Battery thermal runaway response methods, systems, devices, media, and products based on phase change materials

Abstract

The application discloses a battery thermal runaway response method, system, device, medium and product based on a phase change material, and the method comprises the following steps: monitoring a temperature field distribution of a target battery pack in real time; wherein a phase change material layer with different phase change temperature levels is embedded in a plurality of preset positions of the target battery pack; comparing the temperature of the target battery pack with preset phase change temperature thresholds under each phase change temperature level according to the temperature field distribution; determining a thermal runaway response level in which the target battery pack is currently located according to a comparison result, and triggering the phase change of the phase change material layer corresponding to the thermal runaway response level, so that highly synchronized matching with a thermal runaway dynamic process is realized, and the physical and chemical properties of the phase change material are changed to timely respond to thermal runaways of different levels, and accurate responses to different stages of thermal runaways are also realized.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of battery thermal management technology, and in particular to a battery thermal runaway response method, system, device, medium, and product based on phase change materials. Background Technology

[0002] With the rapid development of electric vehicles and large-scale energy storage, the safety issue of thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries is becoming increasingly prominent. Thermal runaway is a violent chain of exothermic processes that, once it occurs, can trigger a fire or even an explosion within milliseconds to seconds.

[0003] Existing protection technologies mainly rely on external monitoring systems to monitor the thermal runaway of batteries. However, in the event of an extreme fault causing a circuit interruption, the external monitoring system will fail, resulting in an inability to respond in a timely manner to the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries. At the same time, it is also difficult to achieve accurate response to different stages of thermal runaway. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In view of this, the present invention provides a battery thermal runaway response method, system, device, medium and product based on phase change materials, which solves the technical problem that when an external monitoring system fails in the event of a circuit interruption due to an extreme fault, the thermal runaway of the lithium-ion battery cannot be responded to in a timely manner, and it is also difficult to achieve accurate response to different stages of thermal runaway.

[0005] The first aspect of this invention provides a battery thermal runaway response method based on phase change materials, comprising:

[0006] Real-time monitoring of the temperature field distribution of the target battery pack; wherein, multiple preset locations of the target battery pack are embedded with phase change material layers of different phase change temperature levels;

[0007] Based on the temperature field distribution, compare the temperature of the target battery pack with the preset phase change temperature threshold at each phase change temperature level.

[0008] Based on the comparison results, the current thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined, and a phase change response is triggered in the phase change material layer corresponding to the thermal runaway response level; wherein, the phase change response is used to provide structural protection for the target battery pack in the current thermal runaway stage.

[0009] In one embodiment, the phase change material layer includes a first phase change material layer, a second phase change material layer, and a third phase change material layer, wherein the phase change temperature level of the first phase change material layer is lower than that of the second phase change material layer, and the phase change temperature level of the second phase change material layer is lower than that of the third phase change material layer.

[0010] In one embodiment, the phase change material of the first phase change material layer is a paraffin-based microcapsule phase change material; the second phase change material layer is a microcapsule phase change material composed of expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate; and the third phase change material layer is a microcapsule phase change material coated with polyvinylidene fluoride.

[0011] In one embodiment, the spatial arrangement of each phase change material layer in the target battery pack includes: the first phase change material layer is uniformly dispersed in the cell gaps in the target battery pack; the second phase change material layer is embedded in the fireproof partition between each module in the target battery pack as an array of gaskets; and the third phase change material layer fills the top cover pressure relief channel and the surrounding gaps of the busbar in the target battery pack.

[0012] In one embodiment, the phase change temperature levels include a first phase change temperature level, a second phase change temperature level, and a third phase change temperature level arranged in ascending order;

[0013] The step of determining the current thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack based on the comparison results, and triggering a phase change response in the phase change material layer corresponding to the thermal runaway response level, includes:

[0014] If the temperature of the target battery pack reaches the preset temperature threshold corresponding to the first phase change temperature level, but does not exceed the preset temperature threshold corresponding to the second phase change temperature level, then the thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined to be the first response level, and the first phase change material layer is triggered to undergo a phase change.

[0015] If the temperature of the target battery pack reaches the preset temperature threshold corresponding to the second phase change temperature level, but does not exceed the preset temperature threshold corresponding to the third phase change temperature level, then the thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined to be the second response level, and the second phase change material layer is triggered to undergo a phase change.

[0016] If the temperature of the target battery pack reaches the preset temperature threshold corresponding to the third phase change temperature level, then the thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined to be the third response level, and the third phase change material layer is triggered to undergo a phase change.

[0017] In one embodiment, the method further includes:

[0018] The equivalent resistance change of each phase change material layer is monitored in real time, and the remaining phase change margin of each phase change material layer is evaluated based on the equivalent resistance change.

[0019] For each phase change material layer, the remaining phase change margin is compared with a preset remaining phase change margin threshold.

[0020] If the remaining phase transition margin is less than the preset remaining phase transition margin threshold, the phase transition material layer is determined to be a failed phase transition material layer, and the failed phase transition material layer is updated.

[0021] Secondly, the present invention also provides a battery thermal runaway response system based on phase change materials, comprising:

[0022] A temperature monitoring module is used to monitor the temperature field distribution of the target battery pack in real time; wherein, multiple preset locations of the target battery pack are embedded with phase change material layers of different phase change temperature levels;

[0023] The temperature comparison module is used to compare the temperature of the target battery pack with the preset phase change temperature threshold at each phase change temperature level based on the temperature field distribution.

[0024] The thermal runaway response module is used to determine the current thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack based on the comparison results, and to trigger a phase change response in the phase change material layer corresponding to the thermal runaway response level; wherein, the phase change response is used to provide structural protection for the target battery pack in the current thermal runaway stage.

[0025] Thirdly, the present invention also provides an electronic device, the electronic device including a memory and a processor, wherein the memory stores a computer program, and when the computer program is executed by the processor, the processor performs the following steps:

[0026] Real-time monitoring of the temperature field distribution of the target battery pack; wherein, multiple preset locations of the target battery pack are embedded with phase change material layers of different phase change temperature levels;

[0027] Based on the temperature field distribution, compare the temperature of the target battery pack with the preset phase change temperature threshold at each phase change temperature level.

[0028] Based on the comparison results, the current thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined, and a phase change response is triggered in the phase change material layer corresponding to the thermal runaway response level; wherein, the phase change response is used to provide structural protection for the target battery pack in the current thermal runaway stage.

[0029] Fourthly, the present invention also provides a computer-readable storage medium having a computer program stored thereon, wherein the computer program, when executed, performs the following steps:

[0030] Real-time monitoring of the temperature field distribution of the target battery pack; wherein, multiple preset locations of the target battery pack are embedded with phase change material layers of different phase change temperature levels;

[0031] Based on the temperature field distribution, compare the temperature of the target battery pack with the preset phase change temperature threshold at each phase change temperature level.

[0032] Based on the comparison results, the current thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined, and a phase change response is triggered in the phase change material layer corresponding to the thermal runaway response level; wherein, the phase change response is used to provide structural protection for the target battery pack in the current thermal runaway stage.

[0033] Fifthly, the present invention also provides a computer program product, the computer program product comprising a computer program stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, the computer program comprising program instructions, wherein, when the program instructions are executed by a computer, the computer performs the following steps:

[0034] Real-time monitoring of the temperature field distribution of the target battery pack; wherein, multiple preset locations of the target battery pack are embedded with phase change material layers of different phase change temperature levels;

[0035] Based on the temperature field distribution, compare the temperature of the target battery pack with the preset phase change temperature threshold at each phase change temperature level.

[0036] Based on the comparison results, the current thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined, and a phase change response is triggered in the phase change material layer corresponding to the thermal runaway response level; wherein, the phase change response is used to provide structural protection for the target battery pack in the current thermal runaway stage.

[0037] As can be seen from the above technical solutions, this invention embeds phase change material layers with different phase change temperature levels in multiple preset positions of the target battery pack. Utilizing the temperature field distribution of the target battery pack, it determines the current thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack by measuring temperature changes and automatically triggers the phase change material layer corresponding to the thermal runaway response level to undergo a phase change response. Thus, by automatically triggering the phase change material layer at different phase change temperature levels to respond step by step according to the temperature gradient changes at different stages of thermal runaway evolution, it achieves a high degree of synchronization with the dynamic process of thermal runaway. Furthermore, it responds to different levels of thermal runaway through changes in the physicochemical properties of the phase change material itself, ensuring that the physical protection layer still works autonomously and reliably when the battery fails, without relying on external systems, and can respond to the battery's thermal runaway in a timely manner, achieving precise response to different stages of thermal runaway. Attached Figure Description

[0038] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0039] Figure 1 This is an application environment diagram of a battery thermal runaway response method based on phase change materials provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0040] Figure 2 A flowchart illustrating a battery thermal runaway response method based on phase change materials, provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0041] Figure 3 A schematic diagram of a battery thermal runaway response system based on phase change materials provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0042] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an electronic device provided in an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0043] To enable those skilled in the art to better understand the present invention, the technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings of the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0044] It should be noted that the terms "first," "second," etc., used in this application can be used to describe various elements, but these elements are not limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish the first element from the second element. The terms "comprising" and "having," and any variations thereof, used in this application, are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion. The term "multiple" used in this application refers to two or more. The term "and / or" used in this application refers to one of the embodiments, or any combination of multiple embodiments.

[0045] With the rapid development of electric vehicles and large-scale energy storage, the safety issue of thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries has become increasingly prominent. Thermal runaway is a violent chain-like exothermic process that, once it occurs, can trigger a fire or even an explosion within milliseconds to seconds. Existing protection technologies mainly face two major bottlenecks: "passive lag" and "over-reliance on external systems."

[0046] Current mainstream thermal management solutions can be broadly categorized into two types: The first is active thermal management systems, such as liquid cooling circulation, forced air cooling, and automatic fire extinguishing agent spraying mechanisms triggered by the battery management system. The core operating mechanism of these systems heavily relies on continuous external power supply, multiple sensor signal inputs, and complex control circuit logic. Their fundamental flaw lies in the fact that once extreme faults such as short circuits, overloads, or severe physical impacts cause circuit interruptions or control system failures, the entire active protection system immediately loses its function and cannot implement any measures to mitigate thermal runaway. The second type is passive protection materials, including but not limited to aerogels, mica sheets, and other pre-installed high-insulation pads. While these materials offer advantages such as not relying on external circuits and achieving physical-level isolation, their thermal resistance is constant, essentially constituting a "static" defense mechanism. When the battery is in normal operating condition, their inherent insulation properties may actually hinder the effective dissipation of heat within the battery pack, negatively impacting battery efficiency, cycle life, and overall performance. In actual emergency situations involving thermal runaway, its protective capabilities are not adjustable, and it cannot implement dynamic, adaptive, and precise protective responses based on different stages such as the initial, propagation, and outbreak of thermal runaway. Therefore, its actual suppression effect has significant limitations.

[0047] Therefore, embodiments of this application provide a battery thermal runaway response method based on phase change materials, which can be applied to, for example... Figure 1 In the application environment shown, terminal 101 communicates with server 102 via a network. A data storage system can store data that server 102 needs to process. The data storage system can be integrated onto server 102 or placed on a cloud or other network server. Terminal 101 or server 102 executes a battery thermal runaway response method based on phase change materials. This method includes: real-time monitoring of the temperature field distribution of a target battery pack; wherein, multiple preset locations of the target battery pack are embedded with phase change material layers of different phase change temperature levels; based on the temperature field distribution, comparing the temperature of the target battery pack with the preset phase change temperature threshold at each phase change temperature level; based on the comparison result, determining the current thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack, and triggering a phase change response in the phase change material layer corresponding to the thermal runaway response level; wherein, the phase change response is used to provide structural protection for the target battery pack in the current thermal runaway stage.

[0048] Terminal 101 can be, but is not limited to, various personal computers, laptops, smartphones, tablets, drones, low-altitude aircraft, IoT devices, and portable wearable devices. IoT devices can include smart speakers, smart TVs, smart air conditioners, smart in-vehicle devices, projection devices, etc. Portable wearable devices can include smartwatches, smart bracelets, head-mounted devices, etc. Head-mounted devices can include virtual reality (VR) devices, augmented reality (AR) devices, smart glasses, etc.

[0049] Server 102 can be a standalone physical server, a server cluster or distributed system consisting of multiple physical servers, or a cloud server that provides cloud computing services.

[0050] like Figure 2 As shown, this application provides a battery thermal runaway response method based on phase change materials, which is applied to... Figure 1 Taking terminal 101 or server 102 as an example, the explanation includes the following steps S1 to S3. Wherein:

[0051] Step S1: Real-time monitoring of the temperature field distribution of the target battery pack; wherein, multiple preset locations of the target battery pack are embedded with phase change material layers of different phase change temperature levels.

[0052] The phase change material layer includes a first phase change material layer, a second phase change material layer and a third phase change material layer. The phase change temperature level of the first phase change material layer is lower than that of the second phase change material layer, and the phase change temperature level of the second phase change material layer is lower than that of the third phase change material layer.

[0053] The first phase change material layer uses paraffin-based microcapsule phase change material; the second phase change material layer uses microcapsule phase change material composed of expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate; and the third phase change material layer uses microcapsule phase change material coated with polyvinylidene fluoride.

[0054] Specifically, the preparation process of the first phase change material layer is as follows: First, paraffin wax is selected as the core phase change material and microencapsulated with a gelatin-gum arabic composite wall material system using a complex coagulation method. This composite wall material has good film-forming properties and mechanical strength, effectively encapsulating the paraffin wax and preventing leakage. Subsequently, the microencapsulated phase change material is further encapsulated in a high thermal conductivity shell structure. By precisely controlling the process parameters, low-temperature homogenizing microcapsules with uniform particle size distribution and regular shape are finally formed. These microcapsules have efficient thermal management performance. When the battery is in normal operating condition or when slight uneven heating occurs, they can absorb excess heat through the phase change process, thereby effectively promoting the uniform distribution of temperature inside the battery module and improving overall thermal balance.

[0055] The preparation process of the second phase change material layer is as follows: Core microcapsules are uniformly dispersed in a composite suspension system containing expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate. A layer-by-layer self-assembly technique is used to alternately deposit polyethylene wax material layer by layer, thereby constructing a polymer composite film with a continuous multilayer structure. During this process, expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate are stably fixed within each film structure, forming a composite barrier with synergistic flame retardant and thermal management functions. This assembly process is repeated five times, ultimately obtaining a phase change material functional layer with a total thickness of approximately 300 nm. This structure not only enhances the thermal stability of the material but also significantly improves its flame retardant and temperature control properties.

[0056] The preparation process of the third phase change material layer involves dispersing microcapsules in a solution containing polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and successfully constructing a temperature-sensitive outer shell structure through a precisely controlled interfacial polymerization process. The thickness of this outer shell layer is finely controlled, strictly maintained between 100 and 150 nanometers, forming a uniform material coating layer with phase change functionality. Under normal temperature conditions, this temperature-sensitive shell exhibits a dense structure and stable performance, effectively isolating the external environment and ensuring the safe encapsulation of the internal materials. However, when the ambient temperature rises above 150 degrees Celsius, the shell undergoes significant volume shrinkage, triggering the controlled release of the internal encapsulated material. This characteristic enables the structure to not only achieve efficient encapsulation of the internal materials but also precise release under specific temperature stimuli.

[0057] The phase change temperature levels of each phase change material layer are set in a gradient according to different phase change temperature thresholds to achieve graded response control of the thermal management process. Specifically, the phase change temperature threshold of the first phase change material layer is set to T0 = 55℃ ± 5℃. This temperature range is mainly for dealing with the thermal equilibrium conditions during daily operation, and can effectively absorb and release heat within the normal operating temperature range to maintain the temperature stability of the system.

[0058] The phase change temperature threshold of the second phase change material layer is set to T1 = 100℃ ± 10℃. This threshold design aims to ensure that it can be accurately triggered in the early stage of thermal runaway, thereby blocking the further accumulation and diffusion of heat in a timely manner through the phase change expansion mechanism and effectively delaying the thermal runaway process.

[0059] The phase transition temperature threshold of the third phase change material layer is set to T2 = 160℃ ± 5℃. This temperature level not only considers the timeliness requirement for rapid pressure relief response under extreme conditions, but also takes into account the chemical stability of the material itself at high temperatures, avoiding safety risks caused by material decomposition or failure. Through this layered design, the system can achieve corresponding thermal management functions at different temperature stages, improving overall safety and reliability.

[0060] In order to achieve deep coupling between each phase change material layer and the battery pack structure, a customized embedding design is also carried out on the internal structure of the battery pack. In the embodiments of this application, the spatial layout of each phase change material layer in the target battery pack includes: the first phase change material layer is uniformly dispersed in the gaps between the cells in the target battery pack; the second phase change material layer is embedded in the fireproof partition between each module in the target battery pack as an array of gaskets; and the third phase change material layer fills the top cover pressure relief channel and the surrounding gaps of the busbar in the target battery pack.

[0061] In this embodiment, by integrating a distributed fiber optic temperature sensing system into each phase change material layer, the real-time temperature field distribution in various regions inside the target battery pack can be accurately monitored. Specifically, the fiber optic sensors are deployed along the edges of the phase change material layers, with a sampling frequency as high as 10Hz, thus ensuring high-frequency acquisition and rapid response of temperature data. This arrangement not only effectively covers the critical thermal management areas of the battery pack but also achieves detailed capture of temperature changes, providing reliable data support for battery thermal safety management and performance optimization.

[0062] It should be noted that through the refined spatial layout design of various phase change material layers within the target battery pack, and utilizing their diverse phase change characteristics under different temperature gradients, a multi-layered phase change material network highly matched to the overall thermal field distribution of the battery is constructed. This network, through microencapsulated phase change materials with gradient response characteristics and their structural arrangement strategy in three-dimensional space, effectively integrates material performance and thermal management functions. By leveraging the changes in the physicochemical properties of phase change materials at different temperature stages, the system can respond sensitively and accurately to different levels of thermal threats. Even in the event of electrical system failure, this physical protection mechanism based on material phase change behavior can still operate autonomously, ensuring the continuous reliability and safety of the battery system during extreme thermal events.

[0063] Step S2: Based on the temperature field distribution, compare the temperature of the target battery pack with the preset phase change temperature threshold at each phase change temperature level.

[0064] By designing a series of preset phase transition temperature thresholds at different phase transition temperature levels, the system can monitor and determine the specific thermal state of a material or component in real time and accurately, thereby identifying its corresponding response level. Based on this level determination, corresponding multi-level protection mechanisms can be automatically triggered, such as heat absorption and equalization, physical blocking, or global isolation, among other protective measures. This strategy aims to achieve early identification and rapid intervention of potential thermal hazards, effectively containing risks in their nascent or early development stages, and significantly improving the system's safety and reliability.

[0065] Step S3: Based on the comparison results, determine the current thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack and trigger the phase change material layer corresponding to the thermal runaway response level to undergo a phase change response; wherein, the phase change response is used to provide structural protection for the target battery pack in the current thermal runaway stage.

[0066] For example, this application embodiment employs a hierarchical adaptive response mechanism, where each phase change material layer can melt sequentially and absorb a large amount of heat under the triggering of its corresponding temperature threshold. The latent heat released during the phase change process significantly slows down the temperature rise rate within the battery system. When the temperature rises further, the microcapsule shell ruptures upon reaching a critical condition, releasing internal functional materials and forming a continuous and dense physical barrier layer in situ. This effectively suppresses the lateral spread of heat within the battery module and the escape of flammable and harmful gases, thereby constructing an adaptive and dynamically reconfigurable multi-level physical protection barrier during the dynamic evolution of thermal runaway. This powerfully ensures the structural integrity and electrochemical stability of the target battery pack under extreme thermal abuse conditions. This intelligent phase change protection system, activated step-by-step from the inside out, not only significantly extends the propagation time window after thermal runaway occurs but also provides crucial response time for subsequent emergency intervention measures such as active cooling and power-off isolation. Simultaneously, this mechanism can reduce the peak temperature during thermal runaway by at least 35%, significantly weakening the chain reaction intensity and comprehensively improving the system's safety margin.

[0067] It should be noted that, in this embodiment, phase change material layers with different phase change temperature levels are embedded in multiple preset locations of the target battery pack. By utilizing the temperature field distribution of the target battery pack, the thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined by temperature changes, and the phase change material layer corresponding to the thermal runaway response level is automatically triggered to undergo a phase change response. Thus, by automatically triggering the phase change material layer at different phase change temperature levels to respond step by step according to the temperature gradient changes at different stages of thermal runaway evolution, a high degree of synchronization and matching with the dynamic process of thermal runaway is achieved. Furthermore, the phase change material itself responds to different levels of thermal runaway through changes in its own physicochemical properties, ensuring that the physical protection layer still works autonomously and reliably when the battery fails, without relying on external systems, and can respond to the thermal runaway of the battery in a timely manner, and also achieves accurate response to different stages of thermal runaway.

[0068] In some embodiments, the phase change temperature levels include a first phase change temperature level, a second phase change temperature level, and a third phase change temperature level arranged in ascending order. For example, the first phase change temperature level corresponds to 55°C, used for phase change heat absorption during normal or slightly uneven battery heating, promoting temperature balance within the module; the second phase change temperature level corresponds to 85°C, rapidly absorbing heat in the early stages of heat propagation and causing the expanded graphite to expand instantaneously, while ammonium polyphosphate begins to decompose to generate polyphosphoric acid; the third phase change temperature level corresponds to 120°C, used during the severe thermal runaway period, when the outer shell undergoes volume shrinkage, the resistance of the outer shell layer changes stepwise with increasing temperature, and a porous carbonized heat insulation layer is generated, effectively isolating high-temperature heat flow and suppressing electrolyte decomposition and gas generation, significantly slowing down the thermal runaway propagation rate.

[0069] In the above scenario, based on the comparison results, the current thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined, and a phase change response is triggered in the phase change material layer corresponding to the thermal runaway response level. This includes: if the temperature of the target battery pack reaches a preset temperature threshold corresponding to the first phase change temperature level but does not exceed a preset temperature threshold corresponding to the second phase change temperature level, then the current thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined to be the first response level, and a phase change is triggered in the first phase change material layer; if the temperature of the target battery pack reaches a preset temperature threshold corresponding to the second phase change temperature level but does not exceed a preset temperature threshold corresponding to the third phase change temperature level, then the current thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined to be the second response level, and a phase change is triggered in the second phase change material layer; if the temperature of the target battery pack reaches a preset temperature threshold corresponding to the third phase change temperature level, then the current thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined to be the third response level, and a phase change is triggered in the third phase change material layer.

[0070] For example, when the temperature reaches 55°C or higher but does not exceed 85°C, the first response level is triggered. The first phase change material layer undergoes a solid-liquid phase change, absorbing a large amount of latent heat and delaying the temperature rise. At this time, the outer shell layer remains intact, the intermediate layer is not triggered, and the material as a whole remains granular, not affecting the normal heat dissipation of the battery. When the temperature reaches 85°C or higher but does not reach 120°C, the second response level is activated. At this time, the expandable graphite of the second phase change material layer expands rapidly and instantly, quickly filling and sealing the preset buffer gaps. At the same time, ammonium polyphosphate begins to decompose to generate polyphosphoric acid, further enhancing the heat insulation effect and constructing a physical "expansion firewall" between the potentially thermally runaway cell and adjacent cells, actively blocking the initial spread of heat and flame. When the temperature rises to 120°C or higher, the third response level is activated. The microcapsule outer shell layer of the third phase change material layer shrinks in volume, exposing the intermediate layer and the core layer. At this point, the resistance of the outer shell layer rises sharply, and a strong electrical signal alarm can be issued through the external monitoring circuit; the middle layer is completely decomposed, and a porous carbonized heat insulation layer is generated in situ in the battery pressure relief channel and key gaps; this carbonized layer can not only effectively isolate high-temperature flames (temperature resistance >1000℃), but its porous structure can also orderly guide high-temperature ejected materials to prevent secondary damage.

[0071] Understandably, through the efficient synergy of the three-tiered response mechanisms described above, this system can achieve rapid and accurate state identification, proactive safety intervention, and scientifically sound graded protection capabilities at different stages of thermal runaway development—from initial anomaly to full-scale propagation. Specifically, through a multi-level response process with a strict temperature trigger sequence and functional progression—namely, endothermic temperature equalization → expansion blockage → solidification isolation—it achieves a layered approach from thermal control to physical isolation. Each level of response measure does not operate in isolation; rather, the previous stage actively buys controllable time and provides necessary control conditions for the subsequent response. Simultaneously, the subsequent stage, building upon the achievements of the previous stage, further strengthens and upgrades the protective effect, ultimately forming an organically connected, progressively enhanced, integrated, and collaborative defense system.

[0072] In some embodiments, the method further includes: real-time monitoring of the equivalent resistance change of each phase change material layer, and evaluating the remaining phase change margin of each phase change material layer based on the equivalent resistance change; for each phase change material layer, comparing the remaining phase change margin with a preset remaining phase change margin threshold; if the remaining phase change margin is less than the preset remaining phase change margin threshold, then determining the phase change material layer as a failed phase change material layer, and updating the failed phase change material layer.

[0073] In the battery pack design, by integrating distributed detection circuits or using external detection modules, a complete electrical circuit system can be formed together with microelectrodes pre-embedded in the battery material layer. This circuit system has two operating modes: one is routine signal acquisition based on a time period (for daily condition monitoring), and the other is acquisition triggered by specific events, such as immediate response to abnormal fluctuations in battery temperature. By capturing real-time data on voltage fluctuations and current changes in the material layer under operating conditions, the system can dynamically calculate and obtain the equivalent resistance value of the material, thus providing crucial information for battery health assessment and fault early warning.

[0074] For example, for single and structurally independent phase change material layers arranged in key locations such as between battery cells, between modules, and in pressure relief channels, such as material gaskets with low-temperature heat dissipation characteristics used between battery cells, the high-precision detection circuit built into the system will collect the terminal voltage U at both ends of the material layer and the loop current I flowing through the material layer in real time, and directly calculate the equivalent resistance value of the material layer under the current actual working state according to the classical Ohm's law, thereby realizing effective monitoring and analysis of the material's conductivity characteristics and state changes.

[0075] The remaining phase change margin refers to the proportion of effective material in a phase change material layer that has not yet undergone a phase change or been triggered. It represents the percentage of the material layer's remaining capacity to respond to temperature changes and absorb heat through a phase change or to perform protective actions. To accurately calculate and evaluate the remaining phase change margin, this application employs an evaluation method based on equivalent resistance changes. By monitoring and analyzing the resistance characteristics changes of each phase change material layer, its remaining phase change margin is indirectly calculated, thereby achieving effective monitoring and prediction of material performance.

[0076] Specifically, after the battery pack production and assembly are completed, the thermo-electrical characteristics of each type of phase change material layer are calibrated to establish a unique benchmark for subsequent margin quantification. The calibration includes: measuring and recording the initial equivalent resistance R of each type of material layer. 0,i To ensure no phase change or damage to the material layers, the calibration environment was set at 25°C and standard atmospheric pressure. Through thermal simulation experiments, the first-order critical resistance multiple (k) of each type of material layer was calibrated. 1,i Secondary critical resistance multiple k 2,i ; Calibrate the phase transition triggering degree corresponding to each resistance multiple: such as k i <k 1,i At that time, the material only underwent a slight temperature rise phase transition in the T0 stage, without triggering the core protective phase transition; k 1,i ≤k i <k 2,i At that time, the material undergoes a partial protective phase transition in stage T1; k i ≥k 2,iAt that time, the material undergoes a complete phase transition in the T2 stage, and the effective material is completely consumed.

[0077] During battery pack operation, the detection circuit non-invasively acquires the electrical signals of each type of phase change material layer at a preset frequency (e.g., 1Hz / 10Hz) to calculate the real-time resistance and change factor. The steps are as follows: acquire the real-time terminal voltage U across the i-th type of material layer. t,i Real-time loop current I flowing through the material layer t,i The real-time equivalent resistance is calculated according to Ohm's law and denoted as R. t,i ; Calculate the normalized change factor of resistance: k i =R 0,i / R t,i .

[0078] Based on the equivalent resistance change factor k i The calibration relationship with the degree of phase transition triggering is used to determine the current phase transition stage of the material layer in real time and dynamically output the remaining phase transition margin: when k i <k 1,i At that time, the material layer only undergoes the temperature rise phase transition of the low-temperature homogenizing material, while the medium-temperature / high-temperature material layer is not triggered, and the core protective phase transition capability is not consumed; the remaining protective capacity is >80%, indicating that the remaining phase transition margin is 80%~100%; then at k i <k 1,i At that time, the remaining phase transition margin M i for: .

[0079] When k 1,i ≤k i <k 2,i At this point, the material layer enters the second stage of partial phase transition. The intermediate-temperature material layer begins to participate in heat absorption, and the protective capacity decreases linearly. The intermediate layer of the intermediate-temperature expansion-blocking material has been partially triggered (expandable graphite partially expands, and ammonium polyphosphate partially decomposes). The core protective phase transition capacity of the material layer is consumed, but some remains. At this time, the remaining protective capacity is 30%~50%, representing a remaining phase transition margin of 30%~50%. Therefore, the remaining phase transition margin M at this time... i for: .

[0080] When k i ≥k 2,i At this point, the high-temperature curing isolation material is fully triggered, the microcapsule shell shrinks, the intermediate layer completely decomposes, and the material layer undergoes an irreversible complete phase change / chemical reaction. No effective phase change material remains, the material layer completely fails, and immediate replacement is required. The remaining protective capacity is 0, i.e., the remaining phase change margin M. i It is 0.

[0081] By setting a residual phase transition margin threshold of 45%, the risk of degradation in protection capability can be warned in real time by comparing the residual phase transition margin with this threshold: when M i If the percentage is ≤45%, an early warning will be issued, and the failed phase change material layer will be updated to restore it to its initial state, i.e., R will be reset. 0,i For the current R t,i sync update k 2,i Calibration value.

[0082] Next, a specific embodiment will be used to illustrate the battery thermal runaway response method based on phase change materials of this application.

[0083] 1) Three different phase change materials were used to construct phase change material layers with different functions: the low-temperature homogenizing phase change material layer is mainly composed of paraffin-based materials, which can efficiently absorb and uniformly distribute heat in the low temperature range; the medium-temperature expansion blocking phase change material layer uses a composite material of expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate, which can effectively block heat transfer through volume expansion in the medium temperature range; the high-temperature curing isolation phase change material layer is based on microencapsulated phenolic resin, which can be rapidly cured under high temperature conditions and form a stable isolation barrier, thereby achieving multi-level thermal management protection.

[0084] 2) Different phase change material layers are nested in layers according to the temperature gradient on the inner wall of the battery pack. Low-temperature heat-equalizing phase change material layers are evenly arranged between the cells for daily thermal management; medium-temperature expansion-blocking phase change material layers are arranged on the firewall between modules and on possible heat propagation paths; and high-temperature curing isolation phase change material layers are arranged in key positions such as pressure relief valve channels and main channels between modules.

[0085] 3) Continuously monitor and sense the temperature field inside the battery pack in real time. High-precision sensors acquire temperature data from different areas, and the system dynamically analyzes the changing trends of temperature distribution. Once a local temperature reaches preset threshold levels, the system automatically triggers corresponding graded response mechanisms based on the degree of temperature exceedance. These mechanisms include primary warnings, intermediate adjustments, and emergency protection, achieving safe management of the battery's operating status. Specifically, the graded response includes:

[0086] Level I Response (Auxiliary Temperature Equalization Process): When the local temperature of the battery rises to T0, the core layer of the composite microcapsule undergoes a solid-liquid phase transition, absorbing a large amount of latent heat and delaying the temperature rise. At this time, the outer shell layer remains intact, the middle layer is not triggered, and the material as a whole remains granular, not affecting the normal heat dissipation of the battery.

[0087] Level II Response (Expansion Blocking Process): When the local temperature reaches T1 (indicating potential thermal runaway), the intermediate-temperature expansion blocking microcapsules are triggered. The expandable graphite expands rapidly and instantly, quickly filling and sealing the pre-set buffer gaps. Simultaneously, ammonium polyphosphate begins to decompose to generate polyphosphoric acid, further enhancing the thermal insulation effect and constructing a physical "expansion firewall" between the potentially thermally runaway cell and adjacent cells, actively blocking the initial spread of heat and flame.

[0088] Level III Response (Melting, Solidification, and Conduit Process): If severe thermal runaway occurs, reaching temperature T2 (≥150℃), the microcapsule outer shell shrinks, exposing the intermediate and core layers. At this point, the outer shell resistance rises sharply, triggering a strong electrical alarm signal via an external monitoring circuit. The intermediate layer completely decomposes, generating a porous carbonized heat insulation layer in situ at the battery pressure relief channels and critical gaps. This carbonized layer effectively isolates high-temperature flames (temperature resistance >1000℃), and its porous structure orderly conducts high-temperature ejected materials, preventing secondary hazards.

[0089] 4) Incorporating microelectrodes or characteristic substances into the material system. After a phase transition or chemical reaction occurs in the material, its electrical properties, such as resistance and dielectric constant, undergo measurable abrupt changes. The system can periodically or post-event detection of these properties through integrated or external detection circuits, thereby non-invasively determining the triggering state of the smart material in each region and estimating its remaining phase transition margin, achieving health monitoring and maintenance early warning of the thermal safety barrier. If the resistance increases slightly (<10 times): it indicates that the material has experienced temperatures above T0 but has not triggered T1 / T2, and the remaining protection capacity is >80%. If the resistance increases moderately (>10 times): it indicates that the intermediate layer has been partially triggered, and the remaining protection capacity is approximately 30-50%. If the resistance increases drastically: it indicates that a T3 level response has been triggered, and the phase change material needs to be replaced immediately.

[0090] Based on the same inventive concept, this application also provides a battery thermal runaway response system based on phase change materials for implementing the battery thermal runaway response method based on phase change materials as described above.

[0091] The solution provided by this system is similar to the solution described in the above method. Therefore, the specific limitations of one or more battery thermal runaway response system embodiments based on phase change materials provided below can be found in the limitations of the battery thermal runaway response method based on phase change materials above, and will not be repeated here.

[0092] like Figure 3 As shown, this application provides a battery thermal runaway response system based on phase change materials, including: a temperature monitoring module 100, a temperature comparison module 200, and a thermal runaway response module 300;

[0093] Temperature monitoring module 100 is used to monitor the temperature field distribution of the target battery pack in real time; wherein, phase change material layers with different phase change temperature levels are embedded in multiple preset positions of the target battery pack.

[0094] Temperature comparison module 200 is used to compare the temperature of the target battery pack with the preset phase change temperature threshold at each phase change temperature level based on the temperature field distribution.

[0095] The thermal runaway response module 300 is used to determine the current thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack based on the comparison results, and to trigger the phase change material layer corresponding to the thermal runaway response level to undergo a phase change response; wherein, the phase change response is used to provide structural protection for the target battery pack in the current thermal runaway stage.

[0096] In some embodiments, the phase change material layer includes a first phase change material layer, a second phase change material layer, and a third phase change material layer, wherein the phase change temperature level of the first phase change material layer is lower than that of the second phase change material layer, and the phase change temperature level of the second phase change material layer is lower than that of the third phase change material layer.

[0097] In some embodiments, the phase change material of the first phase change material layer is a paraffin-based microcapsule phase change material; the second phase change material layer is a microcapsule phase change material composed of expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate; and the third phase change material layer is a microcapsule phase change material coated with polyvinylidene fluoride.

[0098] In some embodiments, the spatial layout of each phase change material layer in the target battery pack includes: the first phase change material layer is uniformly dispersed in the cell gaps in the target battery pack; the second phase change material layer is embedded in the fireproof partition between each module in the target battery pack as an array of gaskets; and the third phase change material layer fills the top cover pressure relief channel and the surrounding gaps of the busbar in the target battery pack.

[0099] In some embodiments, the phase change temperature levels include a first phase change temperature level, a second phase change temperature level, and a third phase change temperature level arranged in ascending order;

[0100] Thermal runaway response module 300, used for:

[0101] If the temperature of the target battery pack reaches the preset temperature threshold corresponding to the first phase change temperature level, but does not exceed the preset temperature threshold corresponding to the second phase change temperature level, then the thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined to be the first response level, and the first phase change material layer is triggered to undergo a phase change.

[0102] If the temperature of the target battery pack reaches the preset temperature threshold corresponding to the second phase change temperature level, but does not exceed the preset temperature threshold corresponding to the third phase change temperature level, then the thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined to be the second response level, and the second phase change material layer is triggered to undergo a phase change.

[0103] If the temperature of the target battery pack reaches the preset temperature threshold corresponding to the third phase change temperature level, the thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined to be the third response level, and the third phase change material layer is triggered to undergo a phase change.

[0104] In some embodiments, the system further includes: a phase transition margin determination module, configured to:

[0105] Real-time monitoring of the equivalent resistance change of each phase change material layer, and assessment of the remaining phase change margin of each phase change material layer based on the equivalent resistance change;

[0106] For each phase change material layer, compare the remaining phase change margin with the preset remaining phase change margin threshold;

[0107] If the remaining phase change margin is less than the preset remaining phase change margin threshold, the phase change material layer is determined to be a failed phase change material layer, and the failed phase change material layer is updated.

[0108] It should be noted that, in this embodiment, phase change material layers with different phase change temperature levels are embedded in multiple preset locations of the target battery pack. By utilizing the temperature field distribution of the target battery pack, the thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined by temperature changes, and the phase change material layer corresponding to the thermal runaway response level is automatically triggered to undergo a phase change response. Thus, by automatically triggering the phase change material layer at different phase change temperature levels to respond step by step according to the temperature gradient changes at different stages of thermal runaway evolution, a high degree of synchronization and matching with the dynamic process of thermal runaway is achieved. Furthermore, the phase change material itself responds to different levels of thermal runaway through changes in its own physicochemical properties, ensuring that the physical protection layer still works autonomously and reliably when the battery fails, without relying on external systems, and can respond to the thermal runaway of the battery in a timely manner, and also achieves accurate response to different stages of thermal runaway.

[0109] like Figure 4 As shown, this application embodiment provides an electronic device. The electronic device 10 includes a memory 20 and a processor 30. The memory 20 stores a computer program. When the computer program is executed by the processor 30, the processor 30 performs the following steps:

[0110] Real-time monitoring of the temperature field distribution of the target battery pack; wherein, multiple preset locations of the target battery pack are embedded with phase change material layers of different phase change temperature levels;

[0111] Based on the temperature field distribution, compare the temperature of the target battery pack with the preset phase change temperature threshold at each phase change temperature level.

[0112] Based on the comparison results, the current thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined, and the phase change material layer corresponding to the thermal runaway response level is triggered to undergo a phase change response; wherein, the phase change response is used to provide structural protection for the target battery pack in the current thermal runaway stage.

[0113] In some embodiments, the phase change material layer includes a first phase change material layer, a second phase change material layer, and a third phase change material layer, wherein the phase change temperature level of the first phase change material layer is lower than that of the second phase change material layer, and the phase change temperature level of the second phase change material layer is lower than that of the third phase change material layer.

[0114] In some embodiments, the phase change material of the first phase change material layer is a paraffin-based microcapsule phase change material; the second phase change material layer is a microcapsule phase change material composed of expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate; and the third phase change material layer is a microcapsule phase change material coated with polyvinylidene fluoride.

[0115] In some embodiments, the spatial layout of each phase change material layer in the target battery pack includes: the first phase change material layer is uniformly dispersed in the cell gaps in the target battery pack; the second phase change material layer is embedded in the fireproof partition between each module in the target battery pack as an array of gaskets; and the third phase change material layer fills the top cover pressure relief channel and the surrounding gaps of the busbar in the target battery pack.

[0116] In some embodiments, the phase change temperature levels include a first phase change temperature level, a second phase change temperature level, and a third phase change temperature level arranged in ascending order;

[0117] Based on the comparison results, the current thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined, and a phase change response is triggered in the phase change material layer corresponding to the thermal runaway response level, including:

[0118] If the temperature of the target battery pack reaches the preset temperature threshold corresponding to the first phase change temperature level, but does not exceed the preset temperature threshold corresponding to the second phase change temperature level, then the thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined to be the first response level, and the first phase change material layer is triggered to undergo a phase change.

[0119] If the temperature of the target battery pack reaches the preset temperature threshold corresponding to the second phase change temperature level, but does not exceed the preset temperature threshold corresponding to the third phase change temperature level, then the thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined to be the second response level, and the second phase change material layer is triggered to undergo a phase change.

[0120] If the temperature of the target battery pack reaches the preset temperature threshold corresponding to the third phase change temperature level, the thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined to be the third response level, and the third phase change material layer is triggered to undergo a phase change.

[0121] In some embodiments, processor 30 also performs:

[0122] Real-time monitoring of the equivalent resistance change of each phase change material layer, and assessment of the remaining phase change margin of each phase change material layer based on the equivalent resistance change;

[0123] For each phase change material layer, compare the remaining phase change margin with the preset remaining phase change margin threshold;

[0124] If the remaining phase change margin is less than the preset remaining phase change margin threshold, the phase change material layer is determined to be a failed phase change material layer, and the failed phase change material layer is updated.

[0125] It should be noted that, in this embodiment, phase change material layers with different phase change temperature levels are embedded in multiple preset locations of the target battery pack. By utilizing the temperature field distribution of the target battery pack, the thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined by temperature changes, and the phase change material layer corresponding to the thermal runaway response level is automatically triggered to undergo a phase change response. Thus, by automatically triggering the phase change material layer at different phase change temperature levels to respond step by step according to the temperature gradient changes at different stages of thermal runaway evolution, a high degree of synchronization and matching with the dynamic process of thermal runaway is achieved. Furthermore, the phase change material itself responds to different levels of thermal runaway through changes in its own physicochemical properties, ensuring that the physical protection layer still works autonomously and reliably when the battery fails, without relying on external systems, and can respond to the thermal runaway of the battery in a timely manner, and also achieves accurate response to different stages of thermal runaway.

[0126] This application provides a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program thereon, which, when executed, performs the following steps:

[0127] Real-time monitoring of the temperature field distribution of the target battery pack; wherein, multiple preset locations of the target battery pack are embedded with phase change material layers of different phase change temperature levels;

[0128] Based on the temperature field distribution, compare the temperature of the target battery pack with the preset phase change temperature threshold at each phase change temperature level.

[0129] Based on the comparison results, the current thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined, and the phase change material layer corresponding to the thermal runaway response level is triggered to undergo a phase change response; wherein, the phase change response is used to provide structural protection for the target battery pack in the current thermal runaway stage.

[0130] In some embodiments, the phase change material layer includes a first phase change material layer, a second phase change material layer, and a third phase change material layer, wherein the phase change temperature level of the first phase change material layer is lower than that of the second phase change material layer, and the phase change temperature level of the second phase change material layer is lower than that of the third phase change material layer.

[0131] In some embodiments, the phase change material of the first phase change material layer is a paraffin-based microcapsule phase change material; the second phase change material layer is a microcapsule phase change material composed of expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate; and the third phase change material layer is a microcapsule phase change material coated with polyvinylidene fluoride.

[0132] In some embodiments, the spatial layout of each phase change material layer in the target battery pack includes: the first phase change material layer is uniformly dispersed in the cell gaps in the target battery pack; the second phase change material layer is embedded in the fireproof partition between each module in the target battery pack as an array of gaskets; and the third phase change material layer fills the top cover pressure relief channel and the surrounding gaps of the busbar in the target battery pack.

[0133] In some embodiments, the phase change temperature levels include a first phase change temperature level, a second phase change temperature level, and a third phase change temperature level arranged in ascending order;

[0134] Based on the comparison results, the current thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined, and a phase change response is triggered in the phase change material layer corresponding to the thermal runaway response level, including:

[0135] If the temperature of the target battery pack reaches the preset temperature threshold corresponding to the first phase change temperature level, but does not exceed the preset temperature threshold corresponding to the second phase change temperature level, then the thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined to be the first response level, and the first phase change material layer is triggered to undergo a phase change.

[0136] If the temperature of the target battery pack reaches the preset temperature threshold corresponding to the second phase change temperature level, but does not exceed the preset temperature threshold corresponding to the third phase change temperature level, then the thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined to be the second response level, and the second phase change material layer is triggered to undergo a phase change.

[0137] If the temperature of the target battery pack reaches the preset temperature threshold corresponding to the third phase change temperature level, the thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined to be the third response level, and the third phase change material layer is triggered to undergo a phase change.

[0138] In some embodiments, the computer program, when executed, also implements:

[0139] Real-time monitoring of the equivalent resistance change of each phase change material layer, and assessment of the remaining phase change margin of each phase change material layer based on the equivalent resistance change;

[0140] For each phase change material layer, compare the remaining phase change margin with the preset remaining phase change margin threshold;

[0141] If the remaining phase change margin is less than the preset remaining phase change margin threshold, the phase change material layer is determined to be a failed phase change material layer, and the failed phase change material layer is updated.

[0142] It should be noted that, in this embodiment, phase change material layers with different phase change temperature levels are embedded in multiple preset locations of the target battery pack. By utilizing the temperature field distribution of the target battery pack, the thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined by temperature changes, and the phase change material layer corresponding to the thermal runaway response level is automatically triggered to undergo a phase change response. Thus, by automatically triggering the phase change material layer at different phase change temperature levels to respond step by step according to the temperature gradient changes at different stages of thermal runaway evolution, a high degree of synchronization and matching with the dynamic process of thermal runaway is achieved. Furthermore, the phase change material itself responds to different levels of thermal runaway through changes in its own physicochemical properties, ensuring that the physical protection layer still works autonomously and reliably when the battery fails, without relying on external systems, and can respond to the thermal runaway of the battery in a timely manner, and also achieves accurate response to different stages of thermal runaway.

[0143] This application provides a computer program product, which includes a computer program stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. The computer program includes program instructions, wherein when the program instructions are executed by a computer, the computer performs the following steps:

[0144] Real-time monitoring of the temperature field distribution of the target battery pack; wherein, multiple preset locations of the target battery pack are embedded with phase change material layers of different phase change temperature levels;

[0145] Based on the temperature field distribution, compare the temperature of the target battery pack with the preset phase change temperature threshold at each phase change temperature level.

[0146] Based on the comparison results, the current thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined, and the phase change material layer corresponding to the thermal runaway response level is triggered to undergo a phase change response; wherein, the phase change response is used to provide structural protection for the target battery pack in the current thermal runaway stage.

[0147] In some embodiments, the phase change material layer includes a first phase change material layer, a second phase change material layer, and a third phase change material layer, wherein the phase change temperature level of the first phase change material layer is lower than that of the second phase change material layer, and the phase change temperature level of the second phase change material layer is lower than that of the third phase change material layer.

[0148] In some embodiments, the phase change material of the first phase change material layer is a paraffin-based microcapsule phase change material; the second phase change material layer is a microcapsule phase change material composed of expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate; and the third phase change material layer is a microcapsule phase change material coated with polyvinylidene fluoride.

[0149] In some embodiments, the spatial layout of each phase change material layer in the target battery pack includes: the first phase change material layer is uniformly dispersed in the cell gaps in the target battery pack; the second phase change material layer is embedded in the fireproof partition between each module in the target battery pack as an array of gaskets; and the third phase change material layer fills the top cover pressure relief channel and the surrounding gaps of the busbar in the target battery pack.

[0150] In some embodiments, the phase change temperature levels include a first phase change temperature level, a second phase change temperature level, and a third phase change temperature level arranged in ascending order;

[0151] Based on the comparison results, the current thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined, and a phase change response is triggered in the phase change material layer corresponding to the thermal runaway response level, including:

[0152] If the temperature of the target battery pack reaches the preset temperature threshold corresponding to the first phase change temperature level, but does not exceed the preset temperature threshold corresponding to the second phase change temperature level, then the thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined to be the first response level, and the first phase change material layer is triggered to undergo a phase change.

[0153] If the temperature of the target battery pack reaches the preset temperature threshold corresponding to the second phase change temperature level, but does not exceed the preset temperature threshold corresponding to the third phase change temperature level, then the thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined to be the second response level, and the second phase change material layer is triggered to undergo a phase change.

[0154] If the temperature of the target battery pack reaches the preset temperature threshold corresponding to the third phase change temperature level, the thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined to be the third response level, and the third phase change material layer is triggered to undergo a phase change.

[0155] In some embodiments, when program instructions are executed by the computer, the computer also performs:

[0156] Real-time monitoring of the equivalent resistance change of each phase change material layer, and assessment of the remaining phase change margin of each phase change material layer based on the equivalent resistance change;

[0157] For each phase change material layer, compare the remaining phase change margin with the preset remaining phase change margin threshold;

[0158] If the remaining phase change margin is less than the preset remaining phase change margin threshold, the phase change material layer is determined to be a failed phase change material layer, and the failed phase change material layer is updated.

[0159] It should be noted that, in this embodiment, phase change material layers with different phase change temperature levels are embedded in multiple preset locations of the target battery pack. By utilizing the temperature field distribution of the target battery pack, the thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined by temperature changes, and the phase change material layer corresponding to the thermal runaway response level is automatically triggered to undergo a phase change response. Thus, by automatically triggering the phase change material layer at different phase change temperature levels to respond step by step according to the temperature gradient changes at different stages of thermal runaway evolution, a high degree of synchronization and matching with the dynamic process of thermal runaway is achieved. Furthermore, the phase change material itself responds to different levels of thermal runaway through changes in its own physicochemical properties, ensuring that the physical protection layer still works autonomously and reliably when the battery fails, without relying on external systems, and can respond to the thermal runaway of the battery in a timely manner, and also achieves accurate response to different stages of thermal runaway.

[0160] Those skilled in the art will clearly understand that, for the sake of convenience and brevity, the specific working processes of the systems, electronic devices, computer storage media, and computer program products described above can be referred to the corresponding processes in the foregoing method embodiments, and will not be repeated here.

[0161] It should be noted that the terms "first," "second," etc., in the specification, claims, and accompanying drawings of this invention are used to distinguish similar objects and are not necessarily used to describe a specific order or sequence. It should be understood that such data can be interchanged where appropriate so that the embodiments of the invention described herein can be implemented in orders other than those illustrated or described herein. Furthermore, the terms "comprising" and "having," and any variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion; for example, a process, method, system, product, or apparatus that comprises a series of steps or units is not necessarily limited to those steps or units explicitly listed, but may include other steps or units not explicitly listed or inherent to such processes, methods, products, or apparatus.

[0162] It should be understood that although the steps in the flowcharts of the embodiments described above are shown sequentially according to the arrows, these steps are not necessarily executed in the order indicated by the arrows. Unless explicitly stated herein, there is no strict order restriction on the execution of these steps, and they can be executed in other orders. Moreover, at least some steps in the flowcharts of the embodiments described above may include multiple steps or multiple stages. These steps or stages are not necessarily completed at the same time, but can be executed at different times. The execution order of these steps or stages is not necessarily sequential, but can be performed alternately or in turn with other steps or at least some of the steps or stages of other steps.

[0163] In the several embodiments provided by this invention, it should be understood that the disclosed systems, electronic devices, computer storage media, computer program products, and methods can be implemented in other ways. For example, the device embodiments described above are merely illustrative; for instance, the division of units is only a logical functional division, and in actual implementation, there may be other division methods. For example, multiple units or components may be combined or integrated into another system, or some features may be ignored or not executed. Furthermore, the coupling or direct coupling or communication connection shown or discussed may be through some interfaces, indirect coupling or communication connection between devices or units, and may be electrical, mechanical, or other forms.

[0164] The units described as separate components may or may not be physically separate. The components shown as units may or may not be physical units; that is, they may be located in one place or distributed across multiple network units. Some or all of the units can be selected to achieve the purpose of this embodiment according to actual needs.

[0165] Furthermore, the functional units in the various embodiments of the present invention can be integrated into one processing unit, or each unit can exist physically separately, or two or more units can be integrated into one unit. The integrated unit can be implemented in hardware or as a software functional unit.

[0166] If the integrated unit is implemented as a software functional unit and sold or used as an independent product, it can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium. Based on this understanding, the technical solution of the present invention, in essence, or the part that contributes to the prior art, or all or part of the technical solution, can be embodied in the form of a software product. This computer software product is stored in a storage medium and includes several instructions for executing all or part of the steps of the methods described in the various embodiments of the present invention through a computer device (which may be a personal computer, server, or network device, etc.). The aforementioned storage medium includes: USB flash drives, portable hard drives, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), magnetic disks, optical disks, and other media capable of storing program code.

[0167] The above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, and are not intended to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can still be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some of the technical features. Such modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for responding to thermal runaway in a battery based on phase change materials, characterized in that, include: Real-time monitoring of the temperature field distribution of the target battery pack; wherein, multiple preset locations of the target battery pack are embedded with phase change material layers of different phase change temperature levels; Based on the temperature field distribution, compare the temperature of the target battery pack with the preset phase change temperature threshold at each phase change temperature level. Based on the comparison results, the current thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined, and a phase change response is triggered in the phase change material layer corresponding to the thermal runaway response level; wherein, the phase change response is used to provide structural protection for the target battery pack in the current thermal runaway stage.

2. The battery thermal runaway response method based on phase change materials according to claim 1, characterized in that, The phase change material layer includes a first phase change material layer, a second phase change material layer, and a third phase change material layer. The phase change temperature level of the first phase change material layer is lower than that of the second phase change material layer, and the phase change temperature level of the second phase change material layer is lower than that of the third phase change material layer.

3. The battery thermal runaway response method based on phase change materials according to claim 2, characterized in that, The first phase change material layer uses a paraffin-based microcapsule phase change material; the second phase change material layer uses a microcapsule phase change material composed of expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate; and the third phase change material layer uses a microcapsule phase change material coated with polyvinylidene fluoride.

4. The battery thermal runaway response method based on phase change materials according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that, The spatial arrangement of each phase change material layer in the target battery pack includes: the first phase change material layer is uniformly dispersed in the cell gaps in the target battery pack; the second phase change material layer is embedded in the fireproof partition between each module in the target battery pack as an array of gaskets; and the third phase change material layer fills the top cover pressure relief channel and the surrounding gaps of the busbar in the target battery pack.

5. The battery thermal runaway response method based on phase change materials according to claim 2, characterized in that, The phase change temperature levels include a first phase change temperature level, a second phase change temperature level, and a third phase change temperature level arranged in ascending order from low to high. The step of determining the current thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack based on the comparison results, and triggering a phase change response in the phase change material layer corresponding to the thermal runaway response level, includes: If the temperature of the target battery pack reaches the preset temperature threshold corresponding to the first phase change temperature level, but does not exceed the preset temperature threshold corresponding to the second phase change temperature level, then the thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined to be the first response level, and the first phase change material layer is triggered to undergo a phase change. If the temperature of the target battery pack reaches the preset temperature threshold corresponding to the second phase change temperature level, but does not exceed the preset temperature threshold corresponding to the third phase change temperature level, then the thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined to be the second response level, and the second phase change material layer is triggered to undergo a phase change. If the temperature of the target battery pack reaches the preset temperature threshold corresponding to the third phase change temperature level, then the thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack is determined to be the third response level, and the third phase change material layer is triggered to undergo a phase change.

6. The battery thermal runaway response method based on phase change materials according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that, Also includes: The equivalent resistance change of each phase change material layer is monitored in real time, and the remaining phase change margin of each phase change material layer is evaluated based on the equivalent resistance change. For each phase change material layer, the remaining phase change margin is compared with a preset remaining phase change margin threshold. If the remaining phase transition margin is less than the preset remaining phase transition margin threshold, the phase transition material layer is determined to be a failed phase transition material layer, and the failed phase transition material layer is updated.

7. A battery thermal runaway response system based on phase change materials, characterized in that, include: A temperature monitoring module is used to monitor the temperature field distribution of the target battery pack in real time; wherein, multiple preset locations of the target battery pack are embedded with phase change material layers of different phase change temperature levels; The temperature comparison module is used to compare the temperature of the target battery pack with the preset phase change temperature threshold at each phase change temperature level based on the temperature field distribution. The thermal runaway response module is used to determine the current thermal runaway response level of the target battery pack based on the comparison results, and to trigger a phase change response in the phase change material layer corresponding to the thermal runaway response level; wherein, the phase change response is used to provide structural protection for the target battery pack in the current thermal runaway stage.

8. An electronic device, characterized in that, The electronic device includes a memory and a processor. The memory stores a computer program, which, when executed by the processor, causes the processor to perform the steps of the battery thermal runaway response method based on phase change materials as described in any one of claims 1-6.

9. A computer-readable storage medium having a computer program stored thereon, characterized in that, When the computer program is executed, it implements the steps of the battery thermal runaway response method based on phase change materials as described in any one of claims 1-6.

10. A computer program product, characterized in that, The computer program product includes a computer program stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, the computer program including program instructions, wherein when the program instructions are executed by a computer, the computer performs the steps of the battery thermal runaway response method based on any one of claims 1-6.

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