An efficient mining method for irregular and difficult-to-mine ore bodies based on exploration side-channels control and remote ore extraction

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of based on prospecting auxiliary river control and remote control ore drawing irregular hard-to-mine ore body high-efficiency mining method, it is applicable to the underground metal mine irregular hard-to-mine ore body stoping of inclination 10~60°, thickness 6~15m.This method is first based on ore body inclination difference design stope height, then in turn implement exploration and mining integrated preparation control ore, full-face collaborative rock drilling control lean, millisecond accurate segmented blasting, phased man-machine isolation remote control ore drawing and goaf filling;Through 2 prospecting auxiliary rivers, the ore body control accuracy is improved to 25m, combined with deep and shallow hole full-face hole arrangement, local charging, digital detonator accurate initiation, with conventional shovel-truck main ore drawing + remote control shovel-truck finishing ore drawing.The application breaks the industry technical prejudice that irregular thin ore body cannot adopt single segmented deep hole concentrated caving, realizes mining loss and dilution double low control, whole man-machine isolation ensures operation safety, while greatly reducing mining and cutting engineering quantity and stoping cycle, reduces comprehensive cost, process adaptability is strong, engineering popularization value is remarkable.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of underground metal mining technology, specifically to an efficient mining method for irregular and difficult-to-mine bodies based on exploration secondary channel control and remote ore extraction. It can be widely applied to various mining scenarios such as primary ore body recovery, residual ore resource recovery, and exploration and mining of deep difficult-to-mine bodies in underground metal mines. Background Technology

[0002] After decades of continuous high-intensity mining, the resources of high-grade, regularly occurring, thick ore bodies in China's metal mines have been rapidly depleted. Complex and difficult-to-mine bodies with irregular occurrences, large thickness fluctuations, and wide dip angle distributions have become the main targets for mining in China's metal mines. The irregular and difficult-to-mine bodies described in this application refer to ore bodies that meet any of the following conditions: 1. Ore body thickness variation coefficient ≥ 30%; 2. Ore body exhibiting branching and pinch-out / reappearance morphological characteristics along its strike / dip; 3. Ore body dip angle fluctuating along its strike by ≥ 20°; 4. Ore body average thickness 6-15m, without stable footing and hanging walls. The mining efficiency, resource utilization rate, and operational safety of such ore bodies directly determine the core economic benefits and sustainable mining capacity of the mine, representing a core technical challenge that urgently needs to be addressed in the underground mining industry.

[0003] Currently, the industry mainstream adopts two technical approaches for dealing with this type of complex and difficult-to-mine body:

[0004] One type is the shallow-hole layered mining technology, represented by shallow-hole ore-stopping method and upward horizontal layered filling mining method. This type of technology can accurately control the ore and rock boundaries through layered operations, and keep the mining loss rate and dilution rate within the industry's allowable range. However, it has inherent defects such as large mining and cutting workload, high comprehensive mining cost and long mining cycle. In addition, during the operation, personnel and equipment need to work in the goaf area with a large area of ​​exposure for a long time, facing multiple safety risks such as roof collapse and vehicle injury. At the same time, due to the space limitation of layered operation, it is difficult to adapt to large-scale mechanized operation, resulting in high labor intensity and low production efficiency for workers.

[0005] Another type is the deep-hole concentrated caving process represented by the segmented open-pit mining method. As the closest prior art to this application, this type of process has the advantages of high recovery efficiency and low mining and cutting costs. However, it has insurmountable technical bottlenecks in the application of irregular and difficult-to-mine bodies: it can only achieve large-scale ore body boundary control with a spacing of 50m by pulling the bottom roadway. It is not accurate enough in capturing the morphological changes of irregular ore bodies, and it is very easy to cause resource loss due to insufficient caving and waste rock mixing due to over-drilling and blasting. It is impossible to control the loss and dilution within a reasonable threshold. At the same time, this type of process can only be adapted to medium-thick regular ore bodies with stable occurrence. It has extremely poor adaptability to irregular thin ore bodies with gentle or steep dips. Bulking dead corners are easy to appear in the edge ore bodies, the proportion of large blocks is too high, and personnel need to enter the goaf for secondary processing. It cannot fundamentally avoid the safety risks of goaf operations.

[0006] Based on the aforementioned deficiencies in existing technologies, a widespread and generally accepted technical bias has long existed in this field: the industry-standard textbook "Underground Mining of Metal Deposits" (edited by Central South University, 5th edition, Metallurgical Industry Press) explicitly stipulates that for ore bodies with irregular occurrence and a thickness ≤10m, layered mining should be prioritized, and large-section deep-hole caving should not be used; domestic metal mine engineering practice data shows that over 90% of such ore bodies are mined using the upward horizontal layered backfilling method. Industry professionals generally believe that single-section deep-hole concentrated caving cannot accurately control the ore-rock boundaries of irregular ore bodies, inevitably leading to mining losses and dilution rates far exceeding the industry-permitted threshold of 10%~15%. Therefore, such ore bodies can only be mined using shallow-hole layered mining, and deep-hole caving is generally not attempted to solve the mining challenges of these ore bodies.

[0007] In summary, existing technologies have formed an irreconcilable core contradiction: shallow-hole stratification technology can achieve loss control and basic safety assurance, but it has the drawbacks of low efficiency and high cost; deep-hole blasting technology can achieve high-efficiency and low-cost mining, but it has the problems of uncontrollable loss and high safety risks. The industry has long failed to find a technical solution that can simultaneously take both into account, and there is no relevant technical inspiration. Summary of the Invention

[0008] In view of this, the purpose of this invention is to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art and the aforementioned technical biases in the field, and to provide an efficient mining method for irregular and difficult-to-mine bodies based on exploration auxiliary river control and remote ore extraction, specifically achieving the following inventive objectives: 1. Break through the technical prejudice in this field that "single-segment deep-hole blasting cannot be used for complex and difficult-to-mine bodies with irregular occurrence and thickness ≤10m". Realize the large-scale application of deep-hole blasting technology in such ore bodies, while keeping the mining loss rate and dilution rate stably controlled within the industry's allowable threshold. 2. Resolve the core technical contradiction that existing technologies cannot simultaneously address "loss / safety control" and "efficiency / cost control," while achieving the mining objectives of low loss, high safety, high efficiency, and low cost; 3. To solve the problem of poor adaptability of existing deep-hole caving technology to irregular ore bodies with different dip angles and occurrences, and to achieve full coverage of all types of ore bodies, including gently dipping, dipping, and steeply dipping ore bodies; 4. Address the safety risks of long-term exposure of existing process workers to goaf areas and achieve inherently safe operation with human-machine isolation throughout the entire mining process.

[0009] The technical solution of this invention is implemented as follows: This invention provides an efficient mining method for irregular and difficult-to-mine bodies based on exploration auxiliary channel control and remote ore extraction. It is applicable to the mining of irregular and difficult-to-mine bodies in underground metal mines with dip angles of 10~60° and ore body thicknesses of 6~15m, and includes the following steps: S1 orebody occurrence differentiation parameter adaptation: Based on the actual dip angle of the orebody to be mined, the mining height of the stope is set differently to determine the core structural parameters of the stope and provide a design benchmark for subsequent engineering construction; S2 Integrated Exploration and Mining Preparation and Ore Control Engineering Construction: Along the ore body strike, a bottom-running roadway, which also serves as an exploration roadway, is constructed in the middle of the ore body. During the construction of the bottom-running roadway, geological logging of the ore body strike is completed simultaneously. At the end of the bottom-running roadway, a cutting shaft is constructed as the initial free face for blasting. The height of the cutting shaft is consistent with the mining height determined by S1. In the middle of the bottom-running roadway, two exploration auxiliary channels are constructed perpendicular to the bottom-running roadway to improve the ore body strike control accuracy from the conventional 50m to 25m. The exploration auxiliary channels are used to accurately delineate the ore body dip and thickness corresponding to the ore-rock boundary. S3 Full-Face Collaborative Rock Drilling and Dilution Control: Based on the ore-rock boundary delineated by S2, fan-shaped deep holes perpendicular to the bottom roadway are constructed to cover the main area of ​​the ore body; shallow holes are added to the irregular areas at the edge of the ore body and the lower area of ​​the stope to form a full-face, dead-angle-free blast hole system; during the drilling process, drilling is stopped when waste rock is encountered at the ore-rock boundary; for edge drilling that penetrates the rock body before entering the ore body, a local charging structure for the ore body section is adopted. S4 Millisecond Precision Segmented Coordinated Blasting: Digital detonators are used for millisecond-level precise control of detonation. The cutting shaft is used as the initial free surface to carry out backward ore dropping along the bottom roadway. The upward fan-shaped deep holes and the shallow holes at the bottom of the side in the same row are detonated at different stages. The fan-shaped holes in the same row adopt the detonation sequence of the middle hole being blasted first, followed by the holes on both sides and the bottom. The first hole is blasted to create a new blasting free surface for the later holes. S5 phased human-machine isolation remote ore extraction: After the blasting and ore extraction is completed, conventional loaders are used in the bottom roadway to complete the extraction of the main ore body, and the operators do not enter the goaf area at all; after the main ore body is extracted, remote-controlled loaders are used to enter the goaf area to complete the final extraction of the remaining ore. S6 Goaf Backfilling Treatment: After all ore extraction processes are completed, the goaf is cemented and backfilled to prevent long-term exposure of the goaf from causing ground pressure activity and to ensure the safety of mining of surrounding ore blocks.

[0010] The above-mentioned detonation sequence design benchmark is as follows: the shallow holes at the lower edge are detonated first to pre-break the irregular areas at the edge of the ore body, creating a buffer space for the upward fan-shaped deep hole blasting; the middle holes are detonated first to form a new free surface, reducing the blasting confinement of the surrounding holes. The segment difference design is determined based on the explosive detonation velocity (3200m / s) and the stability of the ore body (medium stability) to ensure that the blasting energy is fully utilized and does not damage the roadway support structure.

[0011] In some embodiments, in step S1, the stope height for gently dipping ore bodies is set to 6-8m, for dipping ore bodies to 8-12m, and for steeply dipping ore bodies to 12m or more; wherein gently dipping ore bodies are defined as ore bodies with a dip angle <30°, dipping ore bodies as ore bodies with a dip angle of 30-55°, and steeply dipping ore bodies as ore bodies with a dip angle >55°. This differentiated parameter adaptation scheme can match the optimal stope height for ore bodies with different dip angles based on their natural angle of repose and caving flow characteristics, avoiding the problems of ore residue caused by excessively high stopes in gently dipping ore bodies and excessively high cutting ratios caused by excessively low stopes in steeply dipping ore bodies. This allows the method to be adapted to irregular ore bodies with dip angles ranging from gently to steeply dipping, significantly expanding the applicable scenarios of the process.

[0012] In some embodiments, in S2, two exploration auxiliary channels are evenly distributed along the direction of the bottom-running tunnel, with a spacing of 25m. The construction length of the exploration auxiliary channels penetrates the ore-rock boundary between the hanging wall and footwall of the ore body. This layout method can refine the control unit of the ore body's direction from the conventional 50m block into two independent 25m units, eliminating the geological blind spots of single-point ore control in conventional bottom-running tunnels. It can accurately capture local changes in the dip and thickness of the ore body, providing precise ore-rock boundary basis for subsequent drilling layout and charge control. It solves the problem of over-drilling and under-drilling caused by insufficient ore body boundary control in conventional deep-hole processes from the source, and is the core foundation for achieving low-lean-loss control of deep-hole ore collapse.

[0013] In some embodiments, in S3, the construction spacing of the upward fan-shaped deep holes is 1.2m, the hole bottom distance is 1.2~1.5m, and the deep hole diameter is 60~80mm; the diameter of the supplementary shallow holes at the lower edge is 40~45mm. This parameter matching can achieve full coverage of the main area of ​​the ore body by deep holes, while flexibly adapting to the irregular shape of the ore body edge by small-diameter shallow holes, filling the naturally existing hole bottom blind zone of the fan-shaped deep holes, and avoiding the generation of mining dead zones from the hole layout stage; the 1:1 adaptation ratio of the row spacing to the hole bottom distance can ensure that the ore block size is uniform and controllable after blasting, greatly reducing the output rate of large blocks, reducing the need for personnel to enter the goaf to handle large blocks from the blasting stage, and providing a pre-emptive safety guarantee for subsequent human-machine isolation ore extraction. The full-section, dead-zone-free blast hole system described in this application refers to a blast hole layout method with a hole bottom distance ≤1.5m, a blast hole bottom distance ≤0.5m from the ore body boundary and the ore-rock boundary line, and no mining dead zones.

[0014] In some embodiments, in step S3, the edge borehole is drilled first through the rock mass and then into the ore body. The length of the charge does not exceed 90% of the length of the ore body section, and the length of the filler at the borehole opening is not less than the length of the rock mass section. This charge structure can precisely control the blasting range, effectively caving only the ore body section and avoiding the mixing of waste rock caused by blasting the rock mass section. At the same time, the filler structure of the same length as the rock mass section constrains the blasting energy to act directionally on the ore body, which not only improves the ore caving effect, but also achieves precise control of the dilution rate from the charging stage, solving the industry pain point of uncontrollable dilution rate in edge boreholes of conventional deep-hole technology.

[0015] In some embodiments, in step S4, the detonation stage difference between the middle hole and the two side and bottom holes in the same row of fan-shaped holes is ≥50ms. This stage difference ensures that the middle hole completes the blasting and ore breaking first, forming a complete free surface for the subsequent detonation of the peripheral holes, significantly reducing the blasting confinement of the peripheral holes, improving the effective utilization rate of explosive energy, and achieving secondary collision and crushing of the ore through staged detonation, further reducing the proportion of large pieces, and avoiding the problems of blasting energy dispersion, strong confinement, and insufficient ore breaking caused by conventional same-stage detonation.

[0016] In some embodiments, in step S4, the single blasting advance of the retreating ore-feeding method is 2-3 rows of blast holes. This blasting advance design ensures that each blast has a stable free surface and blasting compensation space, avoiding the problems of strong blasting clamping and poor ore crushing effect caused by excessive single blasting advance, while avoiding the problem of low mining efficiency caused by insufficient advance, thus balancing blasting effect and mining efficiency.

[0017] In some embodiments, in step S4, after a single blast, the ore output does not exceed 70% of the total ore output from the blast, reserving 30% of the ore as a buffer layer for subsequent blasts. This blasting and ore output matching method ensures a stable free surface for each blast, while the reserved ore layer effectively buffers the blast impact, preventing blast energy from directly acting on the stope floor and the bottom roadway support structure, ensuring the long-term stability of the stope structure. It also prevents flyrock from entering the working roadway, further ensuring the safety of equipment and personnel operating within the roadway.

[0018] In some implementations, in step S5, before the remote-controlled loader extracts ore, a 3D laser scanner is used to scan the goaf area, and the loader's travel path and ore extraction sequence are planned based on the scan results. 3D laser scanning can accurately obtain the 3D morphology of the goaf, the spatial distribution of ore deposits, and the stability of the goaf roof, avoiding safety risks such as getting stuck, hitting the walls, or roof collapse when the remote-controlled loader operates in an unknown goaf. Simultaneously, the optimal ore extraction path can be planned based on the distribution of ore deposits, maximizing the recovery rate of ore deposits in the goaf and solving the problem of unsafe and efficient recovery of ore deposits in goafs using conventional processes.

[0019] In some embodiments, in step S6, the 28-day uniaxial compressive strength of the filling body is not less than 2 MPa. This filling scheme can effectively fill the goaf after mining is completed, avoiding problems such as roof collapse and increased ground pressure caused by long-term exposure of the goaf, ensuring the mining safety of surrounding blocks. At the same time, the 2 MPa strength design can meet the lateral bearing requirements of subsequent mining in adjacent stops, realizing continuous and safe mining in multiple stops, and further improving the overall production continuity of the mine.

[0020] The technical solution of this invention is not a simple superposition of multiple existing technical features, but rather forms an organically synergistic process closed loop that supports each other and achieves a synergistic effect greater than the sum of its parts (1+1>2). The core synergistic mechanism of each technical feature is as follows: 1. Synergy between orebody occurrence differentiation parameter adaptation and integrated exploration and mining control: Differentiated stope height design provides a benchmark framework for the construction depth and borehole depth design of the exploration sub-channel, while the orebody boundary precisely delineated by the exploration sub-channel provides real-time geological basis for the dynamic optimization of stope parameters. The synergy between the two achieves precise matching between stope structure parameters and actual orebody morphology, solving the core defect of mismatch between fixed parameters of conventional deep-hole technology and irregular orebody morphology.

[0021] 2. Synergy between integrated exploration and mining control and full-face drilling control of low-pollution minerals: The exploration sub-section improved the ore body control accuracy from 50m to 25m, providing precise geological basis for the layout of deep and shallow holes, drilling stop at the ore-rock boundary, and local charge design. Meanwhile, the full-face drilling control design directly transformed the geological results of exploration and mining control into actual low-pollution mining results. The synergy of the two broke the core premise of the technical prejudice that "deep hole collapse inevitably leads to high low-pollution minerals".

[0022] 3. Synergy between millisecond-precise segmented blasting and human-machine isolated remote ore extraction: Precise segmented blasting achieves uniform ore crushing, reducing the proportion of large blocks to below 5%, fundamentally eliminating the rigid need for personnel to enter the empty area to handle large blocks, and creating stable operating conditions for continuous ore extraction by remote-controlled loaders; while remote-controlled loader ore extraction enables safe and efficient recovery of ore stored in empty areas without the need for personnel to enter the empty area. The synergy of the two achieves inherent safety through human-machine isolation throughout the entire mining process, while maximizing the resource recovery rate.

[0023] 4. Closed-loop synergy of the entire process: Through the full-chain coordination of the above features, this invention simultaneously achieves the four core objectives of low loss, high safety, high efficiency, and low cost. It completely breaks the technical contradiction of existing technologies that cannot simultaneously achieve "loss / safety control" and "efficiency / cost control". This synergistic effect cannot be achieved by a single existing technology feature or by simply superimposing multiple features. It is the concentrated embodiment of the core inventiveness of this invention.

[0024] The present invention has the following advantages over the prior art: This invention breaks through the long-standing technical prejudice in the field that irregular thin ore bodies cannot be mined using single-segment deep-hole concentrated blasting. It constructs a fully integrated collaborative process system encompassing exploration and mining control, full-face collaborative drilling, precise segmented blasting, remote-controlled ore extraction with human-machine separation, and differentiated parameter adaptation. This system completely solves the core defects of existing shallow-hole layered mining processes, such as large workload, long mining cycles, high operational safety risks, and poor mechanization adaptability, as well as conventional deep-hole blasting processes, including low ore body boundary control accuracy, uncontrollable losses and dilution, poor ore body adaptability, and high risks associated with working in goaf areas. This invention achieves synergistic optimization of safety management, loss control, production efficiency, and mining costs during the mining of irregular and difficult-to-mine bodies. While stabilizing mining loss and dilution rates within industry-permissible thresholds, it shortens the mining cycle by more than 65% compared to existing mainstream upward horizontal layered processes, reduces overall mining costs by more than 50%, and ensures inherently safe operation by eliminating the need for personnel to enter goaf areas throughout the entire process. This invention can be widely adapted to mining scenarios of irregular and difficult-to-mine bodies with different occurrences and dip angles, and has strong engineering practicality and industry promotion value. Attached Figure Description

[0025] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0026] Figure 1 This is a plan view of the preparation engineering layout for the mining method of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a front cross-sectional view of the mining site for the mining method of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a left-side cross-sectional view of a steeply inclined ore body stope in the mining method of the present invention; Figure 4 This is a left-side cross-sectional view of the gently dipping ore body stope in the mining method of the present invention; Attached diagram labels: 1-Pulling tunnel, 2-Exploration auxiliary tunnel, 3-Cutting shaft, 4-Pass shaft, 5-Filling connecting tunnel, 6-Upward fan-shaped deep hole, 7-Shallow hole at the lower side, 8-Ore body, 9-Surrounding rock, 10-Through-vein tunnel, 11-Blast hole layout. Detailed Implementation

[0027] The technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0028] The technical solution of the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The described implementation scenarios are merely typical application scenarios of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the present invention without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0029] This invention discloses an efficient mining method for irregular and difficult-to-mine bodies based on exploration auxiliary channel control and remote ore extraction. It is applicable to the mining of irregular and difficult-to-mine bodies in underground metal mines with dip angles of 10-60° and ore body thicknesses of 6-15m. It effectively solves the technical defects of existing shallow hole layered mining technology, such as low efficiency, high cost, and high safety risks, as well as the uncontrollable loss and dilution and poor ore body adaptability of conventional deep hole caving technology. It realizes safe, efficient, and low-loss mining of irregular and difficult-to-mine bodies.

[0030] The accompanying drawings for this embodiment are as follows: Figure 1 This is a plan view of the preparation engineering layout for the mining method of the present invention. Figure 2 This is a front cross-sectional view of the mining area for the mining method of the present invention. Figure 3 This is a left-side cross-sectional view of a steeply dipping orebody stope in the mining method of the present invention. Figure 4 This is a left-side cross-sectional view of the gently dipping ore body stope in the mining method of this invention. All figures in the document use consistent labeling throughout, with the following specific correspondences: 1-bottom roadway, 2-exploration auxiliary roadway, 3-cutting shaft, 4-pass ore pass, 6-upward fan-shaped deep hole, 7-shallow hole at the lower edge, 8-ore body, 9-surrounding rock.

[0031] The specific implementation steps are as follows: The first step is to adapt the parameters for the different occurrence of the ore body. Combined with appendix Figure 3 Appendix Figure 4 As shown, based on the actual dip angle of the ore body 8 to be mined, the mining height of the stope is set differently to determine the core structural parameters of the stope and provide a design benchmark for subsequent engineering construction: for gently dipping ore bodies with a dip angle <30°, the stope height is set to 6~8m; for dipping ore bodies with a dip angle of 30~55°, the stope height is set to 8~12m; for steeply dipping ore bodies with a dip angle >55°, the stope height is set to more than 12m.

[0032] This typical implementation scenario targets an irregular and difficult-to-mine body in the middle section of an underground gold-copper mine. The ore body has a dip angle of 45° (inclined ore body), an average thickness of 8m, and a thickness variation coefficient of 35%. It belongs to the irregular and difficult-to-mine body as defined in this application. The stope height is set at 10m, the stope strike length is 50m, and the middle section height is 50m.

[0033] The second step is the construction of integrated exploration and mining preparation and ore control engineering. Combined with appendix Figure 1As shown, a bottom-pull roadway 1 was constructed in the middle of ore body 8 along its strike. The bottom-pull roadway 1 has a 2.8m × 2.8m straight-walled arched cross-section and also serves as an exploration roadway. During construction, geological logging of the strike of ore body 8 was completed simultaneously, initially delineating its strike boundary. At the eastern end of the bottom-pull roadway 1, a cutting shaft 3 was constructed. The cutting shaft 3 has a cross-section of 2m × 2m and a height consistent with the 10m stope height determined in the first step, serving as the initial free face for subsequent blasting operations. In the middle of the bottom-pull roadway 1... Two prospecting auxiliary channels 2 were constructed perpendicular to the bottom roadway 1. The two prospecting auxiliary channels 2 were evenly distributed along the strike of the bottom roadway 1 with a spacing of 25m. The cross-sectional dimensions of the prospecting auxiliary channels 2 were 2.6m × 2.6m. The construction length completely penetrated the ore body 8's hanging wall and footwall and the surrounding rock 9's ore-rock boundary. Through these two prospecting auxiliary channels 2, the control accuracy of the strike of the ore body 8 was improved from the conventional 50m to 25m, accurately delineating the ore-rock boundary corresponding to the dip and thickness changes of the ore body 8, providing accurate geological basis for subsequent drilling layout and charge control.

[0034] After the completion of the construction of the bottom roadway 1 and the exploration auxiliary roadway 2, the cross-vein roadway 10 (laid perpendicular to the bottom roadway 1 and distributed at intervals with the exploration auxiliary roadway 2) will be constructed simultaneously. The core function of the cross-vein roadway 10 is to connect the bottom roadway 1 and the ore pass 4 to form a complete transfer channel. The surrounding rock of the bottom roadway 1, the exploration auxiliary roadway 2 and the cross-vein roadway 10 will be reinforced by anchor mesh support. The spacing between the anchor bolts is 0.8m×0.8m, and the mesh is made of φ6mm steel bars welded together with a mesh size of 100mm×100mm. At the same time, the ore pass 4 will be constructed to transfer ore and waste rock during the mining process. The pass 4 can be flexibly set up in a single pass time-sharing mode or in a separate transport mode for ore passes within the vein and waste rock passes outside the vein, depending on the actual production conditions of the mine. When the separate transport mode is adopted, the ore passes within the vein are preferentially located at the end of the bottom roadway 1 away from the cutting shaft 3 and within the ore body 8. The waste rock passes outside the vein are preferentially located in the surrounding rock 9 outside the ore body 8 within the cross-vein roadway 10. The waste rock is quickly transported through the cross-vein roadway 10 to avoid dilution caused by mixing with ore.

[0035] The third step is to conduct full-section coordinated rock drilling and dilution control operations. Combined with appendix Figure 1 Appendix Figure 2As shown, based on the precise delineation of the ore-rock boundary by the second-step exploration sub-channel 2, upward fan-shaped deep holes 6 are constructed perpendicular to the bottom roadway 1 towards the ore body 8. The boundary of each row of blast holes is marked by the blast hole line 11 to ensure that each row of upward fan-shaped deep holes 6 is evenly distributed at a fixed spacing of 1.2m. The upward fan-shaped deep holes 6 fully cover the main area of ​​the ore body 8, with a hole bottom distance of 1.3m and a hole diameter of 75mm, and are constructed using a YGZ-90 drilling rig. For the irregular shape of the ore body 8, the dead corner areas that cannot be covered by the upward fan-shaped deep holes 6, and the area where the lower part of the stope connects with the bottom roadway 1, the lower edge shallow holes 7 are used for supplementary construction. The lower edge shallow holes 7 have a hole diameter of 42mm and are constructed using a YT-28 hand-held pneumatic drill. The blast hole line 11 simultaneously marks the layout range of the lower edge shallow holes 7 to ensure that the deep and shallow holes work together to form a blast hole system with no dead corners covering the entire cross section, completely avoiding ore body loss caused by insufficient ore mining. The borehole system with full cross-section coverage without blind spots described in this application refers to a borehole layout with a borehole bottom distance of ≤1.5m, a borehole bottom distance of ≤0.5m at the ore body boundary and the ore-rock boundary line, and no borehole collapse blind zones.

[0036] During drilling, the construction personnel continuously monitored the lithological changes in the borehole dust. Drilling was immediately stopped when the waste rock (9) was encountered at the ore-rock boundary to avoid over-drilling and subsequent blasting that would release too much waste rock. For some edge boreholes that first penetrated the surrounding rock (9) before entering the ore body (8), a localized charging structure for the ore body section was adopted. The charge length was 85% of the ore body section length, and the borehole opening filling length was consistent with the rock section length. Effective blasting and collapse were only carried out on the ore body section (8) to control waste rock contamination at the source and reduce ore dilution rate. After the completion of the shallow edge borehole (7), the borehole opening was sealed with a hose to prevent slag from entering the borehole during construction, which would cause difficulties in subsequent borehole cleaning and ensure the smooth progress of blasting operations.

[0037] The fourth step is millisecond-precise segmented coordinated blasting operations. Combined with appendix Figure 2 As shown, digital detonators are used to charge and detonate all blast holes, achieving millisecond-level precise control of detonation; taking the cutting shaft 3 constructed in the second step as the initial blasting free face, the ore is dropped backward along the bottom roadway 1 in a direction away from the cutting shaft 3, with a single blasting advance of 2 rows of blast holes, ensuring that each blast has a stable compensation space.

[0038] The upward fan-shaped deep holes 6 and the shallow holes 7 at the bottom of the side in the same row are detonated at different stages. The upward fan-shaped deep holes 6 in the same row adopt the detonation sequence of the middle hole first, followed by the holes on both sides and the bottom. The detonation stage difference between the middle hole and the holes on both sides and the bottom in the same row of fan-shaped holes is 75ms. The collapse of the middle hole that detonates first forms a new blasting free surface, which greatly reduces the blasting constraint of the subsequent holes, improves the energy utilization rate of explosives, and at the same time achieves secondary collision crushing of ore, reducing the ore block rate.

[0039] After a single blast, the amount of ore extracted shall not exceed 70% of the total amount of ore produced in this blast. 30% of the ore shall be reserved as a buffer layer for subsequent blasts. This layer can not only buffer the impact of blasting on the support structure of the bottom roadway 1 and ensure the stability of the roadway, but also prevent flying rocks from entering the working area of ​​the bottom roadway 1 and improve the safety of the operation.

[0040] Fifth step: Phased, remote-controlled ore extraction operations with human-machine separation. After the fourth step of blasting and ore extraction is completed and after ventilation and safety inspections, phased ore extraction operations will commence: initially using a 3m... 3 Conventional loaders complete the ore extraction operation of the main ore body within the bottom roadway 1. All personnel and ore extraction equipment operate within the well-supported bottom roadway 1, without entering the goaf, thus completely avoiding safety risks such as roof collapses, slab falls, and vehicle damage. After the main ore body is extracted, some ore remains in the goaf. At this point, a 3D laser scanner is used to perform a comprehensive scan of the goaf, accurately acquiring its 3D morphology, the spatial distribution of the remaining ore, and the stability of the roof. Based on the scan results, the remote-controlled loader's path and extraction sequence are planned. Subsequently, the remote-controlled loader enters the goaf to complete the final ore extraction operation, maximizing the recovery of residual ore in the goaf while ensuring operational safety, further reducing mining losses.

[0041] During the mining process, ore and waste rock are transferred to the intermediate transport roadway via ore pass 4. When using the single ore pass mode, the ore and waste rock are separated by time-sharing transfer. When using the double ore pass mode, the ore and waste rock are transferred separately through independent roadways, thus avoiding the mixing of waste rock with ore throughout the process.

[0042] Step 6: Backfilling and treatment of goaf areas After the fifth step of ore extraction is completed, cemented backfill material is transported to the goaf through the pre-constructed backfilling tunnel 5. Backfilling tunnel 5 is located on one side of the bottom roadway 1, with one end connected to the surface backfilling system and the other end penetrating the goaf. Its cross-sectional specifications are the same as those of the ore pass 4 (2m×2m), ensuring that the backfill material is evenly distributed to every corner of the goaf. The 28-day uniaxial compressive strength of the backfill is 2.5MPa. The backfill supports the roof and surrounding rock 9 of the goaf, preventing long-term exposure of the goaf from causing ground pressure activity and roof collapse. Backfilling tunnel 5 also serves to monitor the backfill height and density, ensuring the safety of subsequent mining of surrounding blocks, while also achieving ecological restoration of the goaf and meeting the requirements of green mining.

[0043] Abnormal operating condition response plan This embodiment provides standardized response plans for common abnormal conditions encountered during mining operations, ensuring safety and controllability throughout the entire mining process: 1. If a hole collapse or blockage occurs during drilling, drilling should be stopped immediately. High-pressure air should be used to clear the hole. If clearing the hole is ineffective, additional holes should be drilled on both sides of the collapsed hole to ensure full coverage of the ore body. 2. If a dud occurs after blasting, a digital detonator shall be used to re-ignite it. Personnel are strictly prohibited from entering the empty area to handle the situation. If re-ignition is not possible, shallow holes shall be drilled at the corresponding location for blasting. 3. When a local collapse occurs in the roof of the mining area, stop work immediately, determine the collapse range through three-dimensional laser scanning, adjust subsequent blasting parameters and ore extraction path, use a remote-controlled loader to clear the collapsed slag, and strictly prohibit personnel from entering the empty area.

[0044] Implementation effect comparison and verification Based on the typical implementation scenario and the comparison with existing technologies, it can be seen that the mining process designed for irregular and difficult-to-mine bodies with dip angles of 10~60° and thicknesses of 6~15m, as verified by actual application, can stably achieve a mining loss rate of 8.2% and an ore dilution rate of 7.6%, both of which are stably controlled within the industry's allowable thresholds. The workers do not enter the goaf area throughout the entire process, fundamentally avoiding various safety risks associated with goaf operations.

[0045] Under the premise of comparable lean loss control, this invention shortens the entire mining and filling cycle from 256 days to 88 days, reduces the overall mining cost by 54%, and significantly improves mine production efficiency and economic benefits.

[0046] The mining loss rate and ore dilution rate mentioned in this specification are calculated using the geological mining loss rate and internal drainage dilution rate calculation methods specified in the "Technical Specification for Mining of Metal and Non-metal Mines" AQ2024-2012. The data are all from parallel industrial tests under the same geological conditions and are repeatable.

[0047] Those skilled in the art can make routine adjustments to the cross-section specifications, borehole parameters, and detonation stage differences in the above embodiments based on the actual geological conditions of the mine, existing equipment configuration, and production management requirements. As long as these adjustments do not deviate from the core process logic of this invention, namely "precise ore control in exploration sub-channels + full-section collaborative rock drilling + millisecond precision blasting + human-machine isolated remote ore extraction + differentiated parameter adaptation", they all fall within the protection scope of this invention.

Claims

1. A high-efficiency mining method for irregular and difficult-to-mine bodies based on exploration auxiliary channel control and remote ore extraction, applicable to the mining of irregular and difficult-to-mine bodies in underground metal mines with dip angles of 10~60° and ore body thicknesses of 6~15m, comprising the core steps of stope parameter design, preparatory engineering construction, drilling and hole layout, blasting ore extraction, and ore extraction operations, characterized in that... The specific implementation steps include the following: S1 orebody occurrence differentiation parameter adaptation: Based on the actual dip angle of the orebody to be mined, it is classified according to dip angle, where dip angle <30° is gently dipped, dip angle 30~55° is dipped, and dip angle >55° is steeply dipped. The mining height of the stope is set differently to determine the core structural parameters of the stope and provide design benchmarks for subsequent engineering construction. S2 Integrated Exploration and Mining Preparation and Ore Control Engineering Construction: Along the strike of the ore body, a bottom-running roadway that also serves as an exploration roadway is constructed in the middle of the ore body. During the construction of the bottom-running roadway, geological logging of the ore body strike is completed simultaneously. At the end of the bottom-running roadway, a cutting shaft is constructed as the initial free face for blasting. The height of the cutting shaft is consistent with the mining height determined by S1. Two exploration auxiliary channels are constructed perpendicular to the bottom-running roadway in the middle of the bottom-running roadway. The exploration auxiliary channels are used to accurately delineate the ore-rock boundaries corresponding to the dip and thickness of the ore body. S3 Full-Face Collaborative Rock Drilling and Dilution Control: Based on the ore-rock boundary delineated by S2, upward fan-shaped deep holes are constructed perpendicular to the bottom roadway to cover the main area of ​​the ore body. The construction spacing of the upward fan-shaped deep holes and the hole bottom distance adopt a 1:1 matching ratio. For irregular areas at the edge of the ore body and the lower area of ​​the stope, shallow holes are constructed to form a full-face blast hole system with no dead angles. During the drilling process, drilling is stopped when waste rock is encountered at the ore-rock boundary. For edge drilling that penetrates the rock body first and then enters the ore body, a local charging structure for the ore body section is adopted. S4 Millisecond Precision Segmented Coordinated Blasting: Digital detonators are used for millisecond-level precise control of detonation. The cutting shaft is used as the initial free surface to carry out a backward ore dropping along the bottom roadway. The upward fan-shaped deep holes and the shallow holes at the bottom edge of the same row are detonated at different segments. The shallow holes at the bottom edge are detonated first, followed by the upward fan-shaped deep holes. The detonation segment difference between the two is ≥25ms. The fan-shaped holes in the same row adopt the detonation sequence of the middle hole being detonated first, followed by the holes on both sides and the bottom. S5 phased human-machine isolation remote ore extraction: After the blasting and ore extraction is completed, conventional loaders are used in the bottom roadway to complete the extraction of the main ore body; after the main ore body is extracted, remote-controlled loaders are used to enter the goaf area to complete the final extraction of the remaining ore.

2. The mining method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In S1, the stop height for gently dipping ore bodies is set to 6-8m, the stop height for inclined ore bodies is set to 8-12m, and the stop height for steeply dipping ore bodies is set to 12m or more; wherein gently dipping ore bodies are ore bodies with a dip angle <30°, inclined ore bodies are ore bodies with a dip angle of 30-55°, and steeply dipping ore bodies are ore bodies with a dip angle >55°.

3. The mining method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In S2, two exploration auxiliary channels are evenly distributed along the bottom roadway with a spacing of 25m. The construction length of the exploration auxiliary channels penetrates the ore-rock boundary between the hanging wall and footwall of the ore body.

4. The mining method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In S3, the construction row spacing of the upward fan-shaped deep holes is 1.2m, the hole bottom distance is 1.2~1.5m, and the deep hole diameter is 60~80mm; the diameter of the supplementary shallow holes at the lower edge is 40~45mm.

5. The mining method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In S3, the edge borehole is drilled first through the rock mass and then into the ore body. The length of the explosive charge does not exceed 90% of the length of the ore body section, and the length of the borehole filling is not less than the length of the rock mass section.

6. The mining method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In S4, the detonation stage difference between the middle hole and the two side and bottom holes in the same row of fan-shaped holes is ≥50ms.

7. The mining method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In S4, the single blasting advance of the retreating ore-dropping method is 2-3 rows of blast holes.

8. The mining method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In S4, after a single blast, the amount of ore extracted does not exceed 70% of the total amount of ore produced in this blast, and 30% of the ore is reserved as a buffer layer for subsequent blasts.

9. The mining method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S5, before the remote-controlled loader exits the ore, a three-dimensional laser scanner is used to scan the goaf area, and the loader's walking path and ore exit sequence are planned based on the scanning results.

10. The mining method according to claim 1, characterized in that, After the S5 phased human-machine isolated remote ore extraction operation is completed, the goaf is cemented and backfilled, and the uniaxial compressive strength of the backfill body is not less than 2MPa after 28 days.

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