Two-stage bistatic sensing

Abstract

This document describes systems, methods, and means for performing two-stage bistatic sensing, for example, using multiple beams in a mobile network. A device (e.g., a WTRU) may include a processor configured to perform one or more actions. The device may perform a first sensing associated with a first set of beams, determine a scatterer based on the first sensing, determine at least a first beam from the first set of beams associated with the scatterer and a first characteristic associated with the at least first beam, send a first report indicating the scatterer, at least a first beam associated with the scatterer, and the first characteristic associated with the at least first beam, perform a second sensing associated with a second set of beams, determine a second beam from the second set of beams and a second characteristic associated with the second beam, determine a cross-correlation threshold associated with the first and second characteristics, and send a second report including an indication that the scatterer has been verified and an indication of the second beam.

Description

[0001] Cross-reference to related applications This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 537,242, filed September 8, 2023, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Background Technology

[0002] Mobile communication using wireless communication continues to evolve. The fifth generation can be called 5G. The previous generation (older) mobile communication can be, for example, the fourth generation (4G) Long Term Evolution (LTE). Summary of the Invention

[0003] This paper describes systems, methods, and instrumentalities that can be associated with, for example, using multiple beams in mobile networks to perform two-stage bistatic sensing.

[0004] The device (e.g., a WTRU) may include a processor configured to perform one or more actions. The device may perform a first sensing associated with a first set of beams (e.g., a first phase of sensing). The device may determine a scatterer based on the first sensing. The device may determine that at least a first beam from the first set of beams is associated with a scatterer. The device may determine a first characteristic associated with at least the first beam. The device may send a first report. The first report may indicate the scatterer, the at least first beam associated with the scatterer, and the first characteristic associated with the at least first beam.

[0005] The device can perform a second sensing associated with a second beam set. The device can determine a second beam from the second beam set. The device can determine a second characteristic associated with the second beam. The device can determine that the cross-correlation associated with the first and second characteristics is above a threshold (e.g., the device can determine that the scatterer is verified based on the cross-correlation associated with the first and second characteristics meeting a threshold). The device can send a second report. The second report may include an indication that the scatterer has been verified. The second report may include an indication of the second beam.

[0006] The second report may also indicate a second characteristic associated with the second beam. The first beam set may include a first number of beams. The second beam set may include a second number of beams. The second number of beams may be less than the first number of beams. At least the first beam may be within the second beam set. The first characteristic associated with at least the first beam may be at least one of the following: a first channel impulse response (CIR); a first channel frequency response (CFR); or a first power delay distribution (PDP). The second characteristic associated with the second beam may be at least one of the following: a second CIR; a second CFR; or a second PDP.

[0007] The device can also be configured to perform bistatic sensing measurements associated with the second beam. The bistatic sensing measurements associated with the second beam may include at least one of the following: delay; angle of arrival; or received power. A second report may include the bistatic sensing measurements.

[0008] Bistatic sensing measurements may include (e.g., indicating) the relative difference between measurements obtained using a first beam set and a second beam set. A threshold may be a first threshold. Determining that at least a first beam in the first beam set is associated with a scatterer may further include having a device configured to determine that the scatterer is associated with a second beam from the first beam set. The device may also be configured to perform a cross-correlation associated with the first beam in the first beam set and the second beam in the first beam set. The device may also be configured to determine that the cross-correlation associated with the first beam in the first beam set and the second beam in the first beam set satisfies a second threshold.

[0009] A second beam set can be selected from the first beam set based on the association between the scatterer and the first beam set. The first beam can be associated with a first power. The second beam can be associated with a second power. Attached Figure Description

[0010] Figure 1A This is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system in which one or more of the disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

[0011] Figure 1B It is shown that, according to the embodiment, it is possible to Figure 1A The system diagram shows an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) used within the communication system.

[0012] Figure 1C It is shown that, according to the embodiment, it is possible to Figure 1A The system diagram shows an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) used within the communication system shown.

[0013] Figure 1D It is shown that, according to the embodiment, it is possible to Figure 1A The system diagram shows another example RAN and another example CN used in the communication system shown.

[0014] Figure 2A An example of monobase sensing is depicted.

[0015] Figure 2B An example of bistatic sensing is depicted.

[0016] Figure 2C An example of multi-static sensing is depicted.

[0017] Figure 3 An example of simultaneous transmission of three beams is depicted.

[0018] Figure 4 An example of transmitting multiple beams on non-overlapping frequency resources is depicted.

[0019] Figure 5 An example of multiple beams transmitted in a frequency-interleaved manner is depicted.

[0020] Figure 6 An example of an MPC identified as a set of scatterers is depicted.

[0021] Figure 7 An example of first-stage course sensing using the first beam set is depicted.

[0022] Figure 8 An example of WTRU operation in the first stage (e.g., route sensing) of a two-stage sensing method is depicted.

[0023] Figure 9 An example of second-stage (e.g., fine) sensing using a reduced number of beams is depicted.

[0024] Figure 10 An example of WTRU operation in the second stage (e.g., fine sensing) of a two-stage sensing method is depicted.

[0025] Figure 11 An example message passing in a two-stage sensing method is depicted.

[0026] Figure 12 An example of configuring a gNB to WTRU to perform sensing is depicted.

[0027] Figure 13 An example of a WTRU requesting the sensing of a specific scatterer or beam is depicted. Detailed Implementation

[0028] Figure 1AThis diagram illustrates an example communication system 100 in which one or more of the disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communication system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcasting, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communication system 100 enables multiple wireless users to access such content by sharing system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), Zero Tail Unique Word DFT-Spread Spectrum OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), Unique Word OFDM (UW-OFDM), Resource Block Filtered OFDM, Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[0029] like Figure 1A As shown, the communication system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RAN 104 / 113, CN 106 / 115, public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, Internet 110, and other networks 112. However, it will be understood that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. As examples, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d, any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA”, may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals, and may include user equipment (UE), mobile stations, fixed or mobile subscriber units, subscription-based units, pagers, cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smartphones, laptops, netbooks, personal computers, wireless sensors, hotspots or Mi-Fi devices, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, watches or other wearable devices, head-mounted displays (HMDs), vehicles, drones, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in the context of industrial and / or automated processing chains), consumer electronic devices, devices operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0030] The communication system 100 may also include base station 114a and / or base station 114b. Each of base stations 114a and 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. As an example, base stations 114a and 114b may be base transceiver stations (BTS), node Bs, eNode Bs, home node Bs, home eNode Bs, gNBs, NR node Bs, site controllers, access points (APs), wireless routers, and the like. Although each of base stations 114a and 114b is depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that base stations 114a and 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0031] Base station 114a may be part of RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as base station controllers (BSCs), radio network controllers (RNCs), relay nodes, etc. Base station 114a and / or base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive radio signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as cells (not shown). These frequencies may be licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. Cells may provide coverage for radio services to a specific geographic area that may be relatively fixed or may change over time. Cells may also be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one transceiver per sector of the cell. In embodiments, base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may use multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0032] Base stations 114a and 114b can communicate with one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d via air interface 116. Air interface 116 can be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). Any suitable radio access technology (RAT) can be used to establish air interface 116.

[0033] More specifically, as described above, the communication system 100 can be a multiple access system and can employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, base stations 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c in RAN 104 / 113 can implement radio technologies such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which can use Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) to establish air interfaces 115 / 116 / 117. WCDMA can include communication protocols such as High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA can include High-Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed ​​UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0034] In the embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technologies such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which can use Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or Advanced LTE (LTE-A) and / or Advanced LTE Pro (LTE-A Pro) to establish air interface 116.

[0035] In the embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technologies such as NR radio access, which can use New Radio (NR) to establish air interface 116.

[0036] In the embodiments, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can, for instance, use the dual connectivity (DC) principle to jointly implement LTE radio access and NR radio access. Therefore, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c may be characterized by transmissions to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs) and / or multiple types of radio access technologies.

[0037] In other embodiments, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Global Microwave Access Interoperability (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Provisional Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Provisional Standard 95 (IS-95), Provisional Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data Rate Evolution of GSM (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.

[0038] Figure 1A Base station 114b can be, for example, a wireless router, a home node B, a home eNode B, or an access point, and can utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a local area, such as a commercial location, home, vehicle, campus, industrial facility, air corridor (e.g., for drone use), road, and the like. In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can utilize cellular-based RATs (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish picocells or femtocells. Figure 1A As shown, base station 114b can have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Therefore, it is not required that base station 114b access the Internet 110 via CN 106 / 115.

[0039] RAN 104 / 113 can communicate with CN 106 / 115, which can be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, application, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d. Data can have different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, fault tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. CN 106 / 115 can provide call control, billing services, location-based services, prepaid calling, internet connectivity, video distribution, and / or perform advanced security functions such as user authentication. Although Figure 1A Although not shown, it should be understood that RAN 104 / 113 and / or CN 106 / 115 can communicate directly or indirectly with other RANs that use the same RAT as or a different RAT than RAN 104 / 113. For example, in addition to being connected to RAN 104 / 113, which can utilize NR radio technology, CN 106 / 115 can also communicate with another RAN (not shown) that uses GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0040] CN 106 / 115 can also serve as a gateway for WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network providing Common Old-Style Telephone Service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices using common communication protocols such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or Internet Protocol (IP) from the TCP / IP Internet Protocol suite. Network 112 may include wired and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, network 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may use the same RAT as RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0041] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d in communication system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks via different wireless links). For example, Figure 1A The WTRU 102c shown can be configured to communicate with a base station 114a that can employ cellular-based radio technology and a base station 114b that can employ IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0042] Figure 1B This is a system diagram illustrating example WTRU 102. (See diagram below.) Figure 1B As shown, WTRU 102 may, among other things, include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power supply 134, a Global Positioning System (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripheral devices 138. It should be understood that WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with the embodiments.

[0043] Processor 118 may be a general-purpose processor, a special-purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. Processor 118 may perform signal encoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. Processor 118 may be coupled to transceiver 120, and transceiver 120 may be coupled to transmitting / receiving element 122. Although Figure 1B The processor 118 and transceiver 120 are depicted as separate components, but it should be understood that the processor 118 and transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0044] Transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit signals to or receive signals from a base station (e.g., base station 114a) via air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In another embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be a transmitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive, for example, IR, UV, or visible light signals. In yet another embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF signals and optical signals. It should be understood that transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0045] Although the transmitting / receiving element 122 is in Figure 1B While depicted as a single element, WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals via air interface 116.

[0046] Transceiver 120 can be configured to modulate signals to be transmitted by transmitting / receiving element 122 and demodulate signals received by transmitting / receiving element 122. As described above, WTRU 102 can have multi-mode capability. Therefore, transceiver 120 can include multiple transceivers for enabling WTRU 102 to communicate via various RATs, such as, for example, NR and IEEE 802.11.

[0047] The processor 118 of WTRU 102 may be coupled to a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) unit or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit) and may receive user input data therefrom. The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, keypad 126, and / or display / touchpad 128. Additionally, the processor 118 may access information and store data therein from any type of suitable memory, such as non-removable memory 130 and / or removable memory 132. Non-removable memory 130 may include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. Removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory stick, secure digital storage (SD) card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information and store data in memory that is not physically located on WTRU 102, such as on a server or home computer (not shown).

[0048] The processor 118 may receive power from the power supply 134 and may be configured to distribute and / or control power to other components in the WTRU 102. The power supply 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power supply 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[0049] The processor 118 may also be coupled to a GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) about the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to or instead of information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from base stations (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) via air interface 116 and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It should be understood that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information using any suitable location determination method while remaining consistent with the embodiments.

[0050] The processor 118 may also be coupled to other peripheral devices 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules providing additional features, functionality, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, peripheral devices 138 may include accelerometers, electronic compasses, satellite transceivers, digital cameras (for photos and / or video), Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports, vibration devices, television transceivers, hands-free headsets, and Bluetooth. ® Modules, FM radio units, digital music players, media players, video game player modules, internet browsers, virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) devices, activity trackers, and the like. Peripheral device 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of the following: gyroscope, accelerometer, Hall effect sensor, magnetometer, orientation sensor, proximity sensor, temperature sensor, time sensor; geolocation sensor; altimeter, light sensor, touch sensor, magnetometer, barometer, gesture sensor, biometric sensor, and / or humidity sensor.

[0051] WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all signals associated with specific subframes for both UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and / or substantially eliminate self-interference via hardware (e.g., a choke) or via signal processing (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In embodiments, WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for some or all of its transmitted and received signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)).

[0052] Figure 1C This is a system diagram illustrating RAN 104 and CN 106 according to an embodiment. As described above, RAN 104 can use E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. RAN 104 can also communicate with CN 106.

[0053] RAN 104 may include eNode-B 160a, 160b, 160c, but will be appreciated that RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with the embodiments. Each of eNode-B 160a, 160b, 160c may include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c via air interface 116. In one embodiment, eNode-B 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, for example, eNode-B 160a may use multiple antennas to transmit radio signals to and / or receive radio signals from WTRU 102a.

[0054] Each of the eNode-B 160a, 160b, and 160c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in the UL and / or DL, and the like. Figure 1C As shown, eNode-B 160a, 160b, and 160c can communicate with each other via the X2 interface.

[0055] Figure 1C The CN 106 shown may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, a Serving Gateway (SGW) 164, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of CN 106, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0056] The MME 162 can connect to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, and 162c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface and can be used as a control node. For example, the MME 162 can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a specific serving gateway during the initial attachment of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, and the like. The MME 162 can provide control plane functions for handover between RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) employing other radio technologies such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0057] The SGW 164 can connect to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 can typically route and forward user data packets to / from WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c. The SGW 164 can perform other functions such as anchoring the user plane during inter-eNode B handover, triggering paging when DL data is available for WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, managing and storing the context of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, and so on.

[0058] The SGW 164 can connect to the PGW 166, which can provide WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to packet-switched networks such as the Internet 110, thereby facilitating communication between WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0059] CN 106 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN 106 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to circuit-switched networks such as PSTN 108 to facilitate communication between WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c and traditional landline communication equipment. For example, CN 106 may include, or be able to communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between CN 106 and PSTN 108. Furthermore, CN 106 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0060] Despite Figure 1A-1D While the WTRU is described as a wireless terminal, it is conceivable that in some representative embodiments, such a terminal may (e.g., temporarily or permanently) use a wired communication interface with a communication network.

[0061] In a representative embodiment, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0062] In Infrastructure Basic Services Set (BSS) mode, a WLAN may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have access or an interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic into and / or out of the BSS. Traffic originating outside the BSS and destined for a STA can reach and be delivered to the STA via the AP. Traffic originating from a STA and destined for a destination outside the BSS can be sent to the AP for delivery to the appropriate destination. Traffic between STAs within the BSS can be sent via the AP, for example, where a source STA can send traffic to the AP, and the AP can deliver the traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS can be considered and / or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. Peer-to-peer traffic can be sent between a source STA and a destination STA (e.g., directly between the source STA and the destination STA) using Direct Link Establishment (DLS). In some representative embodiments, the DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z Tunneling DLS (TDLS). WLANs using Standalone BSS (IBSS) mode may not have access points (APs), and STAs within the IBSS or using the IBSS (e.g., all STAs) can communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to as the "ad-hoc" communication mode in this document.

[0063] When operating in 802.11ac infrastructure mode or a similar mode, the AP can transmit beacons on a fixed channel, such as the primary channel. The primary channel can be of fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel can be the operating channel of the BSS and can be used by the STA to establish a connection with the AP. In some representative embodiments, carrier-sense multiple access (CSMA / CA) with collision avoidance can be implemented, for example, in an 802.11 system. For CSMA / CA, each STA (e.g., each STA includes the AP) and can sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, that particular STA can back off. A single STA (e.g., only one station) can transmit at any given time within a given BSS.

[0064] High-throughput (HT) STAs can communicate using a 40 MHz wide channel, for example, by combining a primary 20 MHz channel with adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels.

[0065] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs can support wide channels of 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz. A 40 MHz and / or 80 MHz channel can be formed by combining consecutive 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel can be formed by combining eight consecutive 20 MHz channels or by combining two non-consecutive 80 MHz channels; this can be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, after channel coding, data passes through a segmentation parser, which divides the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing and time-domain processing can be performed separately for each stream. The streams can be mapped onto two 80 MHz channels, and the data can be transmitted by the transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above operations for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be sent to the Media Access Control (MAC).

[0066] The sub-1 GHz operating mode is supported by 802.11af and 802.11ah. The channel operating bandwidth and carrier are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah compared to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV white space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah may support instrument-type control / machine-type communication, such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, such as limited capabilities, including support (e.g., only support) certain and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries with a battery life exceeding a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0067] Multiple channels and channel bandwidths can be supported. WLAN systems such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah include channels that can be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel can have a bandwidth equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be set and / or limited by the STAs supporting the minimum bandwidth operating mode among all STAs operating in the BSS. In the 802.11ah example, for STAs that support (e.g., only support) the 1 MHz mode (e.g., MTC type devices), the primary channel can be 1 MHz wide, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings can depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, because an STA (which only supports the 1 MHz operating mode) is transmitting to the AP, then all available frequency bands can be considered busy even if most frequency bands remain idle and are likely available.

[0068] In the United States, the available frequency bands for 802.11ah are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. Depending on the country code, the total bandwidth available for 802.11ah ranges from 6 MHz to 26 MHz.

[0069] Figure 1D This is a system diagram illustrating RAN 113 and CN 115 according to an embodiment. As described above, RAN 113 can employ NR radio technology to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. RAN 113 can also communicate with CN 115.

[0070] RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c; however, it should be understood that RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with the embodiments. Each of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a and 180b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c. Therefore, gNB 180a may, for example, use multiple antennas to transmit radio signals to and / or receive radio signals from WTRU 102a. In embodiments, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, gNB 180a can transmit multiple component carriers to WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers can be on unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers can be on licensed spectrum. In embodiments, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can implement Cooperative Multipoint (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a can receive cooperative transmissions from gNBs 180a and 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0071] WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using transmissions associated with scalable numberology. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing can vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the radio transmission spectrum. WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using subframes or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., containing different numbers of OFDM symbols and / or absolute times of varying durations).

[0072] gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can be configured to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c in standalone and / or non-standalone configurations. In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c). In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can utilize one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c as mobility anchors. In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can use signals in unlicensed frequency bands to communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c. In a non-standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with / connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c, while also communicating with / connecting to another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement DC principles to communicate substantially simultaneously with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c. In a non-standalone configuration, eNode-B 160a, 160b, and 160c can be used as mobility anchors for WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c, and gNB 180a, 180b, and 180c can provide additional coverage and / or throughput for serving WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c.

[0073] Each of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in UL and / or DL, network slicing support, dual connectivity, interoperability between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data to User Plane Functions (UPF) 184a and 184b, routing of control plane information to Access and Mobility Management Functions (AMF) 182a and 182b, and the like. Figure 1D As shown, gNB 180a, 180b, and 180c can communicate with each other via the Xn interface.

[0074] Figure 1DThe CN 115 shown may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 115, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0075] AMF 182a and 182b can connect to one or more of gNB 180a, 180b, and 180c in RAN 113 via the N2 interface and can be used as control nodes. For example, AMF 182a and 182b can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting specific SMF 183a and 183b, managing registration areas, terminating NAS signaling, mobility management, and the like. AMF 182a and 182b can use network slicing to customize CN support for WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c based on the type of service being used by WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c. For example, different network slices can be established for different use cases, such as services relying on Ultra Reliable Low Latency (URLLC) access, services relying on Enhanced Massive Mobile Broadband (eMBB) access, services for Machine Type Communication (MTC) access, and / or the like. AMF 162 provides control plane functionality for switching between RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies, such as WiFi.

[0076] SMFs 183a and 183b can connect to AMFs 182a and 182b in CN 115 via the N11 interface. SMFs 183a and 183b can also connect to UPFs 184a and 184b in CN 115 via the N4 interface. SMFs 183a and 183b can select and control UPFs 184a and 184b, and configure the routing of traffic through UPFs 184a and 184b. SMFs 183a and 183b can perform other functions such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notifications, and so on. PDU session types can be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, and so on.

[0077] UPF 184a and 184b can be connected via an N3 interface to one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c in RAN 113. This N3 interface provides WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communication between WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c and IP-enabled devices. UPF 184 and 184b can perform other functions such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and so on.

[0078] CN 115 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN 115 may include, or be able to communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) serving as an interface between CN 115 and PSTN 108. Furthermore, CN 115 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to local data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b via the N3 interface to UPFs 184a, 184b and the N6 interface between UPFs 184a, 184b and DNs 185a, 185b.

[0079] Given Figure 1A-1D and to Figure 1A-1D The corresponding descriptions herein refer to the following: WTRU 102a-d, Base Station 114a-b, eNode-B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-b, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b, and / or one or more other devices described herein. One or more of the functions described herein may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown). An emulation device may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more of the functions described herein. For example, an emulation device may be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0080] Simulation devices can be designed to perform tests on one or more other devices in a laboratory environment and / or in a carrier network environment. For example, one or more simulation devices may perform one or more or all of their functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network to test other devices within the communication network. One or more simulation devices may perform one or more or all of their functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. Simulation devices may be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or may be used to perform tests via over-the-air wireless communication.

[0081] One or more simulation devices may perform one or more (including all) functions without being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, simulation devices may be used in test environments within test laboratories and / or non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication networks to perform testing of one or more components. One or more simulation devices may be test equipment. Simulation devices may transmit and / or receive data using direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas).

[0082] This paper describes systems, methods, and means that can be associated with, for example, performing two-stage bistatic sensing using multiple beams in a mobile network.

[0083] The device (e.g., a WTRU) may include a processor configured to perform one or more actions. The device may perform a first sensing associated with a first set of beams (e.g., a first phase of sensing). The device may determine a scatterer based on the first sensing. The device may determine that at least a first beam from the first set of beams is associated with a scatterer. The device may determine a first characteristic associated with at least the first beam. The device may send a first report. The first report may indicate the scatterer, the at least first beam associated with the scatterer, and the first characteristic associated with the at least first beam.

[0084] The device can perform a second sensing associated with a second beam set. The device can determine a second beam from the second beam set. The device can determine a second characteristic associated with the second beam. The device can determine that the cross-correlation associated with the first and second characteristics is above a threshold (e.g., the device can determine that the scatterer is verified based on the cross-correlation associated with the first and second characteristics meeting a threshold). The device can send a second report. The second report may include an indication that the scatterer has been verified. The second report may include an indication of the second beam.

[0085] The second report may also indicate a second characteristic associated with the second beam. The first beam set may include a first number of beams. The second beam set may include a second number of beams. The second number of beams may be less than the first number of beams. At least the first beam may be within the second beam set. The first characteristic associated with at least the first beam may be at least one of the following: a first channel impulse response (CIR); a first channel frequency response (CFR); or a first power delay distribution (PDP). The second characteristic associated with the second beam may be at least one of the following: a second CIR; a second CFR; or a second PDP.

[0086] The device can also be configured to perform bistatic sensing measurements associated with the second beam. The bistatic sensing measurements associated with the second beam may include at least one of the following: delay; angle of arrival; or received power. A second report may include the bistatic sensing measurements.

[0087] Bistatic sensing measurements may include (e.g., indicating) the relative difference between measurements obtained using a first beam set and a second beam set. A threshold may be a first threshold. Determining that at least a first beam in the first beam set is associated with a scatterer may further include having a device configured to determine that the scatterer is associated with a second beam from the first beam set. The device may also be configured to perform a cross-correlation associated with the first beam in the first beam set and the second beam in the first beam set. The device may also be configured to determine that the cross-correlation associated with the first beam in the first beam set and the second beam in the first beam set satisfies a second threshold.

[0088] A second beam set can be selected from the first beam set based on the association between the scatterer and the first beam set. The first beam can be associated with a first power. The second beam can be associated with a second power.

[0089] The device (e.g., a WTRU) may include a processor configured to perform one or more actions. The device may perform a first sensing (e.g., a first phase of sensing) associated with a first set of beams. The device may determine a first set of scatterers including a first scatterer. The device may determine one or more beams associated with the first scatterer and characteristics associated with the first scatterer. The device may send a first report indicating the first scatterer, the one or more beams associated with the first scatterer, and / or the characteristics associated with the first scatterer.

[0090] The device can perform a second sensing associated with the second beam set (e.g., a second phase of sensing). The device can verify the first scatterer based on the cross-correlation associated with the first and second sensing. The device can perform bistatic detection associated with the first scatterer. The device can send a second report indicating that the first scatterer has been verified.

[0091] The determination of the first set of scatterers can be based on the channel response associated with the first sensing performed.

[0092] The first beam set may include a first number of beams, and the second beam set may include a second number of beams. The second number of beams may be less than the first number of beams (e.g., fine sensing may be performed after coarse sensing).

[0093] The second report can indicate the sensing measurements associated with the performed bistatic detection.

[0094] The device (e.g., a WTRU) may include a processor configured to perform one or more actions. The device may obtain a first set of channel responses associated with a first set of beams. The first set of channel responses may include channel responses associated with each beam in the first set of beams. The device may identify a first set of scatterers (e.g., wherein the first set of scatterers includes beam-specific scatterers for each beam in the first set based on the channel responses of the respective beams), and may determine an association for each scatterer in the first set of scatterers with one or more beams in the first set. The device may send a first report including the first set of scatterers and the corresponding association for each scatterer in the first set of scatterers.

[0095] The device can obtain a second set of channel responses associated with a second set of beams. The second set of channel responses may include the channel response associated with each beam in the second set of beams. The device can identify a second set of scatterers (e.g., where the second set of scatterers includes beam-specific scatterers for each beam in the second set based on the channel responses of the respective beams). The device can determine a comparison metric for each beam in the second set of beams against each beam in the first set of beams. The comparison metric may be based on the channel response associated with the corresponding beam in the first set of beams and the channel response associated with the corresponding beam in the second set of beams. The device can send a first indication indicating that one or more beams from the first set of beams and at least one beam from the second set have a comparison metric higher than a threshold. The device can send a second indication indicating that for all beams from the first set of beams, at least one beam from the second set has a comparison metric lower than a threshold.

[0096] The device can perform incoherent measurements on each scatterer in the first scatterer set. The determination of the association between each scatterer in the first scatterer set and one or more beams in the first beam set can be based on this incoherent measurement.

[0097] The device can perform bistatic sensing on the second beam set.

[0098] The channel response associated with each beam in the first beam set and the channel response associated with each beam in the second beam set may (e.g., each) be one or more of the following: channel impulse response (CIR), channel frequency response (CFR), or power delay distribution (PDP).

[0099] This paper describes systems, methods, and means for performing two-stage bistatic sensing, for example, using multiple beams in a mobile network.

[0100] The device (e.g., a WTRU) may include a processor configured to perform one or more actions. The device may perform a first sensing (e.g., a first phase of sensing) associated with a first set of beams. The device may determine a first set of scatterers including a first scatterer. The device may determine one or more beams associated with the first scatterer and characteristics associated with the first scatterer. The device may send a first report indicating the first scatterer, the one or more beams associated with the first scatterer, and / or the characteristics associated with the first scatterer.

[0101] The device can perform a second sensing associated with the second beam set (e.g., a second phase of sensing). The device can verify the first scatterer based on the cross-correlation associated with the first and second sensing. The device can perform bistatic detection associated with the first scatterer. The device can send a second report indicating that the first scatterer has been verified.

[0102] The determination of the first set of scatterers can be based on the channel response associated with the first sensing performed.

[0103] The first beam set may include a first number of beams and the second beam set may include a second number of beams. The second number of beams may be less than the first number of beams (e.g., fine sensing may be performed after coarse sensing).

[0104] The second report can indicate the sensing measurements associated with the performed bistatic detection.

[0105] The device (e.g., a WTRU) may include a processor configured to perform one or more actions. The device may obtain / determine a first set of channel responses associated with a first set of beams. The first set of channel responses may include channel responses associated with each beam in the first set of beams. The device may identify a first set of scatterers (e.g., where the first set of scatterers includes beam-specific scatterers for each beam in the first set based on the channel responses of the respective beams), and may determine an association for each scatterer in the first set of scatterers with one or more beams in the first set. The device may send a first report including the first set of scatterers and the corresponding association for each scatterer in the first set of scatterers.

[0106] The device can acquire / determine a second set of channel responses associated with a second set of beams. The second set of channel responses may include the channel response associated with each beam in the second set of beams. The device can identify a second set of scatterers (e.g., where the second set of scatterers includes beam-specific scatterers for each beam in the second set based on the channel response of the respective beam). The device can determine a comparison metric for each beam in the second set of beams against each beam in the first set of beams. The comparison metric may be based on the channel response associated with the corresponding beam in the first set of beams and the channel response associated with the corresponding beam in the second set of beams. The device can send a first indication indicating one or more beams from the first set of beams and at least one beam from the second set of beams whose comparison metric is higher than a threshold. The device can send a second indication indicating at least one beam from the second set of beams whose comparison metric is lower than a threshold for all beams from the first set of beams.

[0107] The device can perform incoherent measurements on each scatterer in the first scatterer set. The determination of the association between each scatterer in the first scatterer set and one or more beams in the first beam set can be based on incoherent measurements.

[0108] The device can perform bistatic sensing on the second beam set.

[0109] The channel response associated with each beam in the first beam set and the channel response associated with each beam in the second beam set may (e.g., each) be one or more of the following: channel impulse response (CIR), channel frequency response (CFR), or power delay distribution (PDP).

[0110] Two-stage bistatic sensing can be performed (e.g., using multiple beams in a mobile network). Sensing can be defined as the detection and / or estimation of characteristics of objects within a mobile network environment. Sensing may include estimating spatial and / or temporal characteristics (e.g., relative position, angular position, velocity, orientation, size, etc.). Sensing can be employed in wireless systems, for example, in the context of Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC).

[0111] Different types of sensing (e.g., modes) can be provided, such as monostatic sensing, bistatic sensing, or multistatic sensing. Figure 2A An example of monobase sensing is depicted. Figure 2B An example of bistatic sensing is depicted. Figure 2C An example of multi-base sensing is depicted. The sensing method used (e.g., monobase, bibase, or multibase) may depend on the location of the transmitter and / or receiver. In the example, monobase sensing can be used when the transmitter and receiver are co-located, such as... Figure 2A As shown in the example. In this example, bistatic sensing can be used when the transmitter and receiver are on different sides, such as... Figure 2B As shown in the diagram. Bistatic sensing can be extended to multistatic sensing, for example, when multiple receivers at different locations are involved, such as... Figure 2C As shown in the image.

[0112] Monocentric sensing can refer to a sensing mode where the transmitter and receiver are co-located (e.g., the transmitter can transmit sensing signals and receive echo signals from the environment). In the context of New Radio (NR), monocentric sensing can be utilized at the WTRU side or the network side (e.g., by a network entity such as a gNB), which can, for example, allow a single device to perform sensing of the environment. The single device performing monocentric sensing may require full-duplex or half-duplex capability at the sensing device (e.g., by dividing transmission and reception into separate windows).

[0113] Bistatic sensing can be utilized between a network (e.g., a network entity such as a gNB, such as a base station) and a WTRU. For bistatic sensing, if both sides are of the same type (e.g., WTRU-WTRU or gNB-gNB) or different types (e.g., gNB-WTRU or WTRU-gNB), the network or WTRU can act as the transmitting device and the other side can act as the receiving device. Bistatic sensing may not require full-duplex transmission.

[0114] NR positioning can be performed. Networking standards can define methods for NR positioning (e.g., for downlink (DL) and / or uplink (UL)). A positioning reference signal (PRS) can be defined for NR positioning for DL. A probe reference signal (SRSp) for positioning can be defined for NR positioning for UL. In DL, the PRS can be a one-port signal with, for example, up to 12 OFDM symbols per time slot (e.g., with a comb-like frequency multiplexing arrangement to account for multiple PRS transmitted from multiple TRPs). In DL, multiple TRPs can transmit PRS over shared resources (e.g., allowing WTRUs to estimate their location based on various positioning measurements (e.g., RSRP, Doppler, DL time difference of arrival (DL-TDoA) etc.)). The SRSp signal can be a one-port signal spanning, for example, up to 14 OFDM symbols (e.g., up to the full bandwidth) and can be transmitted from multiple users in a frequency-multiplexed manner for multi-user transmission. In UL, the WTRU can use SRS signals for positioning (e.g., the WTRU can transmit SRS resources to multiple TRPs, which can then perform positioning measurements). UL and DL technologies can be combined (e.g., the TRP transmits PRS in the DL and the WTRU transmits SRS).

[0115] A set of sensing use cases can be identified (e.g., it may include different types of sensing, such as monostatic and bistatic sensing). In the example, in bistatic sensing, detecting the MPC may be insufficient to distinguish between various targets. This limitation may arise because reflections may alone lack sufficient information to distinguish between two targets (e.g., located at the same distance from the WTRU). Some processing of the wideband channel impulse response (CIR) or power delay distribution (PDP) response can be performed (e.g., to effectively classify targets during sensing).

[0116] Sensing with a single beam can achieve sensing accuracy, but introduces latency (e.g., because multiple individual beams need to be activated individually (e.g., over time) to cover a wide area). Sensing with multiple beams can improve sensing latency at the cost of reduced sensing accuracy (e.g., because a wider area can be covered simultaneously).

[0117] It can be used The lower bound (CRLB) is used to measure the accuracy of sensing over a range R, and it can depend on the BW and SNR, as follows: Where c can be the speed of light, and This can be the mean square bandwidth. Using a single beam to transmit the sensing reference signal (e.g., PRS, CSI-RS, etc.) over power and BW resources can result in high sensing accuracy. The transmitter (e.g., TRP) may need to switch between multiple individual transmissions used for sensing (e.g., to cover a wide area). Switching between multiple individual transmissions used for sensing can introduce delays into the sensing process. Multiple beams (e.g., N...) B Multiple beams can be multiplexed (e.g., in the frequency or code domain) while sharing available power and bandwidth resources to cover a wider area (e.g., to improve latency). This can increase the coverage area, but may reduce the accuracy of sensing (e.g., CRLB).

[0118] This document provides one or more features associated with two-stage sensing. A two-stage bistatic sensing method, which can be used as an example of a sensing method, can be executed. In a first (e.g., initial) stage, the WTRU (e.g., a user's) can detect one or more scatterers. The scatterers can be detected by analyzing the channel response of a first beam set. The WTRU can transmit the correlation between the scatterers and the beams (e.g., to a base station of the network). In a second (e.g., subsequent) stage, the WTRU can perform one or more measurements (e.g., bistatic measurements or bistatic sensing measurements) on a second beam set. When performing and / or evaluating one or more measurements (e.g., bistatic measurements) on the second beam set, the WTRU can utilize (e.g., use) feedback received from the first stage.

[0119] WTRU can be configured for two-stage bistatic sensing. In the example, the first stage of two-stage bistatic sensing may include the WTRU performing one or more of the following.

[0120] The WTRU can receive configuration (e.g., one or more of the following: a set of TCI states containing the QCL relationships of the beams, one or more time-frequency resource allocations, one or more measurements to be performed, or thresholds) regarding the first beam set used for sensing (e.g., associated with, indicating, the first beam set used for sensing, etc.). This configuration can be received, for example, via DCI signaling or RRC configuration of the MAC CE.

[0121] The WTRU can receive a set of reference signals for sensing on the configured time-frequency resources allocated for the first beam set.

[0122] The WTRU can obtain (e.g., determine) one or more channel responses associated with the beams in the first beam set (e.g., one or more corresponding channel responses associated with each beam). The channel responses may include one or more of, for example, channel impulse response (CIR), channel frequency response (CFR), or power delay distribution (PDP).

[0123] The WTRU can identify / determine (e.g., label) one or more beam-specific scatterers (e.g., a corresponding set of multipath components (MPCs) for each beam), where each identified beam-specific scatterer can be labeled with a beam-specific scatterer ID. This identification can be based on the obtained channel response(s) (e.g., CIR, CFR, or PDP).

[0124] The WTRU can perform one or more incoherent measurements on the channel responses of one or more scatterers (e.g., beam-specific scatterers or sets of MPCs) detected in one or more beams (e.g., each beam or all beams). The WTRU can use one or more incoherent measurements to, for example, detect one or more common scatterers between beams (e.g., different beams), such as cross-correlation between PDPs using the beams.

[0125] The WTRU can identify one or more scatterers from beam-specific scatterers and / or detected common scatterers. The WTRU can label (e.g., identify) each scatterer (e.g., with a scatterer ID). The WTRU can associate each (e.g., labeled) scatterer (e.g., a set of MPCs) with a single beam or a set of beams (e.g., based on (one or more) incoherent measurements).

[0126] In the example, if the cross-correlation of beam-specific scatterers detected by two or more beams is higher than a threshold (e.g., a specific threshold), the scatterer can be identified as a common scatterer associated with those beams (e.g., the scatterer detected by each beam can be the same scatterer).

[0127] In the example, if the scatterer k 'Identified as being related to the beam' n b and n b 'beam-specific scatterer k and k For the same scatterer (e.g., the cross-correlation between two beam-specific scatterers may be higher than a certain threshold), the WTRU can detect the scatterer. k "With beam" n b and nb 'Related'.

[0128] The WTRU can send (e.g., to a base station of the network, such as a gNB) a list of tagged scatterers (e.g., MPCs) and their association with (one or more) beams (e.g., with a single beam or a set of beams).

[0129] In the example, the second stage of two-stage dual-base sensing may include the WTRU performing one or more of the following.

[0130] WTRU can run a process (e.g., an iterative process) to sense the scatterers (e.g., each of the scatterers) detected in the first stage.

[0131] The WTRU can receive an indication that a second set of beams can be activated (e.g., activated) for bistatic sensing. This indication can indicate one or more of the following: a set of TCI states containing the QCL relationship of the beams, one or more time / frequency resource allocations, one or more measurements to be performed, and / or thresholds. The WTRU can receive this indication, for example, via a MAC CE.

[0132] The WTRU can receive a set of reference signals for sensing on the configured time-frequency resources allocated for the second beam set.

[0133] The WTRU can obtain / determine one or more channel responses associated with the second beam set. The one or more channel responses may include one or more of the following: CIR, CFR, or PDP.

[0134] The WTRU can identify / determine (e.g., label) one or more beam-specific scatterers (e.g., a corresponding set of MPCs) for each beam (e.g., where each identified beam-specific scatterer can be labeled with a beam-specific scatterer ID). The WTRU can identify (e.g., label) one or more scatterers based on the channel response (e.g., the obtained CIR, CFR, or PDP).

[0135] The WTRU can obtain / determine a metric (e.g., a comparison metric) to compare the channel responses in the first stage and the channel responses in the second stage. The WTRU can use this comparison metric to verify the scatterer (e.g., verify the cross-correlation between parameters (one or more), such as the PDP distribution from a first beam set in the first stage and a second beam set in the second stage). Each beam in the second beam set can have a comparison metric for each beam in the first beam set.

[0136] The WTRU can perform measurements (e.g., bistatic measurements or bistatic sensing measurements) on the second beam set of a marked scatterer (e.g., MPC) (e.g., delay, angle of arrival, received power, etc.).

[0137] For example, if a comparison metric is higher than a threshold, the WTRU can send an indication (e.g., a first indication) to the network (e.g., a base station of the network). This indication (e.g., the first indication) can indicate one or more beams from a second beam set and one or more associated beams from a first beam set (e.g., whose comparison metrics are higher than the threshold). In this example, a beam from the second beam set can have two comparison metrics higher than the threshold (e.g., the first indication could include a beam from the second beam set, and in this example, two associated beams from the first beam set associated with two comparison metrics).

[0138] For example, if a comparison metric is above a threshold, the WTRU may send an indication (e.g., a second indication) to the network (e.g., a base station of the network). This indication (e.g., the second indication) may indicate that one or more beams from the second beam set have a comparison metric (e.g., one or more metrics comparing a corresponding beam (e.g., each or all beams) in the first beam set to a scatterer (e.g., MPC) of a corresponding label (e.g., one or more)) below the threshold used for the first indication, such as a similar or identical threshold.

[0139] In this disclosure, the following terms may be used. TRP and gNB may refer to the same meaning. Sensing measurement may refer to a measurement that determines the sensing characteristics of an object (e.g., AoA, ToA, sensing accuracy, RSRP, etc.). Sensing reference signal (RS) may refer to any RS that can be used for sensing (e.g., PRS and CSI-RS).

[0140] Scatterers can be a set of MPCs with similar properties, and can refer to potential objects between the gNB / TRP and the WTRU (e.g., a similar set of MPCs). Sensing objects can be objects identified by the WTRU using sensing RS. Coverage areas can represent corner sectors that can be covered by a beam or a set of beams. The WTRU can rely on (pre-defined) thresholds configured by the gNB.

[0141] This document provides one or more features associated with the configuration used to sense one or more RS. The one or more RS signals may be associated with one or more specific beams. The one or more RS may have one or more of the following configurations: one or more of a set of TCI states containing the QCL relationship of the beam; time / frequency resource allocation; RE offset; or comb mode (e.g., for PRS).

[0142] Figure 3 An example of simultaneous transmission of three beams is depicted. Simultaneous transmission of multiple beams (e.g., within the same OFDM symbol) may require multiplexing beams over the same resources (e.g., frequency and code resources). In the example, multiplexing of multiple beams can be performed using frequency non-overlapping methods, frequency interleaving methods, and / or code multiplexing methods.

[0143] Multiple beams can be reused on different non-overlapping frequency resources. Figure 4 An example of transmitting multiple beams over non-overlapping frequency resources is depicted. For example... Figure 4 As shown, multiple beams can be transmitted on a resource element (RE) block, where each beam can be assigned to a set of REs (e.g., Figure 3 Beams 1, 2, and 3 can be assigned REs 1-20, 21-40, and 41-60, respectively. Bandwidth can be allocated among beams (e.g., all beams) and can be based on... Lower bound (CRLB) (e.g., when multiple beams are transmitted over non-overlapping frequency resources) is used to reduce the sensing accuracy of each beam.

[0144] Multiple beams can be multiplexed in a frequency-interleaved manner (e.g., this could involve interleaving beams in a comb-like manner). Figure 5 An example of multiple beams transmitted in a frequency-interleaved manner is depicted.

[0145] For example, if two beams exist, one beam can be assigned to an even-numbered RE, while the other beam can be assigned to an odd-numbered RE. This arrangement ensures an interleaved pattern of frequency allocation between the beams. In the example, Figure 3 The beam in the middle can be like Figure 5 The frequency interleaving method shown can reduce the maximum unambiguous ranging distance (e.g., when using frequency interleaving to multiplex beams) because the maximum unambiguous ranging distance can be inversely proportional to the comb size.

[0146] Multiple beams can be multiplexed using code domain multiplexing. In the example, beams (e.g., all beams) can be extended over orthogonal codes, such as using orthogonal overlay codes (OCC).

[0147] Bistatic sensing can be performed in two phases. The first phase of bistatic sensing can perform initial coarse sensing using a first set of multiple beams covering a wide area. The second phase of bistatic sensing can perform finer sensing using a second set of beams (e.g., a reduced number of beams that can be selected based on reports from the first phase).

[0148] Two-stage bistatic sensing operation can reduce sensing latency (e.g., where multiple beams can be used to simultaneously cover a wide area or angle) and / or can improve the sensing accuracy of passive objects, for example, by allocating a set of resources (e.g., BW and power) to a specific beam for fine sensing of a set of scatterers that are coarsely sensed in the first stage.

[0149] This article provides one or more features associated with scatterer identification (e.g., a marker).

[0150] The WTRU can, for example, perform measurements after receiving a beam to obtain / determine the channel response associated with each beam. In the example, the WTRU can obtain / determine the channel response including one or more of the following: channel impulse response (CIR), channel frequency response (CFR), or power delay distribution (PDP). The WTRU can obtain / determine the channel response for each beam individually (e.g., because beams are multiplexed and transmitted over separate resources such as frequency and code resources).

[0151] The channel impulse response can be expressed as: in It can be formed by irradiation. m The scatterer's first l Channel gain of each multipath component (MPC), It can be the antenna factor, and and It can be formed by irradiation. m The scatterer's first l AoA and AoD of each MPC. It can be the first m The delay of each scatterer (e.g., the first MPC delay), and It can be formed by irradiation. m The scatterer's first l The delay of each MPC.

[0152] The WTRU can use the obtained (e.g., determined) channel response to identify a specific scatterer (e.g., the object illuminating the beam). Figure 6 An example of an MPC identified as a set of scatterers is depicted. In the example, a scatterer can be identified using a set of MPCs that exhibit similarity in their properties, such as angle (e.g., AoA, AoD), delay, power, etc. This can be done using methods such as... Figure 6 The clustering technique shown is used to perform this, where a collection of MPCs is identified as a single cluster. For example... Figure 6As shown, two scatterers can be identified based on their similarity in delay, angle, and / or power.

[0153] This article provides one or more features associated with incoherent measurements.

[0154] After obtaining (e.g., determining) the channel response for each beam and identifying the scatterers detected by each beam, the WTRU can store information associated with each scatterer. In the example, the WTRU can store the channel response (e.g., PDP) for each scatterer in each beam (e.g., the channel response associated with the MPC that identifies a particular scatterer).

[0155] The WTRU can perform one or more incoherent measurements (e.g., on stored information) to identify common scatterers between different beams. Common scatterers can be identified by performing one or more incoherent measurements on the PDP of one or more scatterers (e.g., one scatterer) identified in the first beam and on the PDP of one or more other scatterers (e.g., another scatterer) identified in the second beam. In the example, if the first... n b The first of the beams k The PDP of a scatterer can be represented as... And the first n b ' The first of the beams k' The PDP of a scatterer can be represented as... Then two PDPs (for example, and The cross-correlation between them can be calculated as follows: .

[0156] Two scatterers k and k' They can be identified as the same scatterer, for example k'' (For example, a given correlation may be greater than a certain threshold (e.g., )). Scattering body k'' Can be beam n b and n b ' Testing.

[0157] This article provides one or more features associated with two-stage sensing operations (e.g., combining / using coarse sensing and fine sensing).

[0158] In the example, the first stage (e.g., stage 1) may include coarse sensing and may include one or more of the following.

[0159] The WTRU can be configured, instructed, and / or determined to perform measurements and report a first-stage (e.g., coarse) sensing report. The WTRU can be configured with information about a first set of RS transmitted on a first set of beams transmitted by gNB / TRP (e.g., via RRC, DCI, or MAC-CE). Figure 7 An example of using the first beam set for first-stage route sensing is described. For example... Figure 7 As shown, multiple beams (e.g., a first beam set) can be defined as having narrow beamwidths to cover a wide area. RS can be defined as one of DL RS (e.g., PRS, CSI-RS, SSB, etc.). The WTRU can use the received first beam set to perform one or more of the following: obtain / determine the channel response; identify the set of scatterers detected by each beam (e.g., a set of MPCs reflected from the same object); for example, identify common scatterers between different beams using incoherent measurements of the channel response to each scatterer; associate each scatterer with at least one beam; perform sensing measurements (e.g., coarse sensing) on ​​each identified scatterer; or (e.g., report a first-stage coarse sensing report to the gNB / TRP) (e.g., including scatterer measurements and beam association with the TRP).

[0160] Bistatic sensing can include measuring a sensed reference signal transmitted by a transmitter (e.g., gNB / TRP) and scattered by objects in the environment at a receiver (e.g., WTRU). From the WTRU's perspective, the WTRU can perform measurements on the received signal using different multipath components. The terms sensing, bistatic measurement, and bistatic sensing are used interchangeably herein.

[0161] WTRU can obtain / determine a first-stage (e.g., coarse) sensing report using the first beam set by performing one or more of the following.

[0162] The WTRU can be configured to perform first-stage (e.g., coarse) (one or more) scatterer detection by receiving a set of sensing beams (e.g., via RRC) covering a wide sector area (e.g., an angle). The configuration (e.g., the configuration received by the WTRU) may include one or more of the following: a configuration of the first set of beams used for sensing; an RS configuration; or information regarding the first-stage sensing report.

[0163] One or more configurations may include (e.g., indicating) one or more configurations for a first set of beams used for sensing (e.g., via RRC configuration, DCI, MAC-CE, etc.). The configurations for the first set of beams used for sensing may include one or more of the following, such as: a set of TCI states containing the QCL relationships of the beams, time / frequency resource allocation, measurement to be performed, or threshold.

[0164] One or more configurations may include one or more RS configurations, such as sensing RS type (e.g., CSI-RS, PRS) or another dedicated sensing RS. One or more RS configurations may include information about resources (e.g., all), such as symbol and slot number, comb offset, comb size, number of RBs, etc.

[0165] One or more configurations may include information about the first-stage sensing report, including one or more of the following: measurements of one or more scatterers (e.g., a set of MPCs) to be indicated (e.g., association with beam, PDP, CIR, CFR, or incoherent measurements (e.g., cross-correlation)); the type of channel response to be indicated (e.g., average PDP, maximum PDP, random PDP, etc.); sensing measurements of each scatterer to be measured and indicated (e.g., AoA, delay, RSRP, etc.); or one or more thresholds for the first-stage sensing (e.g., minimum cross-correlation, minimum RSRP, etc.).

[0166] The WTRU can receive a set of reference signals used for sensing on time-frequency resources configured and allocated on a first beam set. The beams (e.g., the first beam set) can be identified by different sets of reference signals (e.g., CSI-RS, PRS, etc.). In the example, if the PRS is used to perform the first-stage sensing, multiple PRS signals can be transmitted on multiple beams multiplexed with some comb offset (e.g., non-overlapping frequencies, frequency interleaving methods, or code domain multiplexing).

[0167] The WTRU can obtain (e.g., determine) one or more channel responses associated with each beam. The channel responses associated with each beam can be one or more of the following: channel impulse response (CIR), channel frequency response (CFR), or power delay distribution (PDP). In this example, the WTRU can obtain (e.g., determine) channel responses, such as CIR, CFR, and / or PDP. The channel responses can be used to obtain (e.g., determine) MPC (e.g., illumination from a scatterer located between the TRP and the WTRU in the direction of the transmitted beam).

[0168] WTRU can use the received MPC to identify one or more beam-specific scatterers (e.g., a set of MPCs with similar properties) for each beam (e.g., each beam in a first set of beams).

[0169] The WTRU can store and / or label beam-specific scatterers in each beam (e.g., representing a beam-specific scatterer with a beam-specific scatterer ID). The WTRU can store details associated with each beam-specific scatterer in each beam. In the example, each beam-specific scatterer can be labeled with a beam-specific scatterer ID, and information associated with it can be stored (e.g., channel response (e.g., PDP, CIR, or CFR)) and / or angle, delay, and / or power measurements (e.g., AoA, ToA, or RSRP), as shown in Table 1). Table 1 depicts an example of information stored by the WTRU for the corresponding scatterer(s) associated with each beam. The example in Table 1 includes three columns: a beam column containing beam identifiers (e.g., a label or ID for each beam); a beam-specific scatterer column containing the identifiers of each scatterer (e.g., a label or ID for each scatterer detected in that beam); and a characteristic column containing the characteristics of each scatterer, such as the PDP, channel gain (α), AoA (e.g., θ), and AoD (e.g., ...) for each beam-specific scatterer. )wait.

[0170] Table 1: Information stored at WTRU for scatterers in each beam.

[0171] The WTRU can perform incoherent measurements on the channel response of beam-specific scatterers (e.g., a set of MPCs) detected in a beam (e.g., all beams). The WTRU can use this incoherent measurement to detect common scatterers between different beams, such as cross-correlation between PDPs using the beam.

[0172] Incoherent measurements can be defined by the cross-correlation between the PDPs of at least two beam-specific scatterers associated with two different beams. In the example, by the first... n b The first beam detected k The specific scatterer of the beam and the beam-specific scatterer by the first n b ' The first beam detected the first k' The cross-correlation between specific scatterers of a beam can be obtained through cross-correlation parameters (e.g., (To capture)

[0173] If two different beams (e.g., n b andn b ' Two beam-specific scatterers in ), for example, k and k'， If the cross-correlation between the two beam-specific scatterers is higher than a certain threshold, then the WTRU can identify the two beam-specific scatterers as a single scatterer (e.g., beam-specific scatterer). k and k' Can be identified as the same scatterer k'' ).

[0174] The WTRU can identify one or more scatterers from beam-specific scatterers and / or detected common scatterers. The WTRU can label each scatterer (e.g., with a scatterer ID). The WTRU can associate each (e.g., labeled) scatterer (e.g., a set of MPCs) with a single beam or set of beams (e.g., based on incoherent measurements). The WTRU can store information associated with each scatterer (e.g., as shown in Table 2). In the example, the WTRU performs one or more of the following: If the cross-correlation of a beam-specific scatterer detected by those beams is higher than a certain threshold, the WTRU can associate the scatterer with two or more beams. In the example, if the scatterer k'' It was identified as being related to the beam. n b and n b ' Beam-specific scatterer k and k' For the same scatterer (e.g., the cross-correlation between two beam-specific scatterers may be higher than a certain threshold), the WTRU can detect the scatterer. k'' With beam n b and n b ' Related.

[0175] If at least two beam-specific scatterers (e.g., a set of MPCs) from at least two beams are identified as a single scatterer, the WTRU can provide the scatterer ID (e.g., can tag the scatterer) and / or can store its corresponding measurement.

[0176] The WTRU may use one or more of the following to store the scatterer ID and measurements for each scatterer: storing measurements for a specific scatterer (e.g., all measurements), averaging measurements of the scatterer across associated beams (e.g., all associated beams), or selecting at least one set of measurements obtained (e.g., determined) for a specific scatterer detected using a single beam (e.g., randomly or using a specific criterion, such as maximum received power).

[0177] The WTRU can store measurements of a specific scatterer obtained (e.g., determined) from multiple beams (e.g., all measurements) (e.g., beam-specific scatterer measurements) (e.g., PDP, angle, delay, power, etc. of the scatterer in each beam). If a scatterer is associated with one or more beams, the measurement of the scatterer for each beam can be the beam-specific scatterer measurement associated with the scatterer. In the example, when the scatterer... k and k' Identified as a scatterer k'' (For example, and scatterer) k'' With beam n b and beam n b ' When correlated, the scatterer k'' The measurement can be a beam n b Beam-specific scatterer k and beam n b ' Beam-specific scatterer Measurement.

[0178] WTRU can average measurements of the scatterer across associated beams (e.g., all associated beams), such as averaging PDP. Average angle Average delay Average power, etc. The average can be a beam-specific measurement of the beam associated with the scatterer. In the example, for the scatterer... k'' When the scatterer k and k' Identified as a scatterer k'' And scatterer k'' Can be used with beam n b and beam n b ' When correlated, the average can be a beam. n b Beam-specific scatterer k and beamn b ' Beam-specific scatterer Beam-specific scatterer measurement).

[0179] The WTRU can use a single beam (e.g., based on random selection, or using specific criteria such as maximum received power) to select at least one set of measurements obtained (e.g., determined) for a specific scatterer.

[0180] Table 2 shows an example of the information stored by the WTRU after each scatterer is associated with a set of beams. In the example, the scatterer ID column may contain the identity of each scatterer (e.g., a tag or ID), the beam column may include the set of beams associated with the scatterer, and the characteristics column may contain a set of characteristics associated with each scatterer (e.g., as described herein).

[0181] Table 2: Information stored at the WTRU regarding scatterers associated with multiple beams and their measurements.

[0182] The WTRU can perform sensing measurements (e.g., SNR, RSRP, AoA, velocity, sensing accuracy (e.g., ranging or delay)) on identified scatterers (e.g., each identified scatterer). In the example, bistatic measurements can be a set of sensing-related measurements. The WTRU can use a set of channel measurements (e.g., AoA, ToA, RSRP, etc.) to determine the relative position, velocity, ranging, sensing accuracy, etc., of the detected scatterers.

[0183] The WTRU can prepare a Phase 1 (e.g., coarse) sensing report and transmit it on UL data or control channels (e.g., PUSCH, PUCCH, etc.). The Phase 1 (e.g., Phase 1) sensing report may include one or more of the following: a list of identified scatterers (e.g., including their corresponding channel measurements, such as CIR, PDP, CFR, etc.); and one or more associations between the scatterers and the beam (e.g., scatterer...). k Can be with S k (Each beam is associated with one or more incoherent measurements for each beam and / or scatterer (e.g., cross-correlation, MSE, estimation error, number of iterations, etc.); (E.g., one or more sensing measurements associated with each scatterer (e.g., AoA, ToA, RSRP, etc.).

[0184] Table 3 shows examples of list measurements, one or more of which can be reported by WTRU in the first phase (e.g., as described in this article).

[0185] Table 3: Example of a list of measurements reported by WTRU in Phase 1.

[0186] Figure 8 An example of WTRU operation in the first stage (e.g., coarse sensing) of a two-stage sensing method is depicted, wherein one or more of the actions shown can be performed as described herein.

[0187] Figure 9 An example of second-stage (e.g., fine) sensing using a reduced number of beams is depicted.

[0188] In the example, the second stage (e.g., stage 2) may include fine sensing and may include one or more of the following.

[0189] The WTRU can be configured, instructed, and / or determined to perform measurements and / or report second-stage (e.g., fine-tuning) sensing reports. The WTRU can be configured with (e.g., instructed) information about (e.g., indicated) a second set of RSs transmitted on a second set of beams transmitted by the gNB / TRP (e.g., via RRC, DCI, or MAC-CE). The second set of beams can be based on the first-stage reports from the WTRU (e.g., the second RSs and beams may include a reduced number of RSs and beams). The second set of beams can be used to perform more accurate sensing (e.g., fine-tuning) of each scatterer reported in the first stage (e.g., stage 1). Figure 9 As shown, the second beam set can be defined as having a narrow beamwidth (e.g., it can share the same power resources to cover a reduced area or angle). The WTRU can use the report from Phase 1 to perform one or more of the following on the received second beam set: obtain (e.g., determine) the channel response; identify the scatterer set; verify the scatterers(one or more) detected in Phase 1 (e.g., by obtaining (e.g., determining) the correlation with the scatterers(one or more) detected in Phase 1); perform second-phase sensing measurements (e.g., fine sensing) on ​​the identified scatterers(one or more) (e.g., for each identified scatterer); or report a second-phase fine sensing report to the network (e.g., gNB / TRP) with the set of verified and / or unverified scatterers(one or more).

[0190] For Phase 2, the TRP can utilize the WTRU to run iterative detection to sense one or more scatterers identified in Phase 1 (e.g., each scatterer identified in Phase 1). The WTRU can perform one or more of the following.

[0191] The WTRU can be configured, instructed, and / or determined to generate a second-stage (e.g., fine) sensing report for transmission to the gNB / TRP (e.g., via RRC configuration, DCI, MAC-CE, etc.). The WTRU can obtain (e.g., determine) configuration information regarding the second-stage fine sensing, which includes one or more of the following: a second set of sensing beams for performing fine bistatic sensing (e.g., active TCI state, QCL relationships of the beams, time / frequency resource allocation, etc.); one or more RSs and / or one or more beam resources, such as sensing RS types (e.g., CSI-RS, PRS) or another sensing RS; or information regarding one or more sensing reports.

[0192] WTRU can obtain (e.g., determine) configuration information including information about resources (e.g., conformance and slot number, comb offset, comb size, number of RBs, etc.).

[0193] The WTRU can obtain (e.g., determine) configuration information including information about the sensing report. This information may include one or more of the following: the scatterers to be detected (e.g., a set of MPCs) (e.g., the number of scatterers or scatterer IDs); measurements to be indicated for unverified scatterers (e.g., PDP, RSRP, etc.); sensing measurements to be measured and indicated for each scatterer (e.g., AoA, delay, RSRP, accuracy, etc.); or one or more thresholds for second-stage sensing (e.g., minimum scatterer verification, minimum RSRP, etc.).

[0194] The WTRU can receive a set of reference signals for sensing on the configured time-frequency resources allocated for the second beam set.

[0195] The WTRU can obtain (e.g., determine) the channel response (e.g., CIR, CFR, or PDP) associated with the second beam set.

[0196] The WTRU can use one or more second beam sets to verify the scatterer indicated by the gNB / TRP (e.g., for fine sensing). The WTRU can verify the scatterer indicated by the gNB / TRP by performing one or more of the following (e.g., for fine sensing).

[0197] The WTRU can obtain (e.g., determine) a metric comparing the channel response in Phase 1 and the channel response in Phase 2 (e.g., cross-correlation between PDP profiles of specific scatterers from the first and second beam sets, e.g., measurements based on scatterer ID and / or stored data). In the example, the WTRU can detect beam-specific scatterers (e.g., using the second beam set received in Phase 2). The WTRU can obtain (e.g., determine) the channel response corresponding to the scatterer (e.g., PDP, CIR, CFR). The WTRU can compare the channel response with the channel responses of one or more scatterers detected in Phase 1 (e.g., using cross-correlation).

[0198] The WTRU can verify the sensed scatterer. In the example, if the cross-correlation between the channel response (e.g., PDP) of the scatterer detected using one or more second beam sets (e.g., in stage 2) and / or the channel response of the scatterer detected in the first beam set (e.g., in stage 2) is higher than a certain threshold (e.g., indicated by gNB / TRP), then the WTRU can verify that the scatterer detected in stage 2 is the same scatterer detected in stage 1 (e.g., the sensed scatterer can be verified).

[0199] New scatterers (e.g., scatterers with measurements that do not match any stored scatterers from Phase 1) can be considered unverified scatterers. WTRUs can identify (e.g., label) (one or more) unverified scatterers and / or can store measurements (e.g., PDPs, etc.) associated with (one or more) unverified scatterers (e.g., each unverified scatterer).

[0200] WTRU can perform bibasic detection. Bibasic detection can include one or more of the following.

[0201] For a validated scatterer (e.g., for a specific scatterer, the cross-correlation between the PDPs from Phase 1 and Phase 2 is higher than a predefined threshold), the WTRU can perform one or more bistatic sensing measurements. The WTRU can perform bistatic sensing measurements (e.g., sensing measurements such as AoA, ToA, RSRP, sensing accuracy, etc.) on the validated scatterer using a second beamset. The WTRU can (e.g., also) determine the scatterer's position, velocity (e.g., beam velocity), etc.

[0202] For unverified scatterers (e.g., for a given scatterer, the cross-correlation between the PDPs from stage 1 and stage 2 is below a predefined threshold), the WTRU can perform bistatic measurements on unverified (e.g., non-verified) (one or more) scatterers.

[0203] The WTRU may prepare and / or report a Phase 2 Sensing Report (e.g., via UL data or control channels such as PUSCH, PUCCH, etc.). A Phase 2 Sensing Report may include one or more of the following: a list of identified scatterers and information associated with each scatterer (e.g., scatterer ID, verified, unverified, beam used for detection, etc.); incoherent measurements for (e.g., each) scatterer (e.g., cross-correlation, estimation error, etc.); sensing measurements associated with each scatterer (e.g., AoA, ToA, RSRP, etc.); incoherent measurements for each beam and / or scatterer (e.g., cross-correlation, MSE, estimation error, number of iterations, etc.); or sensing measurements associated with both verified and unverified scatterers for each scatterer (e.g., AoA, ToA, RSRP, etc.).

[0204] Sensing measurements associated with each scatterer (e.g., AoA, ToA, RSRP, etc.) may depend on whether the scatterer is validated. For validated scatterers (e.g., each validated scatterer), the information included in the second-stage sensing report may include information about accuracy improvements (e.g., the given accuracy of the sensing). Delta can be reported as For unverified scatterers (e.g., each unverified scatterer), the information included in the second-stage sensing report may include information about sensing accuracy.

[0205] Incoherent measurements associated with each scatterer (e.g., cross-correlation, estimation error, etc.) may depend on whether the scatterer is validated. For validated scatterers (e.g., each validated scatterer), the information included in the second-stage sensing report may include the delta (e.g., ΔR, etc.) of the incoherent measurements between stage 1 and stage 2. For unvalidated scatterers (e.g., each unvalidated scatterer), the information included in the second-stage sensing report may include fully incoherent measurements (e.g., as indicated by gNB / TRP).

[0206] Figure 10 An example of WTRU operation in the second stage of two-stage sensing (e.g., fine sensing) is depicted, in which one or more of the actions shown can be performed.

[0207] Figure 11 Example messages are depicted in two-stage sensing, in which one or more of the actions shown can be performed.

[0208] This article provides one or more features associated with a specific scatterer and / or beam sensing.

[0209] The WTRU can request, for example, sensing enhancement for a specific scatterer. The WTRU can (e.g., alternatively) be configured, instructed, and / or determined to perform measurements for a specific scatterer and / or report sensing reports with enhanced accuracy for that specific scatterer (e.g., by gNB / TRP). Enhanced accuracy sensing reports (e.g., sensing enhancement for a specific scatterer) can be utilized when sensing requirements are not met, such as sensing accuracy of the scatterer (e.g., if sensing accuracy is below a sensing threshold).

[0210] The WTRU can receive (e.g., by gNB / TRP) a single beam transmitted toward a specific known scatterer (e.g., known at the WTRU). The WTRU can perform (e.g., bistatic sensing measurements on the received single beam). The WTRU can report the bistatic sensing measurements to the network (e.g., gNB / TRP).

[0211] The WTRU can be configured, instructed, and / or determined to perform sensing (e.g., via RRC configuration, DCI, MAC-CE, etc.). The WTRU can obtain / determine configuration information about the sensing, which includes one or more of the following: information about the scatterer to be reported, information about the sensing report, or information about the transmitted beam.

[0212] The WTRU can obtain / determine configuration information about the sensing, including information about the scatterer to be reported (e.g., if available). Information about the scatterer to be reported may include one or more of the following: scatterer measurements (e.g., channel response, PDP, CIR, etc.); scatterer-related measurements (e.g., AoA, ToA, RSRP, etc.); or the sensing beam associated with a specific scatterer used to perform bistatic sensing.

[0213] The WTRU can obtain / determine configuration information regarding sensing, including information about sensing reports. Information about sensing reports may include one or more of the following: the specific scatterer(s) to be detected (e.g., scatterer ID); the measurement to be indicated for the scatterer (e.g., PDP, RSRP, etc.); the specific sensing measurement to be measured and indicated (e.g., AoA, delay, RSRP, accuracy, etc.); or one or more thresholds for second-stage sensing (e.g., minimum scatterer verification, minimum RSRP, etc.).

[0214] The WTRU can obtain / determine configuration information about sensing, including information about the transmitted beam. Information about the transmitted beam may include one or more of the following: a specific beam configuration (e.g., a gNB requesting the WTRU to perform bistatic sensing on it, such as active TCI status, including beam QCL relationships, time / frequency resource allocation, etc.); or RS and beam resources, such as the sensing RS type (e.g., CSI-RS, PRS) or another sensing RS.

[0215] The gNB / TRP can instruct the WTRU to perform (e.g., the gNB / TRP wants the WTRU to perform) bistatic sensing for a specific scatterer or set of scatterers (e.g., utilizing prior knowledge of the scatterers in the direction of the active beam). The configuration transmitted (e.g., by the gNB / TRP) can include information about specific scatterers for which more refined sensing (e.g., improved sensing accuracy) is required for its gNB. The gNB can configure the WTRU for bistatic sensing for a specific beam (e.g., in the absence of prior knowledge of any scatterers in the direction of the active beam).

[0216] Figure 12 An example of configuring a gNB to perform sensing on a WTRU is described. The WTRU can request to perform sensing on a specific scatterer or a specific beam (e.g., via PUCCH, PUSCH, etc.). The WTRU can include one or more of the following information in its request: information about the scatterer to be reported; or information about the beam (e.g., the beam the WTRU wants to sense). Information about the scatterer to be reported can include one or more of the following: scatterer measurements (e.g., channel response, such as PDP, CIR, etc.); scatterer-related measurements (e.g., AoA, ToA, RSRP, accuracy, etc.); or the sensing beam associated with the specific scatterer.

[0217] A WTRU can request (e.g., from a gNB) to perform bistatic sensing on a specific scatterer or set of scatterers in the direction of a specific beam (e.g., where it does not meet a specific sensing accuracy level, for example, defined by a threshold). The WTRU can include information about the scatterer or set of scatterers for which the WTRU wants to perform more refined sensing (e.g., improved sensing accuracy). In the example, the WTRU can request bistatic sensing for a specific beam. In the example, when the WTRU may be unable to detect any scatterers in the direction of a specific beam when it is being transmitted and multiplexed with other beams, it can request bistatic sensing for that specific beam (e.g., request separate sensing for that specific beam).

[0218] Figure 13 An example of a WTRU requesting to sense a specific scatterer or beam is depicted.

[0219] The WTRU can receive one or more reference signals for sensing on configured time-frequency resources allocated to at least one or more beams. The WTRU can perform one or more of the following.

[0220] The WTRU can use the received beam to obtain / determine the channel response (e.g., PDP, CIR, CFR).

[0221] WTRU can identify and / or label scatterer sets in the direction of the active beam (e.g., each set of PDP or MPC is grouped and identified as a single scatterer).

[0222] The WTRU can use the received beam or set of beams to perform bistatic sensing measurements (e.g., sensing measurements such as AoA, ToA, RSRP, sensing accuracy, etc.) on a specific scatterer (e.g., a set of PDPs or MPS grouped and identified as individual scatterers).

[0223] The WTRU can prepare sensing reports and / or report sensing reports on UL data or control channels (e.g., PUSCH, PUCCH, etc.). Sensing reports may include one or more of the following: a list of identified scatterers (e.g., scatterer IDs); scatterer-related channel responses (e.g., a set of channel responses associated with a specific scatterer and / or delta channel responses, such as differences in channel responses between previous and current stage sensing, e.g., ΔPDP, ΔCIR, ΔCFR, etc.); sensing measurements associated with each scatterer (e.g., AoA, ToA, RSRP, etc.); or correction measurements (e.g., ΔAoA, ΔToA, ΔRSRP, Δaccuracy, etc.).

[0224] Although the features and elements described above are described in specific combinations, each feature or element may be used alone without other features and elements of the preferred embodiment, or in various combinations with or without other features and elements.

[0225] While the implementations described herein may take into account 3GPP-specific protocols, it should be understood that the implementations described herein are not limited to this scenario and are applicable to other wireless systems. For example, although the technical solutions described herein take into account LTE, LTE-A, New Radio (NR), or 5G-specific protocols, it should be understood that the technical solutions described herein are not limited to this scenario and are also applicable to other wireless systems.

[0226] The above processes can be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer and / or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include, but are not limited to, electronic signals (transmitted via wired and / or wireless connections) and / or computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as, but not limited to, internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media and / or optical media such as CD-ROMs and / or DVDs. The processor associated with the software can be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in WTRUs, terminals, base stations, RNCs, and / or any host computer.

Claims

1. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), comprising: The processor is configured as follows: Perform the first sensing associated with the first beam set; The scatterer is determined based on the first sensing; Determine the association of at least a first beam from the first beam set with the scatterer and the first characteristic associated with at least the first beam; Send a first report, wherein the first report indicates a scatterer, at least a first beam associated with the scatterer, and a first characteristic associated with at least the first beam; Perform a second sensing associated with the second beam set; The second beam and the second characteristic associated with the second beam are determined from the second beam set; Determine the threshold for cross-correlation associated with the first and second characteristics; as well as Send a second report, which includes: Indicators that the scatterer has been verified, and Indication of the second beam.

2. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein the second report further indicates a second characteristic associated with the second beam.

3. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein the first beam set includes a first number of beams and the second beam set includes a second number of beams, wherein the second number of beams is less than the first number of beams, and wherein at least the first beam is in the second beam set.

4. The WTRU according to claim 1, wherein: The first characteristic associated with at least the first beam is at least one of the following: a first channel impulse response (CIR); a first channel frequency response (CFR); or a first power delay distribution (PDP); and The second characteristic associated with the second beam is at least one of the following: a second CIR; a second CFR; or a second PDP.

5. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to perform bistatic sensing measurements associated with the second beam, wherein the bistatic sensing measurements associated with the second beam include at least one of the following: delay; angle of arrival; or received power, and wherein the second report includes the bistatic sensing measurements.

6. The WTRU of claim 5, wherein the bistatic sensing measurement includes the relative difference between measurements obtained using a first beam set and a second beam set.

7. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein the threshold is a first threshold, and wherein determining that at least a first beam in the first beam set is associated with a scatterer further comprises a processor configured to: Determine that the scatterer is associated with a second beam from the first beam set; Perform cross-correlation associated with the first beam in the first beam set and the second beam in the first beam set; and The cross-correlation associated with the first beam in the first beam set and the second beam in the first beam set is determined to satisfy the second threshold.

8. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein the second beam set is selected from the first beam set based on the association between the scatterer and the first beam set.

9. The WTRU of claim 3, wherein the first beam is associated with a first power and the second beam is associated with a second power.

10. A method comprising: Perform the first sensing associated with the first beam set; The scatterer is determined based on the first sensing; Determine the association of at least a first beam from the first beam set with the scatterer and the first characteristic associated with at least the first beam; Send a first report, wherein the first report indicates a scatterer, at least a first beam associated with the scatterer, and a first characteristic associated with at least the first beam; Perform a second sensing associated with the second beam set; Determine the second beam and the second characteristic associated with the second beam from the second beam set; Determine the threshold for cross-correlation associated with the first and second characteristics; as well as Send a second report, which includes: Indicators that the scatterer has been verified, and Indication of the second beam.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the second report further indicates a second characteristic associated with the second beam.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein the first beam set includes a first number of beams and the second beam set includes a second number of beams, wherein the second number of beams is less than the first number of beams, and wherein at least the first beam is in the second beam set.

13. The method of claim 10, wherein: The first characteristic associated with at least the first beam is at least one of the following: a first channel impulse response (CIR); a first channel frequency response (CFR); or a first power delay distribution (PDP); and The second characteristic associated with the second beam is at least one of the following: a second CIR; a second CFR; or a second PDP.

14. The method of claim 10, further comprising performing bistatic sensing measurements associated with the second beam, wherein the bistatic sensing measurements associated with the second beam include at least one of the following: delay; angle of arrival; or received power, and wherein the second report includes the bistatic sensing measurements.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the bistatic sensing measurement comprises the relative difference between measurements obtained using a first beam set and a second beam set.

16. The method of claim 10, wherein the threshold is a first threshold, and wherein determining that at least a first beam in the first beam set is associated with a scatterer further comprises: The method includes: Determine that the scatterer is associated with a second beam from the first beam set; Perform cross-correlation associated with the first beam in the first beam set and the second beam in the first beam set; and The cross-correlation associated with the first beam in the first beam set and the second beam in the first beam set is determined to satisfy the second threshold.

17. The method of claim 10, wherein a second beam set is selected from the first beam set based on the association between the scatterer and the first beam set.

18. The method of claim 12, wherein the first beam is associated with a first power and the second beam is associated with a second power.

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