Self-powered intelligent dimming system and control method thereof

Abstract

The application belongs to the technical field of electrochromic materials, and relates to a self-powered intelligent light adjusting system and a control method thereof, adopts layered modular design, each module is linked through energy flow and signal flow, closed-loop control of photo-electricity-energy storage-light adjusting is realized, the system improves energy utilization efficiency, enhances environmental stability, improves response speed, realizes high integration, and can construct an intelligent collaborative mechanism.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of electrochromic materials technology, and relates to a self-powered intelligent dimming system and its control method. Background Technology

[0002] Currently, building energy consumption accounts for 30-40% of the total energy consumption of the entire industry, with the energy consumption for lighting and insulation through doors and windows accounting for over 50%. The combination of building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) technology and smart electrochromic glass has become a key path to reduce building energy consumption. Semi-transparent solar cells can achieve the dual functions of visible light transmission and power generation, while all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic materials have the advantages of long cycle life and strong weather resistance. The integration of the two can construct a self-powered smart light control system.

[0003] In recent years, perovskite solar cells have become the preferred material for photovoltaic layers due to their high efficiency and adjustable transparency; all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic materials such as WO3-NiO heterojunctions have achieved a cycle life of more than 100,000 cycles through solid electrolytes. However, the integration of these two technologies still faces technical bottlenecks in charge matching, interface compatibility, and functional synergy.

[0004] Existing research has developed a semi-transparent perovskite solar cell-electrochromic glass integrated system. Its photovoltaic layer uses a MAPbI3 perovskite cell with 35% transmittance and 18.2% efficiency; the electrochromic layer uses a WO3 / Viologen system, and the liquid electrolyte is LiClO4 / PC. The transmittance adjustment range is 20-60%, and the response time is 2.5 seconds. The integration method involves connecting the independent perovskite cells to the electrochromic glass via wires, with a DC / DC converter connected in series in between. This system requires 150 seconds to charge to 1.2V under one day of sunlight, has a cycle life of 30,000 cycles, and exhibits electrolyte solidification below -10℃. Although this scheme achieves basic power generation and dimming functions, it still has the following problems: 1. Low energy utilization efficiency. Poor charge matching between the photovoltaic layer and the electrochromic layer results in high interfacial impedance and an energy utilization rate of less than 70%; 2. Insufficient stability. Devices using liquid electrolytes have several drawbacks. First, they have a short lifespan (<50,000 cycles) at 85℃ and 85% humidity, and are prone to electrolyte freezing failure at -10℃. Second, they have a short cycle life. Liquid electrolytes are prone to evaporation and leakage, resulting in an electrochromic layer cycle life of <50,000 cycles, which cannot meet the 10+ year usage requirements of architectural glass. Third, they have a slow response speed. The low ion diffusion coefficient of traditional WO3-based electrochromic layers results in coloring / fading times greater than 2 seconds, failing to meet the rapid adjustment requirements under dynamic lighting conditions. Fourth, they have low system integration. External DC / DC converters and energy storage modules are required, increasing the device thickness to over 5mm and raising installation costs by 40%. Fifth, they have poor functional synergy. Photovoltaic power generation and dimming functions lack an intelligent linkage mechanism, maintaining a high-energy-consumption coloring state in low-light environments and failing to dim in time under strong light.

[0005] In summary, there is an urgent need to develop a self-powered intelligent dimming system that can improve energy utilization efficiency, enhance environmental stability, increase response speed, achieve high integration, and build an intelligent collaborative mechanism. Summary of the Invention

[0006] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, the present invention aims to provide a self-powered intelligent dimming system and its control method. The system adopts a hierarchical modular design, in which each module is linked through energy flow and signal flow to achieve closed-loop control of light-electricity-energy storage-dimming. This system improves energy utilization efficiency, enhances environmental stability, increases response speed, achieves high integration, and can build an intelligent collaborative mechanism.

[0007] To achieve this objective, the present invention adopts the following technical solution:

[0008] In a first aspect, the present invention provides a self-powered intelligent dimming system, comprising a semi-transparent solar cell layer, a charge conduction layer, an all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer, and a substrate protective layer stacked vertically from top to bottom, as well as an intelligent control module; the intelligent control module includes a light intensity sensor, a temperature sensor, and a microcontroller unit; both the semi-transparent solar cell layer and the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer are signal-connected to the microcontroller unit; the light intensity sensor and the temperature sensor are connected to the microcontroller unit; the microcontroller unit controls the charging and discharging state of the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer according to the ambient light intensity to adjust the light transmittance, and controls the output of the semi-transparent solar cell layer according to the system temperature.

[0009] The self-powered intelligent dimming system provided by this invention adopts a layered modular design, comprising five core sub-modules: a semi-transparent solar cell layer as the energy input module, used to convert light energy into electrical energy; a charge conduction layer as the energy transmission module, enabling low-loss power transfer; an all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer as the core functional module, realizing energy storage and dimming execution; an intelligent control module, performing intelligent decision-making; and a base protection layer as the support and protection module, providing mechanical / environmental protection. Each module is closely linked through the energy flow from light energy to electrical energy and then to energy storage, and the signal flow from sensors to the intelligent control module and then to the execution components, achieving closed-loop control of "light-electricity-energy storage-dimming," and possessing over-temperature / over-voltage protection functions.

[0010] The self-powered intelligent dimming system has the following characteristics: (1) Light-controlled dimming: The voltage of the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer is adjusted in real time by a light intensity sensor to achieve intelligent response of "strong light → coloring (low transmittance), weak light → fading (high transmittance)"; (2) High-efficiency energy utilization: The semi-transparent solar cell layer and the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer are connected through a low-impedance charge conduction layer to reduce power loss; (3) Closed-loop control: The voltage / transmittance feedback of the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer is combined with the environmental sensor signal to form a closed loop of "perception-decision-execution-feedback" to ensure accurate system operation; (4) Safety protection: The temperature sensor is combined with the over-temperature protection command to prevent the system from being damaged by high temperature and improve reliability; (5) Multifunctional integration: A single system can realize three major functions of photovoltaic power generation, energy storage, and electrochromic dimming at the same time, which is suitable for smart windows, energy-saving buildings and other scenarios. Through the above characteristics, the system can automatically adjust the energy flow and dimming state according to environmental changes, taking into account both energy efficiency and user experience. It is a typical intelligent energy-function integrated solution.

[0011] Specifically, the semi-transparent solar cell layer converts light energy into electrical energy through the photoelectric effect, outputting a DC voltage of 0-1.5V. This voltage is then transferred to the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer via a charge conduction layer, eliminating the need for an external energy storage module. Simultaneously, it monitors its own real-time voltage, current, and other power generation status, feeding this data back to the microcontroller unit via signal lines to assess the current energy input capability. The charge conduction layer efficiently and with low loss conducts the electrical energy output from the semi-transparent solar cell layer to the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer. The all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer, acting as a supercapacitor, stores the electrical energy input from the semi-transparent solar cell layer. It also adjusts its own transmittance through voltage changes, achieving "coloring" (low transmittance) or "fading" (high transmittance) effects. Furthermore, it monitors its own voltage status in real-time (0.3-1.3V) and transmittance (15%-50%), feeding this data back to the microcontroller unit for closed-loop control. The intelligent control module senses ambient light and temperature, calculates and issues control commands through the microcontroller unit, and coordinates the operation of the entire system. Ambient light intensity is monitored with a high precision of ±10 lux, and the light signal is input to the microcontroller unit. The microcontroller unit generates two types of control commands based on the sensor signals: control of the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer (adjusting the charging / discharging current / voltage via PWM modulation signals); and protection of the semi-transparent solar cell layer (sending protection commands to the semi-transparent solar cell layer to limit the charging rate and prevent overcharging or overheating damage when the temperature or voltage is too high). The substrate protective layer provides physical support and weather resistance protection for the semi-transparent solar cell layer, ensuring long-term stable operation of the system in complex environments. Each module uses closed-loop electrical signal feedback to ensure synergistic optimization of energy utilization efficiency and optical performance.

[0012] Preferably, the semi-transparent solar cell layer comprises a semi-transparent perovskite solar cell layer.

[0013] The semi-transparent solar cell layer can also be a semi-transparent organic solar cell layer, such as the PM6:Y6 system. Although the efficiency is slightly lower, the cost can be reduced by 30%, and the flexibility is better, making it suitable for curved building curtain walls.

[0014] Preferably, the perovskite active layer material of the semi-transparent perovskite solar cell layer is FA. 0.8 Cs 0.2 Pb(I 0.6 Br 0.4 3.

[0015] The perovskite active layer material achieves a balance between high efficiency and high transmittance by suppressing phase separation through Cs doping and regulating the band gap with Br to match the visible light transmittance requirements.

[0016] Preferably, the FA 0.8 Cs 0.2 Pb(I 0.6 Br 0.4 The band gap of )3 is 1.75 eV.

[0017] Preferably, the semi-transparent perovskite solar cell layer includes a top transparent electrode, a hole transport layer, a perovskite active layer, an electron transport layer, and a bottom transparent electrode, which are stacked sequentially from top to bottom.

[0018] The semi-transparent perovskite solar cell layer can achieve a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 20.1% (AM 1.5G illumination) and a visible light transmittance of 45% (400-700nm), meeting the dual requirements of power generation and light collection.

[0019] AM 1.5G is a standardized test spectrum in the field of solar energy, which refers to the ground spectrum when the equivalent path of sunlight through the atmosphere is 1.5 times that in the vertical direction.

[0020] The top transparent electrode serves as a hole extraction electrode, and the bottom transparent electrode serves as an electron extraction electrode.

[0021] Preferably, the top transparent electrode comprises an ITO thin film.

[0022] Preferably, the thickness of the top transparent electrode is 20 nm, the sheet resistance is 18 Ω / □, and the light transmittance is 85%.

[0023] It should be noted that "Ω / □" is the standard unit of sheet resistance, which is a parameter for measuring the conductivity of a film.

[0024] Preferably, the hole transport layer comprises NiO. x .

[0025] Preferably, the thickness of the hole transport layer is 15 nm.

[0026] Preferably, the conductivity of the hole transport layer is 1×10⁻⁶. -3 S / cm.

[0027] The hole transport layer was prepared by the sol-gel method.

[0028] Preferably, the thickness of the perovskite active layer is 300-500 nm, for example, it can be 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm or 500 nm, but is not limited to the listed values. Other unlisted values ​​within the range are also applicable.

[0029] Preferably, the perovskite active layer is prepared by two-step spin coating, with a spin coating speed of 3300-3700 r / min, an annealing temperature of 105-115℃, and an annealing time of 17-19 min.

[0030] The spin coating speed is 3300-3700 r / min, for example, it can be 3300 r / min, 3400 r / min, 3500 r / min, 3600 r / min or 3700 r / min, but is not limited to the listed values. Other unlisted values ​​within the range are also applicable.

[0031] The annealing temperature is 105-115℃, for example, it can be 105℃, 108℃, 110℃, 112℃ or 115℃, but is not limited to the listed values. Other unlisted values ​​within the range are also applicable.

[0032] The annealing time is 17-19 min, for example, it can be 17 min, 17.5 min, 18 min, 18.5 min or 19 min, but is not limited to the listed values. Other unlisted values ​​within the range are also applicable.

[0033] The perovskite active layer is prepared by two-step spin coating, which can form uniform needle-like crystals and ensure a balance between light absorption and carrier transport.

[0034] Preferably, the electron transport layer comprises SnO2.

[0035] The electron transport layer was prepared by a hydrothermal method.

[0036] Preferably, the electron mobility of the electron transport layer is 10 cm⁻¹. 2 / V·s.

[0037] Preferably, the bottom transparent electrode comprises FTO glass.

[0038] Preferably, the FTO glass has a thickness of 1.1 mm and a sheet resistance of 15 Ω / □.

[0039] Preferably, the charge-conducting layer is an Ag nanowire / PDMS composite film.

[0040] The charge conduction layer is made of Ag nanowire / PDMS composite film, which can reduce interface impedance. The vertical stacked structure eliminates the need for an external converter and achieves integration with a thickness of <3mm.

[0041] The charge-conducting layer can also be a graphene / PI composite film, which can further reduce the interface impedance to 3Ω, but the material cost will increase by 50%.

[0042] Preferably, the sheet resistance of the charge conduction layer is ≤18Ω / □, the interface contact resistance is ≤5Ω, and the thickness is 7-9μm.

[0043] The sheet resistance of the charge conduction layer is ≤18Ω / □, for example, it can be 18Ω / □, 16Ω / □, 15Ω / □, 13Ω / □ or 10Ω / □, but is not limited to the listed values. Other unlisted values ​​within the range are also applicable.

[0044] The interfacial contact resistance of the charge conduction layer is ≤5Ω, for example, it can be 5Ω, 4Ω, 3Ω, 2Ω or 1Ω, but is not limited to the listed values. Other unlisted values ​​within the range are also applicable.

[0045] The thickness of the charge-conducting layer is 7-9 μm, for example, it can be 7 μm, 7.5 μm, 8 μm, 8.5 μm or 9 μm, but is not limited to the listed values. Other unlisted values ​​within the range are also applicable.

[0046] Preferably, the light transmittance of the charge-conducting layer is 82%, and the bending radius is <5mm.

[0047] The charge conduction layer is designed with low impedance to reduce losses during power transmission and ensure that the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer can efficiently receive power.

[0048] Preferably, the Ag nanowires in the Ag nanowire / PDMS composite film have a diameter of 50 nm and a length of 10 μm.

[0049] The Ag nanowires were formed into a three-dimensional conductive network by inkjet printing, with an areal density of 1 μg / cm³. 2 .

[0050] The Ag nanowires are formed into a three-dimensional conductive network through inkjet printing, which can ensure a balance between conductivity and light transmittance.

[0051] Preferably, the PDMS matrix in the Ag nanowire / PDMS composite film is formed into a flexible support by UV curing.

[0052] Preferably, the UV curing wavelength is 365 nm and the intensity is 100 mW / cm². 2 .

[0053] The PDMS matrix is ​​cured under ultraviolet light to form a flexible support, which can improve interlayer adhesion and peel strength >5N / cm.

[0054] Preferably, the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer comprises an anode layer, a solid electrolyte layer, and a cathode layer.

[0055] The all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer adopts a composite design of heterojunction electrode and solid electrolyte, which has both high optical contrast and long cycle life.

[0056] Preferably, the anode layer is a NiO thin film doped with Co3O4, wherein the Co3O4 doping amount is 7-9 wt%, for example, it can be 7 wt%, 7.5 wt%, 8 wt%, 8.5 wt% or 9 wt%, but is not limited to the listed values, and other unlisted values ​​within the range are also applicable.

[0057] Co doping in the anode layer 3+ It can improve oxidation state stability, enabling anodizing efficiency of up to 30cm. 2 / C.

[0058] Preferably, the thickness of the anode layer is 80 nm.

[0059] Preferably, the anode layer is prepared by magnetron sputtering with a power of 130W, a substrate temperature of 300℃, and an argon atmosphere.

[0060] Preferably, the cathode layer comprises a WO3-Ta2O5 thin film, wherein the Ta2O5 doping amount is 4-6wt%, for example, it can be 4wt%, 4.5wt%, 5wt%, 5.5wt% or 6wt%, but is not limited to the listed values, and other unlisted values ​​within the range are also applicable.

[0061] Ta in the cathode layer 5+ Doping can widen the lattice gaps of WO3, making Li... + The diffusion coefficient was increased to 1.2 × 10⁻⁶. - 10 cm 2 / s, a 40% improvement over pure WO3.

[0062] The cathode layer can also be a V2O5-TiO2 thin film, which can broaden the transmittance adjustment range to 10-55%, but the response time is extended to 1.2 seconds.

[0063] Preferably, the thickness of the cathode layer is 100 nm.

[0064] Preferably, the cathode layer is prepared by magnetron sputtering with a power of 100W and a volume ratio of oxygen to argon of 1:5.

[0065] The cathode and anode layers optimize the ion migration performance of the electrochromic layer through transition metal doping.

[0066] Preferably, the solid electrolyte layer comprises an LLZTO / PVDF-HFP composite membrane.

[0067] In the LLZTO / PVDF-HFP composite membrane, LLZTO can provide 1×10 -4 With a high ionic conductivity of S / cm, PVDF-HFP can enhance mechanical flexibility, with an elongation at break of >200%.

[0068] The solid electrolyte layer can also be a Li3PO4-LiClO4 composite film, which can operate normally at -50℃, but has a slightly lower ionic conductivity, around 8×10⁻⁶. -5 S / cm.

[0069] Preferably, the preparation steps of the LLZTO / PVDF-HFP composite membrane include: mixing LLZTO nanoparticles with a mass ratio of (2-4):7 with PVDF-HFP and dissolving them in NMP, then coating them into shape and vacuum drying them at 75-85℃ for 17-19h.

[0070] The mass ratio of LLZTO nanoparticles to PVDF-HFP is (2-4):7, for example, it can be 2:7, 2.5:7, 3:7, 3.5:7 or 4:7, but is not limited to the listed values. Other unlisted values ​​within the range are also applicable.

[0071] The vacuum drying temperature is 75-85℃, for example, it can be 75℃, 78℃, 80℃, 82℃ or 85℃, but is not limited to the listed values. Other unlisted values ​​within the range are also applicable.

[0072] The vacuum drying time is 17-19 hours, for example, 17 hours, 17.5 hours, 18 hours, 18.5 hours or 19 hours, but is not limited to the listed values. Other unlisted values ​​within the range are also applicable.

[0073] Preferably, the LLZTO nanoparticles have a particle size of 50 nm.

[0074] The working mechanism of the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer is as follows: during charging, Li + Migrating from the anode to the cathode, both undergo oxidation / reduction reactions, simultaneously exhibiting a dark color, i.e., a transmittance of 15%; during discharge, Li... + Reverse migration restores transparency, i.e., light transmittance is 50%.

[0075] Preferably, the substrate protective layer comprises quartz glass.

[0076] In a second aspect, the present invention provides a control method for a self-powered intelligent dimming system as described in the first aspect, comprising the following steps:

[0077] Ambient light intensity and system temperature are monitored in real time using light intensity and temperature sensors, and the monitoring signals are transmitted to the microcontroller unit. The microcontroller unit executes the following control logic based on the received signals:

[0078] When the ambient light intensity is lower than the first preset threshold, the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer is controlled to discharge and fade.

[0079] When the ambient light intensity is higher than the second preset threshold, the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer is charged and colored; if the ambient light continues, the charging and coloring continues; if the ambient light is interrupted, the coloring is discharged and faded.

[0080] When the system temperature exceeds the temperature protection threshold, the output of the semi-transparent solar cell layer is reduced.

[0081] In the control method, the light intensity sensor and temperature sensor collect the ambient light intensity and system temperature in real time. The microcontroller dynamically adjusts the charging and discharging state of the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer according to the preset logic. Through the linkage between the sensor and the microcontroller, intelligent matching of photovoltaic power generation and dimming is realized. The working mode can be automatically switched under different lighting conditions, thereby realizing adaptive control of light transmittance.

[0082] Preferably, the first preset threshold is 200 lux and the second preset threshold is 500 lux.

[0083] Preferably, the temperature protection threshold is 60°C.

[0084] Preferably, the microcontroller unit adjusts the charging and discharging current of the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer via a PWM signal.

[0085] During the discharge fading process, the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer discharges through the internal load, and the light transmittance recovers to 50%. During the charging coloring process, the semi-transparent solar cell layer outputs a 1.3V voltage to charge the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer until the voltage reaches 1.3V and the light transmittance drops to 15%.

[0086] When the ambient light is continuous, the coloring continues to be charged and maintained at a voltage of 1.2-1.3V; when the ambient light is interrupted, the coloring is discharged and faded.

[0087] When the system temperature exceeds the temperature protection threshold, the microcontroller controls the semi-transparent solar cell layer to reduce the output voltage to 1.1V, limiting the charging rate of the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer to prevent overheating damage.

[0088] Preferably, it also includes a closed-loop feedback step: the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer feeds back its voltage state and transmittance state to the microcontroller unit in real time for dynamic adjustment of charge and discharge control.

[0089] Preferably, it also includes a power generation feedback step: the semi-transparent solar cell layer feeds back its voltage and current states to the microcontroller unit in real time to assess its energy input capability.

[0090] The numerical range described in this invention includes not only the point values ​​listed above, but also any point values ​​within the numerical ranges not listed above. Due to space limitations and for the sake of brevity, this invention will not exhaustively list all the specific point values ​​included in the range.

[0091] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0092] The self-powered intelligent dimming system provided by this invention adopts a layered modular design. A semi-transparent solar cell layer serves as the energy input module, converting light energy into electrical energy. A charge conduction layer serves as the energy transmission module, enabling low-loss power transfer. An all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer serves as the core functional module, storing energy and performing dimming. An intelligent control module makes intelligent decisions. A base protection layer serves as the support and protection module, providing mechanical and environmental protection. All modules are closely linked through the energy flow from light to electrical energy to energy storage and the signal flow from sensors to the intelligent control module to the execution components, achieving closed-loop control of "light-electricity-energy storage-dimming" and providing over-temperature / over-voltage protection.

[0093] Compared to existing semi-transparent perovskite solar cell-electrochromic glass integrated systems, the energy utilization efficiency is improved: the interface impedance is reduced to below 5Ω, energy transmission loss is reduced to 10%, and charging time is shortened to 105 seconds; stability is significantly enhanced: the lifespan can be increased to 150,000 cycles at 85℃ and 85% humidity, and the operating temperature range is widened to -40℃ to 85℃; response speed is accelerated: the electrochromic response time is shortened to 0.9 seconds, which can quickly adapt to dynamic light environments such as cloud cover; integration is improved: the external DC / DC converter is eliminated, the system thickness is reduced to 3mm, and the installation cost is reduced by 25%; intelligence is enhanced: automatic dimming is achieved through a light intensity sensor, and the light transmittance is increased by 15% in low light environments, further reducing indoor lighting energy consumption. Detailed Implementation

[0094] The technical solution of the present invention will be further illustrated below through specific embodiments. Those skilled in the art should understand that the embodiments described are merely illustrative of the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the invention in any way.

[0095] This invention provides a self-powered intelligent dimming system, comprising a semi-transparent solar cell layer, a charge conduction layer, an all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer, and a substrate protective layer stacked vertically from top to bottom, as well as an intelligent control module.

[0096] The intelligent control module includes a light intensity sensor, a temperature sensor, and a microcontroller unit; the semi-transparent solar cell layer and the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer are both signal-connected to the microcontroller unit; the light intensity sensor and the temperature sensor are connected to the microcontroller unit; the microcontroller unit controls the charging and discharging state of the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer according to the ambient light intensity to adjust the light transmittance, and controls the output of the semi-transparent solar cell layer according to the system temperature.

[0097] The semi-transparent solar cell layer includes a semi-transparent perovskite solar cell layer; the semi-transparent perovskite solar cell layer includes an ITO thin film and NiO layer stacked sequentially from the top layer to the bottom layer. x The perovskite active layer consists of a layer, a perovskite active layer, a SnO2 layer, and an FTO glass layer; the perovskite active layer material is FA. 0.8 Cs 0.2 Pb(I 0.6 Br 0.4 )3, with a band gap of 1.75 eV; the perovskite active layer is prepared by two-step spin coating, with a thickness of 300-500 nm, a spin coating speed of 3300-3700 r / min, an annealing temperature of 105-115℃, and an annealing time of 17-19 min; the ITO film has a thickness of 20 nm, a sheet resistance of 18 Ω / □, and a transmittance of 85%; the NiO xThe layer is 15 nm thick and has an electrical conductivity of 1 × 10⁻⁶. -3 S / cm; the electron mobility of the SnO2 layer is 10 cm⁻¹. 2 / V·s; The thickness of the FTO glass is 1.1mm, and the sheet resistance is 15Ω / □.

[0098] The charge-conducting layer is an Ag nanowire / PDMS composite film; the sheet resistance of the charge-conducting layer is ≤18Ω / □, the interfacial contact resistance is ≤5Ω, the thickness is 7-9μm, the light transmittance is 82%, and the bending radius is <5mm; the Ag nanowires in the Ag nanowire / PDMS composite film have a diameter of 50nm and a length of 10μm, and the Ag nanowires are formed into a three-dimensional conductive network by inkjet printing, with an areal density of 1μg / cm³. 2 The PDMS matrix is ​​formed into a flexible support through UV curing at a wavelength of 365 nm and an intensity of 100 mW / cm². 2 .

[0099] The all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer comprises an anode layer, a solid electrolyte layer, and a cathode layer. The anode layer is a Co3O4-doped NiO thin film with a thickness of 80 nm, wherein the Co3O4 doping amount is 7-9 wt%. The anode layer is prepared by magnetron sputtering with a power of 130 W, a substrate temperature of 300 °C, and an argon atmosphere. The cathode layer comprises a WO3-Ta2O5 thin film with a thickness of 100 nm, wherein the Ta2O5 doping amount is 4-6 wt%. The cathode layer is prepared by magnetron sputtering with a power of 100 W and an oxygen to argon volume ratio of 1:5. The solid electrolyte layer is an LLZTO / PVDF-HFP composite film. The preparation steps of the LLZTO / PVDF-HFP composite film include: mixing 50 nm LLZTO nanoparticles with a mass ratio of (2-4):7 with PVDF-HFP and dissolving them in NMP, then coating them into shape and vacuum drying them at 75-85 °C for 17-19 h.

[0100] The base protective layer is quartz glass.

[0101] The control method of the self-powered intelligent dimming system includes the following steps:

[0102] Ambient light intensity and system temperature are monitored in real time by light intensity and temperature sensors, and the monitoring signals are transmitted to the microcontroller unit. The microcontroller unit executes the following control logic based on the received signals: When the ambient light intensity is below 200 lux, the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer is controlled to discharge and fade, and the transmittance recovers to 50% through internal load discharge; when the ambient light intensity is above 500 lux, the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer is controlled to charge and color, and the semi-transparent solar cell layer outputs a 1.3V voltage to charge the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer until the voltage reaches 1.3V and the transmittance drops to 15%; if the ambient light continues, charging and coloring continue, maintaining a voltage of 1.2-1.3V; if the ambient light is interrupted, discharge and fading occur; when the system temperature is above 60℃, the microcontroller unit controls the semi-transparent solar cell layer to reduce the output voltage to 1.1V; the microcontroller unit adjusts the charging and discharging current of the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer through a PWM signal.

[0103] It also includes a closed-loop feedback step: the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer feeds back its voltage and transmittance states to the microcontroller unit in real time for dynamic adjustment of charge and discharge control; it also includes a power generation feedback step: the semi-transparent solar cell layer feeds back its voltage and current states to the microcontroller unit in real time for evaluation of energy input capability.

[0104] Example 1

[0105] This embodiment provides a self-powered intelligent dimming system, including a semi-transparent solar cell layer, a charge conduction layer, an all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer and a substrate protection layer stacked vertically from top to bottom, as well as an intelligent control module.

[0106] The intelligent control module includes a light intensity sensor, a temperature sensor, and a microcontroller unit; the semi-transparent solar cell layer and the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer are both signal-connected to the microcontroller unit; the light intensity sensor and the temperature sensor are connected to the microcontroller unit; the microcontroller unit controls the charging and discharging state of the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer according to the ambient light intensity to adjust the light transmittance, and controls the output of the semi-transparent solar cell layer according to the system temperature.

[0107] The semi-transparent solar cell layer includes a semi-transparent perovskite solar cell layer; the semi-transparent perovskite solar cell layer includes an ITO thin film and NiO layer stacked sequentially from the top layer to the bottom layer. x The perovskite active layer consists of a layer, a perovskite active layer, a SnO2 layer, and an FTO glass layer; the perovskite active layer material is FA. 0.8 Cs 0.2 Pb(I 0.6Br 0.4 )3, with a band gap of 1.75 eV; the perovskite active layer was prepared by two-step spin coating, with a thickness of 400 nm, a spin coating speed of 3500 r / min, an annealing temperature of 110 °C, and an annealing time of 18 min; the ITO film has a thickness of 20 nm, a sheet resistance of 18 Ω / □, and a transmittance of 85%; the NiO x The layer is 15 nm thick and has an electrical conductivity of 1 × 10⁻⁶. -3 S / cm; the electron mobility of the SnO2 layer is 10 cm⁻¹. 2 / V·s; The thickness of the FTO glass is 1.1mm, and the sheet resistance is 15Ω / □.

[0108] The charge-conducting layer is an Ag nanowire / PDMS composite film; the sheet resistance of the charge-conducting layer is 10 Ω / □, the interfacial contact resistance is 3 Ω, the thickness is 8 μm, the light transmittance is 82%, and the bending radius is 3 mm; the Ag nanowires in the Ag nanowire / PDMS composite film have a diameter of 50 nm and a length of 10 μm, and the Ag nanowires are formed into a three-dimensional conductive network by inkjet printing, with an areal density of 1 μg / cm³. 2 The PDMS matrix is ​​formed into a flexible support through UV curing at a wavelength of 365 nm and an intensity of 100 mW / cm². 2 .

[0109] The all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer comprises an anode layer, a solid electrolyte layer, and a cathode layer. The anode layer is a Co3O4-doped NiO thin film with a thickness of 80 nm, wherein the Co3O4 doping amount is 8 wt%. The anode layer is prepared by magnetron sputtering at a power of 130 W, a substrate temperature of 300 °C, and an argon atmosphere. The cathode layer comprises a WO3-Ta2O5 thin film with a thickness of 100 nm, wherein the Ta2O5 doping amount is 5 wt%. The cathode layer is prepared by magnetron sputtering at a power of 100 W, with an oxygen to argon volume ratio of 1:5. The solid electrolyte layer is an LLZTO / PVDF-HFP composite film. The preparation steps of the LLZTO / PVDF-HFP composite film include: mixing 50 nm LLZTO nanoparticles with a mass ratio of 3:7 with PVDF-HFP, dissolving the mixture in NMP, then coating it, and vacuum drying at 80 °C for 18 h. The substrate protective layer is quartz glass.

[0110] The self-powered intelligent dimming system provided in this embodiment has an interface impedance as low as 3Ω, energy transmission loss reduced to 10%, and charging time shortened to 105 seconds; significantly enhanced stability: lifespan can be increased to 150,000 cycles at 85℃ and 85% humidity, and the operating temperature range is widened to -40℃ to 85℃; faster response speed: electrochromic response time is shortened to 0.9 seconds, which can quickly adapt to dynamic light environments such as cloud cover; improved integration: eliminating the need for an external DC / DC converter, reducing the system thickness to 3mm, and lowering installation costs by 25%; enhanced intelligence: automatic dimming is achieved through a light intensity sensor, increasing light transmittance by 15% in low-light environments, further reducing indoor lighting energy consumption.

[0111] Example 2

[0112] This embodiment uses the self-powered intelligent dimming system provided in Embodiment 1, and illustrates the scenario with sufficient light (light intensity > 500 lux) and normal temperature (system temperature < 60℃).

[0113] (1) Energy input: The semi-transparent perovskite solar cell layer absorbs light energy and outputs 1.3V DC power, while feeding back the generated voltage / current to the microcontroller unit.

[0114] (2) Energy transfer: The charge conduction layer transfers electrical energy to the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer with low loss.

[0115] (3) Environmental perception: When the light intensity sensor detects that the light intensity is >500 lux, it inputs the signal to the microcontroller unit.

[0116] (4) Microcontroller decision: The microcontroller determines that the charging coloring mode needs to be triggered and sends a PWM charging drive signal to the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer to increase the charging rate.

[0117] (5) Energy storage and dimming: The all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer receives electrical energy, and the voltage gradually increases from 0.3V to 1.3V in about 105 seconds. The light transmittance decreases from 50% to 15%, and the coloring is completed.

[0118] (6) Status feedback: The all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer provides real-time feedback of voltage (1.3V) and transmittance (15%) to the microcontroller unit to confirm that the target state has been reached.

[0119] (7) Maintain operation: If the light is continuous (light intensity > 500 lux), the microcontroller maintains the PWM drive signal stable, and the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer maintains a voltage of 1.2-1.3V to maintain the coloring state; if the light is interrupted (light intensity < 200 lux), it enters the discharge fading scene.

[0120] Example 3

[0121] This embodiment uses the self-powered intelligent dimming system provided in Embodiment 1 to illustrate a scenario with insufficient light (light intensity < 200 lux).

[0122] (1) Environmental perception: When the light intensity sensor detects that the light intensity is <200 lux, the signal is input to the microcontroller unit.

[0123] (2) Microcontroller decision: The microcontroller determines that the discharge fading mode needs to be triggered, and sends a PWM discharge drive signal to the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer, that is, stops external charging and starts internal load discharge.

[0124] (3) Energy storage and dimming execution: The all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer discharges through the internal load, the voltage drops from 1.3V to 0.3V in about 120 seconds, and the light transmittance rises from 15% to 50%, completing the fading.

[0125] (4) Cyclic restart: After the discharge is completed, the system returns to the initial state. The microcontroller re-detects the light intensity through the light intensity sensor and prepares for the next charge and discharge cycle.

[0126] Example 4

[0127] This embodiment uses the self-powered intelligent dimming system provided in Embodiment 1, and illustrates the scenario of excessively high temperature (>60℃).

[0128] (1) Environmental perception: The temperature sensor detects that the system temperature is >60℃ and inputs the signal to the microcontroller unit.

[0129] (2) Microcontroller decision: Trigger over-temperature protection, send protection command to the semi-transparent perovskite solar cell layer, and reduce the output voltage to 1.1V.

[0130] (3) Energy input adjustment: After receiving the command, the semi-transparent perovskite solar cell layer limits the power generation and reduces the output voltage to 1.1V, thereby reducing the charging current to the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer.

[0131] (4) Safe operation: After the temperature drops below 60℃, the microcontroller releases the protection command and the system resumes normal charging / discharging process.

[0132] In summary, the self-powered intelligent dimming system provided by this invention adopts a layered modular design. A semi-transparent solar cell layer serves as the energy input module, converting light energy into electrical energy. A charge conduction layer serves as the energy transmission module, enabling low-loss power transfer. An all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer serves as the core functional module, storing energy and performing dimming. An intelligent control module makes intelligent decisions. A base protection layer serves as the support and protection module, providing mechanical and environmental protection. All modules are closely linked through the energy flow from light energy to electrical energy and then to energy storage, and the signal flow from sensors to the intelligent control module and then to the execution components, achieving closed-loop control of "light-electricity-energy storage-dimming," and possessing over-temperature / over-voltage protection functions.

[0133] Compared to existing semi-transparent perovskite solar cell-electrochromic glass integrated systems, the energy utilization efficiency is improved: the interface impedance is reduced to below 5Ω, energy transmission loss is reduced to 10%, and charging time is shortened to 105 seconds; stability is significantly enhanced: the lifespan can be increased to 150,000 cycles at 85℃ and 85% humidity, and the operating temperature range is widened to -40℃ to 85℃; response speed is accelerated: the electrochromic response time is shortened to 0.9 seconds, which can quickly adapt to dynamic light environments such as cloud cover; integration is improved: the external DC / DC converter is eliminated, the system thickness is reduced to 3mm, and the installation cost is reduced by 25%; intelligence is enhanced: automatic dimming is achieved through a light intensity sensor, and the light transmittance is increased by 15% in low light environments, further reducing indoor lighting energy consumption.

[0134] The above description is only a specific embodiment of the present invention, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. Those skilled in the art should understand that any changes or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed in the present invention fall within the protection and disclosure scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A self-powered intelligent dimming system, characterized in that, It includes a semi-transparent solar cell layer, a charge conduction layer, an all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer, and a substrate protection layer, which are stacked vertically from top to bottom, as well as an intelligent control module; The intelligent control module includes a light intensity sensor, a temperature sensor, and a microcontroller unit; the semi-transparent solar cell layer and the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer are both signal-connected to the microcontroller unit; the light intensity sensor and the temperature sensor are connected to the microcontroller unit; the microcontroller unit controls the charging and discharging state of the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer according to the ambient light intensity to adjust the light transmittance, and controls the output of the semi-transparent solar cell layer according to the system temperature.

2. The self-powered intelligent dimming system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The semi-transparent solar cell layer includes a semi-transparent perovskite solar cell layer; Preferably, the perovskite active layer material of the semi-transparent perovskite solar cell layer is FA. 0.8 Cs 0.2 Pb(I 0.6 Br 0.4 3.

3. The self-powered intelligent dimming system according to claim 2, characterized in that, The semi-transparent perovskite solar cell layer includes a top transparent electrode, a hole transport layer, a perovskite active layer, an electron transport layer, and a bottom transparent electrode, which are stacked sequentially from top to bottom. Preferably, the perovskite active layer is prepared by two-step spin coating, with a spin coating speed of 3300-3700 r / min, an annealing temperature of 105-115℃, and an annealing time of 17-19 min.

4. The self-powered intelligent dimming system according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that, The charge-conducting layer comprises an Ag nanowire / PDMS composite film; Preferably, the sheet resistance of the charge conduction layer is ≤18Ω / □, the interface contact resistance is ≤5Ω, and the thickness is 7-9μm.

5. The self-powered intelligent dimming system according to any one of claims 1-4, characterized in that, The all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer includes an anode layer, a solid electrolyte layer, and a cathode layer; Preferably, the anode layer is a Co3O4-doped NiO thin film, wherein the Co3O4 doping amount is 7-9 wt%; Preferably, the cathode layer comprises a WO3-Ta2O5 thin film, wherein the Ta2O5 doping amount is 4-6 wt%.

6. The self-powered intelligent dimming system according to claim 5, characterized in that, The solid electrolyte layer includes an LLZTO / PVDF-HFP composite membrane; Preferably, the preparation steps of the LLZTO / PVDF-HFP composite membrane include: mixing LLZTO nanoparticles with a mass ratio of (2-4):7 with PVDF-HFP and dissolving them in NMP, then coating them into shape and vacuum drying them at 75-85℃ for 17-19h.

7. A control method for a self-powered intelligent dimming system as described in any one of claims 1-6, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Ambient light intensity and system temperature are monitored in real time using light intensity and temperature sensors, and the monitoring signals are transmitted to the microcontroller unit. The microcontroller unit executes the following control logic based on the received signals: When the ambient light intensity is lower than the first preset threshold, the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer is controlled to discharge and fade. When the ambient light intensity is higher than the second preset threshold, the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer is charged and colored; if the ambient light continues, the charging and coloring continues; if the ambient light is interrupted, the coloring is discharged and faded. When the system temperature exceeds the temperature protection threshold, the output of the semi-transparent solar cell layer is reduced.

8. The control method according to claim 7, characterized in that, The first preset threshold is 200 lux, and the second preset threshold is 500 lux; Preferably, the temperature protection threshold is 60°C.

9. The control method according to claim 7 or 8, characterized in that, The microcontroller unit adjusts the charging and discharging current of the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer via PWM signals.

10. The control method according to any one of claims 7-9, characterized in that, It also includes a closed-loop feedback step: the all-solid-state inorganic electrochromic supercapacitor layer feeds back its voltage and transmittance states to the microcontroller unit in real time for dynamic adjustment of charge and discharge control; Preferably, it also includes a power generation feedback step: the semi-transparent solar cell layer feeds back its voltage and current states to the microcontroller unit in real time to assess its energy input capability.