Retired photovoltaic module cascade thermal conversion full-component recycling device and method

Abstract

This invention discloses a cascaded thermal conversion device and method for recovering all components from retired photovoltaic modules, comprising: a feeding unit; a primary processing unit, including a pyrolyzer connected to the feeding unit, a gas treatment structure, and a glass collection structure connected to the pyrolyzer; the pyrolyzer is equipped with a porous separation screen, which is inclined and has a high end and a low end, with a solid outlet corresponding to the low end of the porous separation screen; a primary product premixing unit, including a premixing tank connected to the solid outlet via a primary product conveying mechanism, and a carbon powder conveying component connected to the premixing tank; and a secondary processing unit, including a vacuum heat treatment furnace connected to the output port of the premixing tank, which is also connected to a steam condensation deposition structure and a storage tank. This invention achieves efficient, clean, and resource-based recovery of all components in retired photovoltaic modules, reduces energy consumption in the thermal conversion process of retired photovoltaic modules, and significantly improves the overall environmental benefits and economic efficiency of the process.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of photovoltaic module recycling technology, and in particular to a device and method for the full-component recovery of cascaded thermal conversion of retired photovoltaic modules. Background Technology

[0002] Retired photovoltaic modules mainly consist of components such as glass, silicon-based solar cells, backsheets, ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) film, aluminum frames, and junction boxes. These components exhibit significant differences in their physicochemical properties. Existing recycling methods, such as mechanical dismantling, physical sorting, and chemical dissolution, often face challenges including complex processes, low recovery rates of valuable components, and the potential for secondary pollution from wastewater generated during processing. Thermal recycling technology separates and recovers key components such as glass, metals, and silicon through the thermal degradation of EVA film and backsheets. However, current thermal recycling technologies suffer from high pollutant emissions, high energy consumption, inability to recover valuable metal materials, and low value of recycled materials. Clean and efficient recycling of these valuable, end-of-life photovoltaic modules is crucial not only for mitigating the environmental threat posed by waste accumulation but also for significantly reducing resource consumption.

[0003] In the prior art, Chinese invention patent CN118719761B discloses a method for the complete recycling of all components of retired photovoltaic modules. First, the aluminum frame and junction box are automatically disassembled and separated. Then, the laminated components are crushed into particles. Next, EVA and TPT backsheets are removed by thermal decomposition. Finally, silicon powder is purified and elemental silver is recovered through dilute nitric acid dissolution and electrolysis. This method achieves comprehensive recycling of all components of the photovoltaic module, but the value of the recovered glass particles is low, and it does not address the issue of silicon powder reuse. Furthermore, it may generate waste liquid leading to secondary pollution. Chinese invention patent CN116371879A discloses another method for the complete recycling of all components of retired photovoltaic modules. First, the disassembled retired photovoltaic modules are separated by thermal cutting. Then, the solar cells are crushed and sorted to obtain solar cell powder. Finally, acid dissolution is used to purify the powder. Silver is separated and purified, and silicon powder is smelted with aluminum to obtain a silicon-aluminum alloy. This method achieves comprehensive recycling of all components of photovoltaic modules, but it cannot produce clean tempered glass and generates waste gas and waste liquid, causing secondary pollution. At the same time, the recycled materials generated from silicon powder have low value.

[0004] In summary, existing technologies for recycling retired photovoltaic modules face several bottlenecks in engineering implementation: (1) the recycling process generates pollutants such as fluorine-containing waste gas and waste liquid, which pollute the environment; (2) it is impossible to achieve clean and efficient recycling of valuable metal materials; and (3) silicon-based materials have low recycling value.

[0005] In view of this, it is necessary to design a device and method for the full-component recovery of cascaded thermal conversion of retired photovoltaic modules to solve the above problems. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The purpose of this invention is to provide a device and method for the full-component recycling of decommissioned photovoltaic modules through cascaded thermal conversion, so as to achieve the goals of full-component recycling of photovoltaic modules, environmental friendliness, recycling of valuable metal materials, and generation of high-value recycled materials.

[0007] To achieve the above-mentioned objectives, this invention provides a cascaded thermal conversion and full component recovery device for decommissioned photovoltaic modules, comprising: Feeding unit; The primary processing unit includes a pyrolyzer connected to the feeding unit, a gas processing structure for processing the pyrolysis gas generated in the pyrolyzer, and a glass collection structure connected to the lower part of the pyrolyzer. The pyrolyzer is provided with a porous separation screen that divides it into upper and lower spaces. The porous separation screen is inclined and has a high end and a low end. The pyrolyzer is provided with a solid outlet corresponding to the low end of the porous separation screen. The primary product premixing unit includes a premixing tank connected to the solid outlet via a primary product conveying mechanism, and a toner conveying component is connected to the premixing tank. The secondary processing unit includes a vacuum heat treatment furnace connected to the output port of the premix tank. The upper part of the vacuum heat treatment furnace is connected to a steam condensation deposition structure, and the lower part is connected to a storage tank.

[0008] As a further improvement of the present invention, the diameter of the sieve openings of the porous separating screen is smaller than the minimum particle size of the material entering the pyrolyzer.

[0009] As a further improvement of the present invention, the pyrolysis temperature of the pyrolyzer is 800-1300℃, and the vacuum heat treatment temperature of the vacuum heat treatment furnace is 1500-2000℃.

[0010] As a further improvement of the present invention, the gas treatment structure includes a calcium-based fluorine capture plate disposed on the pyrolyzer and a cyclone separator connected to the upper part of the pyrolyzer for separating the pyrolysis gas flowing through the calcium-based fluorine capture plate, and a gas purification component is connected to the gas outlet of the cyclone separator.

[0011] As a further improvement of the present invention, the glass collection structure includes a slag collection box connected to the lower part of the pyrolyzer via a molten glass conveying pipe and a condensation box for cooling the slag collection box.

[0012] As a further improvement of the present invention, the molten glass conveying pipe is also provided with a filter element for filtering the molten glass.

[0013] As a further improvement of the present invention, the steam condensation deposition structure includes a deposition box for recovering metal vapor via a condensation deposition process, which is connected to the vacuum heat treatment furnace through a steam pipe.

[0014] As a further improvement of the present invention, a crusher is provided in the premixing tank.

[0015] As a further improvement of the present invention, the feeding unit includes a feeding hopper connected to the pyrolyzer via a first screw conveyor.

[0016] As a further improvement of the present invention, the primary product conveying mechanism includes a solid conveying pipe connected to the solid outlet, and the solid conveying pipe is connected to the premixing tank via a second screw conveyor.

[0017] A method for recovering all components from the cascaded thermal conversion of decommissioned photovoltaic modules in the aforementioned device includes the following steps: S1. The retired photovoltaic modules are fed into the pyrolyzer through the feeding unit to carry out the pyrolysis reaction at a temperature of 800-1300℃. The pyrolysis gas generated by pyrolysis enters the gas treatment structure for recycling and treatment; the glass in the decommissioned photovoltaic modules softens and melts, dripping into the glass collection structure; the remaining solid components flow along the porous separation screen to the solid outlet and are then transported to the premixing tank via the primary product conveying mechanism. S2. After the solid components are mixed with carbon powder in the premixing tank, they are transported to the vacuum heat treatment furnace and reacted in a vacuum environment of 1500-2000℃. The metal vapor generated by the reaction is recovered in the vapor condensation deposition structure, and the final product is stored in the storage tank.

[0018] As a further improvement of the present invention, the retired photovoltaic module includes glass, silicon-based solar cells, backsheet, and ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) film after preliminary disassembly to remove the aluminum frame and junction box.

[0019] In step S1, the organic components in the retired photovoltaic modules, namely silicon-based solar cells, backsheets, and ethylene-vinyl acetate films, are pyrolyzed and vaporized into gas, which enters the gas treatment structure. The softened and melted glass drips through a porous separation screen to the glass collection structure. The remaining inorganic components, namely solid components, are transported to the premix tank through the primary product conveying mechanism.

[0020] In step S2, the inorganic components react with the mixed carbon powder under vacuum and high temperature to generate silicon carbide, which is then stored in a storage tank. At the same time, the metallic silver on the silicon-based solar cell evaporates upon heating to form silver vapor, which enters the deposition box and is then condensed and deposited for recovery.

[0021] The beneficial effects of this invention are: 1. This invention utilizes cascaded pyrolysis to achieve full-component recovery and high-value conversion of retired photovoltaic modules by employing methods such as melt separation, pyrolysis gas recovery, vacuum evaporation deposition, and high-temperature directional conversion, targeting the physicochemical properties of different components in the modules. This significantly improves the overall economic benefits of the recycling process.

[0022] 2. This invention utilizes pyrolysis in a pyrolyzer. On one hand, it molten the glass at high temperatures for separation. On the other hand, it ensures complete pyrolysis of the backsheet and ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) film to generate pyrolysis gas. This achieves separation of the battery cell from the glass, backsheet, and EVA film, preventing the glass from encapsulating silver and hindering its evaporation and recovery during subsequent vacuum heat treatment. The vacuum heat treatment stage utilizes a vacuum environment, allowing silver evaporation and recovery, as well as silicon carbide preparation, to be completed at temperatures above 1500°C. The use of carbon powder in this stage not only enables a carbothermal reduction reaction with silicon at high temperatures to synthesize high-value-added silicon carbide, but also reduces silver oxide generated during the primary pyrolysis process, achieving full recovery of silver.

[0023] 3. The device of the present invention has a simple and compact structure, meets the requirements of continuous operation, improves production efficiency, and is easy to industrialize. Attached Figure Description

[0024] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a cascaded thermal conversion and full component recovery device for retired photovoltaic modules.

[0025] Figure 2 A flowchart for a cascaded thermal conversion and full component recovery device for decommissioned photovoltaic modules.

[0026] Figure 3 The images show the scanning electron microscope (SEM) results of the silicon-based solar cells in Comparative Examples 2 and 3 (left and middle) and the SEM results of the deposited wafers in the deposition chamber (right).

[0027] Figure 4 The X-ray diffraction results are for untreated silicon-based solar cells and silicon carbide of Examples 1-2 and Comparative Example 1.

[0028] Figure Labels 11. Feed hopper; 12. First screw conveyor; 21. Pyrolysis unit; 22. Porous separation screen; 231. Calcium-based fluorine capture plate; 232. Cyclone separator; 233. Gas purification assembly; 234. First gas pipeline; 235. Second gas pipeline; 241. Slag collection box; 242. Condensation box; 243. Molten glass conveying pipeline; 244. Sand core; 245. Heat exchanger; 31. Solid conveying pipeline one; 32. Second screw conveyor; 33. Premixing tank; 34. Carbon powder conveying component; 35. Crusher; 41. Vacuum heat treatment furnace; 42. Solid conveying pipeline two; 43. Steam condensation deposition structure; 44. Steam pipeline; 45. Storage tank. Detailed Implementation

[0029] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this invention clearer, the invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0030] It should also be noted that, in order to avoid obscuring the present invention with unnecessary details, only the structures and / or processing steps closely related to the present invention are shown in the accompanying drawings, while other details that are not closely related to the present invention are omitted.

[0031] Additionally, it should be noted that the terms “comprising,” “including,” or any other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements includes not only those elements but also other elements not expressly listed, or elements inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.

[0032] Example 1 like Figure 1 As shown, this embodiment provides a cascaded thermal conversion and full component recovery device for decommissioned photovoltaic modules, including: Feeding unit; The primary processing unit includes a pyrolyzer 21 connected to the feeding unit, a gas processing structure for processing the pyrolysis gas generated in the pyrolyzer 21, and a glass collection structure connected to the lower part of the pyrolyzer 21. The pyrolyzer 21 is provided with a porous separation screen 22 that divides it into upper and lower spaces. The porous separation screen 22 is inclined and has a high end and a low end. The pyrolyzer 21 is provided with a solid outlet corresponding to the low end of the porous separation screen 22. The primary product premixing unit includes a premixing tank 33 connected to the solid outlet via a primary product conveying mechanism, and a toner conveying component 34 is connected to the premixing tank 33. The secondary processing unit includes a vacuum heat treatment furnace 41 connected to the output port of the premix tank 33. The upper part of the vacuum heat treatment furnace 41 is connected to a steam condensation deposition structure 43, and the lower part is connected to a storage tank 45.

[0033] For example, the feeding unit is used to send the disassembled and crushed retired photovoltaic modules into the primary processing unit, including a feeding hopper 11 connected to the pyrolyzer 21 via a first screw conveyor 12, and the feeding hopper 11 is located at the inlet of the first screw conveyor 12.

[0034] In this example, the retired photovoltaic module is the glass, silicon-based solar cells, backsheet, and ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) film that have been preliminarily disassembled and had their aluminum frame and junction box removed.

[0035] For example, the diameter of the sieve openings in the porous separation screen 22 is smaller than the minimum particle size of the material entering the pyrolyzer 21; the outlet of the first screw conveyor 12 is located above the high end of the porous separation screen 22. By setting the porous separation screen 22, it can be used as a material receiving component, a separating component, and a guide component to facilitate the flow of primary products out of the pyrolyzer 21 as needed. After the decommissioned photovoltaic modules fall into the porous separation screen 22, pyrolysis causes the backsheet and ethylene-vinyl acetate film to generate pyrolysis gas, while the glass softens under heat and melts and drips into the glass collection structure under gravity through the porous separation screen 22. This achieves the separation of silicon-based solar cells from glass, backsheet, and ethylene-vinyl acetate film, preventing the presence of glass from encapsulating silver in the subsequent vacuum heat treatment stage and affecting the evaporation and recovery of silver. In other words, the setting of the porous separation screen 22 in the pyrolyzer 21 enables the simultaneous separation of organic components, glass, and remaining inorganic components during the pyrolysis stage.

[0036] For example, the gas processing structure includes a calcium-based fluorine trapping plate 231 disposed on the pyrolyzer 21 and a cyclone separator 232 connected to the upper part of the pyrolyzer 21 for separating the pyrolysis gas flowing through the calcium-based fluorine trapping plate 231. A gas purification assembly 233 is connected to the gas outlet of the cyclone separator 232. In this example, the calcium-based fluorine trapping plate 231 is disposed on the upper part of the pyrolyzer 21, a gas outlet is provided at the top of the pyrolyzer 21, the cyclone separator 232 is connected to the gas outlet through a first gas pipe 234, and the gas purification assembly 233 is connected to the gas outlet of the cyclone separator 232 through a second gas pipe 235.

[0037] The gas purification component 233 is a multi-stage series gas washing bottle structure, including at least three series oil removal, dehalogenation and acid removal units. The oil removal reagent in the oil removal unit is anhydrous ethanol or methanol, and the dehalogenation reagent in the dehalogenation unit and the acid removal reagent in the acid removal unit are NaOH or Ca(OH)2 suspension.

[0038] For example, the glass collection structure includes a slag collection box 241 connected to the lower part of the pyrolyzer 21 via a molten glass conveying pipe 243, and a condenser box 242 for cooling the slag collection box 241.

[0039] In this example, the pyrolyzer 21 has a molten glass outlet at its bottom, and the slag collection box 241 is located directly below the molten glass outlet and is connected to the molten glass outlet through the molten glass conveying pipe 243.

[0040] The condenser 242 is equipped with condensate, and the slag collection box 241 is immersed in the condenser 242 to cool the slag collection box 241. A heat exchanger 245 is also connected to the condenser 242. The condensate flows into the condenser 242 to absorb the heat from the slag collection box 241 and then flows into the heat exchanger 245 to achieve heat recovery and utilization.

[0041] The molten glass conveying pipe 243 is also equipped with a filter element for filtering the molten glass. In this example, the filter element is a sand core 244, so that the molten glass dripping from the pyrolyzer 21 is filtered by the sand core 244 before being immersed in the slag collection box 241, thereby improving the cleanliness of the recovered glass.

[0042] For example, the primary product conveying mechanism includes a solid conveying pipe 31 connected to the solid outlet of the pyrolyzer 21, and the solid conveying pipe 31 is connected to the premix tank 33 via a second screw conveyor 32.

[0043] The premix tank 33 is also equipped with a crusher 35 to fully crush the solids fed into the premix tank 33 by the second screw conveyor 32, so as to increase the contact area between the solids and the carbon powder when the solids are mixed in the premix tank 33, which is beneficial to the subsequent formation of silicon carbide.

[0044] The toner conveyor 34 is a toner conveying pipe installed on the premix tank 33, so as to input toner into the premix tank 33 using the toner conveying pipe.

[0045] For example, the vacuum heat treatment furnace 41 has a steam outlet at the top and a material outlet at the bottom. The steam condensation deposition structure 43 is connected to the steam outlet via a steam pipe 44, and the storage tank 45 is connected to the material outlet. The steam condensation deposition structure 43 is a deposition box used to recover metal vapor through a condensation deposition process.

[0046] The premix tank 33 is connected to the vacuum heat treatment furnace 41 via a solid conveying pipe 42.

[0047] A first valve is installed on the solid conveying pipeline 42, a second valve is installed on the steam pipeline 44, and a third valve is installed at the material outlet of the vacuum heat treatment furnace 41.

[0048] Example 2 like Figure 2As shown, this embodiment provides a method for recovering all components of decommissioned photovoltaic modules through cascaded thermal conversion based on a decommissioned photovoltaic module cascaded thermal conversion full component recovery device, including the following steps: S1. The disassembled and crushed retired photovoltaic modules are fed into the pyrolysis unit 21 for pyrolysis reaction at a temperature of 800℃. Among them, the pyrolysis gas generated by the pyrolysis of the back plate and the ethylene-vinyl acetate membrane is adsorbed and defluorinated by the calcium-based fluorine capture plate 231, and then sent to the cyclone separator 232 through the first gas pipeline 234 to separate the residual solid particles. The gas separated by the cyclone separator 232 flows to the second gas pipeline 235 and is purified by the gas purification component 233 before being discharged in compliance with the standards. After being heated and softened, the glass is molten and drips through the porous separation screen 22 into the molten glass conveying pipe 243 under the action of gravity. After being filtered by the sand core 244, it enters the slag collection box 241, where it is condensed and cleaned to obtain clean glass. The waste heat during the glass condensation process is collected by the heat exchanger 245. The remaining inorganic solids, namely silicon-based solar cells, flow along the porous separation screen 22 to the solid outlet of the pyrolyzer 21, and are then fed into the premix tank 33 via the solid conveying pipe 31 and the second spiral conveyor 32. S2. After the inorganic solids are crushed and mixed in the premix tank 33, the resulting mixture is sent to the vacuum heat treatment furnace 41 through the solid conveying pipe 42. The particle size of the crushed material is 20-100 mesh. During mixing, carbon powder is fed into the premix tank 33 through the carbon conveying pipe. Subsequently, when the mass of the mixture in the vacuum heat treatment furnace 41 reaches a certain mass or a certain material level, the vacuum heat treatment furnace 41 is evacuated and heated to 1500°C to perform vacuum heat treatment on the mixture. After the treatment, the metallic silver on the silicon-based solar cell is heated and volatilized into silver vapor, which flows to the deposition box through the vapor pipe 44. Elemental silver is recovered through the condensation deposition process. The silicon material on the silicon-based solar cell is then sent to the storage tank 45 through the material outlet to store silicon carbide synthesized from carbon powder at high temperature.

[0049] The use of carbon powder in the vacuum heat treatment stage serves two purposes: firstly, it can react with silicon materials at high temperatures to undergo a carbothermic reduction reaction, synthesizing silicon carbide materials with high added value; secondly, it can reduce silver oxide generated during the primary pyrolysis process, thus achieving full recovery of silver elements.

[0050] The detection of the mass or level of the mixture in the vacuum heat treatment furnace can be carried out using existing technologies, which will not be elaborated here.

[0051] Examples 3-4 Examples 3 and 4 respectively provide a method for recovering all components of decommissioned photovoltaic modules based on a cascaded thermal conversion recovery device. Compared with Example 2, the vacuum temperature in Example 3 is adjusted from 1500℃ to 1600℃, and the vacuum temperature in Example 4 is adjusted from 1500℃ to 2000℃. The remaining steps are the same as in Example 2, and will not be repeated here.

[0052] Comparative Examples 1-3 Comparative Example 1 provides a method for recovering all components of decommissioned photovoltaic modules through cascaded thermal conversion based on a decommissioned photovoltaic module cascaded thermal conversion recovery device. Compared with Example 2, the vacuum heat treatment temperature of Comparative Example 1 is adjusted from 1500℃ to 1400℃, and the remaining steps are the same as those of Example 2, which will not be repeated here.

[0053] Comparative Examples 2 and 3 provide a method for recovering all components of retired photovoltaic modules through cascaded thermal conversion based on a device for recovering all components of retired photovoltaic modules. Compared with Example 2, Comparative Examples 2 and 3 only use a vacuum heat treatment furnace to perform vacuum heat treatment on silicon-based solar cells. Specifically, the vacuum heat treatment temperature of Comparative Example 2 is 900°C, and the vacuum heat treatment temperature of Comparative Example 3 is 1400°C.

[0054] like Figure 3 As shown, Figure 3 The left and middle images show the scanning electron microscope (SEM) results of the silicon-based solar cells in Comparative Examples 2 and 3, respectively. The middle image is a magnified view of part of the left image. It can be seen from the middle image that in Comparative Example 3, when the vacuum heat treatment temperature is 1400℃, no silver element is present on the silicon-based solar cell, and metallic silver is detected in the deposited wafer in the deposition chamber. Figure 3 (Right image below); In Comparative Example 2, when the vacuum heat treatment temperature is 900℃, silver was detected on the silicon-based solar cell, as shown by the white line in the left image, and no metallic silver was detected in the deposited wafer in the deposition chamber. Figure 3 (See the top right figure) This shows that when the vacuum heat treatment temperature is above 1400℃, the silver element on the silicon-based solar cell can form silver vapor, which is conducive to the recovery of silver.

[0055] like Figure 4 The figure shows the X-ray diffraction results of untreated silicon-based solar cells (PV-Cells) and silicon carbide collected in the storage tanks of Examples 1-2 and Comparative Example 1. As can be seen from the figure, obvious silicon carbide characteristic peaks are formed only when the vacuum heat treatment temperature is above 1500°C.

[0056] Therefore, by controlling the vacuum heat treatment temperature at 1500-2000℃, this invention can simultaneously generate high-value silicon carbide and recover metallic silver by generating silver vapor and then condensing and depositing it.

[0057] This invention separates silicon-based solar cells from glass, backsheet, and ethylene-vinyl acetate film during the pyrolysis process of the primary processing unit. Then, it uses vacuum heat treatment to generate silver vapor and silicon carbide from silicon materials. This method can ensure the purity of silver and improve the recovery rate, while achieving high-value regeneration of silicon-based materials.

[0058] This invention enables efficient, clean, and resource-based recycling of various components in retired photovoltaic modules, reduces energy consumption in the thermal conversion process of retired photovoltaic modules, and significantly improves the overall environmental benefits and economic efficiency of the process.

[0059] The above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and are not intended to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications or equivalent substitutions can be made to the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention.

Claims

1. A cascaded thermal conversion and full component recovery device for retired photovoltaic modules, characterized in that, include: Feeding unit; The primary processing unit includes a pyrolyzer connected to the feeding unit, a gas processing structure for processing the pyrolysis gas generated in the pyrolyzer, and a glass collection structure connected to the lower part of the pyrolyzer. The pyrolyzer is provided with a porous separation screen that divides it into upper and lower spaces. The porous separation screen is inclined and has a high end and a low end. The pyrolyzer is provided with a solid outlet corresponding to the low end of the porous separation screen. The primary product premixing unit includes a premixing tank connected to the solid outlet via a primary product conveying mechanism, and a toner conveying component is connected to the premixing tank. The secondary processing unit includes a vacuum heat treatment furnace connected to the output port of the premix tank. The upper part of the vacuum heat treatment furnace is connected to a steam condensation deposition structure, and the lower part is connected to a storage tank.

2. The decommissioned photovoltaic module cascade thermal conversion full component recovery device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The diameter of the mesh openings of the porous separator is smaller than the minimum particle size of the material entering the pyrolysis unit.

3. The decommissioned photovoltaic module cascade thermal conversion full component recovery device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The gas processing structure includes a calcium-based fluorine capture plate disposed on the pyrolyzer and a cyclone separator connected to the upper part of the pyrolyzer for separating the pyrolysis gas flowing through the calcium-based fluorine capture plate. A gas purification component is connected to the gas outlet of the cyclone separator.

4. The cascaded thermal conversion and full component recovery device for decommissioned photovoltaic modules according to claim 1, characterized in that: The glass collection structure includes a slag collection box connected to the lower part of the pyrolyzer via a molten glass conveying pipe, and a condenser for cooling the slag collection box.

5. The decommissioned photovoltaic module cascade thermal conversion full component recovery device according to claim 4, characterized in that: The molten glass conveying pipeline is also equipped with a filter element for filtering the molten glass.

6. The cascaded thermal conversion and full component recovery device for decommissioned photovoltaic modules according to claim 1, characterized in that: The steam condensation deposition structure includes a deposition box connected to the vacuum heat treatment furnace via a steam pipe for recovering metal vapor through a condensation deposition process.

7. The decommissioned photovoltaic module cascade thermal conversion full component recovery device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The premix tank is equipped with a crusher.

8. The decommissioned photovoltaic module cascade thermal conversion full component recovery device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The feeding unit includes a feeding hopper connected to the pyrolyzer via a first screw conveyor.

9. The cascaded thermal conversion and full component recovery device for decommissioned photovoltaic modules according to claim 1, characterized in that: The primary product conveying mechanism includes a solid conveying pipe connected to the solid outlet, and the solid conveying pipe is connected to the premixing tank via a second screw conveyor.

10. A method for recovering all components from the cascaded thermal conversion of decommissioned photovoltaic modules based on the device described in claim 1, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1. The retired photovoltaic modules are fed into the pyrolyzer through the feeding unit to carry out the pyrolysis reaction at a temperature of 800-1300℃. The pyrolysis gas generated by pyrolysis enters the gas treatment structure for recycling and treatment; the glass in the decommissioned photovoltaic modules softens and melts, dripping into the glass collection structure; the remaining solid components flow along the porous separation screen to the solid outlet and are then transported to the premixing tank via the primary product conveying mechanism. S2. After the solid components are mixed with carbon powder in the premixing tank, they are transported to the vacuum heat treatment furnace and reacted in a vacuum environment of 1500-2000℃. The metal vapor generated by the reaction is recovered in the vapor condensation deposition structure, and the final product is stored in the storage tank.

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