Quality maintaining system of battery cell and battery information display method and system

Abstract

The present invention provides a battery cell quality maintenance system, a battery information display method and system, the battery cell quality maintenance system comprising: a plurality of battery cells charged and discharged by a battery pack network; the at least one sensing integrated circuit is used for metering and recording performance parameters of each battery cell, and the sensing integrated circuit is used for evaluating whether the quality of each battery cell conforms to a critical state or not, and if a declined battery cell does not conform to the critical state, the declined battery cell does not conform to the critical state; the sensing integrated circuit controls a functional circuit to implement a corresponding measure to act on the declined battery cell so as to maintain the quality consistency of all the battery cells, and the corresponding measure comprises but is not limited to isolation of charging and discharging of the battery cell, or implementation of electric quantity balance on the declined battery cell, or a combination of the isolation of charging and discharging of the battery cell and the implementation of electric quantity balance on the declined battery cell. Wherein the performance parameters include but are not limited to the electric quantity, the capacity, the internal resistance and the health degree of a power battery or a smart battery.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to battery quality maintenance systems and related methods, particularly to battery cell quality maintenance systems, battery information display methods and systems. Background Technology

[0002] Figure 1A The open-circuit rechargeable battery cell C has terminal voltages of Vbat+ and Vbat-. Figure 1B show Figure 1A The equivalent circuit of battery cell C shown includes a battery internal array Rbat and an open-circuit voltage Vopen connected in series with the battery internal array Rbat. The open-circuit voltage Vopen represents the equivalent voltage of battery cell C in an open-circuit state. The battery cell C can be a ternary lithium battery (Rbat = 110mΩ / Ah, Vopen = 4.20V / 3.65V / 3.00V) or a lithium iron phosphate battery (Rbat = 22mΩ / Ah, Vopen = 3.70V / 3.00V / 2.50V).

[0003] Figure 1C This diagram illustrates a configuration of a conventional battery pack P, comprising a battery cell C, a protection integrated circuit PIC, a power switch S, and one or more passive components, wherein the battery cell is a rechargeable battery, and the power switch S may be a transistor switch (such as a MOSFET). The battery pack P has terminal voltages VP+ and VP-, wherein voltage VP+ is connected to one terminal of the protection integrated circuit PIC and one terminal of the battery cell C, and voltage VP- is connected to the other terminal of the protection integrated circuit PIC and the other terminal of the battery cell C. The power switch S is connected between the battery cell C and voltage VP- and is operable under the control of the protection integrated circuit PIC to be ON and OFF to determine whether the battery cell C is connected to voltage VP-. Preferably, the power switch S is configured to withstand voltages in the range of 20V to 40V when OFF and has an on-resistance in the mΩ range when ON, with the on-resistance of the switching element denoted by Ron.

[0004] The protection integrated circuit (PIC) is connected to the battery cell C via a connection means 10, allowing a temperature sensing terminal of the PIC to contact or approach the surface of the battery cell C to measure its temperature. Therefore, the PIC primarily serves several purposes, including: protection against overcharging or over-discharging of the battery cell C; protection against excessive charging or discharging current; and protection against overheating of the circuit (caused by battery temperature). In addition to the aforementioned protection purposes, the PIC does not control the power switch S to be turned off.

[0005] Figure 1D show Figure 1C The diagram shows the configuration of battery pack P connected to load system SYS. An existing gauge integrated circuit (GIC) is located in load system SYS. A thermistor TH is attached to battery pack P, and the GIC measures the temperature of battery pack P through the thermistor TH. In load system SYS, a sense resistor Rsense (10mΩ) is configured in the charge / discharge path of battery pack P for the GIC to measure charging and discharging currents. In practice, both the thermistor TH and the sense resistor Rsense are external components of the GIC, and the GIC is not calibrated for them during manufacturing. Therefore, the GIC can only assume that these external components are accurate. In load system SYS, the existing GIC cannot measure the terminal voltage Vbat of the battery cells in battery pack P; instead, it uses the temperature of battery pack P to calibrate the battery terminal voltage, and can only estimate the SOC of the charged / discharged battery cells based on this.

[0006] Figure 1D The existing measurement integrated circuit (IC) shown includes measurement and calculation functions, such as measuring the terminal voltage Vbat of battery pack P, the battery charging or discharging current Ibat, and measuring the battery temperature Tbat through external components (such as a thermistor), to evaluate parameters such as State of Charge (SOC). It can also calibrate the values ​​of the charging and discharging current Ibat and the terminal voltages VP+ and VP- of battery pack P using the measurement IC (GIC). Since existing measurement ICs are combined with external components after production to achieve specific functions, mass-produced measurement ICs cannot be calibrated individually for each external component. Therefore, directly combining existing measurement ICs with external components may lead to inaccurate measurement results, thus affecting the evaluation of the battery's State of Charge (SOC). SOC can be obtained using known methods such as the coulomb method, voltage method, charge method, and current method. According to the formula for calculating charge (CV = IT = Q), the evaluation of SOC is mainly achieved by five variables: capacitance, open-circuit voltage, current, time, and charge. In practice, previous technologies first assessed the State of Charge (SOC) using the long-term charge-discharge ratio, and then used the assessed SOC to interpret the battery's capacity and quality. Existing measurement integrated circuits do not provide accurate battery parameter states and battery performance measurements in real time.

[0007] With the rapid development of lithium battery technology, performance monitoring of power batteries has become increasingly important. Especially when batteries are connected to a load, real-time measurement of the open-circuit voltage (OCV) of each lithium battery has become a challenge. OCV refers to the voltage across the battery terminals under no-load conditions, reflecting the battery's state of charge (SOC) and health status. However, in practical applications, especially when power battery packs are discharged while connected to a load, existing technologies face multiple challenges in accurately obtaining OCV measurement data for each battery cell.

[0008] These challenges include: when a power battery is connected to a load, the discharge process generates internal resistance and heat, leading to a drop in terminal voltage, and the measured voltage does not reflect the true OCV under static conditions; in high energy density and high power output systems, measurement equipment needs to have high input impedance (typically above 10 MΩ) to prevent interference with the battery discharge process; furthermore, with the increasing number of lithium batteries in power battery systems (potentially reaching thousands), rapid and accurate measurement of each battery cell is required. While multi-channel testing systems can improve efficiency, they may introduce uncertainties in the power supply received by the load during switching, and each channel must consider common-mode voltage specifications to protect the measurement equipment from damage; and while existing technologies such as Coulomb counting and OCV lookup tables can operate, their accuracy is limited in dynamic discharge environments. Therefore, industry development requires the development of new metering devices and methods to accurately measure the SOC and OCV of battery cells in real time when connected to a load.

[0009] The power requirements of different applications determine the battery configuration. Small electronic devices such as watches or remote controls typically use one or a few small-capacity batteries to provide a small amount of energy. Smartphones, tablets, and other electronic devices require higher power and longer battery life, and are usually composed of several batteries. For even greater power demands, such as electric vehicles or energy storage systems, more battery cells (or battery assemblies) are used to form high-power batteries. These high-power batteries are configured in series, parallel, series-parallel, or parallel-series networks to increase voltage, current, or capacity, ensuring a stable power supply over a long period. The battery configuration is designed and tailored to the specific application requirements.

[0010] Please refer to Figure 2 and Figure 3A , Figure 3B Figure 1 is a circuit diagram showing the formation of a series-parallel network of an existing power battery 10. Figure 3A for Figure 2 The equivalent circuit diagram of battery pack 20 is shown. Figure 3B for Figure 3AThe battery pack 20 shown is a further equivalent circuit diagram. Figure 2 The power battery 10 shown is composed of multiple battery packs 20 connected in series. Each battery pack 20 is composed of multiple battery cells 1 connected in series and parallel to form a network. The rated voltage (the average value of the output voltage over the longest time, in volts) provided by each battery cell 1 is represented by the symbol "V", and the battery capacity (the current value when the capacity becomes 0 after 1 hour of discharge, in milliampere-hours) is represented by the symbol "Q". Figure 3A The equivalent circuit of the battery pack 20 shown can be regarded as a parallel network of multiple equivalent batteries 11, and each equivalent battery 11 is regarded as a series equivalent of multiple battery cells 1. Taking the series connection of 4 battery cells 1 as an example, the rated voltage of the equivalent battery 11 is 4V and the battery capacity Q is 1mAh. Figure 3B The equivalent circuit of the battery pack 20 shown can be regarded as an equivalent battery 13, which is equivalent to multiple equivalent batteries 11 connected in parallel. Figure 2 The battery pack 20 shown is configured as a 4-series-10-parallel network. The rated voltage of this battery pack 20 is 4V, and the battery capacity Q is 10I milliampere-hours. The power battery 10 is configured as 10 battery packs 20 connected in series. Its rated voltage is 40V, and the battery capacity Q is 10I milliampere-hours or 400I milliwatt-hours.

[0011] Please refer to Figure 4 and Figure 5A , Figure 5B , Figure 4 This shows a circuit diagram of another existing power battery 10 configured as a parallel-series network. Figure 5A for Figure 4 The equivalent circuit diagram of battery pack 30 is shown. Figure 5B for Figure 5A The battery pack 30 shown is a further equivalent circuit diagram. Figure 4 The power battery 10 shown is composed of multiple battery packs 30 connected in series. Each battery pack 30 is composed of multiple battery cells 1 connected in parallel-series network. The rated voltage provided by each battery cell 1 is represented by the symbol "V", and the battery capacity is represented by the symbol "Q". Figure 5A The equivalent circuit of the battery pack 30 shown can be regarded as a series connection network of multiple equivalent batteries 12, and each equivalent battery 12 is regarded as a parallel equivalent of multiple battery cells 1. Taking the parallel connection of 10 battery cells 1 as an example, the rated voltage of the equivalent battery 12 is V volts, and the battery capacity Q is 10I milliampere-hours. Figure 5B The equivalent circuit of the battery pack 30 shown can be regarded as an equivalent battery 14, which is equivalent to a series connection of multiple equivalent batteries 12. Figure 4The battery pack 30 shown is configured as a 10-parallel-4-series network. Its rated voltage is 4V, and its battery capacity Q is 10I milliampere-hours. The power battery 10 is configured as 10 battery packs 30 connected in series. Its rated voltage is 40V, and its battery capacity Q is 10I milliampere-hours or 400I milliwatt-hours.

[0012] As mentioned above, the higher the power demand of an application, the larger the number of battery cells required to assemble a power battery, sometimes reaching thousands or even tens of thousands. For example, Tesla's electric vehicle battery system requires approximately 10,000 battery cells. Certification information publicly available from China in 2023 showed that the new Model 3 rear-wheel drive and Model 3LR models were equipped with battery capacities of 60 kWh and 78.4 kWh, respectively.

[0013] Table 1 below shows a comprehensive performance comparison between ternary lithium batteries and lithium iron phosphate batteries. Although lithium iron phosphate batteries offer advantages such as low cost, long cycle life, and superior safety, why do ternary lithium battery cells still dominate the mid-to-high-end passenger vehicle power battery market? Besides the high energy density, long range, high performance output, and small size of ternary lithium batteries, which meet the requirements of mid-to-high-end electric vehicles for long range and reduced vehicle weight and space, making them a preferred choice, the consistency of battery cell quality is a major factor. Since the charging, discharging, and lifespan of battery cells are heavily influenced by battery quality, and electric vehicles require a large number of battery cells, maintaining the same lifespan and safety quality across thousands of cells is extremely difficult. Therefore, the capacity and lifespan of power batteries are significantly affected by the consistency of battery cell quality, a problem that the industry urgently needs to address.

[0014] Table 1. Comprehensive Performance Comparison of Ternary Lithium and Lithium Iron Phosphate Lithium (Source: Debon Securities)

[0015]

[0016]

[0017] In recent years, news reports of electric vehicle batteries spontaneously combusting during charging or due to external impacts have frequently surfaced in various countries, endangering the lives of drivers and passengers. This has caused consumers to hesitate in purchasing electric vehicles, even developing a "battery phobia," and placing greater emphasis on the safety of power batteries. The daily operation of power batteries can cause three types of irreversible damage to battery cells: overcharging, over-discharging, and fast charging. Experts recommend minimizing the use of fast charging for battery cells. If thousands of battery cells exhibit inconsistent quality, it not only affects battery performance and accelerates battery damage but also creates safety hazards in the application of power batteries. Further explanation follows.

[0018] Fast charging can impact battery cell lifespan: While improvements in cell materials and design enable rapid lithium-ion insertion and extraction within the battery, the high voltage and current still cause battery degradation. Furthermore, most products offering fast charging solutions do not provide information on its impact on battery cell lifespan from a battery perspective.

[0019] Overcharging can negatively impact battery performance: Overcharging refers to continuing to charge a battery after it has been fully charged through a certain charging process. Normally, the internal pressure of a fully charged battery will not increase significantly. However, if the charging current is still too high or the charging time is too long, the oxygen produced may not have enough time to be consumed, potentially leading to increased internal pressure, battery deformation, leakage, and other adverse effects. Simultaneously, its electrical performance will also be significantly reduced.

[0020] Over-discharge affects battery performance: Over-discharge refers to the situation where a battery has completely discharged its internal stored energy, and the voltage has reached a certain value. Continuing to discharge beyond this point will result in over-discharge. The discharge cutoff voltage is usually determined based on the discharge current. Over-discharge can have disastrous consequences for the battery, especially high-current over-discharge or repeated over-discharge, which have a greater impact. Generally speaking, over-discharge increases the internal pressure of the battery, damages the reversibility of the active materials in the positive and negative electrodes, and even charging can only partially restore the battery's capacity, leading to a significant decrease in capacity.

[0021] Furthermore, if the inconsistency in battery cell quality leads to variations in battery capacity over prolonged use, problems such as leakage and zero voltage may occur in power batteries composed of cells with different capacities. Given that the current battery cell network cannot be adjusted, and it's impossible to accurately sense the performance parameters or degradation status of each individual cell, during charging, capacity differences result in some cells being overcharged while others are not fully charged. Conversely, during discharging, some high-capacity cells are not fully discharged, while low-capacity cells are over-discharged. This vicious cycle accelerates the damage to the power battery.

[0022] by Figure 2 and Figure 3AFor example, the equivalent battery 11 of the battery pack 20 is equivalent to four battery cells 1 connected in series. If the rated voltage V of one of the four battery cells 1 drops due to quality degradation, the rated voltage of the equivalent battery 11 will be less than 4V. Without adjusting the battery pack network, the battery cell 1 with quality degradation will be overcharged every time the battery pack 20 is charged to its rated voltage. Even if the other three battery cells 1 are charged to their rated voltage V, if the rated voltage of the equivalent battery 11 is less than 4V, the other three battery cells 1 will also be overcharged. Furthermore, if the terminal voltage of the equivalent battery 11 is lower than that of the other equivalent battery cells 11 due to quality degradation of one battery cell 1, the other equivalent battery cells 11 will discharge after the battery pack 20 stops charging, and the battery cell 11 with quality degradation will be charged, generating additional heat. Each time the battery pack 20 discharges, the battery cell 11 with quality degradation may be over-discharged, while the other equivalent battery cells 11 are not fully discharged. Over time, the battery pack 20 will be damaged more quickly due to the long-term operation of the power battery 10, which will also accelerate the damage of the power battery 10 and reduce its lifespan.

[0023] Similarly, with Figure 4 and Figure 5A , Figure 5B For example, the equivalent battery 12 of the battery pack 30 is equivalent to several battery cells 1 connected in parallel. If the quality of one of the battery cells 1 in the equivalent battery 12 degrades, causing a decrease in capacity, and the network structure cannot be adjusted, the degraded battery cell 1 may be over-discharged each time the equivalent battery 12 discharges. Since the terminal voltage of the degraded battery cell 1 is lower than the terminal voltage of the other parallel battery cells 1, the other parallel battery cells 1 will also charge the degraded battery cell 1, generating additional heat. Furthermore, the degraded equivalent battery 12 causes a decrease in the rated voltage V. Each time the battery pack 30 performs a rated charge, the degraded equivalent battery 12 will be overcharged. Even if the other equivalent batteries 12 have been charged to their rated voltage V, if the rated voltage of the equivalent battery 14 is insufficient, the other equivalent batteries 12 will also be overcharged. Over time, the battery pack 30 will be damaged more quickly due to the long-term operation of the power battery 10, which will also accelerate the damage of the power battery 10 and reduce its lifespan.

[0024] Therefore, the lifespan of power batteries is a major concern for all consumers, especially those preparing to sell their old electric vehicles and buy new ones. Current technology cannot accurately determine the actual quality and lifespan of used power batteries or individual battery cells, thus affecting the resale value of old electric vehicles. Similarly, consumers buying used electric vehicles are also concerned about the lifespan of the power battery and may even request a battery warranty from the seller. After all, a power battery is a component worth hundreds of thousands of dollars, and no one wants to buy a used electric vehicle whose battery could fail at any time after being driven on the road.

[0025] Battery cell consistency is an important indicator of power battery quality. The performance of a single battery cell depends on the materials used. If the overall assembly of a "high-power" power battery has battery cell consistency issues, that is, after the single battery cells are connected in multiple series-parallel or parallel-series connections, the consistency of the battery cells will directly affect the capacity and lifespan of the power battery, leading to safety issues as well as the manufacturing and maintenance costs of the power battery.

[0026] For a long time, the industry's focus on solving the consistency problem of battery cells has been primarily on the internal structure of the battery, addressing issues such as separators and electrolytes. However, especially in the case of high-power batteries, electric vehicles require a massive number of battery cells, and ensuring that thousands of cells have the same lifespan and safety profile is extremely difficult. Therefore, existing power battery manufacturers consider battery cell consistency a crucial performance indicator in order to maintain quality.

[0027] Given the manufacturing process of battery cells, the stability and uniformity of battery material composition, storage environment, and charging and discharging methods, each battery cell cannot maintain consistent performance parameters or degradation status after long-term use. This will directly affect the capacity and lifespan of the power battery, leading to safety hazards and issues related to the manufacturing and maintenance costs of power batteries.

[0028] In response to different energy demands, existing power batteries, which are composed of hundreds, thousands, or tens of thousands of battery cells, cannot accurately sense the performance parameters or degradation status of each battery cell with current technology. As a result, existing power batteries cannot implement corresponding measures (isolation or charge balancing) for poor (below standard deviation) battery cells.

[0029] With current technology, existing power batteries cannot accurately sense the performance parameters or degradation status of each individual battery cell. They can only evaluate the capacity and lifespan of the power battery based on the performance parameters of a local "equivalent battery." Once the inconsistency of battery cells causes the performance parameters of a local "equivalent battery" to fail the evaluation standard, the entire power battery will have to be replaced. This will result in excessive wear and tear on the battery cells, waste of battery cell raw material resources, and excessively high maintenance costs for users.

[0030] According to existing technology, existing power batteries cannot accurately sense the performance parameters or degradation status of each battery cell. They can only display or provide information about the power battery based on the performance of a "single equivalent battery". They cannot display or provide the performance parameters of each battery cell, let alone indicate the position of each battery cell in the power battery's structural network.

[0031] Due to the different materials used in battery cells, various battery cells exhibit different performance under different temperature conditions. With current technology, existing power batteries cannot accurately sense the performance parameters or degradation status of each battery cell, making it difficult to use various types of battery cells in existing power batteries. Consequently, it is impossible to manage the mutual charging and discharging of various battery cells and enable existing power batteries to be suitable for extreme temperature environments.

[0032] Therefore, existing power batteries have the following shortcomings or areas for improvement:

[0033] First, as a system energy source, when the performance of one or more battery cells deteriorates, causing a decrease in the charging and discharging efficiency of the power battery, the power battery cannot detect the deteriorating battery cells, thus making it impossible to update or isolate the deteriorating battery cells in a timely manner.

[0034] Second, existing power batteries cannot accurately measure the performance of each battery cell. As a result, when the charging and discharging efficiency of the power battery decreases, it is impossible to know which or a particular battery cell has degraded, nor can it identify the degraded battery cell and its location in the battery pack network.

[0035] Third, existing power batteries are packaged in a battery pack network with non-replaceable battery cells. Once the charging and discharging efficiency of the packaged power battery decreases, only the packaged power battery can be replaced, not the individual battery cells.

[0036] Fourth, the battery pack structure of existing power batteries is fixed and cannot be adjusted. When the performance of one or more battery cells deteriorates, existing power batteries cannot improve their charging and discharging efficiency under the fixed battery pack structure.

[0037] Fifth, existing battery management systems cannot manage and charge / discharge battery packs composed of mixed battery cells with different cell materials. (Nanionic batteries can provide a more suitable operating temperature environment for ternary lithium batteries in cooler environments.)

[0038] Sixth, the state of existing power battery cells cannot be sensed or the battery pack network can not be controlled, thus making it impossible to realize smart batteries.

[0039] Seventh, existing power batteries constructed with ternary lithium battery cells cannot immediately isolate the performance degradation of ternary lithium battery cells, making the power battery prone to charging and discharging performance degradation or high-risk crises.

[0040] Eighth, existing power batteries do not have the function of selectively activating battery balance management to improve the performance and service life of the power batteries.

[0041] Ninth, existing power batteries cannot provide a user interface to display the battery pack network (one of the following: series, parallel, series-parallel, and parallel-series) and the usage status of each battery cell. Summary of the Invention

[0042] This invention provides a power battery solution based on a sensing chip (wafer or integrated circuit). Even when the power battery is charging or discharging, it can accurately sense the performance parameters (V, I, R, T) of each battery cell and implement corresponding measures (isolation or power balancing) for battery cells that become inconsistent after long-term use, so as to realize a "smart battery". It has great industrial practicality and applicability.

[0043] Furthermore, by accurately sensing the performance parameters of each battery cell and evaluating the quality of each battery cell based on the average number of cycles and the standard deviation of cycles, the present invention provides a further power battery solution to maintain the quality of the power battery.

[0044] The present invention provides a battery cell quality maintenance system or method that, by accurately sensing the performance parameters of each battery cell, can assess the quality of each battery cell even when the power battery is in a charging or discharging environment, thereby maintaining the quality of the power battery.

[0045] The present invention provides a power battery that can accurately sense the performance parameters of each battery cell in a charging or discharging environment to evaluate the quality of each battery cell, thereby implementing corresponding measures to maintain the quality of the power battery.

[0046] One of the objectives of this invention is to provide a power battery solution based on sensing integrated circuits, which can sense the performance parameters of each battery cell and dynamically adjust the battery pack network of the power battery.

[0047] One of the objectives of this invention is to provide a sensing integrated circuit and a method thereof.

[0048] One of the objectives of this invention is to provide a battery pack network and its method.

[0049] One of the objectives of this invention is to provide a logic gate integrated circuit and a method thereof.

[0050] One of the objectives of this invention is to provide a sensing battery cell and a method thereof.

[0051] One of the objectives of this invention is to provide a smart battery and a method thereof.

[0052] One of the objectives of this invention is to provide a power battery and a method thereof.

[0053] One of the objectives of this invention is to provide a battery cell quality maintenance system and method.

[0054] One of the objectives of this invention is to provide a battery information display system and method thereof.

[0055] To achieve one of the aforementioned objectives, the present invention provides a sensing integrated circuit for sensing multiple battery cells, comprising: multiple pins, a portion of which are connected in parallel to each battery cell; a battery measurement circuit electrically connected to the portion of the pins to measure the voltage of each battery cell; a functional circuit electrically connected to the multiple battery cells; and an MCU electrically connected to the battery measurement circuit to measure the performance parameters of each battery cell; wherein the MCU, in accordance with the performance parameters of the battery cell, controls the functional circuit to implement a corresponding measure acting on at least one of the multiple battery cells.

[0056] To achieve one of the aforementioned objectives, the present invention provides a sensing integrated circuit for sensing multiple battery cells, comprising: multiple pins, a portion of which are connected in parallel to each battery cell; a battery measurement circuit electrically connected to the portion of the pins to measure the voltage of each battery cell; a functional circuit electrically connected to the multiple battery cells; and an MCU electrically connected to the battery measurement circuit to measure the performance parameters of each battery cell; wherein the functional circuit includes a loop switch controlled by the MCU to disconnect a charging or discharging loop of the battery cells.

[0057] To achieve one of the above-mentioned objectives, the present invention provides a sensing battery cell, comprising: a plurality of battery cells having a first battery pack network, the first battery pack network being a series network or a parallel network or a combination thereof; and at least one sensing integrated circuit connected in parallel to each battery cell and used to sense the performance parameters of the plurality of battery cells.

[0058] To achieve one of the above-mentioned objectives, the present invention provides a logic gate integrated circuit for transmitting performance parameters of multiple battery cells, comprising: a first communication module for receiving performance parameters of multiple battery cells from at least one sensing integrated circuit, wherein the sensing integrated circuit measures the performance parameters of the battery cells; a second communication module for transmitting the performance parameters of the battery cells to a battery management system for evaluating the degradation state of the multiple battery cells; and an MCU electrically connected to the first communication module and the second communication module.

[0059] To achieve one of the aforementioned objectives, the present invention provides a smart battery comprising: a plurality of sensing battery cells having a second battery pack network, each sensing battery cell comprising a plurality of battery cells having a first battery pack network; a sensing integrated circuit connected in parallel to each battery cell to measure the performance parameters of each battery cell; and at least one logic gate integrated circuit electrically connected to the plurality of sensing battery cells, the logic gate integrated circuit communicating with the sensing integrated circuit of each sensing battery cell to receive the performance parameters of each battery cell and transmit the performance parameters of each battery cell to a battery management system.

[0060] To achieve one of the aforementioned objectives, the present invention provides a power battery comprising: a plurality of battery cells arranged in a battery pack network, the battery pack network being selected from one of a series network, a parallel network, a series-parallel network, and a parallel-series network for charging or discharging; and a plurality of sensing integrated circuits, each sensing integrated circuit being connected in parallel to at least one battery cell or several series- or parallel-connected battery cells to measure the performance parameters of each battery cell; wherein, when the degradation degree of one of the battery cells reaches a set condition, the sensing integrated circuit connected in parallel to the battery cell that has reached the set condition can implement a corresponding measure to act on the battery cell that has reached the set condition.

[0061] To achieve one of the aforementioned objectives, the present invention provides a power battery comprising: a plurality of battery cells arranged in a battery pack network, the battery pack network being selected from one of a series network, a parallel network, a series-parallel network, and a parallel-series network for charging or discharging; and a plurality of sensing integrated circuits, each sensing integrated circuit being connected in parallel with at least one battery cell or several series- or parallel-connected battery cells to measure the voltage of each battery cell; wherein the sensing integrated circuit controls a loop switch to briefly interrupt the charging or discharging of the parallel-connected battery cells, thereby measuring the open-circuit voltage of each battery cell, and thereby defining the state of charge (SOC) of the power battery.

[0062] To achieve one of the aforementioned objectives, the present invention provides a power battery comprising: a plurality of battery cells arranged in a battery pack network, the battery pack network being selected from one of a series network, a parallel network, a series-parallel network, and a parallel-series network for charging or discharging; and a plurality of sensing integrated circuits, each sensing integrated circuit being connected in parallel with at least one battery cell or a plurality of series or parallel battery cells to measure a terminal voltage and a battery current of each battery cell; wherein, the sensing integrated circuit measures an internal resistance of each battery cell based on the terminal voltage and the battery current of each battery cell, thereby assessing the health or lifespan of the power battery.

[0063] To achieve one of the above-mentioned objectives, the present invention provides a battery power management method for managing the charging or discharging of multiple battery cells in a battery pack network, comprising: measuring each battery cell by a sensing integrated circuit to measure the performance parameters of each battery cell, wherein the sensing integrated circuit is connected in parallel with each battery cell; and controlling a functional circuit to implement a corresponding measure on at least one of the multiple battery cells based on the performance parameters of the battery cell by the sensing integrated circuit.

[0064] To achieve one of the aforementioned objectives, the present invention provides a battery power management method for use with at least one sensing integrated circuit, wherein the sensing integrated circuit is connected in parallel with a portion of a plurality of battery cells, and the plurality of battery cells discharge to or charge from a terminal device, the battery power management method comprising: briefly disconnecting a charging or discharging circuit of the portion of battery cells to measure an open-circuit voltage of each of the portion of battery cells; and determining the state of charge (SOC) of the power battery based on the open-circuit voltage of each battery cell.

[0065] To achieve one of the above-mentioned objectives, the present invention provides a battery power management method for use in a logic gate integrated circuit, wherein the logic gate integrated circuit is connected in parallel to a plurality of battery cells having a battery pack network. The battery power management method includes: receiving an open-circuit voltage of each battery cell or a performance parameter of each battery cell measured by a sensing integrated circuit; and transmitting an open-circuit voltage of each battery cell or a performance parameter of each battery cell to a battery management system.

[0066] To achieve one of the aforementioned objectives, the present invention provides a battery power management method for at least one sensing battery cell, the sensing battery cell comprising: a plurality of battery cells and a sensing integrated circuit, the battery power management method comprising: connecting the sensing integrated circuit in parallel with each of the plurality of battery cells and measuring each battery cell; causing the sensing integrated circuit to measure the performance parameters of each battery cell; and causing the sensing integrated circuit to enable a functional circuit to perform a corresponding action on one of the plurality of battery cells in response to the performance parameters of the battery cells, or to transmit the performance parameters of each battery cell to a battery management system.

[0067] To achieve one of the aforementioned objectives, the present invention provides a battery power management method for use in at least one smart battery. The smart battery includes: a plurality of sensing battery cells and at least one logic gate integrated circuit. Each sensing battery cell includes: a plurality of battery cells and a sensing integrated circuit. The battery power management method includes: discharging or charging the plurality of battery cells to a terminal device via a first battery configuration network, wherein the sensing integrated circuit is connected in parallel to each of the plurality of battery cells; discharging or charging the plurality of sensing battery cells to the terminal device via a second battery configuration network; measuring each battery cell and measuring the performance parameters of each battery cell via the sensing integrated circuit; and receiving the performance parameters of each battery cell from the sensing integrated circuit and transmitting the performance parameters of the battery cells to a battery management system via the logic gate integrated circuit.

[0068] To achieve one of the aforementioned objectives, the present invention provides a battery power management method for use in a power battery, the power battery comprising: multiple battery cells, multiple sensing integrated circuits, and multiple logic gate integrated circuits. The battery power management method comprises: charging or discharging the multiple battery cells in a battery pack network; connecting each sensing integrated circuit in parallel with at least one battery cell or several battery cells connected in series or parallel to measure the performance parameters of each battery cell; and having each logic gate integrated circuit receive the performance parameters of each battery cell from a portion of the sensing integrated circuits and transmit the performance parameters of the battery cells to a battery management system.

[0069] To achieve one of the aforementioned objectives, the present invention provides a battery power management method for use in a power battery. The power battery includes: a plurality of smart batteries; each smart battery includes: a plurality of sensing battery cells and at least one logic gate integrated circuit; each sensing battery cell includes: a plurality of battery cells and a sensing integrated circuit; the battery power management method includes: discharging or charging a terminal device from the terminal device using a third battery configuration network; discharging or charging the terminal device using a second battery configuration network; discharging or charging the terminal device using a first battery configuration network; connecting the sensing integrated circuit of each sensing battery cell in parallel with each battery cell to measure the performance parameters of each battery cell; and receiving the performance parameters of each battery cell from a portion of the sensing integrated circuits and transmitting the performance parameters of the battery cells to a battery management system.

[0070] To achieve one of the aforementioned objectives, the present invention provides a method for maintaining the quality of battery cells, wherein the battery cells are charged and discharged in a battery pack network and are measured and managed by at least one sensing integrated circuit. The method includes: measuring the performance parameters of each battery cell by the at least one sensing integrated circuit, the performance parameters including, but not limited to, Vopen related to battery temperature, charge / discharge internal resistance, number of charge / discharge cycles, and calculated results; recording the performance parameters of each battery cell to assess whether the quality of each battery cell meets a critical state; if a degraded battery cell does not meet the critical state, the sensing integrated circuit implements a corresponding measure on the degraded battery cell, wherein the corresponding measure includes, but is not limited to, isolating the charge / discharge of the sensing battery cell, or performing charge balancing on the degraded battery cell, or a combination thereof; and improving an equivalent performance parameter based on all battery cells to maintain the quality consistency of all battery cells, wherein the equivalent performance parameter includes, but is not limited to, the charge, capacity, internal resistance, and health of a power battery or a smart battery.

[0071] To achieve one of the aforementioned objectives, the present invention provides a battery cell quality maintenance system, comprising: a plurality of battery cells, which are charged and discharged in a battery pack network; and at least one sensing integrated circuit for measuring and recording the performance parameters of each battery cell, including but not limited to Vopen related to battery temperature, charge / discharge internal resistance, number of charge / discharge cycles, and calculated results thereof. The sensing integrated circuit assesses whether the quality of each battery cell meets a critical state. If a degraded battery cell does not meet the critical state, the sensing integrated circuit controls a functional circuit to implement a corresponding measure on the degraded battery cell to maintain the quality consistency of all battery cells. The corresponding measure includes, but is not limited to, isolating the charge / discharge of the battery cell, or performing charge balancing on the degraded battery cell, or combinations thereof. The performance parameters include, but are not limited to, the charge, capacity, internal resistance, and health of a power battery or a smart battery.

[0072] To achieve one of the aforementioned objectives, the present invention provides a battery information display method for displaying the performance status associated with a power battery. The power battery includes multiple battery cells and multiple sensing integrated circuits. These battery cells are charged or discharged using a battery pack network (selected from a series network, parallel network, series-parallel network, and parallel-series network). The sensing integrated circuits sense each battery cell to measure its performance parameters (Vopen, internal resistance, and number of charge / discharge cycles associated with battery temperature). The battery information display method includes: obtaining the performance parameters of each battery cell of the power battery from the multiple sensing integrated circuits to evaluate the performance of each cell. The quality of a battery cell is assessed by implementing corresponding measures for a degraded battery cell that does not meet a critical state. These measures include, but are not limited to, isolating the charging and discharging of the sensing battery cell, or performing charge balancing on the degraded battery cell, or a combination thereof. The battery pack network of the plurality of battery cells is displayed on a display screen. In response to the implementation of the corresponding measures, an equivalent performance parameter of the power battery is displayed, and the equivalent performance parameter is indicated as quality information obtained based on the performance parameters of all battery cells measured by the sensing integrated circuit, within an error range, a confidence level, or a trust interval. The equivalent performance parameter includes, but is not limited to, charge, capacity, internal resistance, and health.

[0073] To achieve one of the aforementioned objectives, the present invention provides a battery information display system for displaying the performance status associated with a power battery. The power battery comprises multiple battery cells and multiple sensing integrated circuits. These battery cells are charged or discharged using a battery pack network (selected from series networks, parallel networks, series-parallel networks, and parallel-series networks). The sensing integrated circuits sense each battery cell to measure its performance parameters (Vopen, internal resistance, and charge / discharge cycles related to battery temperature) to evaluate the quality of each battery cell. A corresponding measure is implemented for a degraded battery cell that does not meet a critical state, wherein the corresponding measure includes, but is not limited to, isolation... The method for sensing the charging and discharging of the battery cells, or performing charge balancing on the degraded battery cells, or a combination thereof, comprises: a display screen for displaying an equivalent performance parameter of the battery pack network of the plurality of battery cells and the power battery, wherein the equivalent performance parameter includes, but is not limited to, charge, capacity, internal resistance, and health; a communication interface for receiving the equivalent performance parameter of the power battery and the battery pack network; and a processing unit for processing the battery pack network displayed on the display screen, and displaying on the display screen the equivalent performance parameter as quality information obtained based on the performance parameters of all battery cells measured by the sensing integrated circuits, and within an error range, a confidence level, or a trust interval.

[0074] According to the battery cell quality maintenance system and method and battery information display system and method implemented in this invention, the quality of the battery cells that constitute the power battery or the smart batteries can be maintained by using a power battery or multiple smart batteries as a high-power power source, and the user can obtain quality information of the battery cells within an error range, or at a confidence level, or within a confidence interval. Attached Figure Description

[0075] The invention can be further understood by referring to the following figures and descriptions. Non-limiting and non-exhaustive examples are described with reference to the following figures. The components in the figures are not necessarily actual dimensions; the focus is on illustrating the structure and principle.

[0076] Figure 1A Show a circuit diagram of a battery cell (battery cell);

[0077] Figure 1B show Figure 1A The equivalent circuit diagram of the battery cell (battery cell) shown;

[0078] Figure 1C This diagram shows the configuration of an existing battery pack, which includes a protection integrated circuit (PIC) and a battery cell.

[0079] Figure 1D show Figure 1CThe diagram shows the configuration of the battery pack connection system, where the system includes a metering integrated circuit (GIC).

[0080] Figure 2 This diagram shows a circuit diagram of an existing power battery network constructed in series and parallel configurations.

[0081] Figure 3A and Figure 3B express Figure 2 The equivalent circuit diagram;

[0082] Figure 4 Shows a circuit diagram of another existing power battery network constructed in parallel-series configuration;

[0083] Figure 5A and Figure 5B express Figure 4 The equivalent circuit diagram;

[0084] Figure 6A and Figure 6B The diagrams show the equivalent cells connected in series and in parallel, and the open-circuit voltage and battery internal resistance of their equivalent circuits in series and in parallel.

[0085] Figure 7A A block diagram of the battery pack of the present invention is shown, wherein the sensing integrated circuit includes a loop switch;

[0086] Figure 7B A block diagram showing another embodiment of the battery pack of the present invention is shown, wherein the Rsense switch is disposed outside the sensing integrated circuit and is controlled by the sensing integrated circuit;

[0087] Figure 8A The diagram shows the configuration of the battery pack of the present invention, wherein the battery management integrated circuit can measure the terminal voltage Vbat of the battery cell and the terminal voltage Von of the Ron switch during the period when the Ron switch is on and the Rsense switch is off.

[0088] Figure 8B The diagram shows the configuration of the battery pack of the present invention, wherein during the period when the Ron switch is off and the Rsense switch is on, the battery management integrated circuit can measure the terminal voltage Vbat of the battery cell and the terminal voltage Vsense of the Rsense switch.

[0089] Figure 9 This diagram shows a configuration of a battery pack with series-connected battery cells according to the present invention.

[0090] Figure 10A This invention shows a configuration diagram of a battery pack with parallel battery modules.

[0091] Figure 10B This invention shows a configuration diagram of another battery pack having parallel battery modules;

[0092] Figure 11 show Figure 9 The diagram shows a configuration of the battery pack with multiple series and multiple parallel connections.

[0093] Figure 12 show Figure 9 The diagram shows a configuration of the battery pack in a multi-parallel configuration.

[0094] Figure 13 show Figure 10A The diagram shows a configuration of the battery pack with multiple series and multiple parallel connections.

[0095] Figure 14A This diagram shows the battery pack configuration of an electric vehicle and its equivalent battery pack configuration.

[0096] Figure 14B Shows a battery pack configuration diagram and its equivalent battery pack schematic diagram, expressed in terms of the open-circuit voltage and battery internal resistance of the equivalent circuit.

[0097] Figure 14C This diagram shows the architecture of the present invention for solving the battery pack string and parallel balancing scheme.

[0098] Figure 15 The diagram shows a parallel configuration of the battery pack of the present invention, wherein the battery management integrated circuit (GIC) further includes a series balancing circuit and a parallel balancing circuit for voltage balancing function;

[0099] Figure 16A This diagram illustrates an embodiment of the battery management system of the present invention that implements high-power series balancing management.

[0100] Figure 16B This diagram illustrates another embodiment of the battery management system of the present invention, implementing high-power series balancing management.

[0101] Figure 17A1 and Figure 17A2 Indication Figure 16A The diagram shows the charge balance loop of the battery management system.

[0102] Figure 17B1 and Figure 17B2 Indication Figure 16B The diagram shows the charge balance loop of the battery management system.

[0103] Figure 17C1 and Figure 17C2 This diagram illustrates another embodiment of the battery management system of the present invention, which implements high-power series balance management and its power balance circuit diagram.

[0104] Figure 17D1 and Figure 17D2This diagram illustrates a further embodiment of the battery management system of the present invention, implementing high-power series balance management, and its power balance circuit diagram.

[0105] Figure 18 This shows a block diagram of the smart battery of the present invention;

[0106] Figure 19A and Figure 19B Block diagrams of two types of sensing battery cells of the present invention are shown;

[0107] Figure 20 show Figure 19A and Figure 19B The block diagram of the sensing integrated circuit is shown.

[0108] Figure 21A show Figure 19A Detailed circuit diagram of the functional circuit shown;

[0109] Figure 21B show Figure 19B A detailed circuit diagram of the functional circuit shown;

[0110] Figure 21C show Figure 19B Another detailed circuit diagram of the functional circuit shown;

[0111] Figure 22 This shows a block diagram of the logic gate integrated circuit of the present invention;

[0112] Figure 23 This shows a block diagram of the power battery of the present invention;

[0113] Figure 24 A block diagram illustrating the series balancing circuit of the intelligent battery connected in series according to the present invention.

[0114] Figure 25 An information diagram showing the battery management system of the present invention;

[0115] Figure 26 A flowchart of the battery management method of the present invention is shown;

[0116] Figure 27 This invention displays a flowchart of a power battery evaluation method.

[0117] Figure 28A A flowchart of another power battery evaluation method of the present invention is shown;

[0118] Figure 28B A diagram showing the data ranges that meet the 95% and 99% confidence levels, represented by the normal distribution of the population.

[0119] Figure 29A This invention displays a flowchart of another power battery evaluation method according to the present invention;

[0120] Figure 29B This diagram illustrates the 95% and 99% confidence intervals represented by a normal distribution of a large sample.

[0121] Figure 30A A schematic diagram of a screen showing the battery status of the power battery of the present invention;

[0122] Figure 30B A schematic diagram of a screen showing the battery status of the smart battery of the present invention.

[0123] Explanation of symbols in the attached drawings:

[0124] C, C1, C2: Battery cell; P, P1, P2, P3: Battery pack; Ibat: Battery current; Rbat: Internal resistance; Vbat: Terminal voltage; Vopen: Open circuit voltage; PIC: Protection integrated circuit; GIC: Measurement integrated circuit; FIC: Functional integrated circuit; S, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5: Switch; 1: Battery cell; 10: Power battery; 11: Equivalent battery; 12: Equivalent battery; 13: Equivalent battery; 14: Equivalent battery; 20: Battery pack; 30: Battery pack; 100: Sensing battery cell; 120: Sensing integrated circuit; 121: Microcontroller unit; 122: Battery measurement circuit; 122 1. Battery temperature measurement circuit; 1222. Battery voltage measurement circuit; 123. Current measurement circuit; 124. Communication module; 125. Non-volatile memory; 126. Functional circuit; 1260. Common pin; 200. Logic gate integrated circuit; 210. Microcontroller unit; 220. First communication module; 230. Second communication module; 240. Non-volatile memory; 250. Series balancing function circuit; 300. Wireless module; 500. Smart battery; 1000. Power battery; 2000. Vehicle system; 3000. Information platform; A01 to A07, steps; B01 to B06, steps; C01 to C06, steps. Detailed Implementation

[0125] All technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. The invention will now be described more fully with reference to the drawings, and specific exemplary embodiments are shown by way of illustration. However, the subject matter of this invention can be embodied in many different forms, and therefore the construction of the subject matter covered or claimed is not limited to any of the exemplary embodiments disclosed in this specification; the exemplary embodiments are merely illustrative. Likewise, this invention is intended to provide a reasonably broad scope for the claimed or covered subject matter. The term “and / or” as used herein includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

[0126] For the purposes of consistency and ease of understanding, the same features are indicated by reference numerals in the exemplary drawings (although not in some examples). However, features in different embodiments may differ in other respects, and therefore should not be narrowly limited to the features shown in the drawings. The terms "first" and "second," etc., in this specification and the aforementioned drawings are used to distinguish different objects, not to describe a particular order. The terms "upper" and "lower" refer to the relative positions of adjacent objects, not absolute vertical positions. The terminology of the embodiments described herein will be explained below.

[0127] An integrated circuit (IC), also known as a chip or wafer, is a miniaturized circuit that integrates components and circuitry made of semiconductor materials onto a substrate.

[0128] A battery cell, also known as a single cell or battery unit, is the smallest battery cell that makes up the sensing battery cell or smart battery of this invention, and can be implemented by prior art battery cells or similar energy storage units.

[0129] In all embodiments of the present invention, a degraded battery cell or an aging battery cell is not necessarily a battery cell that cannot be charged or discharged. In different embodiments of the present invention, a degraded battery cell or an aging battery cell refers to a battery cell whose internal resistance, accurately measured by the method of the present invention, is 3% or 5% higher than the internal resistance in the initial activation state, or a battery capacity, accurately measured by the method of the present invention, is 5% or 10% lower than the battery capacity in the initial activation state, or a battery parameter, accurately measured by the method of the present invention, differs from the battery parameter in the initial activation state by a preset threshold. By implementing a corresponding measure through the system or method of the present invention, a degraded battery cell or an aging battery cell can be temporarily isolated from the battery pack network of the present invention to avoid overcharging or over-discharging, or it can be reintegrated into the battery pack network of the present invention for charging or discharging.

[0130] The present invention, “sensory battery cell”, comprises multiple battery cells and the present invention’s sensing integrated circuit, wherein the battery cells are configured in a series network or a parallel network, and the multiple pins of the sensing integrated circuit are connected in parallel to each battery cell, and the charging and discharging circuits of multiple battery cells can be controlled to be turned on or off.

[0131] The present invention, “intelligent battery”, comprises a plurality of the present invention’s sensing battery cells and at least one of the present invention’s logic gate integrated circuits, wherein the sensing battery cells and the logic gate integrated circuits are configured in parallel network.

[0132] Please refer to Figure 6A and Figure 6B The diagrams show equivalent battery diagrams in series and parallel, and the open-circuit voltage and battery internal resistance of their equivalent circuits in series and parallel. Figure 6A The display shows an equivalent cell composed of multiple battery cells connected in series. The terminal voltage V of this equivalent cell is the sum of the terminal voltages of the multiple battery cells (which can be compared to height). The Ah of the equivalent cell is equal to the Ah of each battery cell (which can be compared to area). The capacity of the series-connected equivalent cell (which can be compared to volume) is the product of the terminal voltage V and Ah. Furthermore, Figure 6A The diagram shows that multiple battery cells connected in parallel can also form an equivalent battery. The terminal voltage V of the equivalent battery is the terminal voltage of each battery cell (which can be compared to height). The Ah of the equivalent battery is equal to the sum of the Ah of multiple battery cells (which can be compared to area). The capacity of the parallel equivalent battery (which can be compared to volume) is the product of the terminal voltage V and Ah.

[0133] Figure 6B The equivalent circuit of the battery is displayed. The open-circuit voltage Vopen and the internal resistance Rbat of the equivalent battery are the sum of the individual open-circuit voltages Vopen and the individual internal resistances Rbat of the series-connected battery cells, respectively. The internal resistance Rbat of the equivalent battery can be used to assess the capacity limitation of the series-connected battery cells. Alternatively, the open-circuit voltage Vopen and the internal resistance Rbat of the equivalent battery can also be connected in parallel with the individual open-circuit voltage Vopen and the individual internal resistance Rbat of each battery cell. The internal resistance Rbat of the equivalent battery can be used to assess the quality of the parallel-connected battery cells.

[0134] refer to Figure 7AThis diagram shows a block diagram of the battery pack of the present invention, wherein the sensing integrated circuit (GIC) includes a loop switch. The battery pack P of the present invention is configured to include at least one rechargable battery unit (C) and a sensing integrated circuit, wherein the sensing integrated circuit is connected in parallel with the battery unit. The sensing integrated circuit of the present invention is a battery management integrated circuit (GIC) comprising a combination of a turn-on switch Ron, a loop switch Rsense, and a balancing resistor Rbalance. By turning on and off the turn-on switch Ron and the loop switch Rsense, the open-circuit voltage Vopen and the battery internal resistance Rbat can be measured. The balancing resistor Rbalance provides Ibat measurement and limits Ibat within a certain range, and balances the open-circuit voltage Vopen when the turn-on switch Ron is on. The turn-on switch Ron and the loop switch Rsense can be calibrated before packaging to accurately measure the battery current. The turn-on switch Ron and the loop switch Rsense can be transistor switches, such as MOSFETs. The turned-on switch Ron and the loop switch Rsense are used to measure Vopen. The closed on-state switch Ron and the open loop switch Rsense are used to calculate Vopen and Rbat, and to balance Vopen.

[0135] The present invention relates to a battery management integrated circuit (GIC) connected in parallel to at least one battery cell C, or in parallel to multiple series-connected battery cells C. The GIC includes at least one positive terminal and at least one negative terminal, at least one pair of sensing terminals, a series-connected balancing resistor Rbalance and an on / off switch Ron, and a loop switch Rsense. The at least one positive terminal and the at least one negative terminal are respectively used to electrically connect the positive and negative terminals of the corresponding battery cell C. The at least one pair of sensing terminals are used to connect in parallel to a temperature sensor TH of the corresponding battery cell, which can be implemented by a diode. The series-connected balancing resistor Rbalance and the on / off switch Ron are used to connect in parallel to the at least one battery cell C or the multiple series-connected battery cells C. The loop switch Rsense is configured in the charging or discharging circuit of the at least one battery cell C or the multiple series-connected battery cells C.

[0136] Please also refer to Figure 20The battery management integrated circuit (GIC) of the present invention (i.e., sensing integrated circuit 120) further includes an MCU, a functional circuit 126, at least one battery temperature measurement circuit 1221, at least one battery voltage measurement circuit 1222, and a current measurement circuit 123. The functional circuit 126 includes a series-connected balancing resistor Rbalance, a conduction switch Ron, and a loop switch Rsense. The at least one battery voltage measurement circuit 1222 measures the terminal voltage Vbat of the battery cell C. When the MCU controls the loop switch Rsense to briefly open the charging or discharging loop, and controls the conduction switch Ron to open, the at least one battery voltage measurement circuit 1222 immediately measures the open-circuit terminal voltage Vopen of the corresponding battery cell C. The MCU receives the measurement result of the open-circuit terminal voltage Vopen via an analog-to-digital converter and defines the state of charge (SOC) of the corresponding battery cell C based on the open-circuit terminal voltage Vopen. The MCU can be implemented as a computing unit and a management unit.

[0137] In an embodiment of the present invention, the battery management integrated circuit (GIC) simultaneously measures the terminal voltage Vbat, the battery temperature Tbat, and the charging or discharging current Ibat. The MCU calculates the open-circuit voltage Vopen associated with the battery temperature Tbat and the battery internal resistance Rbat for each battery cell C based on the terminal voltage Vbat, battery temperature Tbat, and charging or discharging current Ibat. This calculation represents the power management of each battery cell C associated with the battery temperature Tbat, including the state of charge (SOC), remaining battery life (SOH), and remaining usage time. Furthermore, the battery management integrated circuit (GIC) further includes a communication module for transmitting the power management information of each battery cell C to an external battery management system.

[0138] refer to Figure 7B This diagram shows a block diagram of another embodiment of the battery pack of the present invention, wherein an Rsense switch is disposed outside a sensing integrated circuit (battery management integrated circuit GIC), and the sensing integrated circuit has a control pin to control the Rsense switch to briefly disconnect the charging circuit or discharging circuit to measure the open-circuit voltage of at least one battery cell C. Figure 7A and Figure 7BIn this invention, the sensing integrated circuit (battery management integrated circuit GIC) only controls the Rsense switch or loop switch to open when it receives an external signal, in order to measure the open-circuit voltage (OCV) of the battery cell. In other embodiments of this invention, the sensing integrated circuit implements a corresponding measure, which can also control the Rsense switch or loop switch to open to isolate the degraded battery cell C. Compared to existing protection chips, which only control the MOSFET to open when overcharging or over-discharging of the battery cell is detected, existing battery packs contain only one battery cell, and to avoid interrupting power supply to the load, the loop switch cannot be opened (SW OFF). Therefore, existing battery packs cannot measure the open-circuit voltage (OCV).

[0139] Figure 8A The diagram shows the configuration of the battery pack of the present invention, wherein the battery management integrated circuit GIC can measure the terminal voltage Vbat of the battery cell and the terminal voltage Von of the Ron switch during the period when the Ron switch is on and the Rsense switch is off.

[0140] This invention discloses a method for calculating the internal resistance Rbat of a battery, implemented in a battery management integrated circuit (GIC) (i.e., a sensing integrated circuit), wherein the battery pack P of this invention is electrically connected to a power source or a load. The GIC includes a balancing resistor Rbalance connected in series with an on switch Ron and a loop switch Rsense. The resistor Rbalance is connected in series with the on switch Ron and in parallel with at least one battery cell C or multiple battery cells C connected in series. The loop switch Rsense is configured in the charging or discharging circuit of the at least one battery cell C or multiple battery cells C connected in series. The method for calculating the internal resistance Rbat of this invention includes: during the period when the GIC controls the loop switch Rsense to cut off the charging or discharging circuit of the battery cell C and controls the on switch Ron to open, measuring the open-circuit voltage Vopen (Vbat = Vopen) of each of the at least one battery cell C or multiple battery cells C connected in series. Subsequently, during the period when the battery management integrated circuit (GIC) controls the circuit switch Rsense to cut off the charging or discharging circuit of the battery cell C and controls the conduction switch Ron to be on, the GIC simultaneously measures the terminal voltage Vbat and battery current Ibat of each of the at least one battery cell C or multiple series-connected battery cells C, where the battery current Ibat = Von / Ron, and Ron is the on-resistance of the conduction switch Ron. Based on the open-circuit terminal voltage Vopen, the terminal voltage Vbat, and the battery current Ibat of each battery cell C, the GIC calculates the internal resistance Rbat of each battery cell C. The specific calculation formula is Rbat = (Vbat - Vopen) / Ibat.

[0141] Figure 8B This diagram shows a configuration of another battery pack according to the present invention, wherein the battery management integrated circuit can measure the terminal voltage Vbat of the battery cell and the terminal voltage Vsense of the Rsense switch during the period when the Ron switch is off and the Rsense switch is on.

[0142] This invention discloses another method for calculating the internal resistance Rbat of a battery, implemented in a battery management integrated circuit (GIC) (i.e., a sensing integrated circuit), wherein the battery pack P of this invention is electrically connected to a power source or a load. The battery management integrated circuit GIC includes a balancing resistor Rbalance and a conducting switch Ron, and a loop switch Rsense, connected in series. The resistor Rbalance and the switch Ron are connected in parallel to at least one battery cell C or multiple battery cells C in series configuration. The loop switch Rsense is configured in the charging or discharging circuit of the at least one battery cell C or multiple battery cells C in series configuration. The method for calculating the internal resistance Rbat of this invention includes: the battery management integrated circuit GIC controlling the loop switch Rsense to conduct to form the charging or discharging circuit of the battery cell C and controlling the conducting switch Ron to discontinuate, so that the battery management integrated circuit GIC simultaneously measures twice the terminal voltage Vbat and the battery current Ibat of each of the at least one battery cell C or multiple battery cells C in series configuration, wherein the battery current Ibat = Vsense / Rsense, and Rsense is the on-resistance of the loop switch Rsense. Based on the two measurements of the battery terminal voltage Vbat and battery current Ibat for each battery cell C, the internal resistance Rbat of each battery cell C is calculated. Specifically, the equation Vbat1 = Vopen - (Vsense1 / Rsense) * Rbat obtained from the first measurement and the equation Vbat2 = Vopen - (Vsense2 / Rsense) * Rbat obtained from the second measurement are combined into a simultaneous equation, and the open-circuit terminal voltage Vopen and the battery internal resistance Rbat are solved.

[0143] Figure 9This diagram shows the configuration of a battery pack with series-connected battery cells according to the present invention. The battery pack P of the present invention includes a positive terminal VP+ and a negative terminal VP-, a plurality of battery cells C, and a battery management integrated circuit (GIC). The plurality of battery cells C are connected in series. The battery management integrated circuit (GIC) includes a positive terminal, a negative terminal, at least one intermediate terminal, a series-connected balancing resistor Rbalance and an on / off switch Ron, and a loop switch Rsense. The positive terminal is electrically connected to the positive terminal of the series-connected battery cell C and the positive terminal VP+. The intermediate terminal is electrically connected to the positive or negative terminal between two adjacent series-connected battery cells. The negative terminal is electrically connected to the negative terminal of the series-connected battery cell C. The balancing resistor Rbalance is connected in series with the on / off switch Ron and is electrically connected between the positive terminal and the negative terminal. The loop switch Rsense is electrically connected between the negative terminal and the negative terminal.

[0144] The block diagram of the battery management integrated circuit (GIC) and its operation are as follows: Figures 5A-5B The MCU controls the loop switch Rsense to cut off the charging or discharging current of the series-connected battery cells C, causing the battery management integrated circuit (GIC) to measure the open-circuit voltage Vopen of each battery cell C and determine the state of charge (SOC) of each battery cell. Furthermore, while the MCU controls the loop switch Rsense to cut off the charging or discharging current of the series-connected battery cells C, the GIC simultaneously measures the open-circuit voltage Vopen of each battery cell C and the battery temperature Tbat, and accordingly indicates the power management of each battery cell C associated with the battery temperature Tbat.

[0145] In another embodiment, the loop switch Rsense of the battery management integrated circuit (GIC) can be externally located in the charging or discharging circuit of the series-connected battery cells C. The GIC has a control pin to control the external loop switch to briefly disconnect the charging or discharging circuit, allowing the GIC to measure the open-circuit voltage Vopen of each battery cell C. This control pin is electrically connected to the loop switch Rsense to control it to disconnect the charging or discharging current of the series-connected battery cells C, enabling the GIC to measure the open-circuit voltage Vopen of each battery cell C and determine the state of charge (SOC) of each battery cell C.

[0146] Please refer to Figure 10AThis diagram shows the configuration of a battery pack with parallel battery banks according to the present invention. The positive terminal VP+ and negative terminal VP- of the battery pack P with parallel battery banks are powered by two parallel battery banks G1 and G2, and each battery cell of the two battery banks G1 and G2 is connected in parallel to the battery management integrated circuit GIC of the present invention. When one of the circuit switches briefly disconnects the charging or discharging circuit, the battery management integrated circuit GIC can measure the open-circuit voltage of each battery cell in one battery bank, while the other battery bank can continue to charge or discharge between the positive terminal VP+ and the negative terminal VP-. The battery management integrated circuit GIC does not need to control when the two circuit switches Rsense1 and Rsense2 disconnect the charging or discharging circuit based on external signals; instead, the battery management integrated circuit GIC autonomously controls one of the circuit switches to briefly disconnect the charging or discharging circuit of one battery bank, while allowing the other battery bank to continue charging or discharging.

[0147] Figure 10A The battery pack P shown includes a positive terminal VP+ and a negative terminal VP-, a first battery pack G1, a second battery pack G2, and a battery management integrated circuit GIC. The first battery pack G1 is composed of multiple battery cells connected in series and has a first positive terminal and a first negative terminal. The second battery pack G2 is composed of multiple battery cells connected in series and has a second positive terminal and a second negative terminal. The battery management integrated circuit GIC includes a positive terminal pin, at least one first intermediate terminal pin, at least one second intermediate terminal pin, a first negative terminal pin and a second negative terminal pin, a first balancing resistor Rbalance1 and a first on / off switch Ron1 connected in series, a second balancing resistor Rbalance2 and a second on / off switch Ron2 connected in series, a first loop switch Rsense1, and a second loop switch Rsense2. The positive terminal pin is electrically connected to the first positive terminal, the second positive terminal, and the positive terminal VP+. The first intermediate terminal pin is electrically connected to the positive or negative terminal between two adjacent battery cells connected in series in the first battery pack G1. The first negative terminal is electrically connected to the first negative terminal of the first battery pack. The second intermediate terminal is electrically connected to the positive or negative terminal between two adjacent battery cells connected in series in the second battery pack G2. The second negative terminal is electrically connected to the second negative terminal of the second battery pack G2. The first balancing resistor Rbalance1 and the first conducting switch Ron1 are electrically connected between the positive terminal and the first negative terminal. The second balancing resistor Rbalance2 and the second conducting switch Ron2 are electrically connected between the positive terminal and the second negative terminal. The first circuit switch Rsense1 is electrically connected between the first negative terminal and the negative terminal. The second circuit switch Rsense2 is electrically connected between the second negative terminal and the negative terminal.

[0148] During the period when the first circuit switch Rsense1 and the second circuit switch Rsense2 are controlled to cut off the charging current or discharging current of the first battery pack G1 and the second battery pack G2 respectively, the battery management integrated circuit GIC measures the open-circuit voltage Vopen of each battery cell of the first and second battery packs G1 and G2, and determines the SOC of each battery cell of the first and second battery packs G1 and G2 accordingly.

[0149] Figure 10B This diagram shows a configuration of another battery pack with parallel battery modules according to the present invention. Compared to Figure 10A The difference in the illustrated embodiment is that the battery management integrated circuit (GIC) of the present invention, together with the two battery packs G1 and G2, is connected in parallel between the positive terminal VP+ and the negative terminal VP-. Furthermore, the two circuit switches Rsense1 and Rsense2 are configured externally to the GIC, respectively in the charging or discharging circuits of the two battery packs G1 and G2. The GIC controls the two circuit switches Rsense1 and Rsense2 via two control pins to respectively cut off the charging or discharging current of the two battery packs, thereby allowing the GIC to measure the open-circuit voltage of each battery cell in the two battery packs G1 and G2. Similarly, the GIC does not need to control when the two circuit switches Rsense1 and Rsense2 cut off the charging or discharging circuit based on external signals. Instead, the GIC autonomously controls one circuit switch to briefly cut off the charging or discharging circuit of one battery pack, while allowing the other battery pack to continue charging or discharging.

[0150] When the first circuit switch Rsense1 and the second circuit switch Rsense2 are controlled to cut off the charging current or discharging current of the first and second battery packs G1 and G2 respectively, the battery management integrated circuit GIC measures the open-circuit voltage Vopen of each battery cell in the first and second battery packs G1 and G2 respectively, and determines the SOC of each battery cell in the first and second battery packs G1 and G2 accordingly.

[0151] Please refer to Figure 11 ,show Figure 9 The diagram shows a configuration of the battery pack with multiple series and multiple parallel connections. Figure 11 Each battery cell of the undisplayed battery pack is connected in parallel to the battery management integrated circuit (GIC) of this invention. Figure 11The battery management system shown includes multiple battery packs P and a loop switch Rsense. The multiple battery packs P are configured to discharge to or charge a terminal device in a parallel-series configuration. Each battery pack P includes multiple battery cells and a battery management integrated circuit (GIC). The battery cells are configured in series. The GIC includes multiple polarity pins for connecting each battery cell in parallel. The loop switch Rsense is connected in series with the multiple battery cells. During charging or discharging of each battery pack P, the GIC receives an external command that causes it to control the Rsense to briefly interrupt a charging current during charging or a discharging current during discharging. During the interruption of the charging or discharging current, the GIC measures the open-circuit voltage Vopen of each battery cell and determines the state of charge (SOC) of each battery cell.

[0152] The battery management method of the present invention includes: during the charging or discharging period of each battery pack P, according to an external instruction, causing the battery management integrated circuit GIC to control the loop switch Rsense to briefly cut off a charging current during the charging period or a discharging current during the discharging period; and during the period of cutting off the charging current or the discharging current, causing the battery management integrated circuit GIC to measure the open-circuit voltage Vopen of each battery cell, and thereby determine the SOC of each battery cell.

[0153] Please refer to Figure 12 ,show Figure 9 The diagram shows a configuration of a battery pack in multiple parallel configurations, where the loop switch Rsense is located in the battery management integrated circuit GIC and is connected between the negative terminal of the battery pack and the negative terminal VP- of the battery pack P, used to control the battery pack to cut off the discharge current or the charging current.

[0154] Figure 13 show Figure 10A The diagram shows a configuration of the battery pack with multiple series and multiple parallel connections. Figure 13 Each battery cell of the two battery packs (not shown) is connected in parallel to the battery management integrated circuit (GIC) of this invention. The battery management system of this invention includes multiple battery packs P. These multiple battery packs P are configured to discharge to or charge from a terminal device in a parallel-series configuration.

[0155] In this embodiment, each battery pack P includes a first battery pack G1, a second battery pack G2, and a battery management integrated circuit GIC. The first battery pack G1 and the second battery pack G2 are each composed of multiple battery cells connected in series. The first battery pack G1 and the second battery pack G2 are connected in parallel. The battery management integrated circuit GIC includes multiple polarity pins and a first-loop switch Rsense1 and a second-loop switch Rsense2. The first-loop switch Rsense1 and the second-loop switch Rsense2 are connected in series with the first battery pack G1 and the second battery pack G2, respectively. During the charging or discharging period of each battery pack P, the battery management integrated circuit GIC controls the first loop switch Rsense1 or the second loop switch Rsense2 to briefly cut off a charging current or a discharging current of the first battery pack G1 or the second battery pack G2. During the period of cutting off the charging current or the discharging current, the battery management integrated circuit GIC measures the open-circuit voltage Vopen of each battery cell of the first battery pack G1 or the second battery pack G2 via the polarity pins, and determines the SOC of each battery cell accordingly.

[0156] Please also refer to Figure 14A and Figure 14B The diagrams show the battery pack configuration and equivalent battery pack schematics, using the power battery used in an electric vehicle as an example. They also show the equivalent battery pack schematics represented by the open-circuit voltage and internal resistance of the equivalent circuit. In this embodiment of the invention, 33 sensing battery cells 100 are first connected in parallel to form a smart battery 500 (i.e., a high-power battery pack P). Then, 27 smart batteries 500 (high-power battery pack P) are connected in series to form the power battery 1000 used in the electric vehicle. Each sensing battery cell 100 is composed of 4 battery units C connected in series. Each battery unit C has an open-circuit voltage of 4V, a capacity of 6Ah, and an internal resistance of 16.5mΩ. Therefore, the open-circuit voltage of each sensing battery cell 100 is 4V x 4 = 16V, the capacity is 6Ah, and the internal resistance is 66mΩ. The open-circuit voltage of each high-power smart battery 500 is 4V x 4 = 16V, the capacity is 6Ah x 33 = 198Ah, and the internal resistance is 2mΩ. Therefore, the open-circuit voltage of the power battery 1000 used in this electric vehicle is 16V x 27 = 432V, the capacity is 432V x 198Ah = 85.536kWh, and the internal resistance is 54mΩ. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the performance parameters of each battery cell C of the power battery 1000 can be sensed by an integrated circuit 120 (such as...). Figure 19A As shown, the measurements and records ensure that the battery history of each battery cell C of the power battery 1000 can be clearly preserved.

[0157] Therefore, if the new power battery 1000 has battery cells of consistent quality in its initial operating state, the power battery 1000 can provide a rated capacity of 78.7 kWh. According to the battery management system and method of the present invention, the longer the consistency of battery cell quality is maintained, the higher the mileage that the electric vehicle using the power battery 1000 can achieve based on performance. In embodiments of the present invention, such as... Figure 23 As shown, in the initial stage of use, the performance parameters of the power battery 1000 and each of its battery cells will be recorded in an information platform 3000, or the performance parameters of the battery cells provided by the battery supplier will be recorded in the information platform 3000, serving as a basis for comparison to assess whether each battery cell has reached a certain degree of degradation or a set condition. After the information platform 3000 collects the performance parameters of each battery cell of the power battery 1000 for a period of time, the information platform 3000 can establish multiple time node information of the battery history, so that the power battery 1000 of the present invention has a traceable and verifiable battery history, ensuring the resale value of the power battery 1000. Once the degradation degree of one of the battery cells is assessed to have reached a set condition, the information platform 3000 issues a management command to the sensing integrated circuit 120 connected in parallel with the battery cell that has reached the set condition, so that a corresponding measure can be implemented, causing the corresponding measure to act on the battery cell that has reached the set condition.

[0158] Furthermore, after prolonged use, the power battery 1000 experiences varying quality among its individual battery cells C, leading to charging and discharging imbalance issues among the sensing battery cells 100 of the smart battery 500. Additionally, charging and discharging series imbalance issues also arise among the high-power smart batteries 500 connected in series. To address these issues in the high-power battery pack of the smart battery 500, this invention provides a system architecture diagram for a solution, as shown below. Figure 14C As shown. In this embodiment, the system of the present invention provides 27 functional elements (or functional integrated circuits, abbreviated as FICs) connected in parallel to 27 series-connected smart batteries 500 of the power battery 1000. Each smart battery 500 is connected in parallel to a functional integrated circuit FIC containing... Figure 22 The series balancing circuit 250 of the logic gate integrated circuit 200 shown, and the series balancing circuit of each sensing battery cell 100. Figure 20 The functional circuit 126 of the sensing integrated circuit 120 shown solves the charge-discharge series balance problem among the four series-connected battery cells. By sensing the parallel connection of the battery cells 100, the sensing integrated circuit 120 is connected in parallel with each other, and the parallel functional circuit 126 solves the charge-discharge balance problem among the battery cells 100. This will be described in more detail below.

[0159] Figure 15The diagram shows a parallel configuration of the battery pack of the present invention, wherein the battery management integrated circuit (GIC) further includes series balancing circuits and parallel balancing circuits for voltage balancing functions.

[0160] like Figure 15 The battery management integrated circuit (GIC) shown is a small-unit battery string balancing circuit, specifically for balancing the series-connected battery cells C within the battery pack P. The string balancing function of the four battery cells C is primarily achieved by a switching network SNW composed of multiple first switches S1 and multiple second switches S2, and three string balancing capacitors Cbalance1, Cbalance2, and Cbalance3. Each string balancing capacitor, through the operation of the switching network SNW, enables the transfer of charge between adjacent battery cells C.

[0161] A fourth switch S4 is controlled to connect a balancing capacitor Cbalance4 in parallel with the series-connected battery cells, and works in conjunction with a fifth switch S5 to complete the parallel balancing function between the parallel battery packs. Each battery management integrated circuit (GIC) has a common ground pin, and these common ground pins are electrically connected together. A third switch S3 is connected to the charging and discharging circuits of the battery cells, such as... Figure 15 The circuit is connected between a negative terminal of the battery string and a negative terminal VP- of the battery pack to control the opening and closing of the circuit. The opening or closing of the third switch S3 does not affect the balancing operation performed among the four battery cells.

[0162] like Figure 15 The battery management integrated circuit (GIC) of the present invention is used to balance multiple parallel battery packs and to balance multiple series-connected battery cells to discharge or charge a terminal device.

[0163] The present invention provides a battery management system for balancing multiple battery packs P connected in parallel and multiple battery cells C connected in series, for discharging or charging a terminal device. Each battery pack P includes multiple battery cells C connected in series and a battery management integrated circuit (GIC), wherein each battery cell C is connected to the GIC. The GIC includes multiple electrode pins, a switching network (SNW), multiple series balancing capacitors Cbalance1 to Cbalance3, a parallel balancing capacitor Cbalance4, and a common pin.

[0164] The multiple electrode pins are used to connect each battery cell C in parallel. The multiple series balancing capacitors (i.e., Cbalance1, Cbalance2, Cbalance3) are used to balance two adjacent battery cells C. The switching network SNW electrically connects the multiple electrode pins to the multiple series balancing capacitors to switch the connection of the electrode pins of adjacent battery cells C to the corresponding series balancing capacitor. The parallel balancing capacitor Cbalance4 is used to selectively connect in parallel to the multiple battery cells C connected in series. The common pin is selectively connected to the parallel balancing capacitor Cbalance4.

[0165] The battery management integrated circuit (GIC) further includes a first switch S1, which selectively opens the charging or discharging circuit of the plurality of battery cells C and determines the timing when the plurality of battery cells C of the battery pack P are connected in parallel with other battery packs P. According to the battery management system of the present invention, terminal device manufacturers can quickly and safely assemble a high-power battery. By electrically connecting the common pin of the battery management integrated circuit, the added battery pack can be pre-equipped and balanced when connected in parallel with a high-power battery, reducing the voltage difference between the highest and lowest batteries, avoiding losses due to battery internal resistance, and the timing when the added battery pack is connected in parallel with other battery packs is determined by a third switch S3.

[0166] This invention discloses a battery management system implementing a battery pack string balancing circuit. In an embodiment of the invention, a battery management system includes multiple battery packs connected in series and multiple functional integrated circuits (FICs). Adjacent FICs cooperate to implement a battery pack string balancing circuit to balance the charge of the series-connected battery packs. Each battery pack includes a battery group G composed of a plurality of battery cells C, and each battery pack is connected in parallel with a FIC. Through synchronous control of the FICs, high-power string balancing is achieved between adjacent battery packs P. The FIC of this invention includes at least one synchronization control pin, at least one balancing pin, and a switching network (SNW). The synchronization control pin (FOSC) is electrically connected to the synchronization control pin of an adjacent FIC to instruct the battery pack with a higher voltage to perform charge balancing on the battery pack with a lower voltage. The balancing pin is electrically connected to the balancing pin of an adjacent FIC to establish a charge balancing loop between adjacent FICs. At least one balancing capacitor (Cbalance) for balancing the charge can be configured inside the FIC, such as... Figure 16A and Figure 16B The illustrated embodiment may be configured between the balanced pins of adjacent functional integrated circuits (FICs), such as... Figure 17C1 and Figure 17D2 The illustrated embodiment.

[0167] The intelligent battery 500 of this invention consists of multiple sensing battery cells 100 connected in parallel to form a high-power battery pack P. The battery pack series balancing function refers to the balance of charge between battery packs P1 and P2 connected in series. For example... Figure 16A In one embodiment, voltage balancing between the equivalent battery terminal voltages Vbat_n and Vbat_n+1 of two series-connected battery packs P1 and P2 is achieved by electrically connecting the synchronization control pin FOSC of functional integrated circuits FIC_n+1 and FIC_n to the balancing pin. In one embodiment of the invention, when the terminal voltage Vbat_n is greater than the terminal voltage Vbat_n+1 by a preset value, the battery management system of the invention activates a corresponding measure to enable at least one functional integrated circuit FIC, which performs charge balancing (or bottom-to-top charge balancing) of battery pack P2 to P1 according to the direction indicated by the control signal FOSC. For simplification... Figure 16A , Figure 16B Due to its complexity, the functional integrated circuits FIC_n+1 and FIC_n only illustrate the power balancing circuit of the switching network SNW section. The balancing capacitor Cbalance is configured inside the functional integrated circuit FIC_n+1. According to the direction indicated by the control signal FOSC, the two switching networks SNW implement downward and upward power balancing. First, both switches S2 are turned on and both switches S1 are turned on to establish... Figure 17A1 The shown charge balancing circuit balances the charge between battery pack P2 and the balancing capacitor Cbalance (the balancing capacitor stores energy). Then, both switches S2 are opened and both switches S1 are closed to establish... Figure 17A2 The charge balancing circuit shown balances the charge of battery pack P1 with that of the balancing capacitor Cbalance (the balancing capacitor releases energy).

[0168] In another embodiment of the present invention, when the terminal voltage Vbat_n+1 is greater than the terminal voltage Vbat_n by a preset value, the battery management system of the present invention activates a corresponding measure to enable at least one functional integrated circuit (FIC), and performs charge balancing (or upper-to-lower charge balancing) of battery pack P1 to P2 according to the direction indicated by the control signal FOSC. Figure 16A and Figure 16B The opposite direction of FOSC is shown. The two switching networks SNW implement up-to-down power balancing, first establishing... Figure 17B1 The shown charge balancing circuit balances the charge of battery pack P1 and the balancing capacitor Cbalance (the balancing capacitor stores energy), and then establishes... Figure 17B2 The charge balancing circuit shown balances the charge of battery pack P2 and balancing capacitor Cbalance (the balancing capacitor releases energy).

[0169] Compared to Figure 16A and Figure 16B The illustrated embodiment, in Figure 17C1 and Figure 17C2In another embodiment shown, the battery management system of the present invention configures at least one balancing capacitor Cbalance between the balancing pins of adjacent functional integrated circuits (FICs). In one embodiment of the present invention, when the terminal voltage Vbat_n is greater than the terminal voltage Vbat_n+1 by a preset value, the battery management system of the present invention initiates a corresponding measure to enable at least one functional integrated circuit (FIC) to perform charge balancing (or bottom-to-top charge balancing) of battery pack P2 to P1 according to the direction indicated by the control signal FOSC. For simplification... Figure 17C1 , Figure 17C2 Due to the complexity, the functional integrated circuits FIC_n+1 and FIC_n only illustrate the power balancing circuit of the switching network SNW section. The balancing capacitor Cbalance is configured between the balancing pins of the two functional integrated circuits FIC_n+1. According to the direction indicated by the control signal FOSC, the two switching networks SNW implement downward-to-upward power balancing. First, both switches S2 are turned on and both switches S1 are turned on to establish... Figure 17C1 The shown charge balancing circuit balances the charge between battery pack P2 and the balancing capacitor Cbalance (the balancing capacitor stores energy). Then, both switches S2 are opened and both switches S1 are closed to establish... Figure 17C2 The charge balancing circuit shown balances the charge of battery pack P1 with that of the balancing capacitor Cbalance (the balancing capacitor releases energy).

[0170] In another embodiment of the present invention, when the terminal voltage Vbat_n+1 is greater than the terminal voltage Vbat_n by a preset value, the battery management system of the present invention activates a corresponding measure to enable at least one functional integrated circuit (FIC), and performs charge balancing (or upper-to-lower charge balancing) of battery pack P1 to P2 according to the direction indicated by the control signal FOSC. Figure 17C1 , Figure 17C2 The opposite direction of FOSC is shown. The two switching networks SNW implement up-to-down power balancing, first establishing... Figure 17C2 The shown charge balancing circuit balances the charge of battery pack P1 and the balancing capacitor Cbalance (the balancing capacitor stores energy), and then establishes... Figure 17C2 The charge balancing circuit shown balances the charge of battery pack P2 and balancing capacitor Cbalance (the balancing capacitor releases energy).

[0171] Please refer to Figure 17D1 and Figure 17D2 This shows a power balance loop diagram for implementing high-power series balance management in another embodiment of the battery management system of the present invention, which is combined with the above. Figures 17A1-17A2 , Figures 17B1-17B2 and Figures 17C1-17C2The illustrated embodiment shows the configuration of three balancing capacitors Cbalance. In this embodiment of the invention, each functional integrated circuit (FIC) has two balancing pins. The three balancing capacitors are respectively disposed within functional integrated circuits FIC_n+1 and FIC_n and connected in parallel to the two balancing pins, and are also disposed between the balancing pins of FIC_n+1 and FIC_n. Therefore, the two balancing pins of the two functional integrated circuits FIC are respectively connected, allowing the three balancing capacitors Cbalance to be connected in parallel, thereby increasing the capacitance of the balancing capacitors and facilitating the implementation of series balancing functions between higher-power battery packs.

[0172] In one embodiment of the present invention, when the terminal voltage Vbat_n is greater than the terminal voltage Vbat_n+1 by a preset value, the battery management system of the present invention activates a corresponding measure to enable at least one functional integrated circuit (FIC) to perform charge balancing (or bottom-to-top charge balancing) of battery pack P2 to P1 according to the direction indicated by the control signal FOSC. For simplification... Figure 17D1 , Figure 17D2 Due to the complexity, the functional integrated circuits FIC_n+1 and FIC_n only illustrate the power balancing circuit of the switching network SNW section. According to the direction indicated by the control signal FOSC, the two switching networks SNW implement bottom-to-top power balancing. First, both switches S2 are turned on and both switches S1 are turned off, connecting the negative terminal of battery pack P1 to an upper-to-lower contact Cu-d and the negative terminal of battery pack P2 to a lower-to-upper contact Cd-u, thus establishing... Figure 17D1 The illustrated charge balancing circuit balances the charge of battery pack P2 with the three parallel balancing capacitors Cbalance (the balancing capacitors store energy). Next, both switches S2 are opened and both switches S1 are closed, connecting the positive terminal of battery pack P1 to the upper-to-lower contact Cu-d and the positive terminal of battery pack P2 to the lower-to-upper contact Cd-u, thus establishing... Figure 17D2 The charge balancing circuit shown balances the charge of battery pack P1 with the three parallel balancing capacitors Cbalance (the balancing capacitors release energy).

[0173] In another embodiment of the present invention, when the terminal voltage Vbat_n+1 is greater than the terminal voltage Vbat_n by a preset value, the battery management system of the present invention activates a corresponding measure to enable at least one functional integrated circuit (FIC), and performs charge balancing (or upper-to-lower charge balancing) of battery pack P1 to P2 according to the direction indicated by the control signal FOSC. Figure 17D1 , Figure 17D2 The opposite direction of FOSC is shown. The two switching networks SNW implement up-to-down power balancing, first establishing... Figure 17D2 The shown charge balancing circuit balances the charge of battery pack P1 with the three parallel-connected balancing capacitors Cbalance (the balancing capacitors store energy), and then establishes... Figure 17D1The charge balancing circuit shown balances the charge of battery pack P2 with the three parallel balancing capacitors Cbalance (the balancing capacitors release energy).

[0174] Please also refer to Figure 18 and Figure 19A , Figure 19B , Figure 18 This shows a block diagram of the smart battery of the present invention. Figure 19A and Figure 19B Block diagrams of the two sensing battery cells of the present invention are shown respectively.

[0175] In one embodiment of the present invention, a smart battery 500 includes a plurality of sensing battery cells 100 and a logic gate integrated circuit 200, wherein the sensing battery cells 100 and the logic gate integrated circuit 200 are configured in parallel network. Each sensing battery cell 100 includes a plurality of battery cells 1 and a sensing integrated circuit 120, wherein the sensing integrated circuit 120 senses the temperature of each battery cell 1 and measures the performance parameters of each battery cell 1. The performance parameters are used to evaluate the degree of degradation of each battery cell and include, but are not limited to, open-circuit voltage (Vopen), charge / discharge current, charge / discharge internal resistance, and the number of charge / discharge cycles, or results calculated based on the aforementioned parameters or measurements, all related to battery temperature. The logic gate integrated circuit 200 communicates with each sensing integrated circuit 120 to receive the performance parameters of each battery cell 1 of the smart battery 500. In a further embodiment of the present invention, the logic gate integrated circuit 200 evaluates one of the degraded battery cells 1 among the plurality of battery cells 1 based on the performance parameters of each battery cell 1. The smart battery 500 may include multiple battery cells 1, which may be sensor cells 100 made of different materials. The sensing integrated circuit 120 accurately measures the performance parameters of each battery cell to maintain the common charging and discharging of battery cells made of different materials, thereby avoiding overcharging or over-discharging.

[0176] In another embodiment of the present invention, a smart battery 500 includes a plurality of sensing battery cells 100, a logic gate integrated circuit 200, and a wireless module 300, wherein the sensing battery cells 100 and the logic gate integrated circuit 200 are configured in parallel network, and each sensing battery cell 100 includes a plurality of battery cells 1 and a sensing integrated circuit 120. The sensing integrated circuit 120 accurately senses the temperature of each battery cell 1 and measures the performance parameters of each battery cell 1. The task of the logic gate integrated circuit 200 is to communicate with each sensing integrated circuit 120 and receive the performance parameters of each battery cell 1 of the smart battery 500 from each sensing integrated circuit 120. The logic gate integrated circuit 200 communicates with an information platform 3000 via the wireless module 300 to transmit the performance parameters of each battery cell 1 of the smart battery 500 to the information platform 3000. The information platform 3000 is a cloud server system or an in-vehicle system of an electric vehicle, used to evaluate a degraded battery cell among the plurality of battery cells 1.

[0177] Continue to refer to Figure 19A and Figure 19B The two types of battery packs, which contain multiple battery cells 1, have different battery pack network structures, namely a series network and a parallel network, respectively. The sensing battery cell 100 of this invention includes multiple battery cells 1, multiple temperature sensors, and a sensing integrated circuit 120, wherein each temperature sensor senses the temperature T of its corresponding battery cell 1. The sensing integrated circuit 120 includes a functional circuit FC and multiple pins, some of which connect the sensing integrated circuit 120 in parallel with each battery cell 1. Figure 19A A portion of the pins of the sensing integrated circuit 120 shown are connected in series to the positive and negative terminals of the battery cell 1. A portion of the pins of the sensing integrated circuit 120 are also connected to a temperature sensor, enabling the sensing integrated circuit 120 to sense the temperature of each battery cell 1 and the terminal voltage defined by the positive and negative terminals. Figure 19B A portion of the pins of the sensing integrated circuit 120 shown are electrically connected in parallel to the positive and negative terminals of the battery cell 1. A portion of the pins of the sensing integrated circuit 120 are also electrically connected to a temperature sensor, enabling the sensing integrated circuit 120 to sense the temperature of each battery cell 1 and the terminal voltage defined by the positive and negative terminals.

[0178] When one of the multiple battery cells 1 reaches a critical state, the sensing integrated circuit 120 enables the functional circuit FC according to an external instruction or directly enables a corresponding measure for at least one battery cell 1 or all of the battery cells 1, wherein the external instruction is a management instruction of the battery management system and method of the present invention. In different embodiments of the present invention, a battery cell 1 reaching a critical state can be defined by at least some performance parameters of the battery cell 1. For example, the internal resistance accurately measured by the method of the present invention is higher than the internal resistance of the initial state by 3% or 5% or a preset threshold, or the battery capacity accurately measured by the method of the present invention is lower than the battery capacity of the initial state by 5% or 10% or a preset threshold, or the difference between the battery parameters accurately measured by the method of the present invention and the battery parameters of the initial state reaches a preset threshold. The sensing battery cell 100 performs the corresponding measure by means of the functional circuit FC to isolate at least one battery cell 1 or all of the battery cells 1 from the battery structure network of the smart battery 500, or to perform charge balancing on at least some of the battery cells. In a further embodiment of the present invention, the functional circuit FC enables at least one battery cell 1 or all of the battery cells to be temporarily isolated from the battery pack network, or to be re-added to the battery pack network for charging or discharging, or to adjust the battery pack network of the smart battery 500.

[0179] In different embodiments of the present invention, the sensing integrated circuit 120 does not need to enable the functional circuit FC according to an external instruction. For example, when the sensing integrated circuit 120 senses that the temperature T of one of the battery cells 1 reaches a warning temperature, the sensing integrated circuit 120 directly enables the functional circuit FC, which can isolate the sensing battery cell 100 from the battery pack network of the smart battery 500. When the sensing integrated circuit 120 senses that the terminal voltage of one of the battery cells 1 is lower than the terminal voltage of other battery cells 1 by more than a set value, the sensing integrated circuit 120 directly enables the functional circuit FC to implement power balancing.

[0180] Please refer to Figure 20 ,show Figure 19A and Figure 19B The block diagram of the sensing integrated circuit 120 shown shows that the functional circuits FC of the two circuits differ depending on the battery pack network structure, and are shown separately in... Figure 21A and Figure 21BThe sensing integrated circuit 120 of the present invention includes a microcontroller unit (MCU) 121, multiple battery measurement circuits 122 corresponding to multiple battery cells 1, a current measurement circuit 123, a communication module 124, a non-volatile memory (NVM) 125, and a functional circuit 126. Each battery measurement circuit 122 corresponding to a battery cell 1 includes a battery temperature measurement circuit 1221 and a battery voltage measurement circuit 1222. The battery temperature measurement circuit 1221 is electrically connected to a temperature sensor of the corresponding battery cell 1 to measure the temperature T of the battery cell 1. The battery voltage measurement circuit 1222 is connected in parallel to the corresponding battery cell 1 to measure the terminal voltage of the battery cell 1. The current measurement circuit 123 measures the charging and discharging current of the sensing battery cell 100, which is the current flowing through... Figure 21A The current of the circuit switch S00 shown or Figure 21B and Figure 21C The current of the circuit switches S01…S04 is shown. NVM 125 stores code and includes, but is not limited to, serial numbers of the sensing battery cell 100, user serial numbers, and serial numbers and initial performance parameters of each battery cell 1. Functional circuit 126 is electrically connected to the battery pack network of the sensing battery cell 100, enabling the sensing integrated circuit 120 of this invention to perform a corresponding action on at least one battery cell 1 or all of the battery cells 1 according to an external command or by directly enabling the functional circuit 126. MCU 121 executes the code stored in NVM 125 to implement all the functions and tasks of the sensing integrated circuit 120 of this invention. Furthermore, MCU 121 controls the functional circuit 126 to briefly disconnect the charging or discharging circuit of the battery cells 1, thereby measuring the open-circuit voltage of each battery cell 1.

[0181] In this invention, the MCU 121 of the sensing integrated circuit 120 is electrically connected to each battery measurement circuit 122 and the current measurement circuit 123 to measure the temperature T, terminal voltage, and charging / discharging current of each battery cell 1, and to calculate the performance parameters of each battery cell 1 related to the battery temperature T. These performance parameters related to the battery temperature T include, but are not limited to, open-circuit voltage (Vopen), charging / discharging current, and internal resistance during charging / discharging. The MCU 121 controls the communication module 124 to establish communication with the logic gate integrated circuit 200 to transmit the performance parameters of each battery cell 1 of the sensing battery cell 100 to the logic gate integrated circuit 200.

[0182] In one embodiment of the present invention, when the MCU 121 receives an external instruction via the communication module 124, the MCU 121 controls the functional circuit 126 to implement a corresponding measure on at least one battery cell 1 or all of the battery cells 1. This corresponding measure includes isolating at least one battery cell 1 or all of the battery cells 1 from the battery pack network of the smart battery 500, or performing charge balancing on at least some of the battery cells 1. In a further embodiment of the present invention, the functional circuit 126 allows at least one battery cell 1 or all of the battery cells 1 to be temporarily isolated from the battery pack network of the smart battery 500, or to be re-added to the battery pack network of the smart battery 500 for charging or discharging. References are provided below. Figure 21A and Figure 21B This further illustrates the electrical connection between the functional circuit 126 and the multiple battery cells 1.

[0183] Please refer to Figure 21A ,show Figure 19A A detailed circuit diagram of the functional circuit 126 of the sensing integrated circuit 120 is shown. In this embodiment, four battery cells 1 are used as an example, but the present invention is not limited to four battery cells 1. The sensing battery cell 100 of the present invention has a positive terminal and a negative terminal, and a charging and discharging path is formed between the positive terminal and the negative terminal by the sensing integrated circuit 120. Multiple battery cells 1 are connected in series to establish a battery pack network in the charging and discharging path. The sensing integrated circuit 120 includes a functional circuit 126 and multiple pins, wherein one pin is electrically connected to the positive terminal and another pin is electrically connected to the negative terminal, and the functional circuit 126 is connected in parallel to each battery cell 1 via a portion of the pins. The functional circuit 126 includes a loop switch S00 and a charge balancing circuit, wherein the loop switch S00 is located on the charging and discharging path and is used to disconnect (OFF) or connect (ON) the charging and discharging path of the sensing battery cell 100. When the MCU 121 briefly cuts off the circuit switch S00, the battery voltage measurement circuit 1222 can measure the Vopen of each battery cell 1. The power balancing circuit, controlled by the MCU 121, can perform series power balancing between battery cells 1 and sense parallel power balancing between battery cells 100.

[0184] In different embodiments of the present invention, the circuit switch S00 is located on the charging / discharging path and is situated between the series-connected battery cell 1 and the negative terminal, such as... Figure 21AAs shown, or between the series-connected battery cell 1 and the positive terminal. When the MCU 121 can close or open the circuit switch S00 according to an external instruction or directly, the functional circuit 126 can turn on or off the charging and discharging path of the sensing battery cell 100 to selectively isolate all battery cells 1 for charging or discharging, or adjust the battery pack network.

[0185] The power balance circuit of the functional circuit 126 includes a switching network composed of multiple switches and multiple capacitors. The multiple switches Sij, i = 1...4, j = 1,2 of the switching network are used to switch capacitors C1, C2, and C3 to balance the power balance between the series-connected battery cells. The multiple switches S51 and S52 of the switching network are used to switch capacitor C4 to balance the power balance between the parallel-connected sensing battery cells 100.

[0186] Continue to refer to Figure 21A When the power balancing circuit fails to implement the series balancing function in accordance with a corresponding measure, all switches are turned off and capacitors C1, C2, C3, and C4 do not transfer energy. When the MCU 121 enables the power balancing circuit to implement the series balancing function in accordance with a corresponding measure, the MCU 121 determines the terminal voltage of each battery cell 1 based on the measurement results of the battery voltage measurement circuit 1222. When the terminal voltage of an adjacent battery cell 1 exceeds a preset threshold, the MCU 121 controls the switches Sij, i = 1…4, j = 1,2 to select each capacitor C1, C2, and C3 to transfer energy between adjacent battery cells 1 in order to balance the power of adjacent battery cells 1. For example, when MCU 121 controls switches S11 and S21 to be turned on simultaneously, or controls switches S12 and S22 to be turned on simultaneously, capacitor C1 can be selectively connected in parallel to battery cell V1 or V2. When MCU 121 controls switches S21 and S31 to be turned on simultaneously, or controls switches S22 and S32 to be turned on simultaneously, capacitor C2 can be selectively connected in parallel to battery cell V2 or V3. When MCU 121 controls switches S31 and S41 to be turned on simultaneously, or controls switches S32 and S42 to be turned on simultaneously, capacitor C3 can be selectively connected in parallel to battery cell V3 or V4. Thus, when multiple battery cells 1 are connected in series, the sensing integrated circuit 120 of this invention can implement a series balancing function between cells with higher energy storage and cells with lower energy storage.

[0187] When the battery voltage measurement circuit 1222 of the sensing integrated circuit 120 measures the Vopen of each battery cell 1, the sensing integrated circuit 120 notifies other sensing integrated circuits 120 to stop the measurement through the logic gate integrated circuit 200, so as to avoid power interruption during the charging and discharging of the smart battery 500. Furthermore, the sensing integrated circuit 120 has a common pin 1260. When multiple sensing battery cells 100 are connected in parallel, the common pin 1260 of each sensing integrated circuit 120 is also electrically connected together, enabling the parallel sensing battery cells 100 to implement a parallel balancing function. In the power balancing circuit of the functional circuit 126, one end of the capacitor C4 is electrically connected to the positive terminal, and the other end of the capacitor C4 is electrically connected to switches S51 and S52. When the functional circuit 126 is disabled, switches S51 and S52 are both turned off, preventing capacitor C4 from transferring energy.

[0188] When the MCU 121 enables the power balancing circuit to implement the parallel balancing function between the sensing battery cells 100 in response to a corresponding measure, the MCU 121 of the two sensing integrated circuits 120 controls the switch S52 to turn on, so that the capacitors C4 of the two sensing integrated circuits 120 are connected in parallel. The MCU 121 of the sensing battery cell 100 with the higher voltage controls the switch S51 to turn on, so that the capacitor C4 is selectively connected in parallel to the sensing battery cell 100 to store power in the capacitor C4, and then the switch S51 is turned off. Then, the MCU 121 of the sensing battery cell 100 with the lower voltage controls the switch S51 to turn on, so that the power in the capacitor C4 can be released to the sensing battery cell 100, and then the switch S51 is turned off. In this way, when multiple sensing battery cells 100 are connected in parallel, the sensing integrated circuit 120 of the present invention can implement the parallel balancing function between the cells with higher energy storage and the cells with lower energy storage.

[0189] Next, refer to Figure 21B ,show Figure 19BA detailed circuit diagram of the functional circuit 126 of the sensing integrated circuit 120 is shown. In this embodiment, four battery cells 1 are used as an example, but the invention is not limited to four battery cells 1. Multiple battery cells 1 are connected in parallel to form a battery pack network, with the positive terminal of each battery cell 1 being a common terminal. The sensing battery cell 100 of the present invention has a positive terminal and a negative terminal, forming a plurality of parallel charging and discharging paths between the positive and negative terminals, each corresponding to a battery cell 1. The sensing integrated circuit 120 includes a functional circuit 126 and multiple pins, wherein one pin is electrically connected to the negative terminal, and at least some pins are electrically connected to the negative terminal of each battery cell 1. When multiple sensing battery cells 100 are connected in parallel, a common pin 1260 of the sensing integrated circuit 120 is electrically connected together, enabling the parallel sensing battery cells 100 to perform a parallel balancing function. When the functional circuit 126 is disabled, all switches are turned off, preventing the capacitor C from transferring energy.

[0190] The functional circuit 126 includes multiple loop switches S01 to S04 and a power balancing circuit, wherein each loop switch S01 to S04 is located on the charging and discharging path of each battery cell 1, and is used to cut off or connect the charging and discharging path of each battery cell 1. The power balancing circuit includes a switching network composed of multiple switches S11...S51 and a capacitor C. The power balancing circuit, controlled by the MCU 121, can implement parallel power balancing between battery cells 1 and sense parallel power balancing between battery cells 100. In different embodiments of the present invention, the loop switches S01 to S04 are located between each battery cell 1 and the negative terminal (e.g., Figure 21B As shown), or between each battery cell 1 and the positive terminal (as shown). Figure 21C (As shown). When the MCU 121 responds to a corresponding measure to control the circuit switches S01 to S04 to close or open respectively, the functional circuit 126 can cut off or connect the charging and discharging path of each battery cell 1 to selectively isolate at least one or all of the battery cells 1 for charging or discharging, or adjust the battery pack network of the smart battery 500.

[0191] Continue to refer to Figure 21BThe following further explains the operation of the sensing battery cell 100 in implementing the parallel balancing function of battery cell 1. When the sensing battery cell 100 implements the parallel balancing function of battery cell 1, switch S51 is turned off. For example, if there is a battery cell 1 with higher energy storage V1 and a battery cell 1 with lower energy storage V2, the MCU 121 of the sensing integrated circuit 120 first controls the circuit switch S01 to turn off and the switch S11 to turn on, so that the battery cell with higher energy storage V1 is connected in parallel with capacitor C. After capacitor C stores energy, the MCU 121 controls the circuit switch S01 to turn on and the switch S11 to turn off. Then, the MCU 121 controls the circuit switch S02 to turn off and the switch S21 to turn on, so that the battery cell with lower energy storage V2 is connected in parallel with capacitor C. After capacitor C releases energy to the battery cell with lower energy storage V2, the MCU 121 controls the circuit switch S02 to turn on and the switch S21 to turn off. Thus, when multiple battery cells 1 are connected in parallel, the sensing integrated circuit 120 of the present invention can implement a parallel balancing function between any two battery cells 1 with higher energy storage and lower energy storage.

[0192] Continue to refer to Figure 21B The following further explains the operation of the parallel balancing function of the two sensing battery cells 100. When implementing the parallel balancing function of the two sensing battery cells 100, the switches S51 of their respective functional circuits 126 are turned on, causing the two capacitors C to be connected in parallel, and their common pins 1260 are electrically connected together. For example, in the two sensing battery cells 100, the MCU 121 of the sensing integrated circuit 120 of the cell with higher energy storage first controls all loop switches S01…S04 to be turned off and switches S11…S41 to be turned on, causing the cell with higher energy storage to be connected in parallel with the two capacitors C. After the two parallel capacitors C have stored energy, the MCU 121 controls all loop switches S01…S04 to be turned on and S11…S41 to be turned off. Subsequently, the MCU 121 of the sensing integrated circuit 120 of the other lower energy storage cell controls all circuit switches S01…S04 to turn off and switches S11…S41 to turn on, so that the parallel capacitor C is connected in parallel with the lower energy storage cell V2. After the two parallel capacitors C release energy to the lower energy storage cell, the MCU 121 controls all circuit switches S01…S04 to turn on and switches S11…S41 to turn off. In this way, when the two sensing battery cells 100 are connected in parallel, the sensing integrated circuit 120 of the present invention can implement a parallel balancing function between the higher and lower energy storage cells.

[0193] refer to Figure 21C ,show Figure 19B Another detailed circuit diagram of the functional circuit 126 of the sensing integrated circuit 120 is shown. Figure 21C The circuit diagram of the functional circuit 126 shown is as follows: (The circuit diagram is missing from the original text.) Figure 21B The equivalent circuit diagram of the functional circuit 126 connected in parallel with multiple battery cells 1 is shown. The difference between the two is... Figure 21B The positive terminal of the multiple battery cells 1 shown is a common terminal. Figure 21C The negative terminals of the multiple battery cells 1 shown are common terminals. Similarly, when both sense the parallel balancing function of the battery cells 100, their common pin 1260 is electrically connected together. When both sense the parallel balancing function of the multiple battery cells 1, the MCU 121 controls the circuit switches S01…S04 and switches S11…S51 in the same way.

[0194] Accordingly, this invention provides a sensing integrated circuit and its method for accurately measuring the performance parameters of each battery cell, thereby assessing the degree of degradation or aging of each battery cell. This invention also provides a battery pack network and its method, suitable for constructing charging and discharging paths for multiple battery cells, and for adjusting the battery pack network of a smart battery 500 based on integrated circuit technology, selectively isolating or re-adding at least one or some of the battery cells 1 for charging or discharging.

[0195] Please refer to Figure 22 The block diagram of the logic gate integrated circuit 200 is shown. In one embodiment of the present invention, the logic gate integrated circuit 200 includes a microcontroller unit (MCU) 210, a first communication module 220, a second communication module 230, a non-volatile memory (NVM) 240, and a series of balancing function circuits 250. The first communication module 220 is controlled by the MCU 210 and is used to communicate with the sensing integrated circuit 120 of each sensing battery cell 100 to receive the performance parameters of each battery cell 1 of all sensing battery cells 100 constituting a smart battery 500, such as... Figure 23 As shown. The second communication module 230 is controlled by the MCU 210 to communicate with an information platform 3000 via an external wireless module 300, or with the battery management system (BMS) of the vehicle system 2000 via the logic gate integrated circuit 200 of the connected smart battery 500, to transmit the performance parameters of each battery cell to the information platform 3000 or the BMS. The vehicle system 2000 further includes an energy management system (EMS) and a mini battery management system (miniBMS). The miniBMS collects battery information from the power battery 1000 and provides it to the energy management system of the vehicle system 2000 via the battery management system. The second communication module 230 is used to receive an external command regarding an aging battery cell, and transmits the external command to the sensing integrated circuit 120 of the sensing battery cell 100 containing the aging battery cell via the first communication module 220, thereby enabling the sensing integrated circuit 120 to implement a corresponding measure through the functional circuit 126, wherein the external command originates from the information platform 3000.

[0196] In this embodiment of the invention, the communication module 220 of the logic gate integrated circuit 200 is directly connected to the communication module 124 of each sensing integrated circuit 120, and the logic gate integrated circuit 200 polls to read the performance parameters of all battery cells of each smart battery 500. Furthermore, the wireless module 300 is exemplified by a Bluetooth communication module.

[0197] In addition, NVM 240 stores code including, but not limited to, information about the user serial number, the serial number of the smart battery 500, and the serial number and initial performance parameters of each sensing cell 100. MCU 210 executes the code stored in NVM 240 to implement all the functions and tasks performed by the logic gate integrated circuit 200 of this invention. The series balancing function circuit 250, controlled by MCU 210, is used to implement power balancing among the series-connected smart batteries 500, such as... Figure 24 As shown. This series balancing function circuit 250 is based on... Figure 14C The system architecture of the solution of the present invention is established as shown.

[0198] In different embodiments of the present invention, the logic gate integrated circuit 200 can enable the string balancing function circuit 250 according to an external instruction to implement power balancing among the series-connected smart batteries 500, or determine whether to activate the string balancing function circuit 250 based on information transmitted by the logic gate integrated circuit 200 of the series-connected smart batteries 500. For example, when the difference in terminal voltage between adjacent smart batteries 500 exceeds a set value, the logic gate integrated circuit 200 can activate the string balancing function circuit 250 to implement power balancing.

[0199] According to embodiments of the present invention, the sensing integrated circuit can accurately sense the charging and discharging states of multiple battery cells to simultaneously measure performance parameters of each battery cell, such as Vopen, charging current Ii and discharging current Io, internal resistance Ri during charging and internal resistance Ro during discharging, and battery temperature T. These performance parameters are used to evaluate the quality, health, or lifespan and capacity of each battery cell. Further explanation follows.

[0200] Evaluate the quality of each battery cell.

[0201] Based on the precise measurement of Vopen, Ii / Io, and temperature T of each battery cell in a sensing battery cell by the sensing integrated circuit 120, the Vopen difference ΔVopen and internal resistance Ri / Ro associated with temperature T of each battery cell can be calculated and collected statistically, where internal resistance Ri is the internal resistance of the battery cell during charging, and internal resistance Ro is the internal resistance of the battery cell during discharging. The information platform 3000 of this invention evaluates the quality of each battery cell based on the average and standard deviation of the performance parameters of all battery cells in a power battery, identifies battery cells whose performance parameters fall outside the standard deviation, and implements corresponding measures.

[0202] by Figure 21A For example, when the power balancing circuit of functional circuit 126 is disabled, MCU 121 controls loop switch S00 to briefly cut off the charging or discharging circuit of the battery cells. During the circuit cutoff period, MCU 121 controls battery measurement circuit 122 to measure the open-circuit voltage Vopen of each battery cell 1 at the associated temperature T, and to calculate the Vopen difference ΔVopen of each battery cell below the associated temperature T, thereby evaluating the quality compared to the initial state of the battery cell. During the period when MCU 121 controls loop switch S00 to conduct the charging or discharging circuit of the battery cells, MCU 121 controls battery measurement circuit 122 and current measurement circuit 123 to measure the terminal voltage Vbat and charging or discharging current Ibat of each battery cell 1 at the associated temperature T, wherein the charging or discharging current Ibat is calculated based on the terminal voltage and on-resistance of loop switch S00. Therefore, the MCU121 of the sensing integrated circuit 120 can calculate the internal resistance Rbat of each battery cell 1 at the associated temperature T. The specific calculation formula is Rbat=(Vbat-Vopen) / Ibat.

[0203] by Figure 21B and Figure 21CFor example, when the power balancing circuit of functional circuit 126 is disabled, MCU 121 controls all loop switches S01…S04 to briefly disconnect the charging or discharging circuit of each battery cell 1. During the circuit disconnection period, MCU 121 controls battery measurement circuit 122 to measure the open-circuit voltage Vopen of each battery cell 1 at the associated temperature T, and to statistically analyze the Vopen difference ΔVopen of each battery cell below the associated temperature T, thereby evaluating the quality compared to the initial state of the battery cell. During the period when MCU 121 controls loop switches S01…S04 to conduct the charging or discharging circuit of the battery cells, MCU 121 controls battery measurement circuit 122 and current measurement circuit 123 to measure the terminal voltage Vbat and charging or discharging current Ibat of each battery cell 1 at the associated temperature T, wherein the charging or discharging current Ibat is calculated based on the terminal voltage and on-resistance of each loop switch S01…S04. Therefore, the MCU121 of the sensing integrated circuit 120 can calculate the internal resistance Rbat of each battery cell 1 at the associated temperature T. The specific calculation formula is Rbat=(Vbat-Vopen) / Ibat.

[0204] Assess the health or lifespan of each battery cell.

[0205] Based on the precise measurement of Vopen, Ii / Io, and temperature T of each battery cell using a sensing integrated circuit, the initial charge / discharge state of each battery cell at the associated temperature T, including but not limited to Vopen, the difference ΔVopen, the charge / discharge current Ii / Io, and the internal resistance Ri / Ro, can be recorded and saved. This data can then be compared with the charge / discharge state at the associated temperature T after long-term use to obtain the differences in performance parameters of the charge / discharge state. Therefore, the information platform 3000 of this invention assesses the health or lifespan of each battery cell based on the difference in charge / discharge state at the associated temperature T between the initial use and long-term use.

[0206] Assess the capacity of each battery cell.

[0207] According to the formula Q=IT=CV, where T is time, this embodiment of the invention uses a sensing integrated circuit to accurately measure the Vopen of the associated temperature of each battery cell, the difference ΔVopen, and the charge / discharge current Ii / Io, in order to calculate IiT or IoT at a fixed value (i.e., Q is a fixed value), and evaluate the charge / discharge capacity (SOC) of the battery cell based on Vopen or ΔVopen.

[0208] According to the above embodiments of the present invention, the present invention provides the following state.

[0209] This invention provides a battery power management method for managing the charging or discharging of at least one sensing battery cell. The sensing battery cell includes multiple battery cells and a sensing integrated circuit. The sensing integrated circuit is connected in parallel to each battery cell. The battery power management method includes: the sensing integrated circuit measuring performance parameters of each battery cell, including, but not limited to, Vopen related to battery temperature, charge / discharge internal resistance, number of charge / discharge cycles, and calculated results; a logic gate integrated circuit receiving the performance parameters of each battery cell and transmitting them to a battery management system; the logic gate integrated circuit receiving an instruction from the battery management system, wherein the instruction instructs one of the multiple battery cells to degrade; and the logic gate integrated circuit notifying the sensing integrated circuit connected in parallel to the degraded battery cell, causing the sensing integrated circuit to implement a corresponding measure on the degraded battery cell, wherein the corresponding measure includes, but is not limited to, isolating the charging and discharging of the sensing battery cell, performing power balancing on the degraded battery cell, or a combination thereof.

[0210] This invention provides a logic gate integrated circuit for transmitting performance parameters of multiple battery cells. It includes a first communication module, a second communication module, and an MCU, wherein the MCU is electrically connected to the first and second communication modules. The MCU controls the first communication module to receive the performance parameters of the multiple battery cells from at least one sensing integrated circuit, wherein the sensing integrated circuit measures the performance parameters of the battery cells. The MCU controls the second communication module to transmit the performance parameters of the battery cells to a battery management system, which is used to evaluate a degraded battery cell among the multiple battery cells.

[0211] This invention provides a sensing integrated circuit for sensing multiple battery cells, comprising multiple pins, at least one battery measurement circuit, a functional circuit, and an MCU. A portion of the pins is connected in parallel to each battery cell. The battery measurement circuit is electrically connected to these pins to measure the open-circuit voltage Vopen of each battery cell. The functional circuit is electrically connected to the multiple battery cells via these pins to implement a corresponding measure. The MCU is electrically connected to the battery measurement circuit to measure the performance parameters of each battery cell and transmit these parameters to a logic gate integrated circuit. The MCU controls the functional circuit to implement a corresponding measure on a degraded battery cell among the multiple battery cells, wherein the corresponding measure includes isolating the charging and discharging of the sensed battery cell, or performing charge balancing on the degraded battery cell, or a combination thereof.

[0212] This invention provides a sensing battery cell comprising multiple battery cells and a sensing integrated circuit. The multiple battery cells form a battery pack network, which can be a series network or a parallel network. The sensing integrated circuit includes multiple pins and a functional circuit, wherein a portion of the pins is connected in parallel to each battery cell, and the functional circuit is electrically connected to the multiple battery cells via the portion of the pins. The sensing integrated circuit measures the performance parameters of each battery cell, which are used to assess the degree of degradation of each battery cell. The sensing integrated circuit controls the functional circuit to implement a corresponding measure on the battery cell whose degradation degree reaches a set condition, wherein the corresponding measure includes, but is not limited to, isolated charging and discharging, charge balancing, or a combination thereof.

[0213] This invention provides a smart battery comprising multiple sensing battery cells and at least one logic gate integrated circuit. The smart battery has a first battery pack network. Each sensing battery cell includes multiple battery cells and has a second battery pack network. Each sensing battery cell includes a sensing integrated circuit, which is connected in parallel with each battery cell to measure the performance parameters of each battery cell. The logic gate integrated circuit is electrically connected to the multiple sensing battery cells and communicates with the sensing integrated circuit in each sensing battery cell to receive the performance parameters of each battery cell and transmit the performance parameters of each battery cell to a battery management system or an information platform.

[0214] This invention provides a power battery comprising multiple battery cells and multiple sensing integrated circuits. The multiple battery cells form a battery pack network, which is selected from one of the following networks for charging or discharging: series network, parallel network, series-parallel network, and parallel-series network. Each sensing integrated circuit is connected in parallel with at least one battery cell or several series- or parallel-connected battery cells to measure the performance parameters of each battery cell. These performance parameters are used to assess the degree of degradation of each battery cell. When the degradation degree of one of the battery cells reaches a predetermined condition, the sensing integrated circuit connected in parallel with the battery cell that has reached the predetermined condition can implement a corresponding measure acting on the battery cell that has reached the predetermined condition.

[0215] The power battery further includes at least one logic gate integrated circuit. The logic gate integrated circuit transmits the performance parameters of each battery cell to a battery management system, so that the battery management system evaluates whether the degradation degree of each battery cell has reached the set condition based on the performance parameters of each battery cell, and issues a management command in response to the logic gate integrated circuit.

[0216] refer to Figure 23This image shows a block diagram of the power battery 1000 of the present invention. In one embodiment of the present invention, a power battery 1000 includes a plurality of smart batteries 500, which are charged or discharged in a series network configuration. Each smart battery 500 includes a plurality of sensing battery cells 100 and at least one logic gate integrated circuit 200, wherein the sensing battery cells 100 are configured in a parallel network or a series network, the logic gate integrated circuit 200 is electrically connected to each sensing battery cell 100, and the logic gate integrated circuits 200 of adjacent series-connected smart batteries 500 can communicate with each other. Each sensing battery cell 100 includes a plurality of battery cells 1 and a sensing integrated circuit 120, such as... Figure 19A or Figure 19B As shown, the sensing integrated circuit 120 senses the temperature T of each battery cell 1 and measures the performance parameters of each battery cell 1. These performance parameters include, but are not limited to, open-circuit voltage (Vopen), open-circuit voltage difference (ΔVopen), charge / discharge current, internal resistance during charge / discharge, number of charge / discharge cycles, or results calculated based on the aforementioned parameters or measurements, all related to the battery temperature. The logic gate integrated circuit 200 communicates with each sensing integrated circuit 120 to receive the performance parameters of each battery cell 1 of the smart battery 500. In a further embodiment of the invention, the logic gate integrated circuit 200 transmits the performance parameters of each battery cell 1 to an information platform 3000 or a vehicle system 2000's BMS to evaluate a degraded battery cell among a plurality of battery cells.

[0217] When the sensing battery cell 100 of the present invention is composed of multiple battery cells 1 and a sensing integrated circuit 120, the manufacturing serial number of each battery cell 1 will be written into the NVM 125 of the sensing integrated circuit 120, and the sensing battery cell 100 will also be assigned a unique serial number and written into the NVM 125. When the smart battery 500 of the present invention is composed of multiple sensing battery cells 100 and a logic gate integrated circuit 200, the serial number of each sensing battery cell 100 will be written into the NVM 240 of the logic gate integrated circuit 200, and the smart battery 500 will also be assigned a unique serial number and written into the NVM 240. When the power battery 1000 of the present invention is composed of multiple smart batteries 500 connected in series to form a battery pack network, the power battery 1000 will also be assigned a unique serial number and written into the NVM 240 of the logic gate integrated circuit 200. The battery pack network can be equivalently formed by multiple smart batteries 500, or equivalently formed by multiple sensing battery cells 100, or equivalently formed by multiple battery cells 1. The battery pack network will record the configuration position of each smart battery 500, each sensing battery cell 100, and each battery cell 1 within the battery pack network. The aforementioned serial numbers and the battery pack network will become part of the battery history of the power battery 1000 of this invention.

[0218] Once the power battery 1000 of this invention is assigned to a user, the user's serial number will be written into the NVM 125 of the sensing integrated circuit 120 and the NVM 240 of the logic gate integrated circuit 200. When a component of the power battery 1000 (such as a smart battery, a sensing battery cell, or a battery cell) is replaced, the information platform must obtain authorization and consent from the user's authenticated mobile device. The serial numbers of the user's power battery 1000, the battery pack network, and the initial performance parameters of each battery cell 1 will be uploaded to the information system for managing battery history of this invention, such as... Figure 23 The information platform 3000 or vehicle system 2000 shown. This information system for managing battery history collects performance parameters of each battery cell 1 as the power battery 1000 is used to establish multiple time-point information for the battery history, enabling the power battery 1000 of this invention to have a traceable and verifiable battery history, ensuring the resale value of the power battery 1000. Each time-point information records the performance parameters of each battery cell of the power battery associated with a timestamp.

[0219] In another embodiment of the present invention, a power battery 1000 includes a plurality of smart batteries 500, which are charged or discharged in a series network configuration. The series-connected smart batteries 500 define a positive terminal and a negative terminal, and an external power supply system (not shown) provides the power battery 1000 with its rated capacity charge via the positive and negative terminals. Furthermore, the power battery 1000 of the present invention provides a charging terminal between at least one pair of series-connected smart batteries 500. If an external power supply system (not shown) cannot provide the power battery 1000 with its rated capacity charge, at least one or a portion of the smart batteries 500 of the power battery 1000 can be charged via one of the charging terminals, depending on the maximum output power that the external power supply system can provide. The logic gate integrated circuits 200 of adjacent series-connected smart batteries 500 can communicate with each other, and the remaining uncharged smart batteries 500 can activate the series balancing function circuit 250 (e.g., Figure 24 As shown, a power balance is performed between the charged smart battery 500 and the uncharged smart battery 500.

[0220] Figure 24 The operation of the string balancing circuit 250 shown is due to Figure 16A , Figure 16B , Figures 17A1 to 17D2 The embodiments of the present invention shown can be understood.

[0221] refer to Figure 25 and Figure 26The diagrams above show the infographic and flowchart of the battery management system of the present invention. In one embodiment, a battery management system is provided for managing the charging and discharging of a power battery. The power battery includes multiple smart batteries, each smart battery including at least one logic gate integrated circuit and multiple sensing battery cells. Each sensing battery cell includes a sensing integrated circuit and multiple battery cells. All battery cells in the power battery are charged and discharged in a battery pack network. The battery management system of the present invention includes an information platform, which is built on a cloud server system or an on-board battery management system.

[0222] According to the battery management system of the present invention Figure 26 In the battery management method shown, in step S11, the sensing integrated circuit of each sensing cell of each smart battery accurately and synchronously measures the temperature, open-circuit voltage and charging / discharging current of each battery cell, thereby measuring the performance parameters of each battery cell. These performance parameters include, but are not limited to, the open-circuit voltage difference (ΔVopen) and the internal resistance during charging and discharging, which are related to the battery temperature.

[0223] Next, in step S12, the logic gate integrated circuit of each smart battery counts the number of cycles of the smart battery and receives the performance parameters of each battery cell in a polling manner. Figure 25 Information S01), and transmits the performance parameters and cycle count of all battery cells of the power battery to the information platform ( Figure 25 Information S02).

[0224] Step S13: The information platform receives the performance parameters of each battery cell in each smart battery of the power battery. The information platform evaluates whether the performance parameters of each battery cell have reached a critical state to identify the battery cells in the power battery that have reached a critical state. This critical state defines the degree of degradation of a battery cell. When the power battery contains battery cells that have reached the critical state, the information platform notifies the user of a warning message about the power battery, and if necessary, displays a battery pack network of the power battery on the vehicle host or user authentication terminal. Figure 25 Information S05 and S06 are used to indicate the location and performance parameters of the battery cell that has reached the critical state. The information platform issues a management command to the logic gate integrated circuit (IC) of the smart battery containing the battery cell that has reached the critical state. Figure 25 Information S03), thereby notifying the sensing integrated circuit that senses the battery cell that has reached the critical state ( Figure 25 Information S04) enables the sensing integrated circuit to implement a corresponding measure on the battery cell that has reached the critical state.

[0225] Step S14: The logic gate integrated circuit of the smart battery, which includes the battery cell that has reached the critical state, receives the management instruction from the information platform. Figure 25 Information S03, based on which the sensing integrated circuit that senses the battery cell that has reached the critical state is notified ( Figure 25 (Information S04). Step S15: Receive notification from the logic gate integrated circuit to enable a functional circuit to implement a corresponding measure on the battery cell that has reached the critical state. The corresponding measure includes, but is not limited to, temporarily or selectively isolating the battery cell that has reached the critical state, or implementing power balancing.

[0226] Furthermore, in different embodiments of the present invention, after the logic gate integrated circuit of the smart battery receives the performance parameters of each battery cell, the logic gate integrated circuit can further transmit such performance parameters to the vehicle host or user authentication terminal (information S07, S08), and display a battery pack network or its equivalent circuit of the power battery, so that the user can grasp the real-time status of the power battery, smart battery, and sensing battery cells, such as the remaining power or battery quality.

[0227] According to the above embodiments of the present invention, the present invention further provides the following features.

[0228] This invention provides a battery management method for managing the charging or discharging of a power battery 1000. The power battery 1000 includes multiple battery cells 1, forming a battery pack network (selected from one of series networks, parallel networks, series-parallel networks, and parallel-series networks, for example...). Figures 1A-1D or Figures 3A-3B As shown), at least one battery cell or a plurality of battery cells connected in series or in parallel are connected in parallel to a sensing integrated circuit 120. The sensing integrated circuit 120 measures the performance parameters of each battery cell (including, but not limited to, Vopen, ΔVopen, charge / discharge internal resistance, and number of charge / discharge cycles, all related to battery temperature). The battery power management method includes: obtaining the performance parameters of each battery cell 1 of the power battery 1000 from the plurality of sensing integrated circuits 120 during the charging or discharging of the power battery 1000; assessing whether the performance parameters of each battery cell 1 have reached a critical state, the critical state defining the degree of degradation of a battery cell; when a battery cell of the power battery 1000 reaches the critical state, issuing a management command to the sensing integrated circuit 120 connected in parallel to the battery cell that has reached the critical state, causing the sensing integrated circuit 120 to implement a corresponding measure on the battery cell that has reached the critical state. This corresponding measure includes, but is not limited to, temporarily or selectively isolating the battery cell that has reached the critical state from the battery pack network, or performing power balancing on the battery cell that has reached the critical state.

[0229] This invention provides a battery management system comprising multiple battery cells 1, multiple sensing integrated circuits 120, and an information platform 3000. The multiple battery cells 1 form a battery pack network (selected from one of the following networks: series network, parallel network, series-parallel network, and parallel-series network, for example...). Figures 1A-1D or Figures 3A-3B (As shown) charging or discharging. Each sensing integrated circuit 120 is connected in parallel with at least one battery cell 1 or several battery cells 1 connected in series or parallel to measure the performance parameters of each battery cell (including but not limited to Vopen, ΔVopen, charge / discharge internal resistance, and charge / discharge cycles related to battery temperature). The information platform 3000 collects the performance parameters of each battery cell and evaluates whether the performance parameters of each battery cell have reached a critical state. The multiple sensing integrated circuits 120 transmit the performance parameters of each battery cell to a battery performance evaluation unit of the information platform 3000, and the battery performance evaluation unit evaluates whether the battery cells of the power battery 1000 have reached the critical state.

[0230] When the battery performance evaluation unit determines that a battery cell in the power battery 1000 has reached the critical state, it will issue a management command to the sensing integrated circuit 120 connected in parallel with the battery cell that has reached the critical state. The sensing integrated circuit 120 connected in parallel with the battery cell that has reached the critical state will activate a functional circuit FC to implement a corresponding measure on the battery cell that has reached the critical state. The corresponding measure includes, but is not limited to, temporarily or selectively isolating the battery cell that has reached the critical state from the battery pack network, or performing a charge balancing on the battery cell that has reached the critical state.

[0231] This invention provides a battery degradation management method for managing at least one degraded battery cell of a power battery 1000. The power battery 1000 includes a plurality of battery cells 1 and a plurality of sensing integrated circuits 120. These battery cells are arranged in a battery pack network (selected from one of series networks, parallel networks, series-parallel networks, and parallel-series networks, for example...). Figures 1A-1D or Figures 3A-3BThe battery cell 1000 is charged or discharged, and each battery cell 1 is sensed by the sensing integrated circuit 120 to accurately measure the performance parameters of each battery cell (charge / discharge internal resistance and ΔVopen related to battery temperature). The battery degradation management method includes: obtaining the performance parameters of each battery cell of the power battery 1000 from the multiple sensing integrated circuits 120; assessing whether each battery cell has reached a degradation critical state; when a battery cell of the power battery 1000 reaches the degradation critical state, issuing a management command to the sensing integrated circuit 120 connected in parallel to the battery cell that has reached the degradation critical state, causing the sensing integrated circuit to implement a corresponding measure acting on the battery cell that has reached the degradation critical state. Wherein, the degradation critical state is defined as: the internal resistance accurately measured by the method of the present invention is higher than the internal resistance of the initial state by 3% or 5% or a preset threshold; or the battery capacity accurately measured by the method of the present invention is lower than the battery capacity of the initial state by 5% or 10% or a preset threshold; or the difference between the battery parameters accurately measured by the method of the present invention and the battery parameters of the initial state reaches a preset threshold.

[0232] This invention provides a battery degradation management system, comprising a power battery 1000 and multiple sensing integrated circuits 120. The power battery 1000 includes multiple battery cells 1, forming a battery pack network (selected from one of series network, parallel network, series-parallel network, and parallel-series network, for example...). Figures 1A-1D or Figures 3A-3B The battery cell (as shown) is charged or discharged. Multiple sensing integrated circuits 120 are used to sense each battery cell to accurately measure its performance parameters (including at least the charge / discharge internal resistance and ΔVopen related to battery temperature). The multiple sensing integrated circuits 120 transmit the performance parameters of each battery cell to an information platform 3000. The information platform 3000 assesses whether the performance parameters of each battery cell have reached a degradation critical state. When a battery cell of the power battery 1000 reaches the degradation critical state, the sensing integrated circuits 120 connected in parallel to the battery cell that has reached the degradation critical state receive a management command to implement a corresponding measure on the battery cell that has reached the degradation critical state.

[0233] This invention provides an information system for managing battery history, used to manage the battery history of a power battery. The power battery 1000 includes multiple battery cells 1 and multiple sensing integrated circuits 120, wherein the battery cells are configured to... Figures 1A-1D or Figures 3A-3BThe illustrated battery pack network is used for charging or discharging, and multiple sensing integrated circuits 120 measure and transmit the performance parameters of each battery cell. The information system includes an information platform 3000 that records the battery pack network of the power battery 1000 and assigns a unique serial number to the power battery 1000; records the location information of each battery cell 1 in the battery pack network and records the serial number of each battery cell 1; records a user serial number, and the power battery 1000 is assigned to a user serial number; and collects the performance parameters of each battery cell after the power battery 1000 is assigned to a user to establish a battery history for the power battery 1000. This battery history has multiple time node information, where each time node information records the performance parameters of each battery cell of the power battery 1000 associated with a timestamp.

[0234] The information platform 3000 is built on a cloud server system or an on-board battery management system. When the power battery 1000 replaces at least one battery cell 1, the information platform 3000 must accept authorization and consent from an authenticated mobile device associated with the user's serial number. Therefore, the battery history of the power battery 1000 of the present invention is traceable and verifiable.

[0235] The present invention provides a battery degradation management method for managing at least one sensing battery cell 100 connected in parallel, wherein each sensing battery cell 100 includes at least one battery cell 1 and a sensing integrated circuit 120, the sensing integrated circuit 120 being connected in parallel with at least one battery cell 1 or a plurality of series or parallel connected battery cells 1 to measure the performance parameters of each battery cell 1 (including at least the charging internal resistance, discharging internal resistance, and ΔVopen related to battery temperature). The battery degradation management method includes: obtaining the performance parameters of each battery cell of the sensing battery cell 100 from the sensing integrated circuit 120 of the sensing battery cell 100; transmitting the performance parameters of each battery cell 1 to an information platform 3000, the information platform 3000 evaluating whether the performance parameters of each battery cell have reached a degradation critical state; receiving a management instruction from the information platform 3000 to notify the sensing integrated circuit 120 of the sensing battery cell 100 to implement a corresponding measure (selectively isolating the battery cell that has reached the degradation critical state from the battery pack network or performing charge balancing on the battery cell that has reached the degradation critical state) to the battery cell that has reached the degradation critical state.

[0236] This invention provides a power battery 1000, comprising a plurality of sensing battery cells 100 and a plurality of logic gate integrated circuits 200. The plurality of sensing battery cells 100 are charged or discharged in a battery pack network (selected from a series network, parallel network, series-parallel network, and parallel-series network). Each sensing battery cell 100 includes a plurality of battery cells 1 connected in series or parallel and a sensing integrated circuit 120. The sensing integrated circuit 120 is connected in parallel with at least one battery cell 1 or a plurality of series or parallel battery cells 1 to measure the performance parameters of each battery cell (including at least the charging internal resistance, discharging internal resistance, and ΔVopen related to battery temperature). Each logic gate integrated circuit 200 is connected in parallel with at least one sensing battery cell 100 and obtains the performance parameters of each battery cell from the sensing integrated circuit 120. Each logic gate integrated circuit 200 transmits the performance parameters of each battery cell to an information platform 3000, which is used to evaluate whether the performance parameters of each battery cell have reached a degradation critical state. When one of the logic gate integrated circuits 200 receives a management instruction from the information platform 3000, the logic gate integrated circuit 200 notifies the sensing integrated circuit 120 of the sensing battery cell 100 to implement a corresponding measure on the battery cell that has reached the critical state of degradation.

[0237] The information platform 3000 can notify the user of early warning information regarding the power battery 1000, and if necessary, display a battery pack network of the power battery 1000 on the vehicle host or user authentication terminal, such as... Figure 25 Information S05 and S06 are shown. In one embodiment of the present invention, the power battery 1000 is represented by an equivalent battery, the charge and capacity of which can be calculated by equivalently calculating the charge and capacity of all battery cells. For example... Figure 30A The diagram shows a schematic representation of the battery status display of the power battery 1000 of the present invention. For example, the display shows the remaining charge of the power battery 1000 as 75% using an equivalent battery, along with the rated capacity of the power battery 1000 (78 kWh). It also calculates the range of 5.2 km per kWh for electric vehicles using this power battery, and even converts the electricity cost of the power battery to 2.08 km per yuan. Furthermore, the display can further show the driving efficiency of the electric vehicle.

[0238] In another embodiment of the invention, the power battery 1000 is represented by a series network of several smart batteries 500. The charge and capacity of each smart battery 500 can be calculated by equivalently calculating the charge and capacity of all battery cells. Figure 30BThe diagram shows another battery status display of the power battery 1000 of the present invention. For example, the user can selectively display information of one of the smart batteries 500 from the touch screen, such as: rated data of 14.72V, 198Ah, and 2.9KWh, and current status of 14.30V, 196Ah, and 2.8KWh.

[0239] Please refer to Figure 27 This document displays a flowchart of a power battery evaluation method according to the present invention. In one embodiment of the present invention, the rated voltage of a single battery cell is 3.68V and the capacity is 66Ah. Based on the sensing battery cell, smart battery, power battery, and battery management system and method implemented according to the present invention, if four battery cells are used to form a sensing battery cell, such as... Figure 21A The voltage of the sensing battery cell shown is 14.72V, and the capacity is 66Ah. Figure 21B The voltage of the sensing battery cell shown is 3.68V, and the capacity is 264Ah. Therefore, the capacity of each sensing battery cell is 971.52Wh. Figure 21A As shown, if three sensing battery cells are connected in parallel to form a smart battery, and then 27 smart batteries are connected in series to form a power battery, the voltage of the smart battery is 14.72V and the capacity is 198Ah. The power battery has a battery pack network composed of 324 battery cells, and the voltage based on the battery pack network is 397.44V, with a capacity of 198Ah or 78.7KWh.

[0240] Example 1

[0241] According to this embodiment of the present invention, the present invention is based on Figure 27 The flowchart shown evaluates the quality of power batteries, and defines the internal resistance Rbat of the battery cells as a performance parameter of battery quality. According to... Figure 27The method of the present invention, step A01, involves the sensing integrated circuit of each sensing battery cell measuring the initial data measurement value Rbat0 of the internal resistance of each battery cell before the power battery drives the load. The initial data measurement value Rbat0 can be the average of several initial data measurement values ​​taken from each battery cell, or the average of the initial data measurement values ​​of all battery cells. The former uses its own initial internal resistance as the basis for quality comparison, while the latter uses the average internal resistance of all battery cells as the basis for quality comparison. Step A02, the system records the initial data measurement value of the internal resistance of each battery cell and defines a critical error %. This initial data measurement value can be recorded on the sensing integrated circuit or an information platform. Step A03, based on the initial data measurement value and the critical error %, the system calculates an interval with an upper and lower bound, defined by the initial data measurement value and the critical error %. For example, the interval is ±1% or ±2% of the initial data measurement value. Each sensing integrated circuit records this interval to determine whether the internal resistance of each battery cell maintains quality consistency or its initial state.

[0242] Step A04: After the power battery of the present invention drives the load, the system of the present invention evaluates the quality of each battery cell. Each sensing integrated circuit determines whether the measured value of the internal resistance of each battery cell exceeds the range or is higher than the upper limit based on the range. Step A05: If each sensing integrated circuit determines that the measured value of the internal resistance of each battery cell falls within the range, the vehicle host or user authentication terminal of the present invention displays the equivalent performance parameters of the power battery based on the consistency of the quality of all battery cells being maintained within at least a critical error range. For example: the system of the present invention displays the quality information that "the quality of the power battery is obtained based on the consistency of the quality of all battery cells being maintained within at least 1% error range".

[0243] Step A06: If the measured internal resistance of a battery cell is outside the specified range or exceeds the upper limit, the system implements a corresponding measure for the battery cell whose measured value is outside the specified range to improve the quality of the power battery. This corresponding measure can be temporarily isolated from the smart battery 500, re-added to the smart battery 500 for charging or discharging, or the power balancing function can be activated. Step A07: In response to the corresponding measures implemented for the battery cell, the system evaluates the equivalent performance parameters of the power battery to show the error range within which the equivalent performance parameters of the power battery are maintained after the quality improvement of all battery cells. Given that the sensing integrated circuit implements isolation measures for battery cell degradation leading to a significant increase in internal resistance, it avoids possible overcharging or over-discharging, thereby reducing the equivalent internal resistance of the sensing battery cell or smart battery, and thus improving the equivalent performance parameters of the power battery based on the consistency of the quality of all battery cells.

[0244] For example, after prolonged driving load, the degradation of one battery cell in a power battery leads to a significant increase in its internal resistance. Before implementing isolation measures, the system of this invention displays quality information stating that "the quality of the power battery is obtained based on the consistency of the quality of all battery cells maintaining within a range of at least 5% error." After the sensing integrated circuit implements isolation measures for the degraded battery cell, the system of this invention evaluates the equivalent performance parameters of the power battery and can display quality information stating that "the quality of the power battery is obtained based on the consistency of the quality of all battery cells maintaining within a range of at least 2% error." Therefore, the user can understand that the system of this invention implements corresponding measures for degraded battery cells, which helps to improve the quality of the power battery.

[0245] Example 2

[0246] According to this embodiment of the present invention, the present invention is based on Figure 27 The flowchart shown evaluates the quality of a power battery and defines the battery quality performance parameter as the charge / discharge rate of the battery cell. This charge / discharge rate is the open-circuit voltage difference ΔVopen within a fixed time period when the battery cell reaches at least a preset voltage during charge / discharge. This preset voltage is, for example, 80% or 60% of the battery cell's rated voltage, or a preset terminal voltage of the battery cell. According to... Figure 27 The method of the present invention, in step A01, before the power battery of the present invention drives the load, the sensing integrated circuit of each sensing battery cell measures the initial data measurement value ΔVopen0 of the open-circuit voltage difference of each battery cell during charging and discharging. The initial data measurement value ΔVopen0 can be the data measurement value of the open-circuit voltage difference ΔVopen within a fixed time when the battery cell is charged and discharged to at least a preset voltage, or the average of the data measurement values ​​of all charging and discharging rates at the preset voltage. The former uses its own initial charging and discharging rate as the basis for quality comparison, while the latter uses the average charging and discharging rate of the entire battery cell as the basis for quality comparison. In step A02, the system of the present invention records the initial data measurement value of the charging and discharging rate of each battery cell and defines a critical error percentage. The initial data measurement value can be recorded in the sensing integrated circuit or information platform.

[0247] Step A03: Based on the initial data measurement value and the critical error %, the system calculates an interval with an upper and a lower bound, defined by the initial data measurement value and the critical error %. For example, the interval is ±1% or ±2% of the initial data measurement value. Each sensing integrated circuit records this interval to determine whether the charge / discharge rate of each battery cell maintains quality consistency or its initial state at the preset voltage. Step A04: After the power battery of the present invention drives the load, the system evaluates the quality of each battery cell. Each sensing integrated circuit determines, based on the interval, whether the data measurement value of the charge / discharge rate of each battery cell at the preset voltage exceeds the interval or is higher than the upper bound. Step A05: If each sensing integrated circuit determines that the data measurement value of the charge / discharge rate of each battery cell at the preset voltage falls within the interval, the system displays that the equivalent performance parameters of the power battery are obtained based on the consistency of the quality of all battery cells maintaining at least one critical error range. For example, the vehicle host or user authentication terminal of the system of the present invention displays the quality information that "the quality of the power battery is obtained based on the consistency of the quality of all battery cells being maintained within an error range of at least 1%".

[0248] Step A06: If the measured data value of the charge / discharge rate of a battery cell at the preset voltage does not fall within the range or exceeds the upper limit, the system of the present invention implements a corresponding measure for the battery cell whose measured data value does not fall within the range to improve the quality of the power battery. This corresponding measure can be temporarily isolated from the smart battery 500, or it can be reintroduced into the smart battery 500 for charging or discharging, or the power balancing function can be activated. Step A07: In response to the corresponding measures implemented for the battery cell, the system of the present invention evaluates the equivalent performance parameters of the power battery to show the error range within which the equivalent performance parameters of the power battery are maintained after the quality improvement of all battery cells. Given that the sensing integrated circuit implements isolation measures for battery cell degradation leading to excessively slow charge / discharge rates, it avoids possible overcharging or over-discharging, thereby improving the equivalent performance parameters of the power battery based on the consistency of the quality of all battery cells.

[0249] For example, if the charging and discharging rate of one battery cell degrades after prolonged use under load, the system of this invention displays quality information stating that "the quality of the power battery is obtained based on the consistency of the quality of all battery cells maintaining within a 7% error range" before implementing isolation measures. After the sensing integrated circuit implements isolation measures for the degraded battery cell, the system of this invention evaluates the equivalent performance parameters of the power battery and can display quality information stating that "the quality of the power battery is obtained based on the consistency of the quality of all battery cells maintaining within a 3% error range." Therefore, the user can understand that the system of this invention implements corresponding measures for degraded battery cells, which helps to improve the quality of the power battery.

[0250] Example 3

[0251] According to this embodiment of the present invention, the method of the present invention is... Figure 27 The flowchart shown evaluates the current charge level of the power battery and defines the state of charge (SOC) as the open-circuit voltage Vopen of the battery cells. If the open-circuit voltage Vopen is the rated voltage of 3.68V, the charge level of the battery cell is 100%. Therefore, based on the measured open-circuit voltage Vopen of all battery cells, the equivalent open-circuit voltage of the power battery composed of this battery pack network can be expressed as the current charge level (SOC, %). According to the method of the present invention, when the power battery of the present invention drives the load, the sensing integrated circuit of each sensing battery cell instantly measures the measured open-circuit voltage Vopen of each battery cell. Then, the system of the present invention records the measured open-circuit voltage Vopen of each battery cell and defines a critical error %. These measured values ​​can be recorded in the sensing integrated circuit or information platform. Based on these measured values ​​and the critical error %, the system of the present invention calculates an average of these measured values ​​and an interval having an upper bound and a lower bound, which are defined by the average and the critical error %. For example, the interval is ±1% or ±2% of the average. Each sensing integrated circuit records this interval to determine whether the measured value of the open-circuit voltage Vopen of each battery cell falls within this interval.

[0252] Next, each sensing integrated circuit determines that the measured open-circuit voltage Vopen of each battery cell falls within the specified range. Then, the vehicle-mounted host or user authentication terminal of this invention displays the current battery charge based on the measured charge of all battery cells remaining within at least a critical error range. For example, the system displays the quality information that "the current battery charge is based on the measured charge of all battery cells remaining within at least a 1% error range."

[0253] If the measured open-circuit voltage Vopen of a battery cell does not fall within the specified range or is below the lower bound, the system of this invention implements a corresponding measure for the battery cell whose measured value does not fall within the specified range to improve the power battery's charge quality. This corresponding measure can involve temporarily isolating the battery from the smart battery, reintegrating it for charging or discharging, or activating the charge balancing function. Therefore, in response to the corresponding measures implemented for the battery cell, the system of this invention calculates the equivalent open-circuit voltage of the power battery composed of the battery pack network to show the current charge level of the power battery within a certain error range after the improvement of the charge level of all battery cells. In view of the sensing integrated circuit's implementation of this corresponding measure due to the degradation of battery cells leading to a decrease in energy storage capacity, potential overcharging or over-discharging is avoided, thereby improving the current charge level of the power battery after the improvement of the charge level of all battery cells.

[0254] For example, after a power battery has been driving a load for a long time, the energy storage capacity of one of its battery cells may decrease due to degradation. Before implementing the "power balancing function," the system of this invention displays quality information stating that "the current power battery capacity is obtained based on the measured capacity of all battery cells remaining within a 5% error range." After the sensing integrated circuit implements the "power balancing function" for the degraded battery cell, the system of this invention re-evaluates the current power battery capacity and can display quality information stating that "the current power battery capacity is obtained based on the measured capacity of all battery cells remaining within a 2% error range." Therefore, the user can understand that the system of this invention implements a corresponding measure for the degraded battery cell, which helps to improve the quality of the power battery.

[0255] Please also refer to Figure 28A and Figure 28B The diagrams show a flowchart of another power battery evaluation method of the present invention, and a schematic diagram representing the data range that meets the 95% and 99% confidence levels, respectively, using the normal distribution of the population.

[0256] In another embodiment of the present invention, all battery cells of a power battery are used as the parent data, and the measured data of the performance parameters of all battery cells are used as the parent data. This parent data is considered to have a normal distribution, such as... Figure 28B As shown, the number of data points represents the total number of all battery cells. Therefore, after the battery cell quality maintenance system of this invention collects the performance parameter data measurements of each battery cell from multiple sensing integrated circuits, the average μ and standard deviation σ of the data points can be calculated, as shown in the following formulas:

[0257] average maternal Where V iLet N be the measurement value of the i-th population data, and N be the number of population data.

[0258] Standard deviation

[0259] Please refer to Figure 28B Under the assumption that the parent data is a normal distribution, the quality maintenance system for the battery cell of this invention can define "data reliability": if 95% of the data measurement points for a performance parameter fall within the range of [μ-1.96σ, μ+1.96σ], it can be said that "the reliability of the measurement data for this performance parameter meets the 95% confidence level"; if 99% of the data measurement points for a performance parameter fall within the range of [μ-2.58σ, μ+2.58σ], it can be said that "the reliability of the measurement data for this performance parameter meets the 99% confidence level".

[0260] Example 4

[0261] According to this embodiment of the present invention, the present invention is based on Figure 28A The flowchart shown evaluates the current charge level of the power battery. The open-circuit voltage Vopen of the battery cell is defined as the state of charge (SOC) performance parameter. If the open-circuit voltage Vopen is the rated voltage of 3.68V, the battery cell's charge level is 100%. Using the 324 battery cells contained in this power battery as the parent data set, the measured open-circuit voltage Vopen values ​​of all battery cells are used as the parent data set, which is considered to have a normal distribution. The number of parent data sets, N, is 324. According to... Figure 28AThe method of the present invention, as shown, involves step B01, where the sensing integrated circuit of each sensing battery cell measures the open-circuit voltage Vopen of each battery cell. The sensing integrated circuit of each sensing battery cell transmits the measured open-circuit voltage Vopen of each battery cell to the information platform via the logic gate integrated circuit of the smart battery. Steps B02 and B03 involve the information platform collecting the measured open-circuit voltage Vopen of each battery cell. Based on this, the information platform calculates the average μ, standard deviation σ, and a range for the open-circuit voltage Vopen, for example, [μ-2.58σ, μ+2.58σ], where the lower bound is μ-2.58σ and the upper bound is μ+2.58σ. Therefore, based on the measured open-circuit voltage Vopen of all battery cells, the equivalent open-circuit voltage of the power battery composed of this battery pack network can be expressed as the current charge (SOC, %). Step B04: Based on the interval [μ-2.58σ, μ+2.58σ], the information platform determines that the confidence level of the open-circuit voltage Vopen data measurement value of the power battery is 99%. Step B05: If 99% of the open-circuit voltage Vopen measurement data of the 324 battery cells fall within the interval [μ-2.58σ, μ+2.58σ], the information platform provides this confidence level to the vehicle host or user authentication terminal to display the quality information that "the current charge (%) of the power battery is obtained based on the 99% confidence level of the charge measurement data of all battery cells".

[0262] Step B06: If more than 1% of the data points fall outside the interval [μ-2.58σ, μ+2.58σ] or below the lower bound of the interval, resulting in a data reliability that does not meet the 99% confidence level, then the system of this invention implements a "charge balancing function" for battery cells whose open-circuit voltage Vopen measurement data falls outside the interval or below the lower bound (μ-2.58σ). This will bring their open-circuit voltage Vopen closer to the average μ, which will help maintain the quality consistency of the battery cells. Before implementing the "charge balancing function" corresponding measures, if 95% of the open-circuit voltage Vopen measurement data of the 324 battery cells falls within the interval [μ-1.96σ, μ+1.96σ], then the system of this invention displays the quality information that "the current charge (%) of the power battery is obtained based on the 95% confidence level of the charge measurement data of all battery cells." After the sensing integrated circuit implements the corresponding measures for the degraded battery cell, the system of the present invention brings the open-circuit voltage Vopen of the degraded battery cell close to the average μ. After evaluating the equivalent performance parameters of the power battery, the system displays quality information stating that "the current capacity (%) of the power battery is obtained based on a 99% confidence level of reliability in the capacity measurement data of all battery cells." Therefore, the user can understand that the system of the present invention implements corresponding measures for degraded battery cells, which helps to improve the quality of the power battery.

[0263] Example 5

[0264] According to this embodiment of the present invention, the present invention is based on Figure 28A The flowchart shown evaluates the current capacity of the power battery, defining the battery capacity Q as a performance parameter based on the charge / discharge current of the battery cells. Using the 324 battery cells within the power battery as the parent data set, the measured values ​​of the open-circuit voltage Vopen and capacity Q of all battery cells are used as the parent data set, which is considered to have a normal distribution. The number of parent data sets, N, is 324. According to... Figure 28AThe method of the present invention, as shown, includes step B01, where the sensing integrated circuit of each sensing battery cell measures the open-circuit voltage Vopen and capacity Q of each battery cell. The sensing integrated circuit of each sensing battery cell transmits the measured values ​​of the open-circuit voltage Vopen and capacity Q of each battery cell to the information platform via the logic gate integrated circuit of the smart battery. Steps B02 and B03, the information platform collects the measured values ​​of the open-circuit voltage Vopen and capacity Q of each battery cell. Based on this, the information platform calculates the average μ, standard deviation σ, and an interval, for example, [μ-2.58σ, μ+2.58σ], where the lower bound is μ-2.58σ and the upper bound is μ+2.58σ. Therefore, based on the measured values ​​of the open-circuit voltage Vopen and capacity Q of all battery cells, the present invention can determine the current capacity of the power battery composed of this battery pack network. Step B04, based on this interval, the information platform determines that the confidence level of the measured values ​​of the power battery's current capacity is 99%.

[0265] Step B05: If the open-circuit voltage Vopen measurement data of 99% of the 324 battery cells falls within the range, then based on the measured values ​​of the open-circuit voltage Vopen and capacity Q of all battery cells, the present invention can obtain the current capacity (kWh) of the power battery composed of the battery pack network. The information platform provides this confidence level to the vehicle host or user authentication terminal to display the quality information that "the current capacity (kWh) of the power battery can provide ○○ mileage is obtained based on the confidence level of 99% for the capacity measurement data of all battery cells." Step B06: If more than 1% of the measured values ​​of the open-circuit voltage Vopen fall outside the range or below the lower limit of the range, resulting in the data confidence level not meeting 99%, the system of the present invention implements the corresponding measures of "power balancing function" for the battery cells whose measurement data falls outside the range or below the lower limit, which will help maintain the current capacity of the power battery.

[0266] Before implementing the corresponding measures for the "power balancing function," if 95% of the open-circuit voltage Vopen measurement data of the 324 battery cells falls within the range [μ-1.96, μ+1.96σ], the system of this invention displays the quality information that "the current capacity (kWh) of the power battery can provide ○○ mileage based on the 95% confidence level of the capacity measurement data of all battery cells." After the sensing integrated circuit implements the corresponding measures for the degraded battery cell, the system of this invention brings the open-circuit voltage Vopen of the degraded battery cell closer to the average μ, and after evaluating the current capacity of the power battery, the system of this invention displays the quality information that "the current charge (%) of the power battery is obtained based on the 99% confidence level of the charge measurement data of all battery cells." Therefore, the user can understand that the system of this invention implements a corresponding measure for the degraded battery cell, which helps to improve the quality of the power battery.

[0267] Example 6

[0268] According to this embodiment of the present invention, the present invention is based on Figure 28A The flowchart shown evaluates the quality of a power battery. The internal resistance Rbat of the battery cell is defined as a performance parameter of battery quality. Using the 324 battery cells in the power battery as the parent data set, the measured internal resistance Rbat values ​​of all battery cells are used as the parent data set, which is assumed to have a normal distribution. The number of parent data sets, N, is 324. According to... Figure 28BThe method of the present invention, as shown, involves step B01, where the sensing integrated circuit of each sensing battery cell measures the internal resistance Rbat of each battery cell. The sensing integrated circuit of each sensing battery cell transmits the internal resistance Rbat data measurement value of each battery cell to the information platform via the logic gate integrated circuit of the smart battery. Steps B02 and B03 involve the information platform collecting the internal resistance Rbat data measurement value of each battery cell. The information platform calculates the average μ, standard deviation σ, and an interval, for example, [μ-2.58σ, μ+2.58σ], of the internal resistance Rbat, where the lower bound is μ-2.58σ and the upper bound is μ+2.58σ. Therefore, based on the internal resistance Rbat data measurement values ​​of all battery cells, the equivalent internal resistance Rbat of the power battery composed of this battery pack network can represent the quality of the power battery. Step B04, based on the interval [μ-2.58σ, μ+2.58σ], the information platform determines that the confidence level for calculating the internal resistance Rbat data measurement value of the power battery is 99%. In step B05, if 99% of the open-circuit voltage Vopen measurement data of the 324 battery cells fall within the range [μ-2.58σ,μ+2.58σ], the information platform provides this confidence level to the vehicle host or user authentication terminal to display the quality information that "the current quality of the power battery is obtained based on the confidence level of 99% for the internal resistance measurement data of all battery cells".

[0269] Step B06: If more than 1% of the data points fall outside the interval [μ-2.58σ, μ+2.58σ] or above the upper limit of the interval, causing the data reliability to fail to meet the 99% confidence level, then the system of this invention implements a corresponding "isolation" measure for battery cells whose internal resistance Rbat measurement data falls outside the interval or above the upper limit, in order to improve the quality of the power battery. Given that the sensing integrated circuit implements isolation measures to prevent potential overcharging or over-discharging due to the significant increase in internal resistance caused by the degradation of battery cells, the equivalent internal resistance of the sensing battery cell or smart battery is reduced, thereby improving the equivalent performance parameters of the power battery based on the consistency of quality across all battery cells.

[0270] Alternatively, this invention may not implement corresponding isolation measures, but instead determine whether the internal resistance measurements of 95% of the battery cells fall within the range [μ-1.96σ, μ+1.96σ]. If so, this invention can state that "the current quality of the power battery is obtained based on the 95% confidence level of the internal resistance measurement data of all battery cells." Therefore, this invention will display this information to the user based on the distribution of the internal resistance data measurements.

[0271] Please also refer to Figure 29A and Figure 29BThe diagrams show a flowchart of another power battery evaluation method of the present invention, and a schematic diagram representing the 95% and 99% confidence intervals using a normal distribution of a large sample.

[0272] In another embodiment of the present invention, a portion of the battery cells of a power battery are used as samples, and the measured data of the performance parameters of these battery cells are used as sample data. This sample data is considered to be a normal distribution, such as... Figure 29B As shown, the number of sample data points represents the quantity of these battery cells. For example, using a sensing battery cell as a sample, the data measurement value or its average value of one of the battery cells constituting the sensing battery cell is selected as the sampling data. Therefore, after the battery cell quality maintenance system of the present invention collects the data measurement values ​​of the performance parameters of these battery cells from multiple sensing integrated circuits, the sample average, sample standard deviation s, and standard error of the mean SE can be calculated, as shown in the following formula:

[0273] Sample average Where V i Let be the measurement value of the i-th sample data, and n be the number of sample data.

[0274] Sample standard deviation

[0275] Standard error

[0276] Please refer to Figure 29B Assuming the sample data is considered to be under normal distribution, the quality maintenance system for the battery cell of this invention can define a "confidence interval": if there is 95% confidence that the average measurement data of a performance parameter falls within the confidence interval of [-1.96SE, +1.96SE], it can be said that "the average value of the measurement data of the performance parameter is obtained with 95% confidence that it falls within the confidence interval" or "the average value of the measurement data of the performance parameter is obtained within the 95% confidence interval"; if there is 99% confidence that the average measurement data of a performance parameter falls within the confidence interval of [-2.58SE, +2.58SE], it can be said that "the average value of the measurement data of the performance parameter is obtained with 99% confidence that it falls within the confidence interval" or "the average value of the measurement data of the performance parameter is obtained within the 99% confidence interval".

[0277] Example 7

[0278] According to this embodiment of the present invention, the present invention is based on Figure 29AThe flowchart shown evaluates the current charge level of the power battery. The open-circuit voltage (Vopen) of the battery cell is defined as the performance parameter of the state of charge (SOC). Sensing battery cells are used as samples. The sampling method is to average the measured values ​​of the open-circuit voltage (Vopen) of the sensing battery cells as the sample data (i.e., the measured value of the open-circuit voltage (Vopen) of the sensing battery cells divided by 4). The sample data is considered to have a normal distribution, and the number of sample data points (n) is 81. According to... Figure 29A The method of the present invention, as shown, includes step C01, where the sensing integrated circuit of each sensing battery cell measures the open-circuit voltage Vopen. The sensing integrated circuit of each sensing battery cell transmits the measured open-circuit voltage Vopen data of each sensing battery cell to the information platform through the logic gate integrated circuit of the smart battery. Steps C02 and C03 involve the information platform collecting the measured open-circuit voltage Vopen data of each sensing battery cell and dividing this measured data by 4 to obtain sample data of the open-circuit voltage Vopen of the battery cell. Based on this, the information platform calculates the sample mean, standard error SE, and confidence interval [-1.96SE, +1.96SE] of the open-circuit voltage Vopen, where the lower bound is -1.96SE and the upper bound is +1.96SE. Therefore, based on the measured open-circuit voltage Vopen data of all sensing battery cells, the equivalent open-circuit voltage of the power battery composed of this battery pack network can be expressed as the charge (SOC, %). Step C04: Based on the confidence interval [-1.96SE, +1.96SE], the information platform determines that the confidence level of the data measurement value of the equivalent open-circuit voltage Vopen of the power battery is 95%. Step C05: If 95% of the battery cell open-circuit voltage Vopen measurement data falls within the confidence interval, the information platform provides this confidence level to the vehicle host or user authentication terminal to display the quality information that "the current capacity (%) of the power battery is obtained based on the average capacity of the battery cells within a 95% confidence interval".

[0279] In step C06, if more than 5% of the battery cells' open-circuit voltage (Vopen) measurement data fall outside the confidence interval or below the lower bound, the system of the present invention implements a "charge balancing function" to address these battery cells. This allows their open-circuit voltage (Vopen) to approach the overall average, helping to maintain the consistency of battery cell quality. For example, before implementing the "charge balancing function," if 95% of the battery cells' open-circuit voltage (Vopen) measurement data fall within the confidence interval [-1.96SE, +1.96SE], the system of the present invention displays the quality information that "the current charge (%) of the power battery is obtained based on the average charge of the battery cells within a 95% confidence interval." After the sensing integrated circuit implements the corresponding measures for the degraded battery cell, the system of the present invention brings the open-circuit voltage Vopen of the degraded battery cell closer to the average of the parent battery. After determining that 99% of the measured open-circuit voltage Vopen data of the battery cells falls within the confidence interval [-2.58SE, +2.58SE], the system displays the quality information that "the current charge (%) of the power battery is obtained based on the average charge of the battery cells within a 99% confidence interval." Therefore, the user can understand that the system of the present invention implements corresponding measures for degraded battery cells, which helps to improve the quality of the power battery.

[0280] Example 8

[0281] According to this embodiment of the present invention, the present invention is based on Figure 29A The flowchart shown evaluates the quality of a power battery. The internal resistance Rbat of the battery cell is defined as a performance parameter of battery quality. Sensing battery cells are used as samples, and the sampling method involves averaging the measured internal resistance Rbat data of the sensing battery cells as the sample data (i.e., dividing the measured internal resistance data of the sensing battery cells by 4 to obtain the sample internal resistance data). The sample data is considered to have a normal distribution, and the number of sample data points n is 81. According to... Figure 29AThe method of the present invention, as shown, includes step C01, where the sensing integrated circuit of each sensing battery cell measures the internal resistance Rbat. The sensing integrated circuit of each sensing battery cell transmits the measured internal resistance Rbat data of each sensing battery cell to the information platform through the logic gate integrated circuit of the smart battery. Steps C02 and C03 involve the information platform collecting the measured internal resistance Rbat data of each sensing battery cell and dividing this measured data by 4 to obtain the sample data of the internal resistance Rbat of the battery cell. The information platform calculates the sample average of the internal resistance, the standard error SE, and the confidence interval [-2.58SE, +2.58SE] of the internal resistance measurement, where the lower bound is -2.58SE and the upper bound is +2.58SE. Therefore, based on the measured internal resistance Rbat data of all sensing battery cells, the equivalent internal resistance Rbat of the power battery composed of this battery pack network can represent the quality of the power battery. Step C04: Based on the confidence interval [-2.58SE, +2.58SE], the information platform determines that the confidence level of the data measurement value of the equivalent internal resistance Rbat of the power battery is 99%. Step C05: If 99% of the battery cell internal resistance Rbat measurement data falls within the confidence interval, the information platform provides this confidence level to the vehicle host or user authentication terminal to display the quality information that "the current quality of the power battery is based on the average internal resistance of the battery cells within a 99% confidence interval".

[0282] Step C06: If more than 1% of the battery cells have internal resistance Rbat measurement data falling outside the confidence interval or above the upper limit, the system of the present invention implements corresponding "isolation" measures for the battery cells whose internal resistance Rbat measurement data falls outside the confidence interval or above the upper limit to improve the quality of the power battery and help maintain the quality consistency of the battery cells. Given that the sensing integrated circuit implements isolation measures for battery cell degradation leading to a significant increase in internal resistance, it avoids possible overcharging or over-discharging, thereby reducing the equivalent internal resistance of the sensing battery cell or smart battery, and thus improving the equivalent performance parameters of the power battery based on the quality consistency of all battery cells.

[0283] Alternatively, this invention may not implement corresponding isolation measures, but instead determine whether the measured average internal resistance data of the perceived battery cells falls within the 95% confidence interval [-1.96SE, +1.96SE]. If so, this invention can state the quality information as "the current quality of the power battery is obtained based on the average internal resistance of all battery cells being within the 95% confidence interval." Therefore, this invention will display this information to the user based on the sampling status of the internal resistance data measurement.

[0284] In one embodiment of the present invention, the sensing battery cell, smart battery, power battery, and battery management system and method implemented according to the present invention are as follows: Figure 27The flowchart shown evaluates the current charge level of the power battery. The vehicle host or user authentication terminal can provide quality information such as "the current charge level of the power battery (85%) is obtained based on the fact that the charge level measured by all battery cells remains within at least 1% of the error range," and... Figure 29A The flowchart shown evaluates the current quality of the power battery. The vehicle host or user authentication terminal can display quality information such as "the current quality of the power battery is obtained based on the average internal resistance of the battery cells being within a 99% confidence range," for example. Figure 30A As shown.

[0285] Therefore, if a new power battery has battery cells with consistent quality in its initial state, according to the battery management system and method of the present invention, the longer the consistency of battery cell quality is maintained, the higher the mileage that the electric vehicle using the power battery can achieve based on performance. In an embodiment of the present invention, during the initial use, the performance parameters of the power battery and each of its battery cells are recorded on an information platform, or the performance parameters of the battery cells provided by the battery supplier are recorded on the information platform, serving as the basis for assessing whether each battery cell has reached a certain degree of degradation or a set condition. After the power battery has been in operation, the information platform collects the performance parameters of each battery cell of the power battery for a period of time, which can establish multiple time node information of the battery history, so that the power battery of the present invention has a traceable and verifiable battery history, ensuring the resale value of the power battery. Once the degradation degree of one of the battery cells is assessed to reach a set condition, the information platform issues a management command to the sensing integrated circuit connected in parallel with the battery cell that has reached the set condition, so that a corresponding measure can be implemented to act on the battery cell that has reached the set condition, in order to maintain a certain degree of quality consistency among all battery cells of the power battery.

[0286] In another embodiment of the present invention, the power battery 1000 is represented by a series network of several smart batteries 500, and the charge and capacity of each smart battery 500 can be calculated equivalently from the charge and capacity of all the battery cells it contains. Figure 28A The flowchart shown evaluates the current quality of the smart battery. The vehicle's main unit or user authentication terminal can display quality information such as "the current quality of the smart battery is obtained based on a 99% confidence level in the internal resistance measurement data of all battery cells," and... Figure 28A The flowchart shown evaluates the current capacity of the power battery. The vehicle host or user authentication terminal can display quality information such as "The current capacity of the power battery (70kWh) provides 362 kilometers, based on a 99% confidence level in the capacity measurement data of all battery cells." Figure 30B As shown.

[0287] The invention will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings, and specific embodiments of particular examples will be shown by way of illustration. However, the invention can be embodied in many different forms, and therefore the construction covered or claimed is not limited to any specific embodiment of the examples disclosed in this specification, which are merely illustrative. In addition, the invention can be embodied as a method, circuit or apparatus or system, or computer program product. Therefore, embodiments can take the form of, for example, hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof.

Claims

1. A quality maintenance system for battery cells, characterized in that, Include: Multiple battery cells, wherein the multiple battery cells are charged and discharged in a battery pack network; and At least one sensing integrated circuit measures and records the performance parameters of each battery cell, including open-circuit voltage and / or battery internal resistance and the results calculated accordingly. The sensing integrated circuit evaluates whether the performance parameters of each battery cell meet a critical state. If a degraded battery cell does not meet the critical state, the sensing integrated circuit implements a corresponding measure to the degraded battery cell in order to maintain the quality consistency of all battery cells.

2. The battery cell quality maintenance system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The open-circuit voltage and / or the battery internal resistance of this performance parameter are related to the battery temperature.

3. The battery cell quality maintenance system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The corresponding measures include isolating the charging and discharging of the degraded battery cell, or performing charge balancing on the degraded battery cell.

4. The battery cell quality maintenance system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The performance parameters of the multiple battery cells are used to calculate an equivalent performance parameter for all battery cells.

5. The battery cell quality maintenance system according to claim 4, characterized in that, The sensing integrated circuit implements the corresponding measures on the degraded battery cell to improve the equivalent performance parameters based on all battery cells, which include the charge, capacity, internal resistance, or health of a power battery or a smart battery composed of the plurality of battery cells.

6. The battery cell quality maintenance system according to claim 5, characterized in that, The equivalent performance parameter is quality information obtained within an error range, at a confidence level, or within a confidence interval.

7. A method for displaying battery information, characterized in that, The battery information display method, used to display the performance status of multiple battery cells associated with a battery pack network, wherein the multiple battery cells are charged or discharged in a battery pack network and are sensed by at least one sensing integrated circuit to measure the performance parameters of each battery cell, includes: The performance parameters of the multiple battery cells are obtained from the sensing integrated circuit to evaluate the quality of each battery cell. An equivalent performance parameter associated with the plurality of battery cells is displayed on a display screen; and The equivalent performance parameters displayed on the display screen are quality information obtained based on the performance parameters of the plurality of battery cells measured by the sensing integrated circuit, within an error range, at a confidence level, or within a trust interval.

8. The battery information display method according to claim 7, characterized in that, The equivalent performance parameter is calculated based on the performance parameter of the plurality of battery cells.

9. The battery information display method according to claim 7, characterized in that, The error range, confidence level, or trust interval is related to whether the sensing integrated circuit implements a corresponding measure for at least one degraded battery cell.

10. The battery information display method according to claim 9, characterized in that, The corresponding measures include isolating the charging and discharging of the degraded battery cell, or performing charge balancing on the degraded battery cell.

11. The battery information display method according to claim 7, characterized in that, This performance parameter includes open-circuit voltage and / or battery internal resistance, as well as the results calculated from them.

12. The battery information display method according to claim 7, characterized in that, The equivalent performance parameters include the charge, capacity, internal resistance, or health of a power battery or a smart battery composed of the plurality of battery cells.

13. The battery information display method according to claim 12, characterized in that, Further including: the display screen showing the power battery or the smart battery's charge, capacity, internal resistance or health status is based on the performance parameters of the plurality of battery cells, and is obtained within the error range, or within the confidence level or within the trust interval.

14. A battery information display system, characterized in that, The battery information display system is used to display the performance status of multiple battery cells, which are charged or discharged in a battery pack network, and is sensed by at least one sensing integrated circuit to measure the performance parameters of each battery cell to evaluate the quality of each battery cell. A display screen for displaying an equivalent performance parameter associated with the plurality of battery cells; A communication interface to receive the equivalent performance parameters; and A processing unit processes the equivalent performance parameters and displays the equivalent performance parameters on the display screen as quality information obtained based on the performance parameters of the plurality of battery cells measured by the sensing integrated circuit, within an error range, at a confidence level, or within a trust interval.

15. The battery information display system according to claim 14, characterized in that, This performance parameter includes the open-circuit voltage and / or the battery internal resistance, which are related to the battery temperature, and the results calculated from them.

16. The battery information display system according to claim 14, characterized in that, The equivalent performance parameters include the charge, capacity, internal resistance, or health of a power battery or a smart battery composed of the plurality of battery cells.

17. The battery information display system according to claim 14, characterized in that, The equivalent performance parameter is calculated based on the performance parameter of the plurality of battery cells.

18. The battery information display system according to claim 14, characterized in that, The error range, confidence level, or trust interval is related to whether the sensing integrated circuit implements a corresponding measure for at least one degraded battery cell.

19. The battery information display system according to claim 18, characterized in that, The corresponding measures include isolating the charging and discharging of the degraded battery cell, or performing charge balancing on the degraded battery cell.

20. The battery information display system according to claim 14, characterized in that, The sensing integrated circuit transmits the performance parameters of each battery cell to an in-vehicle host or a user authentication terminal to calculate the equivalent performance parameters, and the communication interface receives the equivalent performance parameters from the in-vehicle host or the user authentication terminal.

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