A discrete phase switchable interconnectable reconfigurable intelligent surface unit structure based on star connection

Abstract

This invention relates to a star-connected, discrete-phase switchable, interconnectable, and reconfigurable smart surface unit structure, comprising: multiple interconnect links; a reflection unit, including: a central reflection unit, which serves as the convergence node of the multiple interconnect links and participates in phase superposition between ports; and at least two edge reflection units, located in different directions of the central reflection unit and interconnected with it; each interconnect link is independently disposed between the central reflection unit and its corresponding edge reflection unit, and no direct radio frequency interconnection is provided between any two edge reflection units, so that coupling between edge reflection units is relayed through the central reflection unit; and a phase control module configured to achieve independent reflection of units and controllable coupling between ports through two-dimensional discrete switching of local reflection phase and interconnect coupling phase. This invention achieves a better balance between degrees of freedom and structural complexity in its smart surface unit structure.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the fields of wireless communication and electromagnetic wave control technology, and to a discrete phase-switched, interconnected, and reconfigurable smart surface unit structure based on star connection. In particular, it relates to an interconnected and reconfigurable smart surface unit structure that adopts a star interconnect topology and achieves multi-port collaborative control through discrete phase switching. Background Technology

[0002] Reconfigurable smart surfaces (RIS), as a core technology for next-generation wireless communication and electromagnetic wave manipulation, allow for flexible customization of the amplitude, phase, and propagation direction of incident electromagnetic waves through artificially controlled unit electromagnetic responses. This offers significant advantages in improving communication capacity, expanding coverage, and reducing power consumption, making it a research hotspot in fields such as 6G communication, radar sensing, and electromagnetic stealth. Existing RIS units are mostly unit-independent control structures, relying on local loads to change the reflected phase, with no radio frequency interconnection between units. While this structure is simple to implement, the equivalent scattering matrix is ​​dominated by diagonal terms, lacks controllable coupling between ports, and has limited degrees of freedom for control, making it difficult to achieve stronger amplitude and phase joint control.

[0003] To increase the degree of freedom, introducing interconnection structures has become an important direction; however: 1) Pair grouping (N G =2): The simplest structure and fewest interconnection links, but the number of controllable coupling paths is small, limiting the overall degree of freedom; 2) Full interconnection within the group (e.g., N) G =4): Any two ports within the group can be directly interconnected, which theoretically has the highest degree of freedom. However, the number of interconnection links increases twice with the number of ports, the number of switches and biases surges, insertion loss and parasitic accumulation are significant, and the topology and control complexity is high; 3) Chain tree connection: The number of interconnection links is small and the complexity is low, but the structural symmetry is insufficient. Some coupling relationships need to be obtained through long path superposition, which limits the effective degree of freedom and controllability.

[0004] Therefore, there is an urgent need for an interconnected RIS cell structure that achieves a better balance between degrees of freedom and structural complexity. Summary of the Invention

[0005] This invention aims to solve the following technical problems: 1) Degree of freedom improvement: increasing the number and diversity of controllable couplings between ports without using full intra-group interconnection, and enhancing off-diagonal scattering control capability; 2) Complexity control: reducing the number of interconnect links, RF switches, and bias wiring complexity, and reducing insertion loss and parasitic risks; 3) Structural symmetry and controllability: constructing a symmetrical interconnect topology with clear paths, making the coupling mechanism of different port pairs consistent, and facilitating optimization and calibration; 4) Discrete state enumerability: forming a finite set of discrete states (codebook) under reasonable hardware constraints, facilitating offline screening and online calling, and realizing engineering closed loop.

[0006] This invention provides a discrete phase-switched, interconnected, and reconfigurable smart surface unit structure based on star interconnection. Specifically, it provides an interconnected and reconfigurable smart surface unit structure that adopts a star interconnection topology and achieves multi-port collaborative control through discrete phase switching.

[0007] This invention provides a discrete phase-switched, interconnected, and reconfigurable smart surface unit structure based on star-connection, comprising: Multiple interconnect links; The reflective unit includes: The central reflector unit serves as the central aggregation node for multiple interconnected links and participates in phase superposition between ports; and At least two edge reflector units are located in different directions from the central reflector unit and interconnected with the central reflector unit; each interconnection link is independently provided between the central reflector unit and the corresponding edge reflector unit, and there are no direct radio frequency interconnections between any two edge reflector units, so as to present a clear star connection structure in the topology, so that the coupling between edge reflector units is relayed through the central reflector unit; and The phase control module is configured to achieve independent reflection of the unit and controllable coupling between ports through two-dimensional discrete switching of local reflection phase and interconnect coupling phase, providing discrete control state for reconfigurable smart surface unit.

[0008] Furthermore, the central reflective unit is provided with a central connection port, and each edge reflective unit is provided with an edge connection port. Each edge connection port is connected to the central connection port only through the interconnection link; any two edge connection ports are not directly connected to each other.

[0009] Furthermore, the number of edge reflection units is three, namely a first edge reflection unit, a second edge reflection unit, and a third edge reflection unit; an interconnection link is provided between the center reflection unit and each of the first, second, and third edge reflection units to form a star topology of 1 center + 3 edges.

[0010] Furthermore, the central reflection unit is a single physical reflection unit or a logical central node composed of multiple closely arranged sub-units.

[0011] Furthermore, the phase modulation module includes: Multiple local discrete reflection phase modulation components are configured to implement local discrete reflection phase switching, and the multiple local discrete reflection phase modulation components are respectively disposed in the central reflection unit and each edge reflection unit; and Multiple discrete-coupled phase control components are configured to achieve discrete-coupled phase switching of interconnect links, and the multiple discrete-coupled phase control components are respectively located in each interconnect link.

[0012] Furthermore, the local discrete reflection phase modulation component includes: Transmission line mainline; Switchable impedance unit, which is configured to switch between presenting different impedances; and An RF switch is configured to achieve discrete conduction and isolation functions; each ground reflection branch is connected to the ground terminal via the RF switch, forming a short-circuit boundary when on and a high-impedance state when off, causing the reflection unit to output at least two discrete local reflection phases; and / or Each interconnection link is equipped with an RF switch at both ends. The common terminal of the RF switch is connected to the main line of the center reflection unit and the corresponding edge reflection unit, respectively. The RF switches at both ends of each interconnection link are synchronously driven by the same control signal to enable both ends to select a certain transmission branch at the same time.

[0013] Furthermore, the switchable impedance unit includes at least one of a grounded reflection branch, a resistor, an inductor, or a capacitor.

[0014] More preferably, the switchable impedance unit is a grounded reflection branch, which is a branch led out from the main transmission line, grounded at its end, and configured to change the reflection phase; at least two grounded reflection branches are provided on the main transmission line.

[0015] Furthermore, each reflective element allows only one ground reflection branch to be active at any given time to reduce insertion loss and avoid multiple reflections from being superimposed.

[0016] Furthermore, the radio frequency switch is selected from one or more of PIN diodes, MEMS switches, GaAs switches, and CMOS radio frequency switches.

[0017] Furthermore, the discrete coupling phase modulation component includes: The transmission branch is configured to provide at least two discrete coupling phases, and each interconnect link contains at least two transmission branches of different electrical lengths.

[0018] Furthermore, the transmission branch includes both short and long electrical length transmission lines to achieve two-stage discrete coupling phase adjustment. The short and long electrical length transmission lines are compared based on their respective lengths.

[0019] Furthermore, the total number of discrete states of the star-connected discrete phase-switchable, interconnectable, and reconfigurable smart surface unit structure satisfies: N= 2 M ×2K Where M is the number of interconnect links and K is the total number of reflection units.

[0020] Furthermore, the discrete phase-switchable, interconnectable, and reconfigurable smart surface unit structure based on star connection is also used as a basic block and repeatedly arranged in a two-dimensional or three-dimensional reconfigurable smart surface array to form a hierarchically interconnected or electrically isolated reconfigurable smart surface unit array.

[0021] Furthermore, the selection method for the discrete control state includes a full enumeration method, or a method that combines system algorithms, channel states, or preset control strategies to select a subset of states to form a codebook and execute the subset codebook.

[0022] This invention relates to radio frequency interconnect networks and discrete reconfigurable impedance implementations for reconfigurable smart surfaces, which can be used to implement a hardware prototype of Beyond-Diagonal RIS (BD-RIS) with off-diagonal scattering characteristics.

[0023] This invention has at least the following beneficial effects: 1) Excellent balance between degrees of freedom and complexity: a. Significantly improved effective controllable degrees of freedom. Through the star-shaped connection structure with the central reflector as the convergence node, the equivalent coupling between any two edge reflectors is determined by the multi-factor phase superposition of "edge-center-edge", making the coupling relationship between ports richer and having a higher effective degree of freedom compared to paired grouping and chain tree connection structures; b. Significantly lower topological complexity than the fully interconnected structure within a group. In this invention, the number of interconnect links increases nearly linearly with the number of edge reflectors, significantly less than the quadratic growth of the fully interconnected structure within a group, reducing the complexity of RF wiring, the number of switches, and the size of the bias network; 2) Engineering-friendly implementation: a. Symmetrical structure and clear path. The star-shaped connection topology has good symmetry, all edge reflectors are coupled through a unified central node, and the coupling mechanism between port pairs is consistent, facilitating analysis, optimization, and experimental verification; b. Moderate discrete state scale, easy to enumerate and calibrate. In a typical embodiment, a codebook of up to 128 discrete states can be formed, which is significantly larger than that of a simple interconnect structure, while avoiding the excessively large state space brought about by a fully interconnect structure. This facilitates offline screening of low-loss, well-phase-separated states and experimental calibration; 3) Control capability and application value: a. Enhanced off-diagonal scattering capability. This invention, through the joint control of discrete interconnect links and local reflection phase, enables the equivalent scattering matrix of the RIS unit to have significant off-diagonal terms, thereby improving the joint amplitude and phase control capability of the incident electromagnetic wave; b. Suitable as a compromise between high performance and feasibility. This invention achieves a good balance between control capability, structural complexity, and engineering feasibility, and is particularly suitable for RIS system prototypes and practical application scenarios that require high control freedom but are limited by hardware complexity. Attached Figure Description

[0024] To further illustrate the above and other advantages and features of the various embodiments of the present invention, a more specific description of the embodiments of the invention will be presented with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is to be understood that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are therefore not intended to limit its scope. In the drawings, identical or corresponding parts will be indicated by identical or similar reference numerals for clarity.

[0025] Figure 1 The diagram illustrates the principle of a discrete phase-switchable, interconnectable, and reconfigurable smart surface unit structure based on star-connection in some embodiments of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0026] It should be noted that the components in the accompanying drawings may be shown exaggerated for illustrative purposes and may not be to scale.

[0027] In this invention, the various embodiments are merely intended to illustrate the solutions of the invention and should not be construed as limiting.

[0028] In this invention, unless otherwise specified, the quantifiers “a” and “one” do not exclude scenarios involving multiple elements.

[0029] It should also be noted that, in the embodiments of the present invention, only a portion of the parts or components may be shown for clarity and simplicity. However, those skilled in the art will understand that, under the teachings of the present invention, the required parts or components can be added as needed for specific scenarios.

[0030] It should also be noted that within the scope of this invention, the terms "same", "equal", and "equal to" do not mean that the two values ​​are absolutely equal, but allow for a certain reasonable error. In other words, the terms also cover "substantially the same", "substantially equal", and "substantially equal to".

[0031] It should also be noted that in the description of this invention, the terms "center," "longitudinal," "lateral," "upper," "lower," "front," "rear," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "inner," and "outer," etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. They are used only for the convenience of describing the invention and for simplifying the description, and do not explicitly or implicitly suggest that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limitations on the invention. Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.

[0032] Furthermore, the embodiments of the present invention describe the process steps in a specific order. However, this is only for the convenience of distinguishing each step, and is not a limitation on the order of each step. In different embodiments of the present invention, the order of each step can be adjusted according to the process.

[0033] The following embodiments provide a discrete phase-switched, interconnected, and reconfigurable smart surface unit structure based on star connections. Figure 1 A schematic diagram of a discrete-phase switchable, interconnectable, and reconfigurable smart surface unit structure based on star connection is shown. This structure includes: a central reflective unit C, which serves as the convergence node of the star connection; three edge reflective units, namely the first edge reflective unit E1, the second edge reflective unit E2, and the third edge reflective unit E3, located in different directions from the central reflective unit C; the central reflective unit C is connected to the edge reflective units E1, E2, and E3 through three interconnection links; there is no direct radio frequency interconnection between any two edge reflective units (E1–E2, E1–E3, E2–E3). The central reflective unit C has a central connection port Port1. The first edge reflective unit E1, the second edge reflective unit E2, and the third edge reflective unit E3 each have edge connection ports, namely Port2, Port3, and Port4. Each edge connection port is connected to the central connection port Port1 only through an interconnection link; no two edge connection ports are directly connected to each other. This structure exhibits obvious star topology characteristics. In a star topology structure with the central reflective unit C as the convergence node, the central reflective unit C is the only convergence node, and all coupling between ports is achieved through this central node.

[0034] Local discrete reflection phase component of the reflection unit ( Figure 1 (Yellow TL + Red Branch) as attached Figure 1 As shown, each reflecting unit (E1, C, E2, E3) includes a main transmission line (TL) with two grounding reflecting branches on it. Figure 1 (The red short branch is shown in the image). Each ground reflection branch is connected to the ground terminal via an RF switching device (such as a PIN diode) to form an approximate short-circuit boundary when on and a high-impedance state when off. When a ground reflection branch is on, its position is equivalent to a short-circuit point on the transmission line, and the reflection phase at the feed point of the reflection unit is mainly determined by the electrical length from the short-circuit point to the feed point. By setting two reflection branches with different electrical positions on each reflection unit, two discrete local reflection phase states can be achieved. In a preferred embodiment, only one ground reflection branch is allowed to be on at any given time for each reflection unit to reduce losses and simplify state combinations.

[0035] Discrete Coupled Phase Structure of Center-Edge Interconnect Link (TL) S / L (See attached) Figure 1 As shown, an interconnecting link is provided between the central reflecting unit C and each of the edge reflecting units E1, E2, and E3. Each interconnecting link contains two parallel transmission branches: TL_S (Short): a shorter electrical length transmission line; and TL_L (Long): a longer electrical length transmission line. By selecting branches of different electrical lengths, the coupled signals between the central unit and the corresponding edge units can obtain different discrete transmission phases.

[0036] Dual-end synchronous gating enables interconnection and switching ( Figure 1 At both ends of each interconnect link, radio frequency (RF) switches are installed, with their common terminals connected to the main lines of the center reflector C and the corresponding edge reflector (E1, E2, or E3), respectively. The RF switches at both ends of the interconnect link are synchronously driven by the same control signal, thus enabling simultaneous selection of TL_S or TL_L. This dual-end synchronous gating method ensures consistency in interconnect link path selection and avoids parasitic coupling and uncertainties caused by single-end conduction.

[0037] The phase superposition mechanism (equivalent coupling mechanism) of star connections, combined with E1, C, E2, and E3 in the diagram: In this star-shaped interconnect structure, the equivalent coupling path between any two edge reflector units must pass through the central reflector unit C. Taking the equivalent coupling between edge reflector units E1 and E2 as an example, its equivalent coupling phase is determined by the following three parts: a. the discrete coupling phase corresponding to TL_S / TL_L selected by the E1–C interconnect link; b. the local reflection phase of the central reflector unit C (determined by the branch state on the central reflector unit C); c. the discrete coupling phase corresponding to TL_S / TL_L selected by the C–E2 interconnect link. Similarly, the equivalent coupling mechanism between E1–E3 and E2–E3 is the same. Therefore, since the central reflector unit C participates in the coupling between multiple edge reflector unit pairs simultaneously, the state of the central reflector unit C will simultaneously affect the coupling relationship between multiple edge reflector unit pairs, that is, affect the equivalent scattering characteristics of multiple port pairs, enabling this structure to achieve a high degree of effective control freedom with a relatively small number of interconnect links.

[0038] Discrete state scale and degrees of freedom analysis: As attached Figure 1 In the illustrated embodiment: the number of center-edge interconnect links is 3, and each link has two discrete states: Short and Long → 2 3 The number of reflective units is 4 (E1, C, E2, E3), and each reflective unit has two local reflection phases →2 4Under the optimal constraint (only one reflection branch is active per reflection unit), the total number of discrete states that this structure can realize is: 2 3 ×2 4 =128, this state size is significantly larger than that of pairwise grouping and chain-tree connection structures, while being much smaller than that of fully interconnected structures within groups, demonstrating a good balance between degrees of freedom and complexity. This set of states constitutes a discrete codebook, from which states that meet the requirements of low loss and high phase separation can be selected for system operation through simulation or experimentation.

[0039] Operating Process Description: When an incident electromagnetic wave acts on edge reflecting unit E1: Part of the signal is reflected at the local branch of E1, forming a discrete reflection phase; another part of the signal is coupled to the central reflecting unit C through the E1–C interconnection link, and its coupling phase is determined by the TL_S or TL_L selected by this link; the signal reaching the central reflecting unit C is affected by its local branch state, and then coupled to other edge reflecting units through the C–E2 or C–E3 interconnection link. By combining and controlling the branch states of each reflecting unit and the TL_S / TL_L states of each interconnection link, it is possible to switch between multiple discrete scattering states, thereby achieving flexible control over the reflection direction, phase relationship, and coupling characteristics of the incident electromagnetic wave.

[0040] Without departing from the overall concept of "a star-shaped discrete interconnect structure with a central reflective unit as the convergence node" of this invention, those skilled in the art can make various improvements and modifications to this invention, and all such improvements and modifications should fall within the protection scope of this invention.

[0041] In some embodiments, the improvement to the number and connection relationship of reflective units is as follows: 1) Expansion or reduction of the number of edge reflective units. In this invention, the illustrated diagram shows a star-shaped connection structure of one central reflective unit C and three edge reflective units E1, E2, and E3. In other embodiments, the central reflective unit C may connect two, four, or more edge reflective units, and the number of interconnection links increases nearly linearly with the number of edge reflective units without changing the basic topological characteristic that "edge units are only interconnected with the central unit, and edge units are not directly interconnected with each other."

[0042] 2) Variations in the physical or logical implementation of the central reflection unit. The central reflection unit can be a single physical reflection unit or a logical central node composed of multiple closely arranged sub-units. As long as it serves as the convergence node of multiple interconnecting links and participates in the phase superposition between ports, it can be regarded as an equivalent implementation of the present invention.

[0043] In some embodiments, the interconnect link structure is improved as follows: 1) Expansion of Discrete Coupling Phase Levels. In this invention, each interconnecting link preferably uses two electrical lengths, TL_S and TL_L, to achieve two levels of discrete coupling phase. In other embodiments, the interconnecting link can be expanded to three or more electrical lengths (such as Short / Medium / Long), or multiple levels of discrete coupling phase can be achieved through multiple branches and multi-throw switches, thereby further improving the degree of control freedom.

[0044] 2) Disconnect or bypass mode of interconnect links. An "OPEN" or bypass mode can be introduced into the interconnect links, allowing the center-edge interconnect links to be selectively enabled or disabled in different operating modes, thereby switching between star interconnect RIS and near-cell independent RIS.

[0045] 3) Equivalent replacement of RF switching devices. RF switching devices in interconnect links and reflection branches are not limited to PIN diodes or SPDT switches. MEMS switches, GaAs switches, CMOS RF switches, or other equivalent devices can also be used, as long as they can achieve discrete conduction and isolation functions.

[0046] In some embodiments, the improvement to the local reflection phase modulation method is as follows: 1) Variation in the number and location of reflective branches. The number of grounding reflective branches in each reflective unit can be expanded from two to multiple to obtain more discrete local reflective phase states; the specific electrical location of the reflective branches can be adjusted according to the operating frequency band and phase separation requirements.

[0047] 2) Variations in the impedance form of the reflection branch. The reflection branch is not limited to the ground short-circuit form. It can also form a discrete reflection state by switching different impedance values ​​(such as resistor, inductor, capacitor or their combination), thereby introducing amplitude regulation capability while maintaining discrete control characteristics.

[0048] In some embodiments, the extensions and variations of the overall level are as follows: 1) Array-level expansion. The star-shaped interconnect units of this invention can be used as basic blocks and repeatedly arranged in a two-dimensional or three-dimensional RIS array. Different blocks can maintain electrical isolation or form a hierarchical interconnect structure through sparse interconnection.

[0049] 2) Variations in control and codebook strategies. The selection of discrete states is not limited to the full enumeration method. It can also be combined with system algorithms, channel states, or predefined strategies to select a subset of the codebook for operation, thereby achieving better performance in different application scenarios.

[0050] While some embodiments of the present invention have been described in this application, those skilled in the art will understand that these embodiments are merely illustrative. Numerous variations, alternatives, and improvements will arise in those skilled in the art under the teachings of this invention without departing from its scope. The appended claims are intended to define the scope of the invention and thereby cover methods and structures within the scope of the claims themselves and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A discrete phase-switchable, interconnectable, and reconfigurable smart surface unit structure based on star-shaped connections, characterized in that, include: Multiple interconnect links; The reflective unit includes: The central reflector unit serves as the central aggregation node for multiple interconnected links and participates in phase superposition between ports; and At least two edge reflective units are located in different directions from the central reflective unit and interconnected with the central reflective unit; each interconnection link is independently provided between the central reflective unit and the corresponding edge reflective unit, and there are no direct radio frequency interconnections between any two edge reflective units, so that all coupling between edge reflective units is relayed through the central reflective unit; and The phase control module is configured to achieve independent reflection of the unit and controllable coupling between ports through two-dimensional discrete switching of local reflection phase and interconnect coupling phase, providing discrete control state for reconfigurable smart surface unit.

2. The discrete phase-switchable, interconnectable, and reconfigurable smart surface unit structure based on star-shaped connections according to claim 1, characterized in that, The central reflection unit can be a single physical reflection unit or a logical central node composed of multiple sub-units.

3. The discrete phase-switchable, interconnectable, and reconfigurable smart surface unit structure based on star-shaped connections according to claim 1, characterized in that, The phase modulation module includes: Multiple local discrete reflection phase modulation components are configured to implement local discrete reflection phase switching, and the multiple local discrete reflection phase modulation components are respectively disposed in the central reflection unit and each edge reflection unit; and Multiple discrete-coupled phase control components are configured to achieve discrete-coupled phase switching of interconnect links, and the multiple discrete-coupled phase control components are respectively located in each interconnect link.

4. The discrete phase-switchable, interconnectable, and reconfigurable smart surface unit structure based on star-shaped connections according to claim 3, characterized in that, The local discrete reflection phase modulation component includes: Transmission line mainline; Switchable impedance unit, which is configured to switch between presenting different impedances; and An RF switch is configured to achieve discrete conduction and isolation functions; each ground reflection branch is connected to the ground terminal via the RF switch, forming a short-circuit boundary when on and a high-impedance state when off, causing the reflection unit to output at least two discrete local reflection phases; and / or Each interconnection link is equipped with an RF switch at both ends. The common terminal of the RF switch is connected to the main line of the center reflection unit and the corresponding edge reflection unit, respectively. The RF switches at both ends of each interconnection link are synchronously driven by the same control signal to enable both ends to select a certain transmission branch at the same time.

5. The discrete phase-switchable, interconnectable, and reconfigurable smart surface unit structure based on star-shaped connections according to claim 4, characterized in that, The switchable impedance unit includes at least one of a ground reflection branch, a resistor, an inductor, or a capacitor.

6. The discrete phase-switchable, interconnectable, and reconfigurable smart surface unit structure based on star-shaped connections according to claim 4, characterized in that, The radio frequency switch is selected from one or more of PIN diodes, MEMS switches, GaAs switches, and CMOS radio frequency switches.

7. The discrete phase-switchable, interconnectable, and reconfigurable smart surface unit structure based on star-shaped connections according to claim 3, characterized in that, The discrete coupling phase modulation component includes: The transmission branch is configured to provide at least two discrete coupling phases, and each interconnect link contains at least two transmission branches of different electrical lengths.

8. The discrete phase-switchable, interconnectable, and reconfigurable smart surface unit structure based on star-shaped connections according to claim 1, characterized in that, The total number of discrete states of the star-connected discrete phase switchable, interconnectable, and reconfigurable smart surface unit structure satisfies: N= 2 M ×2 K Where M is the number of interconnect links and K is the total number of reflection units.

9. The discrete phase-switchable, interconnectable, and reconfigurable smart surface unit structure based on star-shaped connections according to claim 1, characterized in that, The discrete phase-switchable, interconnectable, and reconfigurable smart surface unit structure based on star connection is also used as a basic block and repeatedly arranged in a two-dimensional or three-dimensional reconfigurable smart surface array to form a hierarchically interconnected or electrically isolated reconfigurable smart surface unit array.

10. The discrete phase-switchable, interconnectable, and reconfigurable smart surface unit structure based on star-shaped connections according to claim 1, characterized in that, The selection methods for the discrete control states include full enumeration, or combining system algorithms, channel states, or preset control strategies to select a subset of states to form a codebook and then executing the subset codebook.

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