Portable hydrogen fuel cell safety hydrogen supply and pressure stabilizing system

Abstract

The application discloses a portable hydrogen fuel cell safety hydrogen supply and pressure stabilizing system and belongs to the technical field of hydrogen fuel cells. The system comprises a pulse injection valve and an injection pressure stabilizing assembly arranged along a flow direction. The assembly comprises a central injection pipe and a peripheral pressure stabilizing cavity sleeved outside the central injection pipe, an annular cavity with fixed volume parameters is formed between the central injection pipe and the peripheral pressure stabilizing cavity, and the mixed pressure expansion section pipe wall is provided with a flow guide hole penetrating into the cavity. The system further comprises a sensor module and a control unit. The control unit performs boundary constraint calculation based on the ideal gas state equation and the pressure limit of the electric pile, determines the safety threshold of the maximum opening duration of the pulse valve in a single time, and combines the load working condition to distinguish the low-load pulse and the high-load straight-through working condition, thereby realizing selective boundary constraint of the pulse injection valve driving signal. Through the cooperation of the physical structure and the electronic constraint depth, the impact risk of excessive hydrogen injection is eliminated, the continuous hydrogen supply and the stable pressure in the full power range are ensured, and the system operation safety and reliability are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of hydrogen fuel cell technology, and specifically discloses a lightweight hydrogen fuel cell safe hydrogen supply and voltage stabilization system. Background Technology

[0002] With the development of green transportation, hydrogen-powered bicycles and hydrogen-powered two-wheelers have received widespread attention due to their high energy density and long range. Because the installation space of the whole vehicle is extremely narrow and the requirements for lightweighting are high, the hydrogen fuel cell power system installed inside usually abandons the electric hydrogen circulation pump with high power consumption and instead adopts a compact passive hydrogen supply circuit. The hydrogen kinetic energy generated by the opening of the pulse injection valve drives the downstream ejector to realize the return circulation of the anode exhaust gas.

[0003] However, in this passive loop, the transient pressure fluctuations caused by the high-pressure hydrogen gas at the moment the pulse injection valve opens will directly affect the inside of the fuel cell. Moreover, the buffer volume of the micro ejector assembly is limited and lacks effective physical boundary constraints. Long-term alternating pressure stress can easily cause microscopic tearing or physical fatigue damage to the proton exchange membrane inside the fuel cell, and even cause hydrogen and oxygen cross-membrane gas leakage, directly threatening the service life and safety of the stack.

[0004] Meanwhile, under low-load conditions such as vehicle idling or low-speed coasting, the extremely small theoretical hydrogen flow rate often results in pulse command durations below the actuator's mechanical response threshold. In such cases, the injection valve is prone to mechanical dead zones due to its inability to overcome electromagnetic inertia, leading to hydrogen supply interruptions or loss of return power. If the water produced in the reaction cannot be expelled with the airflow, it can easily accumulate in the flow channel, causing performance fluctuations. Furthermore, when dealing with high-load conditions such as rapid uphill climbing, simply increasing the pulse frequency not only accelerates actuator fatigue but also causes continuous pressure oscillations that interfere with voltage stabilization, thus affecting system performance and severely reducing the reliability of the hydrogen fuel cell system in complex riding environments. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to provide a lightweight hydrogen fuel cell safe hydrogen supply and voltage stabilization system to solve the technical problems of mechanical impact damage to the proton exchange membrane caused by the instantaneous jet of pulsed hydrogen supply in the prior art, as well as hydrogen supply interruption, loss of return power and anode water accumulation caused by the mechanical response dead zone of the actuator under low load conditions, which in turn leads to drastic fluctuations in the output performance of the fuel cell stack and low system reliability.

[0006] Specifically, the present invention is achieved through the following technical solution:

[0007] A lightweight hydrogen fuel cell safe hydrogen supply and pressure stabilization system includes a hydrogen tank, a fuel cell, and a hydrogen supply pipeline. The hydrogen tank supplies hydrogen to the fuel cell through the hydrogen supply pipeline, and the hydrogen supply pipeline includes a pulse injection valve and an ejector pressure stabilization component arranged sequentially along the hydrogen flow direction.

[0008] The ejector voltage regulator assembly includes a central ejector tube and an outer voltage regulator cavity wrapped around the central ejector tube. A tail gas return pipe is also provided between the anode exhaust port of the fuel cell and the intake port of the central ejector tube.

[0009] The system also includes a sensor module and a control unit. The sensor module is located in the peripheral pressure stabilizing chamber and is used to acquire environmental state data characterizing the gas state in the peripheral pressure stabilizing chamber. The control unit is electrically connected to the pulse jet valve and the sensor module respectively, and performs boundary constraint calculation based on the environmental state data collected by the sensor module to determine the safety threshold of the maximum single opening time of the pulse jet valve.

[0010] The control unit also generates a corresponding pulse drive signal based on the current load condition of the fuel cell, and selectively constrains the pulse drive signal by a single maximum opening duration safety threshold to dynamically control the gas supply mode of the pulse injection valve.

[0011] Optionally, the central ejector tube includes an intake chamber and a mixing and diffuser section arranged in the axial direction. The intake end of the intake chamber is equipped with a hydrogen nozzle connected to the pulse jet valve, and the exhaust gas return pipe is connected to the intake port on the side of the intake chamber.

[0012] The peripheral pressure stabilizing cavity is sleeved outside the mixing diffuser section and forms an annular cavity with fixed physical volume parameters with it;

[0013] The rear pipe wall of the mixing diffuser section has several guide holes that penetrate into the annular cavity.

[0014] Optionally, the environmental state data collected by the sensor module includes the actual hydrogen temperature data inside the annular cavity and the fixed physical volume parameters of the annular cavity;

[0015] The process by which the control unit performs boundary constraint calculations based on environmental state data collected by the sensor module to determine the safe threshold for the maximum single opening duration of the pulse injection valve includes:

[0016] Obtain the mass flow constant of the pulse injection valve and the maximum allowable pressure surge at the anode inlet of the fuel cell;

[0017] Based on the ideal gas law, the maximum pressure jump extreme value, fixed physical volume parameters and actual hydrogen temperature data are correlated with physical parameters to calculate the maximum hydrogen mass boundary that can be injected in a single time.

[0018] Based on the mass flow constant of the pulse jet valve, the maximum hydrogen mass boundary is converted into a time control quantity and established as the safe threshold for the maximum opening duration per operation.

[0019] Optionally, the control unit further generates a corresponding pulse drive signal based on the current load condition of the fuel cell, and the process of selectively constraining the pulse drive signal by using a single maximum start-up duration safety threshold includes:

[0020] The load electrical parameters characterizing the operating requirements of the fuel cell are acquired and compared with preset critical thresholds to distinguish the current load condition of the fuel cell into low-load pulse condition and high-load direct-flow condition.

[0021] When the fuel cell is in a low-load pulse operating condition, the control unit calculates the basic start-up duration to meet the real-time hydrogen supply demand based on the load electrical parameters.

[0022] The basic opening duration is compared with the safety threshold of the maximum opening duration per time, and the shorter of the two values ​​is taken as the actual opening duration per time.

[0023] The pulse drive signal is output according to the pulse cycle preset by the pulse jet valve and the actual single opening duration to control the pulse jet valve to perform restricted pulse air supply.

[0024] When the fuel cell is in a high-load direct-flow condition, the control unit stops comparing and constraining the basic opening duration with the single maximum opening duration safety threshold, and generates a continuous opening drive signal as a pulse drive signal to output to the pulse injection valve, driving the pulse injection valve to remain open for continuous main circuit gas supply.

[0025] Optionally, the preset critical threshold for operating conditions includes a first lower threshold and a second upper threshold corresponding to the load electrical parameters, wherein the second upper threshold is greater than the first lower threshold.

[0026] When distinguishing between low-load pulse conditions and high-load direct-through conditions, the control unit executes a dual-threshold anti-shake determination strategy:

[0027] When the load electrical parameters are greater than the second upper limit threshold, the fuel cell is determined to be in a high-load direct-flow condition.

[0028] When the load electrical parameters are less than the first lower threshold, the fuel cell is determined to be in a low load pulse condition.

[0029] When the load electrical parameters are between the first lower threshold and the second upper threshold, the current operating condition determination state is maintained.

[0030] Optionally, when the fuel cell is in a low-load pulse operating condition, the process by which the control unit calculates the basic start-up duration to meet the real-time hydrogen supply demand based on the load electrical parameters includes:

[0031] Extract the target current requirement from the load electrical parameters;

[0032] Based on Faraday's law of electrolysis, the number of cells in a fuel cell, Faraday's constant, and a preset hydrogen utilization coefficient, the theoretical hydrogen consumption mass flow rate corresponding to the target current requirement is calculated.

[0033] By combining the mass flow constant of the pulse injection valve with the preset pulse period, the theoretical hydrogen consumption mass flow rate is converted into a time width value, which is then used as the base opening duration.

[0034] Optionally, when the pulse injection valve performs pulsed air supply, the control unit is also used to compare the basic opening duration with the preset minimum opening duration per pulse, and the processing includes:

[0035] If the basic opening duration is less than the minimum opening duration per time, the control unit performs a numerical correction on the actual single opening duration and uses the minimum opening duration per time as the corrected actual single opening duration.

[0036] Based on the theoretical hydrogen consumption mass flow rate, the mapping relationship between the corrected actual single-cycle activation duration and the mass flow rate constant, an extended period value greater than the preset pulse period is obtained, and the extended period value is used as the updated pulse period to output the pulse drive signal.

[0037] Optionally, the sensor module includes a temperature sensor and a pressure sensor;

[0038] The temperature sensor is located in the annular cavity inside the peripheral pressure stabilizing chamber and is used to collect actual hydrogen temperature data.

[0039] The pressure sensor is installed at the exhaust port of the peripheral pressure stabilizing chamber to monitor the back pressure data of the gas path.

[0040] The control unit performs real-time compensation on the single maximum opening duration safety threshold based on the gas path back pressure data: when the gas path back pressure data increases, the maximum hydrogen mass boundary that can be injected in a single instance is reduced, so as to reduce the single maximum opening duration safety threshold in reverse.

[0041] Optionally, the guide holes are inclined along the gas flow direction, and multiple guide holes are distributed in a ring array on the pipe wall of the mixing and diffuser section to guide the gas discharged into the annular cavity to form a swirling flow.

[0042] Optionally, a pressure relief valve is also connected to the outer housing of the ejector voltage regulator assembly.

[0043] In summary, the present invention has at least the following beneficial effects:

[0044] 1. This invention effectively improves the system's operational safety and hydrogen supply quality by constructing a closed-loop control system that integrates physical boundary constraints and adaptive adjustment of operating conditions. It utilizes sensor modules to collect the thermodynamic state of the external pressure stabilizing chamber in real time, and the control unit dynamically locks the safety threshold of the maximum single opening duration of the pulse injection valve based on the ideal gas state equation and the pressure bearing limit of the fuel cell anode inlet. This algorithmically eliminates the risk of excessive hydrogen injection impacting the core sensitive components inside the fuel cell stack.

[0045] 2. This invention achieves a deep integration of end-of-line overpressure protection and control algorithm accuracy through the structural coordination of the pressure relief valve and the guide hole. The pressure relief valve utilizes a tangential swirling drainage mechanism to dynamically remove the encroachment of accumulated water on the effective volume of the annular cavity, thus safeguarding the constant volume parameters in the control algorithm from the hardware level. This not only significantly reduces the risk of "flooding" of the fuel cell, but also ensures the long-term absolute accuracy of the control unit based on thermodynamic equations.

[0046] 3. This invention ensures the continuity of hydrogen supply and pressure stability across the entire power range through operating condition differentiation logic and compensation mechanism. Under high load conditions, it maintains stable pressure by utilizing the spontaneous ejection effect, reducing actuator fatigue wear. Under low load conditions, it effectively solves the problems of pressure oscillation and supply interruption under low flow conditions through dual threshold anti-jitter judgment and action dead zone compensation mechanism.

[0047] 4. This invention improves the overall operational reliability of hydrogen fuel cell systems. By intercepting pressure fluctuations at the millisecond level and dynamically maintaining the anode flow channel environment, this solution effectively ensures the continuity of hydrogen supply and the stability of dynamic gas pressure, substantially achieving the invention's objective of safe hydrogen supply and pressure stabilization, and significantly enhancing the system's full lifespan. Attached Figure Description

[0048] The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of embodiments of the invention and form part of this application, do not constitute a limitation thereof. In the drawings:

[0049] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the present invention;

[0050] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the axial cross-sectional structure of the ejector voltage regulator assembly of the present invention;

[0051] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the control unit process of the present invention;

[0052] Figure 4This is a schematic diagram of the radial cross-sectional structure of the central ejector tube and the peripheral pressure stabilizing cavity of the present invention;

[0053] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the pressure relief valve of the present invention;

[0054] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the pressure relief valve of the present invention in the open state.

[0055] In the above figures, the reference numerals represent: 1. Hydrogen tank; 2. Fuel cell; 3. Hydrogen supply pipeline; 31. Pulse injection valve; 32. Ejector pressure stabilizing assembly; 321. Central ejector tube; 3211. Guide hole; 322. Peripheral pressure stabilizing chamber; 33. Exhaust gas return pipe; 34. Sensor module; 35. Control unit; 36. Pressure relief valve; 361. Valve body; 362. Follow-up valve core; 363. Calibration spring; 364. Pressure relief inlet; 365. Pressure relief outlet. Detailed Implementation

[0056] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this invention clearer, the invention will be further described in detail below with reference to embodiments. The illustrative embodiments and descriptions of this invention are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the invention. The embodiments described below are some, but not all, of the embodiments of this invention. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of this invention without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this invention.

[0057] In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these specific details are not necessary to practice the invention. In other embodiments, well-known structures, materials, or methods are not specifically described to avoid obscuring the invention. Unless otherwise specified, the materials, instruments, and reagents used in the following embodiments are commercially available. Unless otherwise specified, the techniques used in the embodiments are conventional methods well known to those skilled in the art.

[0058] Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of this application, "multiple" means two or more, unless otherwise explicitly specified.

[0059] Example 1:

[0060] This embodiment discloses a safe hydrogen supply and pressure stabilization system for a lightweight hydrogen fuel cell 2. It is understood that this system is mainly used in lightweight transportation vehicles such as hydrogen-powered bicycles and hydrogen-powered two-wheeled vehicles where installation space is extremely limited and load fluctuations are frequent. It aims to provide a stable, continuous and absolutely safe hydrogen supply to the fuel cell stack 2 under complex variable load conditions by combining a compact passive mechanical structure with an active feedforward electronic interception mechanism. It should be noted that the fuel cell 2 can adopt existing technologies such as proton exchange membrane fuel cells 2, which have an anode flow channel formed by a proton exchange membrane, and the proton exchange membrane has a preset mechanical pressure-bearing physical limit for the pressure fluctuations of hydrogen input from the hydrogen supply pipeline 3.

[0061] Please refer to the following: Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, the system includes a hydrogen tank 1, a fuel cell 2, and a hydrogen supply pipeline 3. The hydrogen tank 1 supplies hydrogen to the fuel cell 2 through the hydrogen supply pipeline 3. The hydrogen supply pipeline 3 includes a pulse injection valve 31 and an ejector voltage regulator assembly 32 arranged sequentially along the hydrogen flow direction.

[0062] The ejector pressure stabilizing assembly 32 includes a central ejector tube 321 and an outer pressure stabilizing chamber 322 surrounding the central ejector tube 321. A tail gas return pipe 33 is also provided between the anode exhaust port of the fuel cell 2 and the intake port of the central ejector tube 321. Obviously, the pulse injection valve 31 is used to control the amount of hydrogen injected from the main line of the hydrogen tank 1. The central ejector tube 321 is used to eject the unreacted tail gas discharged from the anode exhaust port of the fuel cell 2 through the amount of hydrogen injected from the main line, and introduce the mixed gas into the outer pressure stabilizing chamber 322 for buffering and pressure stabilization, so as to deliver the pressure-stabilized mixed gas to the fuel cell 2.

[0063] Furthermore, in Figure 3 As shown in the figure, the system also includes a sensor module 34 and a control unit 35. The sensor module 34 is located in the peripheral pressure stabilizing chamber 322 and is used to acquire environmental state data characterizing the gas state in the peripheral pressure stabilizing chamber 322. The control unit 35 is electrically connected to the pulse jet valve 31 and the sensor module 34 respectively, and performs boundary constraint calculation based on the environmental state data collected by the sensor module 34 to determine the safety threshold of the single maximum opening time of the pulse jet valve 31.

[0064] The control unit 35 also generates a corresponding pulse drive signal based on the current load condition of the fuel cell 2, and selectively constrains the pulse drive signal by a single maximum opening duration safety threshold, so as to dynamically control the gas supply mode of the pulse injection valve 31.

[0065] Understandably, in existing lightweight hydrogen fuel cell 2 power systems, traditional passive hydrogen supply circuits typically utilize the high-frequency opening of the pulse injection valve 31 to drive the downstream ejector to maintain hydrogen supply and circulation. However, further analysis by engineers revealed that due to the limited overall installation space of the lightweight system, conventional ejector components lack sufficient buffer volume. When high-pressure hydrogen from hydrogen tank 1 is injected at the moment the pulse valve opens, it creates a strong transient pressure fluctuation. Simultaneously, existing control logic largely relies on negative feedback regulation, i.e., adjusting the pulse command only after the sensor detects an abnormal pressure. This mechanism has an inherent time lag and cannot effectively intercept millisecond-level transient high-pressure jets. Consequently, the fuel cell 2 inevitably experiences alternating pressure shocks, which can easily lead to physical fatigue damage to the proton exchange membrane or transmembrane gas leakage.

[0066] Therefore, based on the above problems, this application solves the technical problem of transient high-pressure jet damage to the proton exchange membrane in a portable hydrogen supply system caused by insufficient hardware buffering and electrical control lag, by using an ejector voltage stabilizing component 32 that surrounds the outer voltage stabilizing cavity 322, and by introducing feedforward constraint logic that calculates the safety threshold of the maximum single opening duration based on environmental state data. Specifically,

[0067] When faced with direct injection of high-pressure gas and frequent load changes in two-wheeled vehicles, this embodiment constructs a physical buffer structure by sequentially arranging a pulse injection valve 31 and an ejector pressure stabilizing assembly 32 along the hydrogen flow direction on the hydrogen supply pipeline 3. The ejector pressure stabilizing assembly 32 includes a central ejector tube 321 and an outer pressure stabilizing chamber 322 surrounding the central ejector tube 321. In actual operation, the hydrogen tank 1 supplies hydrogen to the fuel cell 2 through the hydrogen supply pipeline 3. The pulse injection valve 31 is first used to control the main hydrogen injection volume from the hydrogen tank 1. When the main hydrogen is injected at high speed, a high-speed airflow forms within the central ejector tube 321. In the local negative pressure zone, the central ejector tube 321 uses the fluid power generated by this negative pressure to eject the unreacted exhaust gas discharged from the fuel cell stack through the exhaust gas return pipe 33 connected between the anode exhaust port of the fuel cell 2 and the intake port of the central ejector tube 321. The mixture is then introduced into the peripheral pressure stabilizing chamber 322, thereby using the kinetic energy of the main hydrogen to drive the anode exhaust gas circulation. Without the need for additional high-power active circulation pumps, the physical volume of the peripheral pressure stabilizing chamber 322 is used to buffer and stabilize the pulsating jet, thereby smoothly delivering the stabilized mixed gas to the anode inlet of the fuel cell 2 to reduce the amplitude of its gas flow pressure pulsation.

[0068] Furthermore, in response to the system's negative feedback regulation lag, this embodiment also constructs a feedforward constraint mechanism before signal output through sensor module 34 and control unit 35. Sensor module 34 is located in the peripheral pressure stabilization chamber 322 to acquire environmental state data characterizing the gas state within the peripheral pressure stabilization chamber 322. Control unit 35 is electrically connected to pulse injection valve 31 and sensor module 34 respectively. On the one hand, it generates a corresponding pulse drive signal based on the current load condition of fuel cell 2. On the other hand, control unit 35 performs boundary constraint calculation based on the environmental state data collected by sensor module 34 to determine the safe threshold for the maximum single opening duration of pulse injection valve 31. The physical meaning of this calculation is that, based on the current real-time state of peripheral pressure stabilization chamber 322, the maximum single injection time that the system can allow without exceeding the safe pressure limit is calculated in advance.

[0069] After generating the pulse drive signal, the control unit 35 selectively constrains the pulse drive signal using the calculated maximum single-operation opening duration safety threshold. If the duration of the generated pulse drive signal exceeds this safety threshold, the control unit 35 uses this safety threshold as the actual output upper limit to truncate the signal, thereby dynamically controlling the gas supply mode of the pulse injection valve 31. This achieves the goal of ensuring, without adding additional hardware pressure relief devices, that the amount of hydrogen released by the pulse injection valve 31 in a single operation is strictly limited to the mechanical strength tolerance of the proton exchange membrane under any extreme load conditions through a priori truncation at the signal level. This effectively improves the dynamic pressure regulation performance of the anode circuit of fuel cell 2 under complex variable load conditions, and significantly enhances the overall operational reliability and stack lifespan of the portable hydrogen supply system.

[0070] In some embodiments, the sensor module 34 may include, but is not limited to, miniature sensing components such as temperature sensors and pressure sensors, as well as a data storage unit integrated within the module. The environmental state data mainly refers to parameters that characterize the current spatial properties and thermodynamic physical characteristics of the mixed gas within the peripheral pressure-stabilizing cavity 322. Specifically, the environmental state data includes not only dynamic data such as the actual gas temperature and reference back pressure within the cavity, which are monitored in real time by the sensing components, but also fixed physical volume parameters of the annular cavity pre-written into the aforementioned data storage unit and directly readable by the system. The control unit 35 obtains the aforementioned physical state parameters by communicating with the sensor module 34, providing an objective data input basis for its subsequent boundary constraint calculation.

[0071] In some embodiments, preferably, the control unit 35 obtains the current load condition of the fuel cell 2, typically by communicating with the vehicle controller or the fuel cell 2 management system to obtain electrical parameters (such as target current demand, power demand command, etc.) that characterize the stack's operating requirements in real time. Based on this, the control unit 35 pre-calculates the theoretical duration of the pulse drive signal that meets the real-time load requirements.

[0072] In this embodiment, Figure 2 As shown in the figure, the central ejector tube 321 includes an intake chamber and a mixing and diffusion section arranged in the axial direction. The intake end of the intake chamber is provided with a hydrogen nozzle connected to the pulse jet valve 31, and the exhaust gas return pipe 33 is connected to the intake port on the side of the intake chamber.

[0073] The peripheral pressure stabilizing cavity 322 is sleeved outside the mixing diffuser section and forms an annular cavity with fixed physical volume parameters with it;

[0074] The rear pipe wall of the hybrid diffuser section is provided with several guide holes 3211 that penetrate into the annular cavity.

[0075] Based on the above embodiments, the central ejector 321 includes an intake chamber and a mixing and diffuser section arranged sequentially along the gas flow axis. The intake end of the intake chamber is connected to the exhaust side of the upstream pulse jet valve 31 through an inserted hydrogen nozzle, while the exhaust gas return pipe 33 is connected to the intake port opened on the side of the intake chamber. In the hydrogen supply operation state, when the pulse jet valve 31 is opened, the main high-pressure hydrogen is injected into the intake chamber in the form of a high-speed jet through the narrow hydrogen nozzle. The Venturi effect in fluid dynamics is used to form a local negative pressure zone at the side intake port. The unreacted exhaust gas discharged from the anode of the fuel cell 2 is physically drawn in by this negative pressure and returned to the exhaust gas return pipe. The gas is passively drawn into the intake chamber through pipe 33 and merges with the main hydrogen jet before entering the downstream mixing and diffuser section to achieve an initial reduction in flow velocity and uniform mixing of the two gases. Since the peripheral pressure stabilizing chamber 322 is fitted outside the mixing and diffuser section, the two are coaxially nested in the radial space, thus forming an annular cavity with fixed physical volume parameters between them. This annular cavity not only provides a compact physical space for gas expansion buffering without increasing the axial length of the component, but its fixed volume value also provides a static volume parameter benchmark for the aforementioned control unit 35 to perform boundary constraint calculations based on environmental state data.

[0076] In addition, the rear pipe wall of the mixing and diffuser section has several guide holes 3211 that penetrate into the annular cavity. The gas that has been initially mixed and decelerated by the mixing and diffuser section is forced to change its flow direction through these guide holes 3211 and is discharged into the annular cavity in a divergent manner. This effectively breaks the axial high-speed jet pattern of the gas and avoids the concentrated impact of high-speed airflow on the inner wall of the component. Furthermore, the mixed gas that is dispersed into the annular cavity is fully pressure-equalized and buffered by the fixed internal volume, which completely weakens the transient pressure fluctuations caused by the pulse jet and finally delivers it to the anode inlet of the fuel cell 2 in a stable steady-state airflow.

[0077] In some embodiments, such as Figure 4 As shown, the guide holes 3211 are inclined along the gas flow direction, and multiple guide holes 3211 are distributed in a ring array on the pipe wall of the mixing and diffuser section to guide the gas discharged into the annular cavity to form a swirling flow.

[0078] During system operation, when the mixed gas, after initial deceleration in the mixing and diffusion section, is discharged into the annular cavity through the guide hole 3211, the gas no longer overflows in a direction perpendicular or parallel to the pipe axis due to the preset tilt angle of the guide hole 3211 relative to the pipe wall axis. Instead, it is given a tangential initial velocity component. Combined with the arrangement of the annular array, the gas discharged into the annular cavity is forcibly guided to form a swirling flow field, so as to convert the residual axial kinetic energy of the mixed gas into tangential kinetic energy for sliding around the central pipe. This greatly extends the effective buffer path of the airflow in the limited annular space and changes the airflow from "straight-line impact" on the inner wall of the ejector pressure stabilizing component 32 to "wall-adhering swirling sliding", effectively suppressing the local stress concentration and high-frequency vibration caused by high-speed airflow. On the other hand, the coupling effect of centrifugal force and velocity gradient further enhances the turbulent mixing intensity of hydrogen and exhaust gas, ensuring that the components output to the anode inlet of fuel cell 2 are highly uniform and the pressure fluctuation is minimized, thereby further enhancing the dynamic pressure stabilization performance of this system.

[0079] Example 2:

[0080] In this embodiment, the environmental state data collected by the sensor module 34 includes the actual hydrogen temperature data inside the annular cavity and the fixed physical volume parameters of the annular cavity.

[0081] The process by which the control unit 35 performs boundary constraint calculations based on the environmental state data collected by the sensor module 34 to determine the safety threshold for the maximum single opening duration of the pulse injection valve 31 includes:

[0082] Obtain the mass flow constant of the pulse injection valve 31, and the maximum allowable pressure surge at the anode inlet of fuel cell 2;

[0083] Based on the ideal gas law, the maximum pressure jump extreme value, fixed physical volume parameters and actual hydrogen temperature data are correlated with physical parameters to calculate the maximum hydrogen mass boundary that can be injected in a single time.

[0084] Based on the mass flow constant of the pulse injection valve 31, the maximum hydrogen mass boundary is converted into a time control quantity and established as the safe threshold for the maximum opening duration of a single operation.

[0085] In order to achieve accurate feedforward constraints during the specific implementation process, the system needs to acquire accurate physical reference data. In this embodiment, the environmental state data collected by the sensor module 34 specifically includes the actual hydrogen temperature data in the annular cavity and the fixed physical volume parameters of the annular cavity. The fixed physical volume parameters are the objective spatial volume determined after the ejector voltage regulator component 32 is manufactured and finalized, while the actual hydrogen temperature data are dynamic thermodynamic parameters that fluctuate in real time due to the heat dissipation of the fuel cell stack and environmental changes.

[0086] After acquiring the aforementioned environmental state data, the control unit 35 performs boundary constraint calculations based on this data to determine the safe threshold for the maximum single-cycle opening duration of the pulse injection valve 31. In actual hydrogen supply control, to ensure that, under specific scenarios where the physical volume of the pressure-stabilizing chamber is known and the gas temperature is at its current dynamic level, the pressure surge generated by a single pulse injection will never exceed the mechanical strength limit of the proton exchange membrane, the control unit 35 first acquires the mass flow constant of the pulse injection valve 31 and the maximum allowable pressure surge at the anode inlet of the fuel cell 2. Subsequently, based on the ideal gas law, it correlates the maximum pressure surge, the fixed physical volume parameter, and the actual hydrogen temperature data to calculate the maximum allowable hydrogen mass boundary for a single injection. The calculation formula is as follows:

[0087] ;

[0088] in, This represents the maximum permissible hydrogen mass boundary for a single injection. It is an intermediate physical variable calculated and output by the control unit, and its unit is g.

[0089] This represents the maximum allowable pressure surge at the anode inlet of fuel cell 2. This data comes from the mechanical strength calibration parameters of the proton exchange membrane when fuel cell 2 leaves the factory. It represents the critical pressure difference that prevents the membrane electrode from physically tearing, and the unit is Pa.

[0090] This represents the fixed physical volume parameter of the annular cavity inside the outer voltage stabilizing chamber 322, in m³.

[0091] This represents the hydrogen gas constant, a standard thermodynamic constant, with a value of 4124.3, and units of... (Joules per kilogram Kelvin);

[0092] This represents the actual hydrogen temperature data, in Kelvin (K).

[0093] Based on the above formula, it can be understood that its logical essence is a deep coupling of static volume constraints and dynamic thermodynamic states. That is, in the actual operating scenario of a lightweight hydrogen-powered two-wheeled vehicle (bicycle), as the travel time increases, the waste heat generated by the fuel cell 2 continuously enters the pressure stabilizing chamber through the exhaust gas return pipe 33, causing the hydrogen temperature inside the chamber to rise continuously. According to the physical property of gas thermal expansion, under the premise of the same volume and the same pressure increment, the higher the temperature environment, the less additional gas mass it can accommodate. This formula accurately captures this physical law. When the temperature sensor detects an increase in the actual hydrogen temperature data, the denominator of the formula increases, and the calculated maximum hydrogen mass boundary automatically shrinks. This design, without the need to establish a large and complex empirical lookup table matrix, gives the system the ability to adaptively shrink the safety boundary under different thermodynamic states, enabling the overpressure protection mechanism to have the additional technical effect of dynamic correction with temperature drift.

[0094] Furthermore, since the pulse injection valve 31 is an electromagnetic actuator, its drive receiver cannot directly identify physical-level mass signals, but can only respond to the time width signal of the level pulse. Therefore, the control unit 35 needs to accurately map the aforementioned thermodynamic-level mass safety red line to an electrical-level time cutoff reference, and based on the mass flow constant of the pulse injection valve 31, convert the previously calculated maximum hydrogen mass boundary into a time control quantity, thereby establishing it as the safe threshold for the maximum single opening duration. The specific mapping formula for this time conversion process is as follows:

[0095] ;

[0096] in, The maximum single opening duration safety threshold of the pulse injection valve 31 is used as the time reference variable for signal truncation by the control unit 35, and its unit is seconds.

[0097] This represents the maximum permissible hydrogen mass boundary for a single injection, derived from the real-time calculation results of the aforementioned ideal gas law, in grams.

[0098] This represents the mass flow rate constant of the pulse injection valve 31. This data comes from the factory flow rate calibration test results of the pulse injection valve 31 under a specific hydrogen supply pressure, and the unit is g / s.

[0099] It should be noted that, since the pulse injection valve 31 is a direct flow regulating component on the hydrogen supply pipeline 3, the mass of hydrogen flowing through it and its opening time have a highly stable linear proportional relationship within its effective response range after opening. Based on this mechanical characteristic, this solution introduces the inherent mass flow constant of the pulse injection valve 31 as a physical conversion factor, so that the control unit 35 can directly and accurately convert the maximum allowable hydrogen mass boundary for a single injection calculated based on the environmental state data into a time control quantity that the pulse injection valve 31 can directly recognize and execute, i.e., the safety threshold for the maximum opening time of a single operation.

[0100] Especially given the hardware constraints of lightweight transportation vehicles such as hydrogen-powered bicycles (two-wheeled vehicles), which are often only equipped with basic microcontrollers, this solution significantly reduces the computational overhead of the control unit 35, ensuring the real-time generation of feedforward constraint instructions from the logic level. Furthermore, when the system encounters sudden changes in operating conditions such as rapid hill climbing or rapid acceleration, causing the pulse drive signal generated by the control unit 35 based on the current load condition to be excessively long, the control unit 35 can directly invoke the single maximum opening duration safety threshold to perform selective boundary constraints on the pulse drive signal output to the pulse injection valve 31. By using this safety threshold as the actual output upper limit to hard-truncate the drive signal, this solution successfully translates the abstract thermodynamic mass safety boundary into a specific electrical signal truncation action for the pulse injection valve 31. This strictly limits the transient pressure peak caused by a single injection from the pulse injection valve 31 to within the mechanical strength tolerance range of the proton exchange membrane, enabling the system to effectively avoid transient overpressure damage while ensuring dynamic hydrogen supply response, thus achieving the technical effect of safe hydrogen supply.

[0101] Based on the single maximum start-up duration safety threshold established in the above embodiments, in order to further realize the system's on-demand dynamic supply of hydrogen while taking into account the real-time performance of the gas supply response, as a preferred implementation, the control unit 35 also generates a corresponding pulse drive signal based on the current load condition of the fuel cell 2, and the process of selectively constraining the pulse drive signal through the single maximum start-up duration safety threshold includes:

[0102] The load electrical parameters characterizing the operating requirements of fuel cell 2 are acquired and compared with preset critical threshold values ​​to distinguish the current load condition of fuel cell 2 into low-load pulse condition and high-load direct-flow condition.

[0103] When fuel cell 2 is in a low-load pulse condition, control unit 35 calculates the basic start-up duration to meet the real-time hydrogen supply demand based on load electrical parameters.

[0104] The basic opening duration is compared with the safety threshold of the maximum opening duration per time, and the shorter of the two values ​​is taken as the actual opening duration per time.

[0105] The pulse drive signal is output according to the pulse cycle and the actual single opening duration of the pulse jet valve 31 to control the pulse jet valve 31 to perform restricted pulse air supply.

[0106] When fuel cell 2 is in high load direct-flow condition, control unit 35 stops comparing and constraining the basic opening duration with the single maximum opening duration safety threshold, and generates a continuous opening drive signal as a pulse drive signal to output to pulse injection valve 31, driving pulse injection valve 31 to remain open for continuous main circuit gas supply.

[0107] Understandably, the lightweight hydrogen fuel cell vehicle 2 faces complex and variable power demands during actual operation, including frequent start-stop cycles, smooth cruising, and rapid acceleration uphill climbs. The system needs to implement adaptive hydrogen supply strategies for different road conditions. Therefore, the control unit 35 first acquires the load electrical parameters characterizing the operating requirements of the fuel cell 2 and compares these parameters with pre-set critical threshold values ​​in the system. Through this comparison mechanism, the control unit 35 can clearly define the complex current load conditions as low-load pulse conditions and high-load straight-through conditions, thereby matching differentiated underlying electrical drive logic to the pulse injection valve 31.

[0108] When the comparison results show that fuel cell 2 is in a low-load pulse condition, it indicates that the vehicle is currently in a stable cruising or low-speed operation state, and the hydrogen consumption rate of the fuel cell stack is relatively slow. Under this condition, in order to maintain the effective circulation and ejection of gas inside the anode circuit and avoid unnecessary pressure redundancy caused by excessive hydrogen injection into the pressure regulating chamber, the control unit 35 calculates the basic opening time to meet the real-time hydrogen supply demand based on the current load electrical parameters. The core of this calculation logic is: based on the fundamental Faraday's electrochemical law of fuel cell 2 and the inherent flow properties of the pulse injection valve 31, a mapping relationship is constructed to directly convert the electrical demand signal into the mechanical action time, thereby calculating the theoretical opening time required to compensate for the actual hydrogen consumption of the fuel cell stack within a single pulse cycle. The calculation formula is as follows:

[0109] ;

[0110] in, The basic start-up time for meeting real-time hydrogen supply needs is the theoretical gas supply time base calculated by the control unit 35 based on the real-time consumption rate of the fuel cell stack, and the unit is seconds.

[0111] The electrochemical conversion coefficient of the fuel cell is derived from a fixed conversion ratio between the number of individual cells in the fuel cell and the Faraday constant. It characterizes the specific physical mass rate at which the stack consumes hydrogen per unit current, and is expressed in g / (A·s).

[0112] The load electrical parameters representing the operating requirements of fuel cell 2 are specifically expressed as the target current requirement. This data is obtained from the real-time target load command obtained by the control unit 35 through communication with the external vehicle controller, and the unit is A.

[0113] This indicates the pulse cycle preset by the pulse injection valve 31. This data is a fixed cycle action time scale set by the internal clock of the control unit 35, and the unit is seconds.

[0114] Based on the above formula, the aim is to use feedforward calculation to replace traditional hysteresis feedback to solve the response delay problem. In actual system operation, traditional pressure negative feedback regulation must wait for a substantial drop in pressure in the pipeline and be detected by the sensor before adjusting the valve opening command, resulting in an inherent physical time lag. This embodiment extracts the target demand current sent externally in real time and accurately calculates the total mass of hydrogen that the fuel cell stack will consume in the current pulse cycle using Faraday's electrochemical law. Then, it divides this mass by the inherent mass flow constant of the pulse injection valve 31, directly converting the electrical hydrogen supply demand into a specific level-time drive signal. This logic enables the control unit 35 to guide the pulse injection valve 31 to prepare for the injection of an equal amount of hydrogen while the fuel cell stack is actually consuming hydrogen, completely eliminating the dependence on hysteresis pressure feedback and achieving stable dynamic following gas supply.

[0115] Furthermore, after calculating the basic opening duration, the control unit 35 does not directly issue it as the final instruction. Instead, it compares and constrains it with the single maximum opening duration safety threshold calculated based on environmental state data in the aforementioned embodiment, and strictly executes the safety screening logic of taking the shorter value of the two as the actual single opening duration of the pulse injection valve 31. Its significance lies in the following: In the low-load pulse operating range, if the target demand current suddenly increases due to the fine adjustment of the external load, the basic opening time calculated solely based on electrical parameters is very likely to exceed the safety limit allowed by the current physical volume and temperature state of the voltage regulator chamber. At this time, the control unit 35 will forcibly use the safety threshold of the maximum single opening time as the absolute upper limit and cut off the time level signal that exceeds the safety range. Subsequently, the control unit 35 outputs the pulse drive signal according to the preset pulse period and the actual single opening time after the cutoff verification. This cutoff mechanism ensures that under any sudden load change, the single jet volume of the pulse injection valve 31 is strictly limited within the safe pressure range of the proton exchange membrane inside the fuel cell 2, while using this limited jet kinetic energy to maintain the necessary exhaust gas ejection cycle.

[0116] On the other hand, when the control unit 35 compares and finds that the acquired load electrical parameters reach or exceed the preset critical threshold, it determines that the fuel cell 2 is in a high-load direct-flow condition. This means that the equipment is in an extreme hydrogen consumption state such as acceleration or high-power full load, and the buffer gas in the pressure regulating chamber is rapidly extracted. If the restricted pulse start-stop mode is continued at this time, the gas supply interruption during the closing of the pulse injection valve 31 will directly cause fuel starvation in the anode flow field, thereby causing the stack output voltage to drop or the membrane electrode to be damaged.

[0117] Therefore, when facing high-load direct-flow conditions, because the fuel cell stack of fuel cell 2 maintains an ultra-high consumption rate, the high-pressure hydrogen injected into the pressure stabilizing chamber will be consumed instantaneously downstream, no longer possessing the physical premise of long-term accumulation within a limited volume and triggering an overpressure peak. Therefore, the control unit 35 actively terminates the above-mentioned safety interception process and directly generates a continuous opening drive signal to drive the pulse injection valve 31 to overcome mechanical resistance and remain in a normally open state, so as to continuously supply gas to the main line with a large flow rate. This effectively releases the maximum flow capacity of the hydrogen supply pipeline 3 under extreme load, eliminates the gas supply bottleneck and fuel cell stack starvation risk during high-power output, and effectively ensures the continuous and stable high-power electrical energy output of fuel cell 2 under extreme variable load conditions, significantly improving the operational reliability of the lightweight power system in the face of extreme road conditions.

[0118] Clearly, while the above implementation achieves the basic logic of dynamic air supply by dividing operating conditions, in the actual operation of lightweight vehicles, the target demand current sent by the external load end often fluctuates at a high frequency around a specific power point due to interference from road bumps, rider's handlebar movements, or sensor sampling noise. Therefore, if a traditional single threshold judgment is used, the control unit 35 will repeatedly trigger and output opposite pulse drive signals near this critical point, causing the pulse injection valve 31 to undergo high-frequency and disordered mechanical switching between the restricted pulse and direct normally open modes (i.e., generating a "ping-pong effect"), thereby accelerating the mechanical fatigue of the pulse injection valve 31.

[0119] Therefore, in order to solve this problem and improve the stability of system switching, this solution proposes a preferred implementation method. In this solution, the preset critical threshold for operating conditions includes a first lower threshold and a second upper threshold corresponding to the load electrical parameters, and the second upper threshold is greater than the first lower threshold.

[0120] When distinguishing between low-load pulse conditions and high-load direct-through conditions, the control unit 35 executes a dual-threshold anti-shake determination strategy:

[0121] When the load electrical parameters are greater than the second upper limit threshold, it is determined that fuel cell 2 is in a high load direct-flow condition;

[0122] When the load electrical parameters are less than the first lower threshold, it is determined that fuel cell 2 is in a low load pulse condition;

[0123] When the load electrical parameters are between the first lower threshold and the second upper threshold, the current operating condition determination state is maintained.

[0124] Based on the above embodiments, when performing operating condition determination, the control unit 35 adopts the following hysteresis control logic: when the acquired load electrical parameters are greater than the second upper limit threshold, it is confirmed that the power demand has substantially increased, and the fuel cell 2 is determined to enter the high load direct-flow operating condition; when the load electrical parameters are less than the first lower limit threshold, it is confirmed that the power demand has decreased, and the fuel cell 2 is determined to enter the low load pulse operating condition; and when the load electrical parameters are between the first lower limit threshold and the second upper limit threshold, the control unit 35 will shield the numerical changes in this range and forcibly maintain the current operating condition determination state unchanged (that is, if the previous determination cycle determined it to be the low load pulse operating condition, then the low load pulse operating condition is maintained; if it was the high load direct-flow operating condition, then the high load direct-flow operating condition is maintained).

[0125] Understandably, this solution, by presetting the aforementioned dual thresholds with a fixed difference, constructs a hysteresis control dead zone between the low-load and high-load boundaries at the judgment level of the control unit 35. When the load electrical parameters fluctuate within this dead zone, the control unit 35 treats them as invalid disturbances and controls the pulse injection valve 31 to maintain the original hydrogen supply strategy. Only when the load electrical parameters unidirectionally and completely cross the red line of the second upper limit threshold or the first lower limit threshold, does the control unit 35 allow the generation of the corresponding pulse drive signal to execute the mode switching action, thereby completely avoiding the wear of the internal reset spring and valve core of the pulse injection valve 31 caused by high-frequency disordered action, and significantly extending the service life of the pulse injection valve 31. At the same time, it further ensures the smooth transition of the gas flow pressure inside the hydrogen supply pipeline 3, fundamentally eliminating the risk of internal voltage instability and proton exchange membrane mechanical fatigue caused by violent gas supply oscillations, and greatly improving the overall operational stability and reliability of the hydrogen fuel cell 2 safe hydrogen supply and pressure stabilization system under complex road conditions.

[0126] Understandably, based on the above implementation method, although basic dynamic tracking of hydrogen supply is achieved through load electrical parameters, in the actual voltage stabilization process of a portable system, simple linear mapping often ignores the complex electrochemical reaction laws inside the fuel cell 2. Since the actual hydrogen consumption of different numbers of fuel cell stacks varies under the same current, and the permeation loss of the proton exchange membrane changes dynamically with operating conditions, if the physical alignment of hydrogen supply and fuel cell stack consumption cannot be achieved from the underlying mechanism, even slight deviations in the gas supply can easily lead to anode pressure fluctuations, thereby threatening the mechanical safety of the proton exchange membrane.

[0127] Therefore, in order to further improve the voltage regulation accuracy of the system, this embodiment proposes a preferred implementation method. When the fuel cell 2 is in a low-load pulse condition, the process by which the control unit 35 calculates the basic start-up time to meet the real-time hydrogen supply demand based on the load electrical parameters includes:

[0128] Extract the target current requirement from the load electrical parameters;

[0129] Based on Faraday's law of electrolysis, the number of individual cells in fuel cell 2, Faraday's constant, and the preset hydrogen utilization coefficient, the theoretical hydrogen consumption mass flow rate corresponding to the target current requirement is calculated.

[0130] By combining the mass flow constant of the pulse injection valve 31 with the preset pulse period, the theoretical hydrogen consumption mass flow rate is converted into a time width value, which is then used as the basic opening duration.

[0131] In this embodiment, the calculation process of the basic start-up time of fuel cell 2 under low load pulse condition is further described in detail. The purpose is to reveal the mapping relationship between the electrochemical parameters of fuel cell 2 and the mechanical characteristic parameters of pulse injection valve 31, so as to achieve accurate adaptation for fuel cell 2 with different hardware specifications.

[0132] Specifically, the logical solution process satisfies the following formula:

[0133] ;

[0134] It should be noted that the solution process in this embodiment is physically consistent with the aforementioned electrochemical conversion process. It simply performs a specific parameterized mapping of the aforementioned electrochemical conversion coefficients, and the corresponding relationship is shown in the following formula:

[0135] ;

[0136] in, The number of individual battery cells in the fuel cell 2 is preset in the control unit according to the actual physical assembly scale of the stack to be adapted;

[0137] It represents the molar mass of hydrogen gas, and its value is a fixed fundamental chemical constant, with the unit being g / mol;

[0138] This represents the Faraday constant, an inherent electrochemical physical constant, with units of C / mol;

[0139] This represents the preset hydrogen utilization rate coefficient, which is derived from the empirical compensation ratio pre-calibrated in the control unit 35 and is used to correct the deviation between the electrochemical reaction consumption under ideal conditions and the actual physical consumption.

[0140] Based on the above formula, this solution introduces a hydrogen utilization rate coefficient to achieve feedforward compensation for non-ideal hydrogen consumption behavior in the anode flow field of fuel cell 2. In the actual operation of lightweight vehicles, due to the high system integration, the anode flow field inevitably experiences trace amounts of hydrogen permeation and purging losses to maintain moisture balance. If calculations are based solely on theoretical electrochemical laws, a linearly accumulating small deficit in hydrogen supply will occur, inducing fluctuations in anode pressure. This solution, however, constructs engineering redundancy through a preset utilization rate coefficient, ensuring that the hydrogen mass injected by the pulse injection valve 31 in a single operation fully covers the sum of theoretical reaction consumption and physical permeation losses. This eliminates pressure oscillations caused by delayed or insufficient gas supply at the source, significantly improving the system's pressure stabilization accuracy.

[0141] Furthermore, this calculation process decouples the number of individual battery cells from the mass flow constant of the pulse injection valve 31 using parameters. When adapting the system to hardware with different power specifications, only the corresponding physical constants need to be updated to achieve logical matching, without the need to reconstruct the underlying algorithm. This high-precision parameterized control not only ensures the real-time generation of feedforward commands, but also effectively avoids mechanical damage to the proton exchange membrane caused by transient overpressure through precise microscopic limitation of the hydrogen injection amount, thus achieving a simultaneous improvement in the system's operational safety and service life.

[0142] It should be noted that, based on the above calculation of the basic opening duration, and considering the physical limitation on the minimum single opening duration of the pulse injection valve 31, as a preferred implementation, this solution also establishes a frequency adjustment mechanism for small flow rate demands. Specifically, when the pulse injection valve 31 performs pulsed air supply, the control unit 35 is also used to compare the basic opening duration with the preset minimum single opening duration. The processing includes:

[0143] If the basic opening duration is less than the minimum opening duration per time, the control unit 35 performs a numerical correction on the actual single opening duration and uses the minimum opening duration per time as the corrected actual single opening duration.

[0144] Based on the theoretical hydrogen consumption mass flow rate, the mapping relationship between the corrected actual single-cycle activation duration and the mass flow rate constant, an extended period value greater than the preset pulse period is obtained, and the extended period value is used as the updated pulse period to output the pulse drive signal.

[0145] Understandably, when fuel cell 2 is under extremely low load demand, the pulse injection valve 31 is limited by the minimum response threshold required to overcome mechanical inertia to open. If the calculated basic opening time is lower than this threshold, the pulse injection valve 31 will malfunction or fail to produce effective displacement, resulting in a momentary shortage of hydrogen supply.

[0146] In view of this, this solution achieves precise consistency between the total mass of hydrogen injected into the anode flow field per unit time and the theoretical requirement, while maintaining the physical reliability of each injection, by forcibly correcting the single-injection time to the minimum single-injection duration that meets the hardware response requirements, and simultaneously lengthening the pulse period proportionally in the opposite direction. This adjustment mechanism effectively avoids the risk of pressure instability caused by hardware response limitations in the low-power range of the lightweight hydrogen energy architecture, and ensures the real-time dynamic balance between hydrogen supply and electrolysis consumption across the entire power range. This ensures that the pressure fluctuation rate of the lightweight hydrogen fuel cell 2 safe hydrogen supply and pressure stabilization system is within the safe threshold range under extremely low flow conditions.

[0147] Example 3:

[0148] In this embodiment, the sensor module 34 includes a temperature sensor and a pressure sensor;

[0149] The temperature sensor is located in the annular cavity inside the peripheral pressure stabilizing cavity 322 and is used to collect actual hydrogen temperature data.

[0150] The pressure sensor is installed at the exhaust port of the peripheral pressure stabilizing chamber 322 to monitor the back pressure data of the gas path.

[0151] The control unit 35 performs real-time compensation on the single maximum opening duration safety threshold based on the gas back pressure data: when the gas back pressure data increases, the maximum hydrogen mass boundary that can be injected in a single time is reduced, so as to reduce the single maximum opening duration safety threshold in reverse.

[0152] This embodiment constructs a real-time monitoring system for the thermodynamic state inside the external pressure stabilizing chamber 322 through multi-dimensional sensing by temperature and pressure sensors, and introduces back pressure monitoring to further enhance the adaptability of safety constraints in complex and variable environments. That is, the initial back pressure on the anode side of fuel cell 2 will directly affect the pressure rise amplitude after pulse injection. When the back pressure of the gas path increases, the pressure space between the pressure stabilizing chamber and the stack is relatively reduced. If the original injection quality is maintained, it is very easy to generate unexpected transient pressure jumps.

[0153] Therefore, this solution further monitors the back pressure of the gas path and adjusts the maximum allowable hydrogen mass boundary accordingly, thereby achieving dynamic adaptation of the safety threshold with the system reference pressure. It also ensures that no matter how the downstream venting operation or the external environmental pressure fluctuates, the pressure increment brought by a single pulse injection of the pulse injection valve 31 is always locked within the mechanical strength tolerance range of the proton exchange membrane inside the fuel cell 2, eliminating the risk of transient overpressure induced by sudden changes in back pressure, and thus further ensuring the operational reliability of this system.

[0154] Example 4:

[0155] In this embodiment, please refer to further details. Figure 5 and Figure 6 The outer housing of the ejector voltage regulator assembly 32 is also connected to a pressure relief valve 36.

[0156] Understandably, this solution adds a pressure relief valve 36 to the outer housing of the ejector voltage regulator assembly 32 to build a physical protection mechanism at the end of the system that is independent of the electronic control signal. It is mainly used to deal with extreme and occasional failures such as sensor misalignment, deadlock of control unit 35 commands, or mechanical jamming of pulse jet valve 31. At this time, the air pressure in the peripheral pressure regulator chamber 322 will exceed the normal fluctuation range and quickly approach the pressure limit of the proton exchange membrane.

[0157] To address this, this solution integrates a pressure relief valve 36 with a pre-set opening pressure differential on the pressure stabilizing chamber shell. This valve achieves a baseline lock-in for the pressure within the annular cavity. When the pressure inside the cavity unexpectedly rises and reaches the mechanically set critical threshold, the pressure relief valve 36 automatically opens using the physical pressure differential without electrical signal drive, thereby timely removing excess hydrogen. This ensures that even in extreme conditions where the system loses its active control capability, the transmission of pressure peaks to the downstream fuel cell stack can still be forcibly cut off by physical means. This effectively avoids proton exchange membrane tearing or shell mechanical fatigue induced by transient overpressure, significantly enhancing the structural safety and operational robustness of the system.

[0158] Furthermore, the pressure relief valve 36 includes a valve body 361, a follower valve core 362 slidably disposed inside the valve body 361, and a calibration spring 363 abutting against the back pressure side of the follower valve core 362. The valve body 361 has a pressure relief inlet 364 communicating with an annular cavity and a pressure relief outlet 365 communicating with the outside.

[0159] The pressure relief inlet 364 is located on the bottom side of the inner wall of the peripheral pressure stabilizing cavity 322, and the axial extension direction of the pressure relief inlet 364 is consistent with the tangential direction of the swirling flow formed by the gas guided into the annular cavity by the guide hole 3211; a tapered guide surface is provided on the windward end face of the follower valve core 362 facing the pressure relief inlet 364.

[0160] During operation, the mixed gas discharged through the guide hole 3211 forms a wall-attached swirling flow within the annular cavity. Liquid water entrained in the anode tail gas settles to the bottom of the outer pressure-stabilizing chamber 322 under the influence of centrifugal force and gravity. Since the axis of the pressure relief inlet 364 is aligned with the tangential direction of the swirling flow, when the gas pressure reaches the critical threshold and triggers pressure relief, the tangential kinetic energy of the swirling flow not only does not interfere with the valve core opening, but also guides the accumulated water at the bottom and the high-pressure airflow to rush out at high speed along the conical guide surface. Specifically... Figure 5 and Figure 6 As shown, the pressure relief valve 36 is installed on the wall of the peripheral pressure stabilizing chamber 322. Its pressure relief inlet 364 is connected to the annular cavity (not shown in the figure). When the pressure is too high, the follower valve core 362 overcomes the elastic force of the calibration spring 363 and moves, so that the pressure relief inlet 364 and the pressure relief outlet 365 are connected.

[0161] Simultaneously, the pressure relief valve 36, while providing end-point overpressure protection, also forms a deep system-level synergy with the boundary constraint calculation of the control unit 35. On the one hand, it utilizes the exhaust pressure difference to simultaneously ensure forced purging of the anode circuit, significantly reducing the risk of "flooding" of the fuel cell 2. On the other hand, since the feedforward calculation of the control unit 35 is highly dependent on the fixed physical volume parameters of the annular cavity, it dynamically removes the encroachment of accumulated water on the annular cavity, thereby ensuring the constant volume parameters. This avoids the hidden overpressure caused by the overestimation of the allowable hydrogen injection volume due to the actual volume reduction, ensuring the long-term absolute accuracy of the control unit 35's thermodynamic equation calculations. Consequently, under the complex variable load conditions of the fuel cell 2, it effectively guarantees the continuity of hydrogen supply and the stability of dynamic pressure, effectively achieving the invention objective of "safe hydrogen supply and pressure stabilization" of this system, and significantly improving the service life of the proton exchange membrane in the fuel cell 2 and the overall operational reliability of the system.

[0162] It should be understood that the control unit 35 described in the above embodiments, based on establishing an electrical connection with the sensor module 34 and the pulse injection valve 31, can be implemented using any microprocessor or integrated circuit chip with data processing and logic operation capabilities.

[0163] Specifically, the control unit 35 can be a microcontroller, digital signal processor, field-programmable gate array, application-specific integrated circuit, programmable logic controller, or a vehicle controller and fuel cell management system integrated into a lightweight vehicle. Furthermore, the internal or external circuitry of the control unit 35 typically integrates a signal receiving module, such as an analog-to-digital converter or a bus communication interface, to read environmental status data and load electrical parameters from the sensor module 34. Simultaneously, the control unit 35 has built-in or external storage media such as read-only memory, random access memory, or flash memory to store fixed physical volume parameters, preset thresholds, and low-level logic algorithm instructions. In addition, the control unit 35 can also be equipped with a timer and pulse width modulation output module to output precise high and low level pulse drive signals to the pulse injection valve 31.

[0164] The above are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention and do not limit the scope of the patent. Any equivalent structural or procedural transformations made based on the description and drawings of the present invention, or direct or indirect applications in other related technical fields, are similarly included within the scope of patent protection of the present invention.

[0165] Furthermore, the structures, proportions, sizes, etc., illustrated in the accompanying drawings of this specification are all schematic diagrams, intended only to complement the content disclosed in the specification for those skilled in the art to understand and read, and are not intended to limit the conditions under which the present invention can be implemented. Therefore, they have no substantial technical significance. Any modifications to the structure, changes in the proportional relationships, or adjustments to the size, without affecting the effects and objectives that the present invention can produce, should still fall within the scope of the technical content disclosed in the present invention.

[0166] Furthermore, the directional terms such as above, below, left, right, and center used in this specification are merely for clarity of description and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Any changes or adjustments to their relative relationships, without substantially altering the technical content, shall also be considered within the scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A lightweight hydrogen fuel cell safe hydrogen supply and pressure stabilization system, comprising a hydrogen tank, a fuel cell, and a hydrogen supply pipeline, wherein the hydrogen tank supplies hydrogen to the fuel cell through the hydrogen supply pipeline, characterized in that, The hydrogen supply pipeline includes pulse injection valves and ejector voltage stabilizing components arranged sequentially along the hydrogen flow direction; The ejector voltage regulator assembly includes a central ejector tube and an outer voltage regulator cavity wrapped around the central ejector tube. A tail gas return pipe is also provided between the anode exhaust port of the fuel cell and the intake port of the central ejector tube. The central ejector tube includes an intake chamber and a mixing and diffuser section arranged along the axial direction. The intake end of the intake chamber is equipped with a hydrogen nozzle connected to a pulse jet valve, and the exhaust gas return pipe is connected to the intake port on the side of the intake chamber. The peripheral pressure stabilizing chamber is sleeved outside the mixing and diffuser section and forms an annular cavity with fixed physical volume parameters. The rear pipe wall of the mixing and diffuser section has several guide holes circumferentially opened to penetrate into the annular cavity. The outer housing of the ejector voltage regulator is also connected to a pressure relief valve. The pressure relief valve includes a valve body, a follower valve core slidably disposed inside the valve body, and a calibration spring abutting against the back pressure side of the follower valve core. The valve body has a pressure relief inlet communicating with an annular cavity and a pressure relief outlet communicating with the outside. The system also includes a sensor module and a control unit. The sensor module is located in the peripheral pressure stabilizing chamber and is used to acquire environmental state data characterizing the gas state in the peripheral pressure stabilizing chamber. The control unit is electrically connected to the pulse jet valve and the sensor module respectively, and performs boundary constraint calculation based on the environmental state data collected by the sensor module to determine the safety threshold of the maximum single opening time of the pulse jet valve. The control unit also generates a corresponding pulse drive signal based on the current load condition of the fuel cell, and selectively constrains the pulse drive signal by using a single maximum opening duration safety threshold to dynamically control the gas supply mode of the pulse injection valve; specifically including: The load electrical parameters characterizing the operating requirements of the fuel cell are acquired and compared with preset critical thresholds to distinguish the current load condition of the fuel cell into low-load pulse condition and high-load direct-flow condition. When the fuel cell is operating under low-load pulse conditions, the control unit calculates the basic start-up duration to meet real-time hydrogen supply requirements based on load electrical parameters; the process includes: Extract the target current requirement from the load electrical parameters; Based on Faraday's law of electrolysis, the number of cells in a fuel cell, Faraday's constant, and a preset hydrogen utilization coefficient, the theoretical hydrogen consumption mass flow rate corresponding to the target current requirement is calculated. By combining the mass flow constant of the pulse injection valve with the preset pulse period, the theoretical hydrogen consumption mass flow rate is converted into a time width value, which is then used as the base opening duration. The basic opening duration is compared with the safety threshold of the maximum opening duration per time, and the shorter of the two values ​​is taken as the actual opening duration per time. The pulse drive signal is output according to the preset pulse period and the actual single opening duration of the pulse jet valve to control the pulse jet valve to perform restricted pulse air supply; when the pulse jet valve performs pulse air supply, the control unit is also used to compare the basic opening duration with the preset minimum single opening duration, and the processing includes: If the basic opening duration is less than the minimum opening duration per time, the control unit performs a numerical correction on the actual single opening duration and uses the minimum opening duration per time as the corrected actual single opening duration. Based on the mapping relationship between theoretical hydrogen consumption mass flow rate, corrected actual single-time opening duration and mass flow rate constant, the extended period value is obtained which is greater than the preset pulse period, and the extended period value is used as the updated pulse period to output the pulse drive signal. When the fuel cell is in a high-load direct-flow condition, the control unit stops comparing and constraining the basic opening duration with the single maximum opening duration safety threshold, and generates a continuous opening drive signal as a pulse drive signal to output to the pulse injection valve, driving the pulse injection valve to remain open for continuous main circuit gas supply.

2. The portable hydrogen fuel cell safe hydrogen supply and voltage stabilization system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The environmental status data collected by the sensor module includes the actual hydrogen temperature data inside the annular cavity and the fixed physical volume parameters of the annular cavity. The process by which the control unit performs boundary constraint calculations based on environmental state data collected by the sensor module to determine the safe threshold for the maximum single opening duration of the pulse injection valve includes: Obtain the mass flow constant of the pulse injection valve and the maximum allowable pressure surge at the anode inlet of the fuel cell; Based on the ideal gas law, the maximum pressure jump extreme value, fixed physical volume parameters and actual hydrogen temperature data are correlated with physical parameters to calculate the maximum hydrogen mass boundary that can be injected in a single time. Based on the mass flow constant of the pulse jet valve, the maximum hydrogen mass boundary is converted into a time control quantity and established as the safe threshold for the maximum opening duration per operation.

3. The portable hydrogen fuel cell safe hydrogen supply and voltage stabilization system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The preset critical threshold for operating conditions includes a first lower threshold and a second upper threshold corresponding to the load electrical parameters, wherein the second upper threshold is greater than the first lower threshold. When distinguishing between low-load pulse conditions and high-load direct-through conditions, the control unit executes a dual-threshold anti-shake determination strategy: When the load electrical parameters are greater than the second upper limit threshold, the fuel cell is determined to be in a high-load direct-flow condition. When the load electrical parameters are less than the first lower threshold, the fuel cell is determined to be in a low load pulse condition. When the load electrical parameters are between the first lower threshold and the second upper threshold, the current operating condition determination state is maintained.

4. The portable hydrogen fuel cell safe hydrogen supply and voltage stabilization system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The sensor module includes a temperature sensor and a pressure sensor; The temperature sensor is located in the annular cavity inside the peripheral pressure stabilizing chamber and is used to collect actual hydrogen temperature data. The pressure sensor is installed at the exhaust port of the peripheral pressure stabilizing chamber to monitor the back pressure data of the gas path. The control unit performs real-time compensation on the single maximum opening duration safety threshold based on the gas path back pressure data: when the gas path back pressure data increases, the maximum hydrogen mass boundary that can be injected in a single instance is reduced, so as to reduce the single maximum opening duration safety threshold in reverse.

5. A portable hydrogen fuel cell safe hydrogen supply and voltage stabilization system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The guide holes are inclined along the gas flow direction, and multiple guide holes are arranged in a ring array on the pipe wall of the mixing and diffuser section to guide the gas discharged into the annular cavity to form a swirling flow.

Images