty cycle of pulse width modulation during cloudy days or early morning and evening when there is insufficient light, and automatically reduce power output or enter sleep mode during the midday period of strong light, thus achieving adaptive balance of the lighting environment.

[0030] The mobile monitoring terminal's interactive interface includes a visual light array chart. Users can directly select specific light groups on the chart through touch operations, perform batch parameter configuration, or activate the ventilation mode with one click, greatly improving management efficiency.

[0031] Preferably, the airflow generated by the active ventilation device is not only used for plant respiration, but also configured to reduce local heat accumulation caused by high-power light emission. The temperature sensor in the environmental data acquisition unit can detect the temperature fluctuation of the LED nodes in real time. When the temperature exceeds the preset safe operating threshold, the system forcibly increases the ventilation intensity to implement cooling.

[0032] The splicing mechanism of the intelligent ventilation and lighting terminal adopts a tool-free design. The physical fastening between two modules is achieved by rotating the locking handle. The internal floating electrical connector can tolerate minor physical alignment deviations, ensuring the reliability of electrical connections during rapid deployment.

[0033] The wireless communication gateway has a priority queue scheduling logic that prioritizes the issuance of pulse width modulation dimming commands when the network is congested, while delaying the processing of low-frequency environmental status messages to ensure the real-time response performance of the supplementary lighting operation.

[0034] Furthermore, the central management server supports hierarchical management of multi-user permissions. For large agricultural parks, different management accounts can be divided according to regions. Each account can only control system components within its own region, while the administrator account has the highest authority to configure global parameters and upgrade firmware.

[0035] Preferably, the pulse width modulation drive unit has a smooth start function, in which the current rises or falls at a predetermined gradient when the system is turned on or the brightness is adjusted, so as to avoid the instantaneous impact load on the power grid caused by the simultaneous start and stop of high-power equipment.

[0036] Furthermore, the intelligent ventilation and lighting terminal also integrates a fault self-diagnosis circuit, which can monitor the open or short circuit status of the LED array. Once an abnormality is detected, it immediately sends a fault location code to the mobile monitoring terminal via the wireless network to assist maintenance personnel in quickly identifying damaged components.

[0037] Furthermore, the distributed power management unit adopts a high-efficiency power factor correction technology, which can reduce the reactive power demand of the system on the power grid, improve the power utilization efficiency, and has surge protection logic to protect the precision control chip from the effects of lightning or power fluctuations.

[0038] Furthermore, the intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminal has a specific rectification structure inside the air guide channel, which makes the exhaust airflow laminar rather than turbulent, so that the airflow can penetrate deeper into the dense plant canopy and improve the effective coverage depth of ventilation.

[0039] This invention provides an intelligent control system for inter-plant supplemental lighting based on PWM dimming and wireless networking, which has the following beneficial effects: (1) During system operation, this invention achieves refined and grid-based control of the lighting environment in greenhouses through the deep integration of intelligent dimming technology based on pulse width modulation and wireless networking architecture, effectively making up for the lack of spatial coverage in traditional lighting solutions. By deploying intelligent terminals that integrate supplemental lighting and ventilation functions among plants, the core pain point of low photosynthetic efficiency at the bottom caused by the shading of top leaves is directly solved. The active airflow circulation mechanism significantly improves the microclimate between plant layers, reduces the risk of pests and diseases, and promotes the physiological metabolism of crops.

[0040] (2) The wireless self-organizing network adopted in this invention greatly reduces the wiring complexity and implementation cost of the system in large-scale applications. Combined with the modular physical splicing design, the installation, expansion and maintenance of the system become extremely simple and quick, which improves the industrialization of facility agriculture.

[0041] (3) Through distributed power management and the energy consumption prediction model of the central server, this invention achieves an optimal balance between light energy utilization and power consumption, which can significantly reduce energy expenditure in agricultural production while maximizing crop yield potential. The closed-loop feedback control mechanism of the system ensures that light intensity and ventilation are always within the optimal range for plant growth under complex and ever-changing environmental conditions, realizing a leap from traditional experience-based planting to a data-driven precision agriculture model, which has significant economic and social value for improving the yield, quality and production stability of cash crops. Attached Figure Description

[0042] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall technical solution architecture of the intelligent control system for inter-plant supplemental lighting based on PWM dimming and wireless networking proposed in this invention. Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the core principle framework of the supplementary lighting and ventilation coordinated control based on pulse width modulation and environmental perception feedback in this invention. Figure 3This is a schematic diagram of the multi-level interaction and data flow between the central management server, the wireless communication gateway, and the distributed intelligent ventilation and lighting terminal in this invention. Detailed Implementation

[0043] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention. Example 1

[0044] This invention provides an intelligent control system for inter-plant supplemental lighting based on PWM dimming and wireless networking. Please refer to [link / reference]. Figures 1 to 3 It includes a central management server, a wireless communication gateway, an environmental data acquisition unit, an intelligent ventilation and lighting terminal, a distributed power management unit, and a mobile monitoring terminal.

[0045] The central management server is configured as the core of the entire system's logic operations and data scheduling center, integrating a high-performance processor cluster and a large-capacity solid-state storage array. The central management server stores preset light recipe data for plants of different families and growth stages. This data exists in the form of a multi-dimensional indexed database, containing specific spectral ratios, target luminous flux densities, and corresponding photoperiod logic. Simultaneously, the central management server is configured to receive digitized environmental messages from the environmental data acquisition unit in real time and invoke its internal control algorithm logic. By comparing the deviation between the current environmental parameters and the preset light recipe, it dynamically generates pulse width modulation control commands for each intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminal. Furthermore, the central management server also undertakes system-level task scheduling functions, recording the operating history, energy efficiency performance, and environmental fluctuation curves of all terminals, providing fundamental support for subsequent agricultural big data analysis.

[0046] The wireless communication gateway is configured as a key communication hub connecting the external network and the internal local area network of the greenhouse. The gateway is equipped with a dual-band wireless transceiver, supporting long-distance, low-power communication protocols. It establishes a full-duplex transparent data transmission channel between the central management server and the intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminals distributed throughout the greenhouse. To cope with the complex electromagnetic interference and signal shielding effects of plants in the greenhouse environment, the gateway possesses strong self-organizing network maintenance capabilities. It operates a complex topology control algorithm, automatically managing the network access authentication, logical topology updates, and multi-hop signal relay routing of its subordinate nodes. When a node experiences signal attenuation due to physical location changes or obstruction, the gateway can instruct other adjacent nodes to relay the signal, ensuring highly reliable transmission of control commands and feedback data.

[0047] The environmental data acquisition unit, configured as the system's sensing antennae, is deployed at key spatial nodes in plant growth. Internally, it integrates a high-precision light intensity sensor, a semiconductor air temperature sensor, a capacitive air humidity sensor, and an infrared non-dispersive carbon dioxide concentration sensor. This unit monitors the physical characteristics of the growing environment in real time. Its internal analog-to-digital conversion module converts the weak analog signals collected by the sensors into digital environmental messages with standard check bits and header formats. These messages are periodically uploaded to the central management server via the wireless communication gateway at a preset sampling frequency, providing accurate input references for the system's closed-loop control.

[0048] The intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminal, configured as the core physical actuator of the system, adopts a modular integrated design with a long, narrow layout for easy insertion between plant layers. Internally, the intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminal deeply integrates a pulse width modulation (PWM) drive unit, an LED array, an active ventilation device, a position sensor, and a wireless communication module. As the execution unit, the intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminal wirelessly receives PWM control commands from the central management server, dynamically adjusting not only the instantaneous output brightness of the LED array but also synchronously regulating the motor speed of the active ventilation device. This collaborative mechanism allows the system to enhance light exposure while simultaneously improving the microenvironmental circulation at the base of the plant through forced convection, increasing carbon dioxide concentration, and controlling local humidity, thereby creating a micro-zone optimal for photosynthesis in physical space.

[0049] The distributed power management unit is configured to provide energy supply and safety protection for the entire system. Considering the large-scale wiring requirements of greenhouse environments, this unit adopts a distributed architecture, with each power module responsible for supplying power to multiple intelligent ventilation and lighting terminals within its jurisdiction. Internally, it includes high-efficiency switching circuits, precision voltage regulation and protection circuits, and current sampling and detection circuits. The distributed power management unit can monitor the load fluctuations of each power supply branch in real time and dynamically adjust the output current compensation characteristics according to the power requirements of the intelligent ventilation and lighting terminals under different dimming duty cycles. This ensures that the voltage fluctuation of the system power bus remains within an extremely low range under full load or instantaneous dimming switching conditions, fundamentally eliminating potential electrical safety hazards.

[0050] The mobile monitoring terminal is configured as a portable window for user interaction with the system. The mobile monitoring terminal can be a smartphone, tablet, or dedicated handheld device, which communicates remotely with the central management server via a secure encryption protocol. The mobile monitoring terminal's interface can render a real-time light distribution map of the greenhouse and the working status of each terminal. Users can use this terminal, under specific management permissions, to modify preset alarm thresholds and light formula parameters, or manually perform forced ventilation and supplemental lighting operations on plants in specific areas, realizing a modern management model of "cloud monitoring and on-site decision-making."

[0051] The pulse width modulation (PWM) driver unit is physically connected between the power input terminal and the LED array. Internally, this driver unit includes a high-speed optocoupler isolation circuit and a power MOSFET driver circuit. The PWM driver unit is configured to receive digital duty cycle commands from the control system and convert constant DC power into pulsed currents with specific duty cycles by switching the conduction state of the power elements within microseconds. The average value of these pulsed currents determines the macroscopic brightness of the LEDs. This dimming method avoids the energy loss and spectral shift associated with linear dimming. Furthermore, the PWM driver unit features a smooth start-up function and employs a specific current gradient ramp algorithm during brightness adjustment, effectively extending the lifespan of the LEDs and reducing electromagnetic impact on the power grid.

[0052] The LED array employs a scientifically designed multispectral hybrid arrangement. Its light source components are strictly selected based on the plant's photosynthetically active radiation curve, including a deep red light chip with a peak value of 660 nm, a deep blue light chip with a peak value of 450 nm, and appropriate amounts of far-red and full-spectrum white light chips. These chips are mounted on a high thermal conductivity aluminum-based circuit board. The physical structure of the LED array is positioned on the side of the intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminal's outer shell, covered by a specially designed integrated directional aspherical lens. This lens is configured to converge and refract the divergent light beam emitted by the light source to a preset angle range, ensuring that the light can be accurately projected onto the bottom and middle leaf areas of adjacent plants, minimizing ineffective light scattering towards the ground.

[0053] The active ventilation device is configured to be installed in the internal cavity of the intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminal, and it employs a long-life DC brushless axial flow fan. The active ventilation device communicates with the greenhouse atmosphere through a pre-reserved grid-like air guide channel on its casing. The central management server sends frequency conversion commands to the active ventilation device based on real-time collected temperature and humidity differences and preset flow field adjustment logic. The directional airflow generated by the fan not only disperses the saturated water vapor layer on the surface of plant leaves, disrupting the so-called "air stillness layer," thereby significantly increasing the diffusion rate of carbon dioxide into the leaf interior and improving photosynthetic efficiency, but also, as the airflow passes through the internal heating components, it performs forced air cooling of the LED array, achieving comprehensive management of photothermal fluid energy.

[0054] The wireless communication module is embedded in the control circuit board of each of the intelligent ventilation and lighting terminals, and it adopts low-power mesh network technology that supports multi-hop relay protocols. This wireless communication module not only receives control commands but also has an automatic link quality detection function. In a large greenhouse environment, when the main communication link is blocked or interfered with, this module can automatically find the adjacent light fixture with the fewest hops and the highest signal strength for data retransmission. This highly redundant communication mechanism ensures that in a large control system consisting of thousands of light fixtures, every dimming command can be accurately issued within milliseconds, eliminating control blind spots.

[0055] The position sensor is configured as an ultrasonic or laser ranging module integrated into the lamp's suspension bracket. The position sensor is used to sense the vertical height of the intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminal relative to the ground, and its horizontal displacement relative to the plant's main stem centerline in real time. The acquired coordinate information is fed back to the central management server via a wireless network. The plant growth geometry model running on the server can calculate whether the current lamp position is at the optimal light compensation point based on the current growth stage. If the position deviates from the optimal range, the system will send adjustment suggestions to the administrator via a mobile monitoring terminal, or activate the automatic lifting mechanism to correct the position. Example 2

[0056] This embodiment is an explanation based on Embodiment 1. Please refer to it. Figures 1 to 3 Specifically, the outer shell of the intelligent ventilation and lighting terminal is made of 6063-T5 aerospace-grade aluminum alloy with extremely high thermal conductivity. Its outer surface is precision-milled with large-area, densely arranged longitudinal heat dissipation fins. The spacing and thickness of these fins have been optimized through fluid dynamics simulation to maximize the heat exchange area. The heat dissipation fins and the internal active ventilation device are physically coupled to form a highly efficient air-cooling circulation path, allowing the waste heat generated by the LED array to be carried away by the high-speed airflow. This ensures that the junction temperature of the LED beads remains below a safe threshold for a long period, thereby guaranteeing the long-term stability of the spectral output and slowing down the light decay process.

[0057] Furthermore, the LED array consists of multiple electrically independent red, blue, and white light source channels. Each light source channel corresponds to an independent pulse width modulation (PWM) control loop. The PWM drive unit can asynchronously adjust the current duty cycle of different color channels. This function allows the system to dynamically reconfigure the red-blue ratio of the output spectrum according to the physiological preferences of different crops, such as tomatoes, cucumbers, or leafy vegetables, at different growth stages. For example, during the vegetative growth stage of crops, the system can increase the proportion of blue light to suppress excessive vegetative growth; while during the reproductive growth stage, it can increase the proportion of red and far-red light to promote flowering and fruiting, achieving true "on-demand spectrum allocation."

[0058] Furthermore, the intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminal has standardized physical connection interfaces at both ends of its longitudinal direction. These interfaces integrate highly protected electrical plugs and self-locking mechanical hooks. This design allows multiple intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminals to be quickly cascaded like building blocks, forming a continuous linear supplemental lighting strip. The internally reserved power supply bus also enables automatic circuit connection. This feature greatly simplifies the wiring and installation process in large-scale greenhouses, allowing installers to deploy the light strips and quickly replace damaged modules without requiring specialized electrical knowledge.

[0059] Furthermore, the environmental data acquisition unit includes a multi-point redundant sensing matrix composed of multiple distributed probes. These probes are configured to be distributed three-dimensionally at different height levels of the plant, namely the bottom leaf area, the middle fruit area, and the top growing point area. After receiving this set of spatial data, the central management server performs fusion processing using a weighted average algorithm, which can effectively identify and eliminate sensor sampling anomalies caused by single leaf shading or local airflow disturbances. This redundancy mechanism ensures the stability of the control logic, avoids frequent malfunctions in light intensity and ventilation, and makes the entire greenhouse microenvironment adjustment process smoother.

[0060] Furthermore, the wireless communication gateway incorporates a built-in fault self-healing logic. When the gateway detects that a smart ventilation and lighting terminal directly associated with it has lost its heartbeat response for more than a preset time threshold (e.g., 30 seconds), the gateway determines that the node may have a communication link failure. At this time, the gateway automatically broadcasts a network reconstruction request to all neighboring nodes, instructing these nodes to temporarily increase their wireless transmission power and adjust the communication channel and time slot parameters according to a preset backup routing table. Through this dynamic topology self-healing, the system can quickly bypass physical fault points, maintain the logical integrity of the entire wireless control network, and ensure the normal control of other terminals.

[0061] Furthermore, the central management server incorporates a deep learning-based energy-saving prediction model. This model is configured to automatically acquire 72-hour weather forecast information via an internet interface and combine it with illumination curves recorded by local historical weather stations. The model can predict the trend of natural light irradiance changes within a specific future period and accordingly issue pulse-width modulation output reference correction values ​​in advance. For example, if strong sunny weather is predicted in the afternoon, the system will gradually reduce the duty cycle of artificial lighting in advance, utilizing natural light as the primary energy source. While ensuring that the total cumulative photosynthetically active radiation reaches the target for the entire day, this feedforward control logic can reduce the overall energy consumption of the system by more than 20%.

[0062] During the generation and transmission of the pulse width modulation control command, its operating frequency is strictly set above 2000 Hz. The engineering basis for selecting this frequency is to completely avoid the flickering phenomenon that may be perceptible to the human eye and biological vision when the light-emitting diode is dimmed at low frequency. At the same time, after being processed by the internal electromagnetic compatibility filter, this frequency can control the harmonic components generated by the high-frequency switch to an extremely low level, reducing electromagnetic interference to sensitive electronic equipment such as precision automatic seedling machines and nutrient solution circulation pumps in the greenhouse.

[0063] The active ventilation system also integrates intelligent dust prevention and self-diagnostic logic. A replaceable micron-sized fiber filter is installed at the air inlet of the lamps to prevent dust, pesticide aerosols, and small insects from entering the lamps. The position sensor works in conjunction with the fan controller to calculate the fan's current resistance by monitoring the back-induced electromotive force and current ripple of the fan motor in real time. When the resistance exceeds a preset safety threshold, indicating filter blockage, the system immediately sends a maintenance reminder code to the administrator via the mobile monitoring terminal, guiding them to replace the filter promptly and preventing system downtime due to poor heat dissipation.

[0064] The distributed power management unit exhibits extremely high robustness. Its circuitry incorporates multi-stage overvoltage protection clamps, fast-response overcurrent fuses, and Hall-effect-based short-circuit detection and disconnection circuits. When any of the intelligent ventilation and lighting terminals experiences an electrical short circuit due to wire wear or condensation seepage, its associated power management branch can execute a logic shutdown within microseconds, rapidly isolating the faulty node from the power supply network. This local isolation mechanism ensures the continuous and stable operation of hundreds or thousands of other terminals on the same power line, avoiding the risk of "one-point failure, entire line paralysis" inherent in traditional series power supply schemes.

[0065] Furthermore, the intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminal integrates a precision universal adjustable gimbal within its mechanical support. This gimbal allows for fine-tuning of the LED array's illumination axis by ±30 degrees in both the horizontal and vertical directions. The gimbal incorporates a ratchet-type or friction-plate-type angle locking device, whose physical strength is sufficient to ensure that the illumination direction remains constant even under strong wind vibrations generated by high-powered greenhouse fans or mechanical impacts. This flexibility allows the system to adapt to the needs of crops with different plant spacing and climbing / staking methods.

[0066] The wireless communication gateway is configured to support concurrent access via heterogeneous network protocols. In addition to real-time sensing and control communication with the lighting fixtures via proprietary ZigBee or LoRa protocols, the gateway also integrates an Ethernet interface and a 5G communication module. This enables real-time synchronization of planting data within the greenhouse to a remote cloud platform. The cloud platform aggregates planting data from different geographical regions, and through large-scale data mining, it can continuously optimize and iterate the light formula model, achieving global sharing of planting experience and cross-regional growth prediction analysis.

[0067] Designed to address the high humidity and corrosive environment unique to greenhouses, the intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminal boasts an IP65 protection rating. All internal control circuit boards are uniformly coated with a suitable thickness of conformal coating (moisture-proof, salt spray-proof, and mildew-proof). All external connectors are mechanically encapsulated with fluororubber sealing rings. These stringent physical protection measures effectively prevent condensation on the circuit board surfaces at night, avoiding short circuits or contact oxidation corrosion caused by electrochemical migration, ensuring a system lifespan of over 5 years in humid environments.

[0068] The central management server features a time-domain adaptive operating mode. It can calculate the precise sunrise and sunset times based on a built-in geographic latitude and longitude algorithm and automatically switch control logic according to seasonal changes. On cloudy or rainy days, or during the early morning and evening hours when natural light is insufficient, the system automatically increases the duty cycle of pulse width modulation to provide strong compensation; while during the midday hours in summer when natural light is abundant, the system automatically enters an ultra-low power sleep state, or only activates ventilation mode to assist in cooling. This all-weather automated control achieves a continuous balance in the light microenvironment.

[0069] The mobile monitoring terminal's interface has undergone specialized visualization optimization, including a dynamic chart of the light array based on digital twin technology. Users can directly select specific light areas or plant rows on the screen via touch or selection, perform batch parameter configurations, or activate a powerful ventilation mode with a single click. This intuitive operation logic greatly reduces the barrier to entry for farmers, making the management of a complex system as simple as operating a household appliance, and significantly improving the management efficiency of modern agricultural parks.

[0070] At the intersection of heat dissipation and physiological regulation, the airflow generated by the active ventilation device has a dual function. It not only directly serves the plant's respiration but is also configured to reduce localized heat buildup caused by the high-power LED illumination. The infrared thermal imaging sensor or thermistor in the environmental data acquisition unit can detect temperature fluctuations at the LED nodes in real time. When the monitored local temperature exceeds a preset safe operating threshold, the system forcibly deactivates the current energy-saving logic, prioritizing an increase in the ventilation device's speed for emergency cooling. Once the temperature returns to a safe range, the dimming logic is restored. This safety-first closed-loop control mechanism greatly ensures the security of hardware assets.

[0071] Furthermore, the splicing mechanism of the intelligent ventilation and lighting terminal adopts a completely tool-free, user-friendly design. Using a rotary locking handle located at the interface, operators can mechanically fasten the two lighting modules simply by manually rotating it, accompanied by a clear locking sound. Its internal electrical connectors employ a floating, flexible pin structure, capable of tolerating a physical alignment deviation of up to ±2 mm. This design ensures 100% reliability of the electrical connection during rapid, large-scale field deployment, even in low-light conditions or at heights.

[0072] The wireless communication gateway internally operates a priority queue scheduling logic based on quality of service. When the network load reaches a preset congestion threshold, the gateway automatically allocates resources to pulse-width modulation dimming commands, which have extremely high real-time requirements, while placing lower-frequency environmental status monitoring messages and historical record synchronization messages into a delayed processing queue. This intelligent bandwidth scheduling ensures that even under heavy network traffic, the dimming response of the fill light remains at a low latency of milliseconds, achieving real-time and smooth light adjustment. Example 3

[0073] This embodiment is an explanation based on Embodiment 1. Please refer to it. Figure 1 Specifically, to meet the intensive management needs of large agricultural groups, the central management server supports multi-level, multi-role user permission hierarchical management. For large agricultural parks spanning provinces and regions, the system can divide management accounts according to geographical area and greenhouse number. Each field account can only control system components within its assigned area and view local data; while the headquarters administrator account has the highest authority to configure parameters for all greenhouses globally, upgrade firmware uniformly, calculate energy consumption, and evaluate personnel performance. This rigorous architecture design ensures the security of production data and the standardization of management processes.

[0074] The pulse width modulation (PWM) drive unit features a unique soft-start and soft-shutdown function. When the system is powered on or when the brightness is significantly adjusted due to a change in the light formula, the drive current does not change instantaneously. Instead, it rises or falls smoothly over a predetermined logic function within 0.5 to 2 seconds. This approach effectively avoids the instantaneous impact load on the park's transformers caused by the simultaneous startup of thousands of high-power terminals, protecting the stable operation of power distribution facilities and preventing the potential "photostun" effect on plant photosynthetic organs caused by drastic changes in light intensity.

[0075] The intelligent ventilation and lighting terminal also integrates an active fault self-diagnosis circuit. This circuit can monitor the loop impedance of the LED array in real time. Once it determines, through sampling the phase relationship between current and voltage, that a chip open circuit, partial short circuit, or abnormal light attenuation has occurred, the terminal will immediately stop the current working plan and send a specific fault location code to the mobile monitoring terminal via the wireless network. Maintenance personnel can clearly see the specific physical coordinates of the faulty light fixture on the control interface (e.g., light fixture number 12 in row 5 of greenhouse 3), thereby achieving accurate fault location and rapid repair, significantly reducing the system's mean time to recovery.

[0076] The distributed power management unit employs advanced active power factor correction technology, which can improve the overall power factor of the system to above 0.98. This not only reduces the system's reactive power extraction from the public grid, avoiding low power factor penalties from power companies, but also improves the energy utilization efficiency of the entire power supply link. Simultaneously, the unit incorporates high-energy surge protection logic, effectively absorbing high-energy transient interference from the grid, such as lightning surges and switching overvoltages, protecting the system's highly sensitive control chips and wireless modules from hardware damage caused by power fluctuations.

[0077] Furthermore, the airflow channel of the intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminal is not a simple cavity, but rather features a rectifier grid structure derived from computational fluid dynamics calculations. This structure is configured to transform the turbulent rotating airflow generated by the fan into a smooth, highly penetrating laminar flow. Due to its physical properties, laminar airflow maintains a longer range after leaving the lamp body without dissipating, allowing it to penetrate deeper into the dense canopy of plants, thus improving the effective vertical coverage depth of ventilation. Example 4

[0078] This embodiment is an explanation based on Embodiment 1. Please refer to it. Figures 1 to 3 Specifically: As an architectural optimization and functional supplement to Embodiment 1, this embodiment provides an intelligent control system for inter-plant supplementary lighting based on pulse width modulation dimming and wireless networking, which is based on edge computing and hybrid wiring architecture.

[0079] In this embodiment, the system further introduces edge computing units, which are physically integrated within the wireless communication gateway. These edge computing units are configured to handle some of the real-time control tasks originally processed by the central management server. Internally, they run a lightweight supplemental lighting and ventilation algorithm model, capable of directly generating control commands at the gateway level and issuing them to the intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminal based on data fed back from locally accessed environmental data acquisition units. This architecture further reduces system response latency by shortening the control loop path. Furthermore, even when the remote connection to the central server is temporarily interrupted, the control system inside the greenhouse can still maintain autonomous operation based on the pre-stored local light formula, greatly improving the system's robustness in remote areas with poor network conditions.

[0080] In this embodiment, the intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminal employs a hybrid AC / DC wiring scheme. For signal transmission, wireless networking technology is still used to ensure deployment flexibility; while for energy transmission, DC microgrid power supply technology is introduced. The distributed power management unit at the greenhouse end converts the mains power into a safe extra-low voltage DC power of 48V or 96V for unified transmission. This scheme not only reduces the risk of electric shock in humid environments but also eliminates the complex AC-to-DC circuitry within each lamp, reducing the size and heat generation of the lamps. Simultaneously, DC power supply allows for seamless coupling with the photovoltaic power generation system on the greenhouse roof, enabling direct utilization of green energy in the supplemental lighting system.

[0081] For specific climbing crops, such as tomatoes and grapes, the position sensor in this embodiment incorporates a visual recognition module. This module uses a low-resolution image sensor combined with a deep learning edge recognition algorithm to automatically identify the real-time height of the fruit-bearing area. Based on visual feedback, the central management server can more precisely instruct the pan-tilt unit of the intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminal to adjust the illumination angle, ensuring that the highest-value fruit areas receive the most accurate light dose. This visual feedback mechanism allows the system to evolve from simple environmental compensation to precise supplemental lighting for specific organs.

[0082] In this embodiment, the active ventilation device features a reverse dust removal function. During non-supplementary lighting periods set by the system, the central management server periodically instructs the fans to reverse their rotation at maximum speed. This reverse-flowing, powerful airflow effectively disperses dust accumulated on the air inlet filters and lamp heat sinks, achieving a degree of automation and maintenance-free operation. Simultaneously, the system integrates an environmental odor sensing module, which can monitor changes in the concentration of specific volatile organic compounds inside the greenhouse to predict the risk of mold outbreaks. If an anomaly is detected, the system will forcibly activate a high-frequency ventilation mode to inhibit pathogen growth by enhancing air circulation.

[0083] In this embodiment, the mobile monitoring terminal supports augmented reality (AR) assisted inspection. When maintenance personnel enter the greenhouse with the terminal, the terminal uses its camera to identify QR codes or specific physical features on the lamp housing, and can overlay virtual information such as the lamp's real-time operating current, cumulative operating time, current junction temperature, and predicted remaining lifespan onto a real physical image. This AR interaction greatly simplifies the troubleshooting process, enabling on-site personnel to quickly identify "sub-healthy" components that, although not yet damaged, show signs of light decay.

[0084] In this embodiment, the wireless communication module incorporates a collaborative sensing function. The modules not only transmit control signals but also sense real-time changes in physical space caused by personnel activity or plant growth within the greenhouse by measuring signal round-trip time and intensity fluctuations between neighboring nodes. This "wireless sensing" capability provides the central server with additional spatial dimension information. For example, when an abnormally large increase in signal attenuation is detected between rows of plants, the system can infer that the plants in that area are growing too vigorously and automatically increase the ventilation in the corresponding area to prevent mold growth.

[0085] Furthermore, in this embodiment, the distributed power management unit integrates a supercapacitor energy storage module. When the power grid experiences a short-term power outage or voltage drop, the instantaneous energy provided by the supercapacitor can maintain the continuous operation of the control circuit and communication module, preventing frequent restarts and topology loss due to power quality issues. Once power is restored, the power unit can start the light array in batches according to a preset priority, completely eliminating the huge inrush current generated at the moment of power grid restoration.

[0086] The mechanical structure of the intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminal in this embodiment adopts a biomimetic streamlined design. Its rounded outer shell reduces airflow noise during strong winds and also prevents vines from tangling around the protruding parts of the lamps during greenhouse management. All fasteners are embedded and coated with a special polytetrafluoroethylene coating, possessing excellent hydrophobic and oleophobic properties, greatly reducing the accumulation of pesticide residues and condensation on the surface and lowering the risk of cross-contamination.

[0087] This embodiment of the system also adds a multi-machine collaborative emergency communication mode. When the wireless communication gateway suffers irreversible hardware damage, several preset high-performance intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminals in the system will automatically promote themselves to "temporary base stations," maintaining basic dimming control functions by establishing temporary point-to-point communication links until a new gateway is added to the network. This decentralized emergency mechanism ensures that crops will not suffer from light interruption losses due to system failure during critical growth periods. Example 5

[0088] For an intelligent control system for inter-plant supplemental lighting based on PWM dimming and wireless networking, please refer to... Figures 1 to 3 Specifically, in this embodiment, we focus on the system's adaptation and optimization scheme for extremely high-density vertical planting environments.

[0089] In this vertical, factory-style planting scenario, the intelligent ventilation and lighting terminal is configured for vertical, suspended installation. Its internal LED array employs a ring-shaped arrangement, using a cylindrical lens with 360-degree light emission to achieve uniform coverage of the surrounding multi-layered plants. The active ventilation device utilizes a centrifugal fan design, generating higher static pressure airflow that forces cool air into the compact gaps of the vertical planting rack, solving the common problems of heat accumulation and CO2 deficiency in the bottom central area of ​​vertical planting.

[0090] In this embodiment, the environmental data acquisition unit employs a bus-type interconnected probe. Each layer of each planting rack is equipped with a tiny digital probe, which is connected to the data acquisition unit at the top of the rack via a single-wire bus, greatly simplifying the wiring challenges in high-density environments. The central management server runs an algorithm called "micro-area flow field modeling," which simulates the subtle environmental differences of tens of thousands of plant points in real time, thereby enabling personalized pulse width modulation adjustment for each tiny planting unit.

[0091] In this embodiment, the distributed power management unit adopts a centralized rectification and distributed DC-DC secondary voltage regulation architecture. This two-stage conversion architecture can compensate for line losses caused by long-distance DC transmission, ensuring that even the lamps located at the very end of the greenhouse maintain a precise and stable input voltage at their rated point, guaranteeing consistent light output. Simultaneously, the system is equipped with an automatic detection and extinguishing device that immediately releases inert gas and cuts off the power supply when abnormally high circuit temperatures are detected, providing ultimate safety protection for high-density, high-value indoor agriculture.

[0092] The mobile monitoring terminal in this embodiment also integrates a light formula optimization laboratory module. Users can experiment with different red-blue ratios and pulse frequencies in a small test area. The system automatically records the crop's growth response curves under different configurations through the environmental data acquisition unit and uses a built-in genetic algorithm to automatically iterate and determine the optimal supplemental lighting scheme for that specific variety. This "automatic evolution" function transforms the control system from merely an actuator into a research platform that continuously generates production knowledge.

[0093] Finally, the intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminal in this embodiment has a photosensitive flexible circuit integrated on its outer shell surface, which can sense the wavelength composition of the ambient background light. When the intensity of sunlight or other external interference light sources changes significantly, the system can adjust its output spectrum in real time for "phase inversion compensation" to ensure that the total synthetic spectrum received by the plant is always locked at the target value set by the light formula, thus achieving absolute and precise control of the lighting environment.

[0094] The above embodiments can be flexibly combined and configured according to the actual greenhouse size, crop type and budget cost, so as to meet different levels of needs from simple plastic greenhouses to fully enclosed plant factories.

[0095] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. An intelligent control system for inter-plant supplemental lighting based on PWM dimming and wireless networking, characterized in that: It includes a central management server, a wireless communication gateway, an environmental data acquisition unit, multiple intelligent ventilation and lighting terminals, a distributed power management unit, and a mobile monitoring terminal; The environmental data acquisition unit is configured to monitor environmental parameters of the planting environment in real time, and converts the environmental parameters into digital environmental messages and uploads them to the central management server via a wireless communication gateway. The central management server is configured to store preset light recipe data and generate pulse width modulation control commands for each smart ventilation and supplemental lighting terminal based on digital environmental messages. The wireless communication gateway is configured to establish a transparent data transmission channel between the central management server and the intelligent ventilation and lighting terminal, and is responsible for managing the network access authentication, topology update and signal relay routing of each node. The intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminal integrates a pulse width modulation drive unit, a light-emitting diode array, an active ventilation device, a position sensor, and a wireless communication module. The intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminal dynamically adjusts the light output intensity by receiving pulse width modulation control commands and simultaneously adjusts the operating status of the active ventilation device to improve the microenvironmental circulation between plants. The distributed power management unit is configured to provide power to system components and dynamically adjust the power output according to the load changes of the intelligent ventilation and lighting terminal.

2. The intelligent control system for inter-plant supplemental lighting based on PWM dimming and wireless networking as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The central management server integrates a processor cluster and a storage array. The preset light recipe data is stored in the form of a multi-dimensional indexed database, including specific spectral ratios, target light flux density and corresponding photoperiod logic. The central management server has a built-in energy-saving prediction model. The energy-saving prediction model is configured to obtain weather forecast information for a specific period in the future through an external network interface, and combine it with the stored historical light curves to predict the future trend of natural light intensity. Based on this, the output reference value in the pulse width modulation control command is adjusted in advance, so as to reduce the overall power output of the system while ensuring that the total photosynthetic effective radiation accumulation of the plant reaches the preset threshold. The central management server also supports hierarchical management of user permissions, dividing different management accounts according to geographical regions, and each account is given specific control permissions for system components in its respective region.

3. The intelligent control system for inter-plant supplemental lighting based on PWM dimming and wireless networking as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The wireless communication gateway has self-organizing network maintenance capabilities and fault self-healing logic; When the wireless communication gateway detects that a specific smart ventilation and lighting terminal directly connected to it has lost response for more than a preset time threshold, it automatically triggers a network reconstruction request, instructs the surrounding smart ventilation and lighting terminals to increase their wireless transmission power, and adjusts the communication channel and time slot parameters according to the preset backup routing table in order to rebuild the communication link. The wireless communication gateway operates with priority queue scheduling logic. When the network load reaches the preset congestion threshold, it prioritizes the issuance of pulse width modulation control commands and delays the processing of low-frequency environmental status messages in the time dimension. The wireless communication gateway also supports concurrent access to multiple heterogeneous network protocols and has an interface for remote data synchronization with external cloud platforms.

4. The intelligent control system for inter-plant supplemental lighting based on PWM dimming and wireless networking as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The environmental data acquisition unit contains a multi-point redundant sensing matrix, which consists of multiple sensing probes distributed at different spatial heights of the plant. The sensing probes include a light intensity sensor, an air temperature sensor, an air humidity sensor, and a carbon dioxide concentration sensor. After receiving the spatial data uploaded by the multi-point redundant sensor matrix, the central management server uses weighted average logic for fusion processing to identify and eliminate sensor sampling anomalies caused by local occlusion or local airflow disturbance. The environmental data acquisition unit is configured to convert the acquired physical analog signals into digital environmental messages with standard check bits and header format, and upload them periodically according to a preset sampling frequency.

5. The intelligent control system for inter-plant supplemental lighting based on PWM dimming and wireless networking as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The intelligent ventilation and lighting terminal has a physical shell made of a metal material with high thermal conductivity, and its outer surface has densely arranged heat dissipation fins. The heat dissipation fins and the internal active ventilation device are physically coupled to form an air-cooling circulation path, so that the airflow achieves forced air cooling when it flows through the internal heat-generating components. The physical enclosure has a protection level that meets the preset greenhouse high humidity environment standard. The internal circuit board surface is coated with a three-proof coating, and all external connector parts are sealed with sealing rings. The intelligent ventilation and lighting terminal has standardized physical interfaces at both ends of its vertical axis. The physical interfaces integrate electrical connectors and mechanical locking components, enabling multiple intelligent ventilation and lighting terminals to be mechanically spliced ​​and connected to the circuit through cascading, forming a continuous lighting strip.

6. The intelligent control system for inter-plant supplemental lighting based on PWM dimming and wireless networking as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The light-emitting diode array consists of multiple independently controlled light source channels, each with a different light color energy distribution. The light source channels include red light chips, blue light chips, far-red light chips, and full-spectrum white light chips. The pulse width modulation drive unit is configured to independently adjust the current duty cycle of different light source channels in order to achieve dynamic recombination of the output spectral components; The physical structure of the light-emitting diode array is arranged on the side of the intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminal. Its outer layer is covered with a directional aspherical lens. The directional aspherical lens is configured to converge and refract the light beam emitted by the light source to a preset angle range, so that the light is projected onto the bottom and middle leaf areas of the adjacent plants. The light-emitting diode array is mounted on a circuit board with a high thermal conductivity.

7. The intelligent control system for inter-plant supplemental lighting based on PWM dimming and wireless networking according to claim 1, characterized in that: The active ventilation device is built into the housing cavity of the intelligent ventilation and lighting terminal and is connected to the external environment through the air guide channel; The air guide channel is equipped with a rectification structure, which is configured to convert the rotating airflow into a laminar flow state to increase the penetration depth of the airflow inside the plant canopy. Based on the monitored temperature and humidity data and the preset wind speed adjustment logic, the central management server sends a frequency conversion command to the active ventilation device, driving it to generate directional airflow to break the air stillness layer at the bottom of the plant. The air inlet of the active ventilation device is equipped with a filter screen. The intelligent ventilation and lighting terminal assesses the degree of clogging of the filter screen by monitoring the back-induced electromotive force and current ripple of the fan motor, and issues a maintenance reminder when the degree of clogging exceeds a preset threshold.

8. The intelligent control system for inter-plant supplemental lighting based on PWM dimming and wireless networking according to claim 1, characterized in that: The pulse width modulation drive unit is electrically connected between the power input terminal and the light-emitting diode array. It contains a high-speed optocoupler isolation circuit and a power MOSFET drive circuit. The pulse width modulation drive unit is configured to receive digital duty cycle commands and switch the conduction state of power components within microseconds. Its operating frequency is set within a preset high-frequency range to avoid visual flicker, and it is equipped with an electromagnetic compatibility filter to suppress harmonic components generated by high-frequency switching. The pulse width modulation drive unit has smooth start-up and smooth turn-off functions. During the brightness adjustment process, the current rises or falls according to a predetermined time gradient to reduce the electromagnetic impact on the power grid and prevent the light intensity jump from causing photoshock to the plants.

9. The intelligent control system for inter-plant supplemental lighting based on PWM dimming and wireless networking as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The distributed power management unit adopts a distributed architecture and includes a switching conversion circuit, a voltage regulation protection circuit, a current detection circuit, an active power factor correction circuit, and a surge protection circuit. The distributed power management unit is configured to monitor the load fluctuations of each power supply branch in real time and dynamically adjust the compensation characteristics of the output current according to the real-time power demand of the intelligent ventilation and lighting terminal. The distributed power management unit also has multi-level protection functions, including overvoltage protection, overcurrent protection and short-circuit interruption. When any intelligent ventilation and lighting terminal experiences a circuit failure, the distributed power management unit is configured to perform a logic shutdown within a preset time interval to isolate the faulty node from the power supply network.

10. The intelligent control system for inter-plant supplemental lighting based on PWM dimming and wireless networking according to claim 1, characterized in that: The intelligent ventilation and lighting terminal is equipped with a universal adjustable gimbal, which allows the illumination axis of the LED array to be finely adjusted in the horizontal and vertical directions, and has an internal angle locking device. The position sensor is integrated into the bracket structure of the intelligent ventilation and supplemental lighting terminal. It is configured to sense the vertical height of the lamp and the horizontal distance relative to the main stem of the plant, and feed the coordinate information back to the central management server. The mobile monitoring terminal is equipped with a visual interactive interface, which includes a dynamic chart of light arrays based on digital twin technology, allowing users to select specific light groups and configure parameters in batches through touch operation; The intelligent ventilation and lighting terminal also integrates a fault self-diagnosis circuit, which is configured to monitor the loop impedance of the LED array in real time and send a fault location code via wireless network when an abnormal state is detected.

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