Methods, base stations and first nodes

Abstract

A method performed by a base station includes: initiating a first process to determine a first resource for transmitting an unmodulated carrier to a first node and a second resource for backscattering the unmodulated carrier from the first node; and initiating a second process to transmit and backscatter the unmodulated carrier from the base station via the first node or to the base station via the first node.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure relates to communication systems and portions thereof. This disclosure has a specific, but not exclusive, relevance to wireless communication systems and apparatuses operating under 3GPP standards or their equivalents or derivatives, including LTE-Advanced, next-generation or 5G networks, and future generations and beyond. This disclosure particularly relates to backscatter communication in communication systems including “environmental” Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Background Technology

[0002] Early developments of 3GPP standards were known as the Long Term Evolution (LTE) of the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) network and the Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN), often referred to as "4G." More recently, the terms "5G" and "New Radio" (NR) have been used to refer to the evolved communication technology supporting a wide range of applications and services. Various details of 5G networks are described, for example, in NPL (Non-Patent Document) 1. 3GPP intends to support 5G through the so-called 3GPP Next-Generation Radio Access Network (RAN) and the 3GPP Next-Generation Core Network.

[0003] Under the 3GPP standard, a NodeB (or eNB in ​​LTE and gNB in ​​5G) is a Radio Access Network (RAN) node (or simply "access node," "access network node," or "base station"). Communication devices (user equipment or "UE" or "multiple UEs") connect to the core network and communicate with other communication devices or remote servers via this RAN node. For simplicity, this application may use the terms access network node, RAN node (or simply RAN), or base station to refer to any such access node.

[0004] For simplicity, this application will use the terms mobile device, user device, UE, or IoT device to refer to any communication device capable of connecting to a core network via one or more base stations. Although mobile devices may be referred to in the specification, it will be understood that the described technology can be implemented on any communication device (mobile and / or generally stationary) capable of connecting to a communication network for sending / receiving data, regardless of whether such communication device is controlled by human input or by software instructions stored in memory. An IoT device can be, for example, any UE equipped with suitable electronics, software, sensors, network connectivity, and / or the like, enabling these devices to collect and exchange data with each other and with other communication devices. IoT devices can take the form, for example, automated devices that can operate without human supervision or interaction.

[0005] In current 5G architectures, base station structures can be split into two or more parts. In some RAN implementations, there are two parts connected via the F1 interface: a central unit (CU or gNB-CU) (sometimes called a "control unit") and a distributed unit (DU or gNB-DU). This enables the use of a "split" architecture, in which typically the "higher" CU layer (e.g., but not necessarily or exclusively, the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer and the Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer) and the "lower" DU layer (e.g., but not necessarily or exclusively, the Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, the Media (sometimes called "Medium") Access Control (MAC) layer, and the Physical (PHY) layer) are separated between a specific CU and one or more DUs connected to and controlled by that CU via the F1 interface. Thus, for example, the higher-layer CU functionality of multiple base stations can be centrally implemented (e.g., by a single processing unit, or in a cloud-based or virtualized system), while the lower-layer DU functionality is locally retained for each base station.

[0006] In 5G, core network entities include logical nodes (or "functions"), which include control plane functions (CPFs) and one or more user plane functions (UPFs). APFs include one or more access and mobility management functions (AMFs), session management functions (SMFs), and one or more location management functions (LMFs), among others. An AMF typically corresponds to the MME in 4G and performs many of the functions performed by the MME. Each UPF combines the functionality of both the S-GW and P-GW, specifically the user plane functionality of the S-GW (SGW-U) and the user plane functionality of the P-GW (PGW-U). The SMF provides session management functionality (forming part of the MME functionality in 4G). The SMF also combines some functionality provided by the S-GW and P-GW, specifically the control plane functionality of the S-GW (SGW-C) and the control plane functionality of the P-GW (PGW-C). The SMF also assigns IP addresses to each UE.

[0007] Recently, the Internet of Things (IoT) has garnered significant attention in the world of wireless communications, and with its development and growth, more "things" are expected to interconnect to improve productivity and enhance quality of life. In this regard, efforts have been made to reduce the size, complexity, and power consumption of IoT devices to enable the deployment of hundreds of billions or even trillions of IoT devices for various applications. Typically, these IoT devices are powered by batteries that require manual replacement or recharging. Consequently, with the rapid increase in the number of deployed IoT devices, there are increasingly negative impacts from these devices, as the need to replace them leads to ever-increasing maintenance costs, serious environmental problems, and even security risks for some use cases, such as the use of wireless sensors in the power and oil industries.

[0008] "Environmental" IoT attempts to address some of the problems mentioned above and relies on ultra-low power, ultra-low complexity devices. Such environmental IoT devices (for simplicity, they will also be referred to as IoT devices in this document) can be categorized as follows: Type A devices: Any environmental IoT device that lacks a means of energy storage and independent signal generation / amplification capabilities. Such devices rely on backscatter communication (described below) to communicate with other devices. Type B devices: Any environmental IoT device with energy storage capabilities but no independent signal generation capability. Such devices similarly rely on backscatter communication (described below) to communicate with other devices. However, advantageously, such devices can use their stored energy to assist those backscatter communications. For example, a device can use its stored energy to amplify backscattered signals. - Type C devices: Any environmental IoT device with means of energy storage and independent signal generation; that is, the device has active radio frequency (RF) components capable of generating signals for transmission. Typically, the capabilities of Type C devices are significantly reduced compared to non-environmental IoT devices. Typically, devices of types A, B, and C each have their own set of power consumption targets, complexity targets, latency targets, data rate targets, and the like.

[0009] For example, the power consumption target during transmission / reception for Type A devices is typically set to be less than or equal to 1 microwatt (μW) or less than or equal to 10 μW, while for Type C devices, the power consumption target during transmission / reception is typically set to a value between 1 milliwatt (mW) and 10 mW. The power consumption target during transmission / reception for Type B devices is typically set with reference to the power consumption targets for Type A and Type C devices. For example, typically, the power consumption target during transmission / reception for Type B devices is either i) significantly greater than the power consumption target for Type A devices but less than the power consumption target for Type C devices, or ii) greater than or equal to the power consumption target for Type A devices but less than the power consumption target for Type C devices.

[0010] Regarding complexity targets, Type A devices typically have targets comparable to those outlined in the international RFID standard ISO 18000-6C (equivalent to Electronic Product Code (EPC), Global Category 1 (C1), Generation 2 (G2), or simply "EPC C1G2"). Type C devices, on the other hand, typically have complexity targets several orders of magnitude lower than those for Narrowband-(NB-)IoT. Complexity targets for Type B devices are usually set with reference to the complexity targets for Type A and Type C devices. For example, the complexity target for Type B devices is generally greater than that for Type A devices, but less than that for Type C devices.

[0011] Regarding latency targets, for Type A, B, and C devices, a maximum one-way end-to-end latency target is typically set between 1 second (shorter latency target) and 10 seconds (longer latency target). For both uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) transmissions, the data rate target for Type A, B, and C devices is typically set to a maximum of at least 5 kilobits per second (kbps) and a minimum of at least 0.1 kbps, with a maximum message size target of approximately 1000 bits for this transmission; that is, the aim is to enable environmental IoT devices to receive and transmit each message with a maximum size of approximately 1000 bits.

[0012] Typically, when such environmental IoT devices are implemented within a communication network (also known as an environmental IoT network), a maximum connection density target can be set to ensure optimal network performance. This maximum connection density is usually set per 100m for indoor scenarios. 2 150 units, and for outdoor scenes, they were set at 100m. 2 20 devices.

[0013] Environmental IoT networks can be configured with any of several possible connectivity topologies and can be deployed in several different ways. These topologies include: - Topology 1: In Topology 1, the base station and the environmental IoT device communicate directly with each other (including the possibility that the base station transmitting to the environmental IoT device is different from the base station receiving from the environmental IoT device). Therefore, this topology may require full-duplex operation to be supported at the base station to enable backscatter communication. This could be a significant challenge if the incoming RF signal (known as "unmodulated carrier" or "unmodulated carrier signal") and the reflected signal are in the same radio frequency (RF) band. - Topology 2: In Topology 2, the base station and the environmental IoT device communicate with each other via intermediate / auxiliary nodes (which can be repeaters, integrated access and backhaul (IAB) nodes, another UE, a repeater, and / or the like, capable of environmental IoT operation). The intermediate nodes transmit environmental IoT data and / or signaling between the base station and the environmental IoT device. Similar to Topology 1, this topology may require full-duplex operation to be supported at the intermediate nodes and therefore faces similar correlation challenges. - Topology 3: In Topology 3, the environmental IoT device either receives data / signaling directly from the base station but transmits data / signaling indirectly to the base station via an auxiliary node; or transmits data / signaling directly to the base station but receives data / signaling indirectly from the base station via an auxiliary node. The auxiliary node can be a repeater, IAB node, another UE, a transponder, and / or the like capable of environmental IoT operation. The advantage of this topology is that it does not require the base station or auxiliary nodes to operate in full-duplex mode. However, the node receiving the reflected signal needs to be able to distinguish between the unmodulated carrier signal and the reflected signal from the environmental IoT device. Topology 3 is expected to be particularly important for device type A because it allows devices to remain connected to the network even when uplink coverage is reduced.

[0014] In the case of Type A and Type B devices, since neither has independent signal generation capabilities, any "transmission" from those devices typically takes the form of a backscattered signal. Backscattering is a type of communication that enables devices to transmit data by reflecting or backscattering RF signals from other devices or nodes without actively generating their own RF signals. Instead of transmitting their own signals, backscattering devices modulate their impedance or reflectivity in response to an unmodulated carrier signal, then reflect the incoming RF signal as a modulated RF signal. The reflected signal carries information encoded by modulation of the impedance or reflectivity of the backscattering device. In the case of Type B devices, the device can also amplify the backscattered signal, making the signal range greater than that of a signal backscattered by a Type A device.

[0015] This backscattered signal (also known as a "reflected signal") is typically transmitted at the same frequency as the unmodulated carrier signal from which it originates, or alternatively, the backscattered signal may undergo additional processing to give it a frequency offset from the unmodulated carrier signal. Reference List Non-patent literature

[0016] Non-Patent Document 1: NGMN 5G White Paper Version 1.0, Next Generation Mobile Network (NGMN) Alliance Summary of the Invention Technical issues

[0017] In the context of Type A and Type B devices, where transmissions from those devices occur solely via backscattering, it becomes clear that certain issues and constraints may exist that could affect the performance of the ambient IoT network. For example, the backscattering mechanism used by Type A and Type B devices typically assumes that the unmodulated carrier signal and the reflected signal from the ambient IoT device are almost simultaneous; this imposes scheduling constraints on different topologies (especially when both the unmodulated carrier signal and the reflected signal are at the same frequency, which can make it difficult for devices to distinguish the signals).

[0018] Depending on which node (base station or auxiliary / intermediate node) transmits the unmodulated carrier and which node (auxiliary / intermediate node or base station) receives the reflected carrier from the environmental IoT device, different considerations need to be taken into account.

[0019] In particular, for Topology 3, successful operation can involve close coordination between three devices (base station, auxiliary node, and environmental IoT device).

[0020] For example, the following scenarios are possible: -Scenario 1: The base station is responsible for transmitting unmodulated carrier waves to the environmental IoT device, and the auxiliary / intermediate node is responsible for receiving backscattered signals from the environmental IoT device; -Scenario 2: The auxiliary / intermediate node is responsible for transmitting the unmodulated carrier to the environmental IoT device, and the base station is responsible for receiving the backscattered signal from the environmental IoT device; Scenario 3: The auxiliary / intermediate node is responsible for both transmitting the unmodulated carrier wave to the environmental IoT device and receiving the backscattered signal from the environmental IoT device; and -Scenario 4: The base station is responsible for both transmitting unmodulated carrier waves to environmental IoT devices and receiving backscattered signals from environmental IoT devices. In particular, scenarios 1 and 2 require close coordination between the base station and the auxiliary / intermediate nodes.

[0021] As can be seen, all these different topologies / scenarios require the use of radio resources for both communication via unmodulated carriers and for backscatter communication. This necessitates the need for effective coordination among the different nodes involved in the communication, taking into account the aforementioned considerations to provide, for example, appropriate scheduling of resources and / or associated transmission / reception parameters.

[0022] This disclosure aims to provide one or more devices and / or one or more associated methods that at least partially address or contribute to addressing one or more of the above-mentioned needs.

[0023] The various functional components described below as part of the UE can be provided by a memory and one or more processors that execute the instructions stored in the memory. Similarly, the various functional components described below as part of the access network node can be provided by a memory and one or more processors that execute the instructions stored in the memory.

[0024] The various examples described below can be implemented by means of a computer program product comprising computer-implementable instructions for causing a programmable computer to perform any of the methods described below. The computer-implementable instructions may be provided as signals or provided on a tangible computer-readable medium. Solution to the problem

[0025] A method performed by a base station includes: initiating a first process to determine a first resource for transmitting an unmodulated carrier to a first node and a second resource for backscattering the unmodulated carrier from the first node; and initiating a second process to transmit and backscatter the unmodulated carrier from the base station via the first node or to the base station via the first node.

[0026] A method performed by a first node includes: performing a second process, the second process including: receiving an unmodulated carrier using a first resource; and backscattering the unmodulated carrier using a second resource, wherein the first resource and the second resource are determined by the first process initiated by the base station.

[0027] A base station includes: components for initiating a first process to determine a first resource for transmitting an unmodulated carrier to a first node and a second resource for backscattering the unmodulated carrier by the first node; and components for initiating a second process to transmit and backscatter the unmodulated carrier from the base station via the first node or to the base station via the first node.

[0028] A first node includes: components for performing a second process, the second process including: receiving an unmodulated carrier using a first resource; and backscattering the unmodulated carrier using a second resource, wherein the first resource and the second resource are determined by the first process initiated by a base station. Attached Figure Description

[0029] An example of the device and method will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: [ Figure 1 ] Figure 1 The illustrations illustratively represent mobile (cellular or wireless) communication systems to which exemplary embodiments of this disclosure may be applied; [ Figure 2 ] Figure 2 This schematically illustrates what can be done. Figure 1 The first connectivity topology used in the communication system; [ Figure 3 ] Figure 3 This schematically illustrates what can be done. Figure 1 The second connectivity topology used in the communication system; [ Figure 4A ] Figure 4A This schematically illustrates what can be done. Figure 1 The third connectivity topology used in the communication system; [ Figure 4B ] Figure 4B An illustrative example Figure 4A Another arrangement of the third connectivity topology; [ Figure 5 ] Figure 5 This is an example that can be found in Figure 1 A simplified sequence diagram of the process used in a communication system to coordinate the transmission of unmodulated and backscattered signals between three devices; [ Figure 6 ] Figure 6 This is an example that can be found in Figure 1 A simplified sequence diagram of another process used in a communication system to coordinate the transmission of unmodulated and backscattered signals among three devices; [ Figure 7 ] Figure 7 This is an example that can be found in Figure 1 A simplified sequence diagram of another process used in a communication system to coordinate the transmission of unmodulated and backscattered signals among three devices; [ Figure 8] Figure 8 This is an example that can be found in Figure 1 A simplified sequence diagram of another process used in a communication system to coordinate the transmission of unmodulated and backscattered signals among three devices; [ Figure 9 ] Figure 9 This is an example that can be found in Figure 1 A simplified sequence diagram of another process used in a communication system to coordinate the transmission of unmodulated and backscattered signals among three devices; [ Figure 10 ] Figure 10 This is an example that can be found in Figure 1 A simplified sequence diagram of another process used in a communication system to coordinate the transmission of unmodulated and backscattered signals among three devices; [ Figure 11 ] Figure 11 This is an example that can be found in Figure 1 A simplified block diagram of the main components of user equipment used in a communication system; [ Figure 12A ] Figure 12A This is an example that can be found in Figure 1 A simplified block diagram of the main components of the corresponding IoT devices used in the communication system; [ Figure 12B ] Figure 12B This is an example that can be found in Figure 1 A simplified block diagram of the main components of the corresponding IoT devices used in the communication system; [ Figure 12C ] Figure 12C This is an example that can be found in Figure 1 A simplified block diagram of the main components of the corresponding IoT devices used in the communication system; [ Figure 13 ] Figure 13 This is an example that can be found in Figure 1 A simplified block diagram of the main components of a RAN node used in a communication system; and [ Figure 14 ] Figure 14 This is an example that can be found in Figure 1 A simplified block diagram of the main components of an intermediate or auxiliary node used in a communication system. Detailed Implementation

[0030] Overview Now we will refer to it through examples only. Figures 1 to 4B To give a general description of the exemplary communication system 1.

[0031] Figure 1 The present disclosure is schematically illustrated to apply to mobile (“cellular” or “wireless”) communication systems (e.g., communication system 1).

[0032] In communication system 1, user equipment (UE) 3 (3-1, 3-2, 3-3) (e.g., mobile phones and / or other mobile devices including (environmental) IoT devices) can communicate with each other via corresponding radio access network (RAN) nodes 5-1 operating according to one or more compatible radio access technologies (RAT). In the illustrated example, RAN node 5-1 includes a base station or 'gNB' 5-1 operating one or more associated cells 9. Communication via RAN node 5-1 is typically routed through core network 7 (e.g., a 5G / 6G or next-generation core network or evolved packet core network (EPC)).

[0033] As those skilled in the art will understand, although for illustrative purposes... Figure 1 The diagram shows three UE 3s and one RAN node 5-1, but the system will typically include other RAN nodes 5-1s and UE 3s when implemented.

[0034] In the illustrated example, UE 3 includes at least one “environmental” IoT device 3-1 (hereinafter referred to as IoT device 3-1 for simplicity) capable of backscatter communication, and several other non-IoT UEs 3-2, 3-3 (such as smartphones or the like) communicating in a conventional manner.

[0035] IoT device 3-1 can be, for example, a Type A, Type B, or Type C device as described in the introduction. As will be described in more detail later, depending on the connectivity topology employed, IoT device 3-1 can be configured for direct uplink (backscatter) and / or downlink communication with RAN node 5-1, and / or can be configured for uplink (backscatter) and / or downlink communication via intermediate or auxiliary node 5-2. It will be understood that intermediate or auxiliary node 5-2 can actually be another node or a separate node of RAN 5. Intermediate or auxiliary node 5-2 can be, for example, a relay node, an Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) node, another UE 3, a repeater, and / or the like, capable of environmental IoT operation, including receiving backscatter / reflected signals from IoT devices and / or transmitting unmodulated carrier signals to IoT devices.

[0036] Each RAN node 5-1 controls one or more associated cells directly or indirectly via one or more other nodes (such as home base stations, repeaters, remote radio heads, distributed units, and / or the like). It will be understood that each RAN 5 can be configured to support 4G, 5G, 6G, and / or next-generation technologies, and / or any other 3GPP or non-3GPP communication protocols.

[0037] RAN node 5-1 may be a distributed base station 5-1 comprising at least one distributed unit (DU) (e.g., gNB-DU or similar) and a central unit (CU) (e.g., gNB-CU or similar). In such a distributed base station 5-1, the CU employs separate control plane and user plane, and is therefore split between control plane functions (CU-CP) and user plane functions (CU-UP), which communicate with the DU via appropriate interfaces (e.g., F1-C interface) and appropriate interfaces (e.g., F1-U interface (together forming F1 interface (or “reference point”))), and communicate with each other via appropriate interfaces (e.g., E1 interface). It will be understood that while the DU may include the physical and virtual elements required to provide the functionality of the lower part of the PHY layer and thus communicate with UE 3 on the air interface, base station 5-1 may alternatively (or additionally) include one or more separate radio units (RU) (e.g., providing this functionality of the lower part of the PHY layer). However, it will be understood that RAN node 5-1 can be a non-distributed form of base station 5-1, such as as an integrated base station.

[0038] UE 3 (and possibly intermediate or auxiliary nodes 5-2, if present) is configured to communicate with serving RAN node 5-1 via a suitable air interface (e.g., a so-called "Uu" interface and / or the like). It will be understood that IoT device 3-1 may alternatively or additionally be configured to communicate indirectly with serving RAN node 5-1 via an (air) interface with intermediate or auxiliary node 5-2 (if present) and an (air) interface between intermediate or auxiliary node 5-2 and serving RAN node 5-1. Neighboring RAN node 5-1 may communicate via a suitable base station-to-base station interface (such as a so-called "X2" interface, "Xn" interface, and / or the like). Figure 1 (Not shown in the image) are connected to each other.

[0039] Core network 7 includes multiple logical nodes (or "functions") for supporting communications in communication system 1. In this example, core network 7 includes a control plane function (CPF) 10 and one or more network node entities (e.g., user plane function (UPF) 11) for user data communications. CPF 10 includes one or more network node entities for control signaling communications (e.g., access and mobility management function (AMF) 10-1), one or more network node entities for session management (e.g., session management function (SMF) 10-2), and multiple other functions 10-n (e.g., authentication server function (AUSF) for facilitating secure processing, unified data management (UDM) entity for managing user-specific data (e.g., access authorization, user registration, and data network profiles), policy control function (PCF), application function (AF), and / or the like). It will be understood that nodes or functions may have different names in different systems.

[0040] RAN node 5-1 is connected to the core network node via appropriate interfaces (or "reference points") (such as the N2 reference point for control signaling communication between RAN node 5-1 and AMF 10-1, and the N3 reference point for user data communication between RAN node 5-1 and each UPF 11). At least non-IoT UEs 3-2 and 3-3 are each connected to AMF 10-1 via a Non-Access Stratum (NAS) connection on an appropriate interface (e.g., the N1 reference point, similar to the S1 reference point in LTE). It will be understood that N1 communication is transparently routed via RAN node 5-1.

[0041] One or more UPFs 11 are connected to an external data network (e.g., an IP network such as the Internet) 15 via a suitable interface (e.g., an N6 reference point) for communication of user data.

[0042] The AMF 10-1 performs mobility management functions, maintains NAS connections with at least each non-IoT UE 3-2 and 3-3, and manages UE registration. The AMF 10-1 is also responsible for managing paging.

[0043] SMF 10-2 connects to AMF 10-1 via an appropriate interface (e.g., the N11 reference point). SMF 10-2 provides session management functionality (forming part of the MME functionality in LTE) and additionally combines some control plane functions (provided by the serving gateway and packet data network gateway in LTE). SMF 10-2 also assigns IP addresses to at least each non-IoT UE 3-2, 3-3. SMF 10-2 uses user information provided via AMF 10-1 to determine which session manager will be optimally assigned to the user. SMF 10-2 can be effectively considered as a gateway from the network's user plane to the control plane. SMF 10-2 also assigns IP addresses to at least each non-IoT UE 3-2, 3-3.

[0044] Each RAN node 5-1 is also configured for the transmission of control information and user data via multiple downlink (DL) physical channels and for the transmission of multiple physical signals, and at least non-IoT UEs 3-2 and 3-3 are configured for the reception of control information and user data via multiple downlink (DL) physical channels and for the transmission of multiple physical signals. DL physical channels correspond to resource elements (REs) carrying information originating from higher layers, while DL physical signals are used in the physical layer and correspond to REs that do not carry information originating from higher layers.

[0045] Physical channels may include, for example, the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), the Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH), and the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH). The PDSCH carries data that shares the capacity of the PDSCH on a time and frequency basis. The PDSCH can carry various data items, including, for example, user data, UE-specific higher-layer control messages mapped down from higher channels, System Information Blocks (SIBs), and paging. The PDCCH carries downlink control information (DCI) to support multiple functions, including, for example, scheduling downlink transmissions on the PDSCH and uplink data transmissions on the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH). The PBCH provides the Master Information Block (MIB) to at least non-IoT UEs 3-2 and 3-3. It also works in conjunction with the PDCCH to support time and frequency synchronization, which facilitates cell acquisition, selection, and reselection.

[0046] DL physical signals may include, for example, reference signals (RS) and synchronization signals (SS). Reference signals (sometimes called pilot signals) are signals with predefined, specific waveforms known to both UE 3 and RAN 5 base station 5-1. Reference signals may include, for example, cell-specific reference signals, UE-specific reference signals (UE-RS), downlink demodulation reference signals (DMRS), and channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS).

[0047] Similarly, at least non-IoT UEs 3-2 and 3-3 are configured to transmit control information and user data via multiple uplink (UL) physical channels corresponding to REs carrying information from higher layers, and to transmit UL physical signals used in the physical layer and corresponding to REs that do not carry information from higher layers. The base station 5-1 of RAN 5 is configured to receive control information and user data via multiple uplink (UL) physical channels corresponding to REs carrying information from higher layers, and to receive UL physical signals used in the physical layer and corresponding to REs that do not carry information from higher layers. Physical channels may include, for example, PUSCH, Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), and / or Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH). UL physical signals may include, for example, demodulation reference signals (DMRS) for UL control / data signals and / or sounding reference signals (SRS) for UL channel measurements.

[0048] Each IoT device 3-1 can be completely passive, or it can be active and configured with at least a subset of the functionalities not of IoT UEs 3-2 and 3-3. It will be understood that the details of the functionalities configured in the IoT device 3-1 depend on the type of IoT device 3-1.

[0049] For example, IoT device 3-1 could be a Type A device without energy storage or independent signal generation / amplification capabilities. By way of example only, such a Type A device could be a simple object or "tag" similar to a passive RFID type tag that uses an incident electromagnetic field (from an unmodulated carrier) to automatically transmit a backscattered / reflected signal modulated based on information acquired at the device (e.g., measurements from sensors and / or stored or hardwired identification of the device). The IoT device 3-1 in this example could be powered by energy harvested from incident electromagnetic radiation or from other energy sources such as light and / or heat.

[0050] Alternatively, IoT device 3-1 can be a Type B device, which, by way of example only, can also be a simple object or "tag" similar to a passive RFID type tag that uses an incident electromagnetic field (from an unmodulated carrier) to automatically transmit a backscattered / reflected signal modulated based on information acquired at the device (e.g., measurements from sensors and / or stored or hardwired identification of the device). In this case, the Type B device may also have means of energy storage and / or amplification of the transmitted backscattered / reflected signal, but no independent signal generation capability. IoT device 3-1 in this example can still be powered by energy harvested from incident electromagnetic radiation or from other energy sources such as light and / or heat, although in this example the energy is potentially stored at IoT device 3-1.

[0051] Alternatively, the IoT device 3-1 can be a Type C device with means of energy storage and independent signal generation. In addition to being able to transmit backscattered / reflected signals modulated based on information acquired at the device (e.g., measurements from sensors and / or stored or hardwired to the device's identifier), by way of example only, such a device may have at least some (albeit a significantly reduced set) of the capabilities of non-IoT UE 3 (such as UE 3-2, 3-3, etc.) to communicate with RAN node 5-1 (and / or intermediate / auxiliary node 5-2).

[0052] Connectivity Topology IoT device 3-1 can form part of an environment IoT network having any of the possible connectivity topologies mentioned in the introduction, and can be deployed in any of several different ways. Reference will now be made to... Figures 2 to 4B Describe the possible connectivity topologies and their deployments in more detail.

[0053] Topology 1: RAN node? IoT device: Figure 2 A first connectivity topology (topology 1) of a mobile (cellular or wireless) communication system 1 is schematically illustrated.

[0054] like Figure 2 As shown, in Topology 1, an IoT device 3-1 and a RAN node 5-1 are provided. As illustrated, the IoT device 3-1 communicates directly and bidirectionally with the RAN node 5-1. Communication 20 between the RAN node 5-1 and the IoT device 3-1 may include environmental IoT data and / or environmental IoT signaling. Communication 20 between the RAN node 5-1 and the IoT device 3-1 may occur on a suitable air interface such as the NR Uu air interface, a dedicated interface for environmental IoT, or the like.

[0055] Communication 20 may also include backscattered or reflected signals. For example, the transmission of a signal from RAN node 5-1 to IoT device 3-1 may be an unmodulated carrier signal, which is then modulated and backscattered / reflected by IoT device 3-1 to send the signal back to RAN node 5-1. Such transmission of the unmodulated carrier and reception of the backscattered signal by the same RAN node 5-1 (base station) may be supported, for example, by topology 1, in which full-duplex operation is supported at RAN node 5-1.

[0056] However, despite Figure 2 Not shown, but Topology 1 allows for the possibility that the RAN node (base station) 5-1 transmitting to the IoT device 3-1 is a different RAN node (base station) 5-1 from the RAN node (base station) 5-1 received from the IoT device 3-1. For example, a first RAN node (base station) 5-1 transmitting to the IoT device 3-1 and a second RAN node (base station) 5-1 received from the IoT device 3-1 can be provided. In this scenario, backscattering can be supported even if full-duplex operation is not supported at any of the RAN nodes (base stations) 5-1.

[0057] Topology 1 can be deployed for indoor scenarios, where type A, B, and / or C IoT devices 3-1 and RAN node 5-1 are located in an indoor environment. In this scenario, RAN node 5-1 typically supports one or more small cells (e.g., microcells and picocells) for voice, video, and data transmission. These small cells are designed to provide network coverage to a small area and operate on licensed frequency division duplex (FDD), licensed time division duplex (TDD), or unlicensed portions of the spectrum.

[0058] Alternatively, if IoT device 3-1 is in an indoor environment but RAN node 5-1 is in an outdoor environment, RAN node 5-1 can be configured to support one or more larger cells (e.g., macro cells) providing radio coverage to a large area operating on licensed frequency division duplex (FDD), licensed time division duplex (TDD), or the unlicensed portion of the spectrum. However, in this case, it may be possible to support only type C IoT device 3-1.

[0059] Topology 1 can also be deployed in outdoor scenarios, where both Type C IoT device 3-1 and RAN node 5-1 are located in an outdoor environment. In this scenario, RAN node 5-1 can support one or more small cells (e.g., microcells) for voice, video, and data transmission, which are designed to provide network coverage to a small area and operate on licensed frequency division duplex (FDD), licensed time division duplex (TDD), or the unlicensed portion of the spectrum. Alternatively (or additionally), RAN node 5-1 can support larger cells (e.g., macrocells) that provide radio coverage to a large area and operate on licensed frequency division duplex (FDD), licensed time division duplex (TDD), or the unlicensed portion of the spectrum.

[0060] Topology 2: RAN node? Intermediate node? IoT device: Figure 3 A second connectivity topology (topology 2) of a mobile (cellular or wireless) communication system 1 is schematically illustrated.

[0061] like Figure 3 As shown, in Topology 2, IoT device 3-1, RAN node 5-1 (base station), and intermediate node 5-2 are provided. It will be understood that although intermediate node 5-2 is... Figure 3 While described as a type of base station, intermediate node 5-2 can actually be any of an IAB node, UE 3, repeater or the like, or any other suitable device that can act as an intermediary between RAN node 5-1 and IoT device 3-1 and is capable of environmental IoT signaling, as described above.

[0062] In this topology, IoT device 3-1 can communicate bidirectionally with RAN node 5-1 via intermediate node 5-2 to transmit environmental IoT data and / or signaling between RAN node 5-1 and IoT device 3-1.

[0063] Communication 20-1 between RAN node 5-1 and intermediate node 5-2 occurs on a suitable interface. For example, RAN node 5-1 and intermediate node 5-2 may communicate, for example, on an air interface (such as a Uu interface or the like), where intermediate node 5-2 is UE 3 (or at least behaves like UE 3 in its communication with RAN node 5-1). RAN node 5-1 and intermediate node 5-2 may communicate, for example, on a direct base station to base station interface (such as X2 or Xn), where intermediate node 5-2 is a base station (or at least behaves like a base station in its communication with RAN node 5-1). RAN node 5-1 and intermediate node 5-2 may communicate, for example, on a suitable IAB interface (such as F1), where RAN node 5-1 acts as an IAB donor base station and intermediate node 5-2 is an IAB node. However, RAN node 5-1 and intermediate node 5-2 may communicate on a dedicated interface for environmental IoT purposes. Communication 20-2 between intermediate node 5-2 and IoT device 3-1 also occurs on a suitable air interface. For example, they can communicate on Uu or a dedicated interface.

[0064] In the first (downlink) direction (RAN node 5-1 - intermediate node 5-2 - IoT device 3-1), communication 20-1 may include a first signal transmitted from RAN node 5-1 to intermediate node 5-2. Once the first signal is received by intermediate node 5-2, it can trigger the transmission of an unmodulated carrier signal to IoT device 3-1 in communication 20-2 in the downlink direction. The first signal itself may be an unmodulated carrier signal, which is then relayed by intermediate node 5-2 to IoT device 3-1.

[0065] In the second (uplink) direction (IoT device 3-1 - intermediate node 5-2 - RAN node 5-1), communication 20-2 may include a modulated backscatter signal transmitted from IoT device 3-1 to intermediate node 5-2 in response to receiving an unmodulated carrier signal from intermediate node 5-2. This modulated backscatter signal (or at least the information encoded therein) can be relayed (transmitted) to RAN node 5-1 (base station) in communication 20-1 (in the uplink direction) once received by intermediate node 5-2. The modulated backscatter signal may be processed before being relayed from intermediate node 5-2 to RAN node 5-1. For example, the modulated backscatter signal may be processed by intermediate node 5-2 to extract the information encoded in the modulated backscatter signal, and (e.g., according to the corresponding application protocol) the extracted information is encapsulated into an appropriate message format for communication with RAN node 5-1. Alternatively, the modulated backscatter signal may be processed by intermediate node 5-2 to (e.g., according to the corresponding application protocol) encapsulate the modulated backscatter signal into an appropriate message format for communication with RAN node 5-1.

[0066] The transmission of this unmodulated carrier and the reception of backscattered signals from the same intermediate node 5-2 can be supported, for example, by topology 2, where full-duplex operation is supported at the intermediate node 5-2.

[0067] Topology 2 can be deployed for indoor scenarios, where both type A, B, and / or C IoT devices 3-1 and RAN node 5-1 are located in an indoor environment. In this scenario, RAN node 5-1 typically supports one or more small cells (e.g., microcells and picocells) for voice, video, and data transmission. These small cells are designed to provide network coverage to a small area and operate on licensed frequency division duplex (FDD), licensed time division duplex (TDD), or unlicensed portions of the spectrum.

[0068] Alternatively, if IoT device 3-1 is in an indoor environment but RAN node 5-1 is in an outdoor environment, RAN node 5-1 can be configured to support one or more larger cells (e.g., macro cells) providing radio coverage to a large area operating on licensed frequency division duplex (FDD), licensed time division duplex (TDD), or the unlicensed portion of the spectrum. However, in this case, only type C IoT device 3-1 may be supported.

[0069] Regardless of whether the IoT device 3-1 is located in an indoor or outdoor environment in the above deployment, the intermediate (or auxiliary) node 5-2 can be located in either an indoor or outdoor environment.

[0070] Topology 2 can also be deployed in outdoor scenarios, where type A, B, or C IoT device 3-1, RAN node 5-1, and intermediate (or auxiliary) node 5-2 are located in an outdoor environment. In this scenario, RAN node 5-1 can support one or more small cells (e.g., microcells) for voice, video, and data transmission, designed to provide network coverage to a small area and operate on licensed frequency division duplex (FDD), licensed time division duplex (TDD), or unlicensed portions of the spectrum. Alternatively, RAN node 5-1 can support one or more larger cells (e.g., macrocells) providing radio coverage to a large area and operating on licensed frequency division duplex (FDD), licensed time division duplex (TDD), or unlicensed portions of the spectrum.

[0071] Topology 3: RAN node? Auxiliary node? Environmental IoT device? RAN node: Figure 4A and Figure 4B The third connectivity topology (topology 3) of the mobile (cellular or wireless) communication system 1 is schematically illustrated.

[0072] like Figure 4A and Figure 4B As shown, in topology 3, IoT device 3-1, RAN node 5-1, and auxiliary node 5-2 are provided. It will be understood that although auxiliary node 5-2 is... Figure 4A While described as a type of base station, the auxiliary node 5-2 can actually be an IAB node, UE 3, a repeater or the like, or any other suitable device that can act as an intermediary between RAN node 5-1 and IoT device 3-1.

[0073] like Figure 4A As shown, IoT device 3-1 can communicate unidirectionally with RAN node 5-1 in the uplink direction (20-1) and unidirectionally with auxiliary (intermediate) node 5-2 in the downlink direction (20-2). The communication 20-1 between RAN node 5-1 and IoT device 3-1, and the communication 20-2 between auxiliary node 5-2 and IoT device 3-1, occur on appropriate air interfaces. For example, they can communicate on a Uu or dedicated interface.

[0074] Downlink communication 20-2 from auxiliary (intermediate) node 5-2 may include an unmodulated carrier signal (the unmodulated carrier signal may be triggered by communication 20-3 (e.g., a downlink signal) received by auxiliary (intermediate) node 5-2 from RAN node 5-1). This unmodulated carrier signal may then be modulated from IoT device 3-1 and backscattered as a modulated backscattered signal, and received at RAN node 5-1 as communication 20-1 in the uplink direction.

[0075] Communication 20-3 between RAN node 5-1 and auxiliary node (or intermediate node) 5-2 occurs on an appropriate interface. For example, RAN node 5-1 and auxiliary node 5-2 may communicate on an air interface (such as a Uu interface or the like), where intermediate node 5-2 is UE 3 (or at least behaves like UE 3 in its communication with RAN node 5-1). RAN node 5-1 and auxiliary node 5-2 may communicate, for example, on an appropriate IAB interface (such as F1), where RAN node 5-1 acts as an IAB donor base station and intermediate node 5-2 is an IAB node. However, RAN node 5-1 and auxiliary node 5-2 may communicate on a dedicated interface for environmental IoT purposes. Downlink communication 20-2 between auxiliary node 5-2 and IoT device 3-1 also occurs on an appropriate air interface. For example, they may communicate on a Uu or dedicated interface.

[0076] Alternatively, such as Figure 4BAs shown, IoT device 3-1 can communicate unidirectionally with RAN node 5-1 in the downlink direction (20-1) and unidirectionally with auxiliary (intermediate) node 5-2 in the uplink direction (20-2). Communication 20-1 between RAN node 5-1 and IoT device 3-1, or communication 20-2 between auxiliary node 5-2 and IoT device 3-1, occurs on appropriate air interfaces. For example, they can communicate on Uu or dedicated interfaces.

[0077] Downlink communication 20-1 from RAN node 5-1 may include an unmodulated carrier signal. This unmodulated carrier signal can then be modulated from IoT device 3-1 and backscattered as a modulated backscatter signal, and received at auxiliary (intermediate) node 5-2 as uplink communication 20-2. Once received by auxiliary node 5-2, the modulated backscatter signal (or at least the information encoded therein) can be relayed to RAN node 5-1 (base station) in communication 20-3 (uplink direction). The modulated backscatter signal may be processed before being relayed by auxiliary node 5-2 to RAN node 5-1. For example, the modulated backscatter signal may be processed by auxiliary node 5-2 to extract the information encoded in the modulated backscatter signal, and (e.g., according to the corresponding application protocol) encapsulate the extracted information into an appropriate message format for communication with RAN node 5-1. Alternatively, the modulated backscatter signal may be processed by auxiliary node 5-2 to (e.g., according to the corresponding application protocol) encapsulate the modulated backscatter signal into an appropriate message format for communication with RAN node 5-1.

[0078] Similar to Figure 4A ,exist Figure 4B In this scenario, communication 20-3 between RAN node 5-1 and auxiliary node (or intermediate node) 5-2 occurs on an appropriate interface. For example, RAN node 5-1 and auxiliary node 5-2 can communicate on an air interface (such as a Uu interface or the like), where intermediate node 5-2 is UE 3 (or at least behaves like UE 3 in its communication with RAN node 5-1). RAN node 5-1 and auxiliary node 5-2 can also communicate, for example, on an appropriate IAB interface (such as F1), where RAN node 5-1 acts as an IAB donor base station and intermediate node 5-2 is an IAB node. However, RAN node 5-1 and auxiliary node 5-2 can communicate on a dedicated interface for environmental IoT purposes. Communication 20-2 between auxiliary node 5-2 and IoT device 3-1 also occurs on an appropriate air interface. For example, they can communicate on a Uu or dedicated interface. In either scenario, this backscattering can be supported even if RAN node 5-1 and / or auxiliary node 5-2 do not support full-duplex operation.

[0079] Advantageously, when using topology 3, proper coordination is provided among the three devices (e.g., RAN node 5-1, auxiliary node 5-2, and IoT device 3-1) by taking into account the fact that the reception of the unmodulated carrier signal and the transmission of the reflected signal by IoT device 3-1 can be assumed to be (almost) simultaneous.

[0080] For example, as described in more detail later, in the case where topology 3 is used in a manner where communication 20-2 includes a modulated backscattered signal based on the unmodulated carrier initially received by IoT device 3-1 from RAN node 5-1, transmitted from IoT device 3-1 and received at auxiliary node 5-2 (e.g.) Figure 4B As shown), different devices can be configured to coordinate transmission in at least one of a variety of different ways. For example: - RAN node 5-1 can determine the scheduling requirements for the unmodulated carrier signal and the radio resources to be used for any backscatter transmission; RAN node 5-1 can determine the radio resources to be used for the unmodulated carrier signal and indicate those resources to auxiliary node 5-2. Auxiliary node 5-2 can then subsequently determine the scheduling requirements for backscatter transmission; or Auxiliary node 5-2 can determine the radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission and indicate those resources to RAN node 5-1. RAN node 5-1 can then subsequently determine the radio resources to be used for the unmodulated carrier signal. Furthermore, as described in more detail later, in the case where topology 3 is used in a manner where communication 20-1 includes a modulated backscattered signal of an unmodulated carrier initially received by IoT device 3-1 from auxiliary (intermediate) node 5-2, transmitted from IoT device 3-1 to RAN node 5-1 (e.g.) Figure 4A As shown), different devices are configured to coordinate transmission in at least one of a variety of different ways. For example: - RAN node 5-1 can determine the scheduling requirements for the unmodulated carrier signal and the radio resources to be used for any backscatter transmission; RAN node 5-1 can determine the radio resources to be used for any backscatter transmissions and indicate those resources to auxiliary node 5-2. Auxiliary node 5-2 can then subsequently determine the scheduling requirements for the unmodulated carrier signal; or Auxiliary node 5-2 can determine the radio resources to be used for unmodulated carrier signals and indicate those resources to RAN node 5-1. RAN node 5-1 can then subsequently determine the radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission. It will be understood that different coordination methods are not mutually exclusive, and all or a subset of coordination methods can be implemented in the same communication system. For example, various devices involved in environmental IoT-type communications can be configured to use different coordination methods for optimal performance in different scenarios.

[0081] Advantageously, by allowing RAN node 5-1 to set both radio resources for backscatter transmissions and radio resources for unmodulated carrier signals, RAN node 5-1 (and / or auxiliary node 5-2, if both sets of radio resources are indicated to auxiliary node 5-2) can identify backscatter transmissions and distinguish them from unmodulated carrier signals, even when the two signals occur on the same symbol (and frequency).

[0082] Advantageously, by triggering the auxiliary node 5-2 to determine the radio resources to be used by the IoT device 3-1 for backscatter transmission based on the resources that the RAN node 5-1 indicates to be used for the unmodulated carrier signal, the auxiliary node 5-2 (and / or the RAN node 5-1, if radio resources for backscatter transmission are indicated to the RAN node 5-1) can identify backscatter transmission and distinguish it from the unmodulated carrier signal, even when the two signals occur on the same symbol (and frequency).

[0083] Advantageously, by triggering the auxiliary node 5-2 to determine the radio resources to be used for the unmodulated carrier signal based on the resources that the IoT device 3-1 is instructed to use for the backscatter transmission based on the RAN node 5-1, the auxiliary node 5-2 (and / or the RAN node 5-1, if radio resources for the unmodulated carrier signal are indicated to the RAN node 5-1) can identify the backscatter transmission and distinguish it from the unmodulated carrier signal, even when the two signals occur on the same symbol (and frequency).

[0084] Now refer to Figures 4A to 10 Let's discuss the various coordination scenarios outlined above in more detail.

[0085] Transmission Coordination Transmission of unmodulated carrier signals - Base station responsibility As described above, in Topology 3, RAN node 5-1 can be responsible for transmitting the unmodulated carrier signal to IoT device 3-1, and auxiliary node 5-2 can be responsible for receiving the modulated backscatter signal from IoT device 3-1. Furthermore, in this scenario, there are several ways to coordinate the transmission of the unmodulated carrier signal and the backscatter transmission. Reference will now be made to... Figures 5 to 7 Examples are provided to illustrate in more detail how these options can be implemented.

[0086] Figure 5 Examples are depicted that can be found Figure 1 A simplified sequence diagram of the process used in communication system 1 to coordinate the transmission of unmodulated and backscattered signals among the three devices.

[0087] The process for coordinating the transmission of unmodulated carrier signals and backscattered signals can be particularly (but not exclusively) applied to scenarios where the auxiliary node 5-2 is a UE 3 whose radio resources are controlled by the RAN node 5-1 (or operates like a UE 3 from the perspective of the RAN node 5-1).

[0088] like Figure 5 As shown, RAN node 5-1, auxiliary node 5-2, and IoT device 3-1 are provided using topology 3 (e.g., as referenced). Figure 4B As described above, RAN node 5-1 is responsible for the transmission of the unmodulated carrier signal. Specifically, as... Figure 4B As shown, IoT device 3-1 can receive an unmodulated carrier signal from RAN node 5-1 and modulate and transmit (reflect) a backscattered signal based on the unmodulated carrier signal, which is received at auxiliary node 5-2. This modulated backscattered signal (or at least the information encoded therein) can be relayed (transmitted) to RAN node 5-1 once received by auxiliary node 5-2. The modulated backscattered signal can be processed before being relayed by auxiliary node 5-2 to RAN node 5-1. For example, the modulated backscattered signal can be processed by auxiliary node 5-2 to extract the information encoded in the modulated backscattered signal and (e.g., according to the corresponding application protocol) encapsulate the extracted information into an appropriate message format for communication with RAN node 5-1. Alternatively, the modulated backscattered signal can be processed by auxiliary node 5-2 to (e.g., according to the corresponding application protocol) encapsulate the modulated backscattered signal into an appropriate message format for communication with RAN node 5-1.

[0089] At step S502, RAN node 5-1 determines and generates a backscatter transmission (Tx) grant. This backscatter transmission grant may include, for example, an indication of the radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission, and other transmit / receive parameters such as modulation type, used / to-be-used coding, and the like. Furthermore, at step S502, RAN node 5-1 determines the radio resources for transmitting unmodulated carrier signals.

[0090] At step S504, RAN node 5-1 sends a backscatter transmission grant (or its indication) and / or an indication of radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission to auxiliary node 5-2 (which may form part of the backscatter transmission grant itself). Additionally, the indication may also include an identifier of IoT device 3-1, for which backscatter transmission will be triggered.

[0091] It will be understood that RAN node 5-1 may be able to signal backscatter transmission authorization (or its indication) and / or indication of radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission in any suitable manner. For example, RAN node 5-1 may be configured to signal this information via Layer 2 signaling (e.g., as part of downlink control information (DCI) transmission on the physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), and / or in one or more media access control (MAC) control elements (CE) transmitted on the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) when the radio resources are periodic / semi-static / semi-persistent). Alternatively or additionally, RAN node 5-1 may be configured to signal this information via Layer 3 signaling (e.g., as part of a radio resource control (RRC) signaling procedure). For example, when the radio resources are periodic / semi-static / semi-persistent, the indication may be included in an RRC (re)configuration message. It will be understood that, depending on the scenario, RAN node 5-1 may be able to signal information at different times using any of these different signaling methods.

[0092] In response to receiving a backscatter transmission grant (or its indication) and / or an indication of radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission to auxiliary node 5-2, at step S506, auxiliary node 5-2 may send an acknowledgment (ACK) to RAN node 5-1 to confirm receipt of the backscatter transmission grant (or its indication) and / or the indication of radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission. This can helpfully help ensure the reliability of the scheme. The ACK response message may be sent to RAN node 5-1 via signaling of the same or different type as the signaling used by RAN node 5-1 to signal the backscatter transmission grant (or its indication) and / or the indication of radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission.

[0093] Optionally, as part of the transmission at step S504, RAN node 5-1 (not shown) may also include an indication to auxiliary node 5-2 of the determined resources and transmission parameters for the unmodulated carrier, which can be used by auxiliary node 5-2 to decode the backscatter transmission from IoT device 3-1.

[0094] At step S508, RAN node 5-1 can trigger IoT device 3-1 to perform backscatter transmission. For example, RAN node 5-1 can trigger IoT device 3-1 to perform backscatter transmission by sending a downlink (DL) transmission to IoT device 3-1, based on which backscatter transmission from IoT device 3-1 is triggered. For example, RAN node 5-1 can send a DL transmission to IoT device 3-1, which includes the start sequence of the unmodulated carrier signal to be backscattered. The DL transmission can be sent to IoT device 3-1 on the PDSCH. Alternatively or additionally, RAN node 5-1 can trigger IoT device 3-1 to perform backscatter transmission by sending to IoT device 3-1 an indication of radio resources to be used for the unmodulated carrier signal and / or radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission. For example, RAN node 5-1 can send a DCI transmission to IoT device 3-1 on the PDCCH, which includes an indication of the determined radio resources to transmit the unmodulated carrier signal and / or an indication of the radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission. Alternatively, those instructions can be transmitted by RAN node 5-1 in another type of DL transmission message.

[0095] It will be understood that the radio resources (and transmission parameters) used to transmit the backscattered signal and can be indicated to the IoT device 3-1 are the same radio resources (and transmission parameters) indicated to the auxiliary node 5-2 in step S504.

[0096] At step S510, RAN node 5-1 uses the radio resources for the unmodulated carrier signal determined by RAN node 5-1 at step S502 and indicated to auxiliary node 5-2 at step S504 to transmit the unmodulated carrier signal to IoT device 3-1.

[0097] Upon receiving the unmodulated carrier signal, at step S512, the IoT device 3-1 simultaneously or nearly simultaneously modulates its impedance or reflectivity in response to the unmodulated carrier signal, thereby causing the modulated signal to be reflected to the auxiliary node 5-2. The backscattered signal may also carry information encoded by modulation regarding the impedance or reflectivity of the IoT device 3-1.

[0098] When IoT device 3-1 receives an unmodulated carrier signal and reflects a signal simultaneously, the symbol used for backscatter transmission and the symbol used for the associated unmodulated carrier can be the same. However, when IoT device 3-1 receives an unmodulated carrier signal and reflects a signal nearly simultaneously, the symbol used for backscatter transmission and the symbol used for the associated unmodulated carrier can be within a threshold time interval.

[0099] Advantageously, by informing the auxiliary node 5-2 in advance of the radio resources to be used by the IoT device 3-1 for backscatter transmission, the auxiliary node 5-2 can identify the backscatter transmission and distinguish it from the unmodulated carrier signal transmitted by the RAN node 5-1, even when two signals occur on the same symbol (and frequency). For example, the auxiliary node 5-2 can distinguish the transmission using any indications such as modulation type, used / to-be-used encoding and similar transmission / reception parameters, and the identification of the IoT device 3-1, which are signaled to the auxiliary node 5-2 by the RAN node 5-1.

[0100] After the backscatter transmission, the auxiliary node 5-2 can forward the received modulated backscatter signal (or at least the data encoded in the modulated backscatter signal) to the RAN node 5-1 at step S514.

[0101] Figure 6 Examples are depicted that can be found Figure 1 Another simplified sequence diagram of the process used in a communication system to coordinate the transmission of unmodulated and backscattered signals between three devices.

[0102] This process for coordinating the transmission of unmodulated carrier signals and backscattered signals can be particularly (but not exclusively) applicable to scenarios where the auxiliary node 5-2 is an IAB node (or operates like an IAB node from the perspective of the RAN node 5-1) that can generate its own radio resources for the uplink (UL) from the IoT device 3-1.

[0103] like Figure 6 As shown, RAN node 5-1, auxiliary node 5-2, and IoT device 3-1 are deployed in topology 3 (e.g., as shown in reference). Figure 4B As described above, RAN node 5-1 is responsible for the transmission of the unmodulated carrier signal. Specifically, as... Figure 4BAs shown, IoT device 3-1 can receive an unmodulated carrier signal from RAN node 5-1 and modulate and transmit (reflect) a backscattered signal based on the unmodulated carrier signal, which is received at auxiliary node 5-2. This modulated backscattered signal (or at least the information encoded therein) can be relayed (transmitted) to RAN node 5-1 once received by auxiliary node 5-2. The modulated backscattered signal can be processed before being relayed by auxiliary node 5-2 to RAN node 5-1. For example, the modulated backscattered signal can be processed by auxiliary node 5-2 to extract the information encoded in the modulated backscattered signal and (e.g., according to the corresponding application protocol) encapsulate the extracted information into an appropriate message format for communication with RAN node 5-1. Alternatively, the modulated backscattered signal can be processed by auxiliary node 5-2 to (e.g., according to the corresponding application protocol) encapsulate the modulated backscattered signal into an appropriate message format for communication with RAN node 5-1.

[0104] At step S602, RAN node 5-1 may send a request for backscatter transmission grant to auxiliary node 5-2. The request may also include auxiliary information to assist auxiliary node 5-2 in the process of determining and generating backscatter transmission grants. For example, the request may include auxiliary information such as the transport block (TB) size (TBS) for a TB, the amount of radio resources to be allocated, the identifier of IoT device 3-1, the subcarrier spacing (SCS) to be used, and the like. Furthermore, at step S602, RAN node 5-1 determines and indicates to auxiliary node 5-2 the radio resources for transmitting unmodulated carrier signals. The radio resources for transmitting unmodulated carrier signals may be sent in the form of a semi-static / semi-persistent / periodic radio resource configuration indicated to auxiliary node 5-2.

[0105] At step S604, in response to a request for backscatter transmission grant and / or radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission, and based on the radio resources for the unmodulated carrier signal indicated by RAN node 5-1 to auxiliary node 5-2, auxiliary node 5-2 can determine and generate a backscatter transmission grant. This backscatter transmission grant may include an indication of the radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission and other transmit / receive parameters such as modulation type, used / to-be-used coding, and the like. It will be understood that when the request for backscatter transmission grant from RAN node 5-1 includes auxiliary information (e.g., TBS for TB, amount of radio resources to be allocated, identifier of IoT device 3-1, SCS to be used, and the like), auxiliary node 5-2 may also determine and generate a backscatter transmission grant based on that auxiliary information. A backscatter transmission grant may be generated such that the symbols used for backscatter transmission are the same as the symbols used for the associated unmodulated carrier signal or within a threshold gap time of the symbols used for the associated unmodulated carrier signal.

[0106] After a backscatter transmission authorization is generated, backscatter transmission using IoT device 3-1 is triggered. Several different mechanisms are envisioned for triggering those backscatter transmissions using IoT device 3-1.

[0107] In the first possible mechanism, such as Figure 6 As shown, at step S606, auxiliary node 5-2 may forward backscatter transmission authorization (or its indication) and / or indication of radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission to RAN node 5-1.

[0108] Then, at step S608, RAN node 5-1 forwards the backscatter transmission authorization (or its indication) and / or the indication of radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission to IoT device 3-1 to trigger transmission using IoT device 3-1. Additionally, RAN node 5-1 may also send to IoT device 3-1 an indication of radio resources determined by RAN node 5-1 for unmodulated carrier signals.

[0109] In the second possible mechanism, instead of the auxiliary node 5-2 forwarding the backscatter transmission grant (or its indication) and / or the indication of the radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission to the RAN node 5-1 at step S606, the auxiliary node 5-2 can directly send the backscatter transmission grant (or its indication) and / or the indication of the radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission to the IoT device 3-1 to trigger the backscatter transmission using the IoT device 3-1. Figure 6(Not shown in the image). In this scenario, the auxiliary node 5-2 can also forward to the IoT device 3-1 an indication of radio resources for unmodulated carrier signals determined by the RAN node 5-1, which are indicated to the auxiliary node 5-2 by the RAN node 5-1 at step S602.

[0110] In the third possible mechanism, instead of the auxiliary node 5-2 forwarding the backscatter transmission grant (or its indication) and / or the indication of the radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission to the RAN node 5-1 at step S606, the auxiliary node 5-2 may send the backscatter transmission grant (or its indication) and / or the indication of the radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission to the IoT device 3-1 to trigger the backscatter transmission using the IoT device 3-1. Figure 6 (Not shown in the image). In this example, RAN node 5-1 may also transmit to IoT device 3-1 an indication of radio resources for the unmodulated carrier signal determined by RAN node 5-1 in step S602.

[0111] It will be understood that instead of sending a backscatter transmission authorization (or its indication) and / or an indication of radio resources to be used for the backscatter transmission, the RAN node 5-1 or auxiliary node 5-2 in the above mechanism may send a backscatter transmission trigger message or the like to the IoT device 3-1 to trigger the device to perform a backscatter transmission. For example, if such a trigger is sent by the RAN node 5-1, it may include a DL transmission (such as a DL transmission including the start sequence of the unmodulated carrier signal to be backscattered), based on which a backscatter transmission from the IoT device 3-1 is triggered. The DL transmission may be sent to the IoT device 3-1 on the PDSCH. If such a trigger is sent by the auxiliary node 5-2, it may include any suitable DL transmission (such as an indication that a backscatter transmission should occur and / or an indication of resources to be used for such a backscatter transmission), based on which a backscatter transmission from the IoT device 3-1 is triggered.

[0112] It will be understood that RAN node 5-1 and / or auxiliary node 5-2 may be able to signal backscatter transmission authorization (or its indication) and / or indication of radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission in any suitable manner. For example, RAN node 5-1 and / or auxiliary node 5-2 may be configured to signal this information via Layer 2 signaling (e.g., as part of downlink control information (DCI) transmission on the physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), and / or in one or more media access control (MAC) control elements (CE) transmitted on the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) when the radio resources are periodic / semi-static / semi-persistent). Alternatively or additionally, RAN node 5-1 and / or auxiliary node 5-2 may be configured to signal this information via Layer 3 signaling (e.g., as part of a radio resource control (RRC) signaling procedure). For example, when the radio resources are periodic / semi-static / semi-persistent, the indication may be included in an RRC (re)configuration message. It will be understood that, depending on the scenario, RAN nodes may be able to use any of these different signaling methods to signal information at different times.

[0113] At step S610, RAN node 5-1 uses the radio resources for the unmodulated carrier signal determined by RAN node 5-1 and indicated to auxiliary node 5-2 at step S602 to transmit the unmodulated carrier signal to IoT device 3-1.

[0114] Upon receiving the unmodulated carrier signal, in step S612, the IoT device 3-1 simultaneously or nearly simultaneously modulates its impedance or reflectivity in response to the incoming unmodulated carrier signal, thereby reflecting the modulated signal to the auxiliary node 5-2. The reflected signal carries information encoded in the modulation of the impedance or reflectivity of the IoT device 3-1.

[0115] Advantageously, by triggering the auxiliary node 5-2 to determine the radio resources to be used by the IoT device 3-1 for backscatter transmission based on the resources that the RAN node 5-1 indicates it will use for the unmodulated carrier signal, the auxiliary node 5-2 can identify the backscatter transmission and distinguish it from the unmodulated carrier signal transmitted by the RAN node 5-1, even when the two signals occur on the same symbol (and frequency). For example, the auxiliary node 5-2 can use its transmission / reception parameters, such as modulation type, used / to-be-used coding, and the like, selected for the IoT device 3-1 to use for backscatter transmission, to distinguish the transmission.

[0116] After the backscatter transmission, the auxiliary node 5-2 can forward the received modulated backscatter signal (or at least the data encoded in the modulated backscatter signal) to the RAN node 5-1 at step S614.

[0117] Figure 7 Examples are depicted that can be found Figure 1 Another simplified sequence diagram of the process used in communication system 1 to coordinate the transmission of unmodulated and backscattered signals among the three devices.

[0118] This process for coordinating the transmission of unmodulated carrier signals and backscattered signals can be particularly (but not exclusively) applicable to scenarios where the auxiliary node 5-2 is an IAB node that can generate its own radio resources for the uplink (UL) from the IoT device 3-1 (or operate like an IAB node from the perspective of the RAN node 5-1).

[0119] like Figure 7 As shown, RAN node 5-1, auxiliary node 5-2, and IoT device 3-1 are deployed in topology 3 (e.g., as shown in reference). Figure 4B As described above, RAN node 5-1 is responsible for the transmission of the unmodulated carrier signal. Specifically, as... Figure 4B As shown, IoT device 3-1 can receive an unmodulated carrier signal from RAN node 5-1 and modulate and transmit (reflect) a backscattered signal based on the unmodulated carrier signal, which is received at auxiliary node 5-2. This modulated backscattered signal (or at least the information encoded therein) can be relayed (transmitted) to RAN node 5-1 once received by auxiliary node 5-2. The modulated backscattered signal can be processed before being relayed by auxiliary node 5-2 to RAN node 5-1. For example, the modulated backscattered signal can be processed by auxiliary node 5-2 to extract the information encoded in the modulated backscattered signal and (e.g., according to the corresponding application protocol) encapsulate the extracted information into an appropriate message format for communication with RAN node 5-1. Alternatively, the modulated backscattered signal can be processed by auxiliary node 5-2 to (e.g., according to the corresponding application protocol) encapsulate the modulated backscattered signal into an appropriate message format for communication with RAN node 5-1.

[0120] At step S702, RAN node 5-1 may send a request to auxiliary node 5-2 for requesting backscatter transmission grants and / or an indication of radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission. The request may also include auxiliary information to assist auxiliary node 5-2 in the process of determining and generating backscatter transmission grants. For example, the request may include auxiliary information such as the TBS for a TB, the amount of radio resources to be allocated, the identifier of IoT device 3-1, the SCS to be used, and the like.

[0121] At step S704, based on the request for backscatter transmission grant indicated by RAN node 5-1 to auxiliary node 5-2, auxiliary node 5-2 can determine and generate a backscatter transmission grant and / or radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission. The backscatter grant may include an indication of the radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission, as well as other transmit / receive parameters such as modulation type, used / to-be-used coding, and the like. It will be understood that when RAN node 5-1 includes auxiliary information (such as TBS for TB, the amount of radio resources to be allocated, the identifier of IoT device 3-1, the SCS to be used, and the like) in its backscatter transmission grant to auxiliary node 5-2, auxiliary node 5-2 can also determine and generate a backscatter transmission grant based on that auxiliary information.

[0122] After a backscatter transmission grant is generated, at step S706, auxiliary node 5-2 forwards the backscatter transmission grant (or its indication) and / or the indication of the radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission to RAN node 5-1. The backscatter transmission grant (or its indication) and / or the indication of the radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission can be sent in any suitable manner.

[0123] Based on the backscatter transmission grant (or its indication) provided by auxiliary node 5-2 and / or the indication of radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission, RAN node 5-1 determines the radio resources for the unmodulated carrier signal at step S708. For example, RAN node 5-1 may determine the radio resources for the unmodulated carrier signal such that the symbols used for backscatter transmission are the same as the symbols used for the associated unmodulated carrier signal or within the threshold gap time of the symbols used for the associated unmodulated carrier signal.

[0124] At step S710, RAN node 5-1 can trigger IoT device 3-1 to perform backscatter transmission. For example, RAN node 5-1 can trigger IoT device 3-1 to perform backscatter transmission by sending a DL transmission to IoT device 3-1, based on which backscatter transmission from IoT device 3-1 is triggered. For example, RAN node 5-1 can send a DL transmission to IoT device 3-1, which includes the start sequence of the unmodulated carrier signal to be backscattered. The DL transmission can be sent to IoT device 3-1 on the PDSCH. Alternatively or additionally, RAN node 5-1 can trigger IoT device 3-1 to perform backscatter transmission by sending to IoT device 3-1 an indication of radio resources to be used for the unmodulated carrier signal and / or radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission. For example, RAN node 5-1 can send a DCI transmission to IoT device 3-1 on the PDCCH, which includes an indication of the determined radio resources to be used for transmitting the unmodulated carrier signal and / or an indication of the radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission. Alternatively, those instructions can be transmitted by RAN node 5-1 in another type of DL transmission message.

[0125] At step S712, RAN node 5-1 uses the radio resources for the unmodulated carrier signal determined by RAN node 5-1 to transmit the unmodulated carrier signal to IoT device 3-1.

[0126] Upon receiving the unmodulated carrier signal, in step S714, the IoT device 3-1 simultaneously or nearly simultaneously modulates its impedance or reflectivity in response to the incoming unmodulated carrier signal, thereby reflecting the modulated signal to the auxiliary node 5-2. The reflected signal carries information encoded in the modulation of the impedance or reflectivity of the IoT device 3-1.

[0127] When IoT device 3-1 receives an unmodulated carrier signal and reflects a signal simultaneously, the symbol used for backscatter transmission and the symbol used for the associated unmodulated carrier can be the same. However, when IoT device 3-1 receives an unmodulated carrier signal and reflects a signal nearly simultaneously, the symbol used for backscatter transmission and the symbol used for the associated unmodulated carrier can be within a threshold time interval.

[0128] Advantageously, by triggering the auxiliary node 5-2 to determine the radio resources to be used by the IoT device 3-1 for backscatter transmission based on the resources that the RAN node 5-1 indicates it will use for the unmodulated carrier signal, the auxiliary node 5-2 can identify the backscatter transmission and distinguish it from the unmodulated carrier signal transmitted by the RAN node 5-1, even when the two signals occur on the same symbol (and frequency). For example, the auxiliary node 5-2 can use its transmission / reception parameters, such as modulation type, used / to-be-used coding, and the like, selected for the IoT device 3-1 to use for backscatter transmission, to distinguish the transmission.

[0129] After the backscatter transmission, the auxiliary node 5-2 can forward the received modulated backscatter signal (or at least the data encoded in the modulated backscatter signal) to the RAN node 5-1 at step S716.

[0130] Transmission of unmodulated carrier signals - responsibility of auxiliary nodes As described above, in topology 3, auxiliary node 5-2 can be responsible for transmitting the unmodulated carrier signal to IoT device 3-1, and RAN node 5-1 can be responsible for receiving the backscattered signal from IoT device 3-1. Furthermore, in this scenario, there are several ways to coordinate the transmission of the unmodulated carrier signal and the backscattered transmission. Reference will now be made to... Figures 8 to 10 Examples are provided to illustrate in more detail how these options can be implemented.

[0131] Figure 8 Examples are depicted that can be found Figure 1 Another simplified sequence diagram of the process used in communication system 1 to coordinate the transmission of unmodulated and backscattered signals among the three devices.

[0132] The process for coordinating the transmission of unmodulated carrier signals and backscattered signals can be particularly (but not exclusively) applied to scenarios where the auxiliary node 5-2 is a UE 3 whose radio resources are controlled by the RAN node 5-1 (or operates like a UE 3 from the perspective of the RAN node 5-1).

[0133] like Figure 8 As shown, RAN node 5-1, auxiliary node 5-2, and IoT device 3-1 are deployed in topology 3 (e.g., as referenced above). Figure 4A As described above, auxiliary node 5-2 is responsible for the transmission of the unmodulated carrier signal. Specifically, as... Figure 4A As shown, IoT device 3-1 can receive an unmodulated carrier signal from auxiliary node 5-2 and modulate and transmit (reflect) a backscattered signal based on the unmodulated carrier signal, which is received at RAN node 5-1.

[0134] At step S802, RAN node 5-1 determines the radio resources for backscatter transmission and generates a backscatter transmission grant. The backscatter transmission grant may include an indication of the radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission, as well as other transmit / receive parameters such as modulation type, used / to-be-used coding, and the like. Simultaneously, RAN node 5-1 determines the radio resources for transmitting unmodulated carrier signals.

[0135] At step S804, RAN node 5-1 sends an indication of the determined resources and transmission parameters for the unmodulated carrier to auxiliary node 5-2, which can be used by auxiliary node 5-2 to transmit the unmodulated carrier to IoT device 3-1.

[0136] Additionally, RAN node 5-1 may also send a backscatter transmission grant (or its indication) and / or an indication of the radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission to auxiliary node 5-2 (which may form part of the backscatter transmission grant itself). Additionally, the indication may also include an identifier of IoT device 3-1, for which backscatter transmission will be triggered. RAN node 5-1 may send this information for cases where auxiliary node 5-2 triggers backscatter transmission by IoT device 3-1.

[0137] The indication can be sent to auxiliary node 5-2 in any suitable manner. For example, RAN node 5-1 can be configured to signal this information via Layer 2 signaling (e.g., as part of a downlink control information (DCI) transmission on the physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), and / or in one or more media access control (MAC) control elements (CE) transmitted on the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) when the radio resources are periodic / semi-static / semi-persistent). Alternatively or additionally, RAN node 5-1 can be configured to signal this information via Layer 3 signaling (e.g., as part of a radio resource control (RRC) signaling procedure). For example, when the radio resources are periodic / semi-static / semi-persistent, the indication can be included in an RRC (re)configuration message. It will be understood that, depending on the scenario, RAN node 5-1 may be able to signal information at different times using any of these different signaling methods.

[0138] In response to sending the determined radio resources for the unmodulated carrier to the auxiliary node 5-2, at step S806, the auxiliary node 5-2 may send an acknowledgment (ACK) to the RAN node 5-1 to confirm receipt. The ACK response message may be sent to the RAN node 5-1 via a layer that is the same as or different from the layer used to signal the radio resources for the unmodulated carrier to the auxiliary node 5-2.

[0139] At step S808, RAN node 5-1 or auxiliary node 5-2 triggers IoT device 3-1 to perform backscatter transmission. For example, RAN node 5-1 or auxiliary node 5-2 may send one of the following: a trigger for backscatter transmission or an indication of radio resources to be used for unmodulated carrier signals and / or backscatter transmission.

[0140] RAN node 5-1 or auxiliary node 5-2 can trigger backscatter transmission from IoT device 3-1 by sending a backscatter trigger to IoT device 3-1. For example, RAN node 5-1 or auxiliary node 5-2 can send a DL transmission to IoT device 3-1, based on which backscatter transmission from IoT device 3-1 is triggered. For example, RAN node 5-1 or auxiliary node 5-2 can send a DL transmission to IoT device 3-1, which includes the start sequence of the unmodulated carrier signal to be backscattered. The DL transmission can be sent to IoT device 3-1 on the PDSCH. Alternatively or additionally, RAN node 5-1 or auxiliary node 5-2 can trigger backscatter transmission from IoT device 3-1 by sending an indication to IoT device 3-1 of radio resources to be used for unmodulated carrier signal and / or backscatter transmission. For example, RAN node 5-1 or auxiliary node 5-2 may send a DCI transmission to IoT device 3-1 on the PDCCH. This DCI transmission includes an indication of the radio resources determined for transmitting unmodulated carrier signals and / or an indication of the radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission. Alternatively, those indications may be transmitted by RAN node 5-1 or auxiliary node 5-2 in a separate DL transmission message other than the DCI message.

[0141] At step S810, auxiliary node 5-2 uses the radio resources indicated by RAN node 5-1 to auxiliary node 5-2 at step S804 to transmit an unmodulated carrier signal to IoT device 3-1.

[0142] Upon receiving the unmodulated carrier signal, in step S812, the IoT device 3-1 simultaneously or nearly simultaneously modulates its impedance or reflectivity in response to the incoming unmodulated carrier signal, thereby reflecting the modulated signal to the RAN node 5-1. The reflected signal carries information encoded by modulation of the impedance or reflectivity of the IoT device 3-1.

[0143] When IoT device 3-1 receives an unmodulated carrier signal and reflects a signal simultaneously, the symbol used for backscatter transmission and the symbol used for the associated unmodulated carrier can be the same. However, when IoT device 3-1 receives an unmodulated carrier signal and reflects a signal nearly simultaneously, the symbol used for backscatter transmission and the symbol used for the associated unmodulated carrier can be within a threshold time interval.

[0144] Advantageously, by allowing RAN node 5-1 to configure both radio resources transmitted by auxiliary node 5-2 for backscatter transmissions and radio resources for unmodulated carrier signals, RAN node 5-1 can identify backscatter transmissions received by RAN node 5-1 and distinguish them from unmodulated carrier signals transmitted by auxiliary node 5-2, even when both signals occur on the same symbol (and frequency). For example, RAN node 5-1 can use its configured transmission / reception parameters such as modulation type, used / to-be-used coding, and the like to distinguish transmissions.

[0145] Figure 9 Examples are depicted that can be found Figure 1 Another simplified sequence diagram of the process used in a communication system to coordinate the transmission of unmodulated and backscattered signals between three devices.

[0146] This process for coordinating the transmission of unmodulated carrier signals and backscattered signals can be particularly (but not exclusively) applicable to scenarios where the auxiliary node 5-2 is an IAB node that can generate its own radio resources for the DL from the IoT device 3-1 (or operate like an IAB node from the perspective of the RAN node 5-1).

[0147] like Figure 9 As shown, RAN node 5-1, auxiliary node 5-2, and IoT device 3-1 are deployed in topology 3 (e.g., as referenced above). Figure 4A As described above, auxiliary node 5-2 is responsible for the transmission of the unmodulated carrier signal. Specifically, as... Figure 4A As shown, IoT device 3-1 can receive an unmodulated carrier signal from auxiliary node 5-2 and modulate and transmit (reflect) a backscattered signal based on the unmodulated carrier signal, which is received at RAN node 5-1.

[0148] At step S902, RAN node 5-1 may send a request to auxiliary node 5-2 for resources for the unmodulated carrier signal. The request may also include auxiliary information to assist auxiliary node 5-2 in determining the resources for the unmodulated carrier signal. For example, the request may include auxiliary information such as the TBS for the TB, the amount of radio resources to be allocated for backscatter transmission, the identifier of IoT device 3-1, the SCS to be used, and the like. Furthermore, at step S902, RAN node 5-1 determines and indicates to auxiliary node 5-2 the radio resources authorized for backscatter transmission. The radio resources for backscatter transmission may be sent in the form of a semi-static / semi-persistent / periodic radio resource configuration indicated to auxiliary node 5-2.

[0149] At step S904, based on the radio resources for backscatter transmission indicated by RAN node 5-1 to auxiliary node 5-2, auxiliary node 5-2 can determine the radio resources for the unmodulated carrier signal. For example, auxiliary node 5-2 can generate an authorization for the unmodulated carrier signal that indicates the determined radio resources for the unmodulated carrier signal. It will be understood that when RAN node 5-1 includes auxiliary information (such as TBS for TB, the amount of radio resources to be allocated, the identifier of IoT device 3-1, the SCS to be used, and the like) in its request to auxiliary node 5-2, auxiliary node 5-2 can also determine and generate the radio resources for the unmodulated carrier signal based on that auxiliary information. Radio resources for the unmodulated carrier signal can be generated such that the symbols for the unmodulated carrier signal are the same as or within a threshold gap time of the symbols for the associated backscatter transmission.

[0150] After auxiliary node 5-2 generates radio resources for the unmodulated carrier signal, backscatter transmission using IoT device 3-1 is triggered. Several different mechanisms are envisioned for triggering those backscatter transmissions using IoT device 3-1.

[0151] In the first possible mechanism, such as Figure 9As shown, at step S906, the auxiliary node can forward the indication (or authorization) for radio resources used for the unmodulated carrier to RAN node 5-1. Then, at step S908, the indication (or authorization) for radio resources used for the unmodulated carrier can be forwarded by RAN node 5-1 (directly or via auxiliary node 5-2) to IoT device 3-1. Alternatively or additionally, RAN node 5-1 can (directly or via auxiliary node 5-2) send to IoT device 3-1 the backscatter transmission authorization (or its indication) determined by RAN node 5-1 in step S902 and / or the indication of radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission.

[0152] In the second possible mechanism, instead of the auxiliary node 5-2 forwarding the indication (or authorization) for radio resources for the unmodulated carrier to the RAN node 5-1 at step S906, the auxiliary node 5-2 can directly send the indication (or authorization) for radio resources for the unmodulated carrier to the IoT device 3-1. Figure 9 (Not shown in the image). Alternatively or additionally, the auxiliary node 5-2 may also forward to the IoT device 3-1 the backscatter transmission authorization (or its indication) determined by the RAN node 5-1 at step S902 and indicated to the auxiliary node 5-2, and / or the indication of the radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission.

[0153] In the third possible mechanism, instead of the auxiliary node 5-2 forwarding the indication (or authorization) for radio resources for the unmodulated carrier to the RAN node 5-1 at step S906, the auxiliary node 5-2 may send the indication (or authorization) for radio resources for the unmodulated carrier to the IoT device 3-1. Figure 9 (not shown in the diagram), and RAN node 5-1 may (directly or via auxiliary node 5-2) transmit the backscatter transmission authorization (or its indication) determined by RAN node 5-1 at step S902 and / or the indication of the radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission.

[0154] At step S910, auxiliary node 5-2 uses the radio resources for the unmodulated carrier signal determined by auxiliary node 5-2 at step S904 to transmit the unmodulated carrier signal to IoT device 3-1.

[0155] Upon receiving the unmodulated carrier signal, at step S912, the IoT device 3-1 simultaneously or nearly simultaneously modulates its impedance or reflectivity in response to the incoming unmodulated carrier signal, thereby reflecting the modulated signal to the RAN node 5-1. The reflected signal carries information encoded in the modulation of the impedance or reflectivity of the IoT device 3-1.

[0156] Advantageously, by triggering the auxiliary node 5-2 to determine the radio resources to be used by the IoT device 3-1 for the unmodulated carrier signal based on the resources already selected by the RAN node 5-1 for backscatter transmission, the auxiliary node 5-2 can set up resources for the unmodulated carrier signal even when the two signals occur on the same symbol (and frequency). This allows the RAN node 5-1 to identify the backscatter transmission received by the RAN node 5-1 and distinguish it from the unmodulated carrier signal transmitted by the auxiliary node 5-2. For example, the RAN node 5-1 can use transmission / reception parameters such as modulation type, used / to-be-used coding, and the like, selected by it for the IoT device 3-1 to use for backscatter transmission to differentiate the transmission.

[0157] Figure 10 Examples are depicted that can be found Figure 1 Another simplified sequence diagram of the process used in a communication system to coordinate the transmission of unmodulated and backscattered signals between three devices.

[0158] This process for coordinating the transmission of unmodulated carrier signals and backscattered signals can be particularly (but not exclusively) applicable to scenarios where the auxiliary node 5-2 is an IAB node that can generate its own radio resources for the UL from the IoT device 3-1 (or operate like an IAB node from the perspective of the RAN node 5-1).

[0159] like Figure 10 As shown, RAN node 5-1, auxiliary node 5-2, and IoT device 3-1 are deployed in topology 3 (e.g., as shown in reference). Figure 4A As described above, auxiliary node 5-2 is responsible for the transmission of the unmodulated carrier signal. Specifically, as... Figure 4A As shown, IoT device 3-1 can receive an unmodulated carrier signal from auxiliary node 5-2 and modulate and transmit (reflect) a backscattered signal based on the unmodulated carrier signal, which is received at RAN node 5-1.

[0160] At step S1002, RAN node 5-1 may send a request to auxiliary node 5-2 for radio resources for the unmodulated carrier signal. The request may also include auxiliary information to assist auxiliary node 5-2 in the process of determining and generating radio resources for the unmodulated carrier signal. For example, the request may include auxiliary information such as the TBS for the TB, the amount of radio resources to be allocated, the identifier of IoT device 3-1, the SCS to be used, and the like.

[0161] At step S1004, based on the request for radio resources for the unmodulated carrier signal sent by RAN node 5-1 to auxiliary node 5-2, auxiliary node 5-2 can determine the radio resources for the unmodulated carrier signal and generate an associated grant for instructing the resources to RAN node 5-1. The grant may include an indication of the radio resources to be used for the unmodulated carrier signal, as well as other transmission / reception parameters such as modulation type, used / to-be-used codes, and the like. It will be understood that when RAN node 5-1 includes auxiliary information (such as TBS for TB, the amount of radio resources to be allocated, the identifier of IoT device 3-1, the SCS to be used, and the like), auxiliary node 5-2 can also determine and generate the radio resources (and grant) for the unmodulated carrier signal based on that auxiliary information.

[0162] After determining the radio resources for the unmodulated carrier signal, auxiliary node 5-2 sends an indication (or authorization) for the radio resources for the unmodulated carrier signal to RAN node 5-1 at step S1006. The indication for the radio resources for the unmodulated carrier signal can be sent in any suitable manner.

[0163] Based on the radio resources for the unmodulated carrier signal provided by auxiliary node 5-2, RAN node 5-1 determines the radio resources for backscatter transmission at step S1008. In this case, auxiliary node 5-2 can determine the radio resources for backscatter transmission such that the symbols for backscatter transmission are the same as the symbols for the associated unmodulated carrier signal or within the threshold gap time of the symbols for the associated unmodulated carrier signal.

[0164] After generating a backscatter transmission grant, RAN node 5-1 can use this grant, in conjunction with radio resources for the unmodulated carrier signal, to trigger a backscatter transmission by IoT device 3-1. Several different mechanisms are envisioned for transmitting backscatter transmission grants to IoT device 3-1.

[0165] In the first possible mechanism, such as Figure 10 As shown, at step S1006, the auxiliary node can forward an indication (or authorization) for radio resources used for the unmodulated carrier to RAN node 5-1. After the radio resources for backscatter transmission are determined at step S1008, RAN node 5-1 can send a trigger at S1010 to trigger IoT device 3-1 to perform backscatter transmission and / or can forward the radio resources for backscatter transmission to IoT device 3-1. RAN node 5-1 can also forward the radio resources for the unmodulated carrier signal indicated by auxiliary node 5-2 at step S1006 to IoT device 3-1.

[0166] It will be understood that in this scenario, the indication (or authorization) for radio resources for an unmodulated carrier can be transmitted directly from RAN node 5-1 to IoT device 3-1, or alternatively, it can be transmitted indirectly from RAN node 5-1 to IoT device 3-1 via auxiliary node 5-2.

[0167] In the second possible mechanism, RAN node 5-1 can send an indication of the radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission, as determined by RAN node 5-1 in step S1008, to auxiliary node 5-2. Auxiliary node 5-2 can then directly send an indication (or authorization) for radio resources used for the unmodulated carrier, in conjunction with the indication (or authorization) for the radio resources used for backscatter transmission, to IoT device 3-1. Figure 10 (Not shown in the image).

[0168] In the third possible mechanism, RAN node 5-1 can forward to IoT device 3-1 the backscatter transmission grant (or its indication) determined at step S1008 and / or the indication of radio resources to be used for backscatter transmission, and auxiliary node 5-2 can send to IoT device 3-1 an indication (or grant) of radio resources for unmodulated carriers. Figure 10 (Not shown in the image).

[0169] At step S1012, auxiliary node 5-2 uses the radio resources for the unmodulated carrier signal determined by auxiliary node 5-2 at step S1004 to transmit the unmodulated carrier signal to IoT device 3-1.

[0170] Upon receiving the unmodulated carrier signal, in step S1014, IoT device 3-1 simultaneously or nearly simultaneously modulates its impedance or reflectivity in response to the incoming unmodulated carrier signal, thereby reflecting the modulated signal to RAN node 5-1. The reflected signal carries information encoded in the modulation of the impedance or reflectivity of IoT device 3-1.

[0171] Advantageously, by triggering auxiliary node 5-2 to determine the radio resources to be used by IoT device 3-1 for the unmodulated carrier signal and indicating the determined resources to RAN node 5-1, and by configuring RAN node 5-1 to determine the resources for backscatter transmission based on the determined radio resources for the unmodulated carrier signal, RAN node 5-1 can identify backscatter transmission and distinguish it from the unmodulated carrier signal transmitted by auxiliary node 5-2, even when both signals occur on the same symbol (and frequency). For example, RAN node 5-1 can use its selected transmission / reception parameters, such as modulation type, used / to-be-used coding, and the like, for backscatter transmission to distinguish the transmission.

[0172] Further signal optimization Refer to the above Figures 5 to 10 In the described scenario, RAN node 5-1 or auxiliary node 5-2 is responsible for instructing IoT device 3-1 on radio resources (and licenses) for backscatter transmission. However, it will be understood that such signaling to IoT device 3-1 on the downlink requires IoT device 3-1 to be configured with appropriate data reception and processing capabilities, which may result in undesirable power consumption levels and device complexity for IoT device 3-1. Therefore, it would be beneficial to introduce further enhancements to the signaling to IoT device 3-1 regarding radio resources (and licenses) for backscatter transmission, which would help IoT device 3-1 achieve very low power consumption and device complexity on the downlink.

[0173] Refer to the above Figures 5 to 10 In the described scenario, RAN node 5-1 or auxiliary node 5-2 indicates authorization for backscatter transmission and / or authorization for unmodulated carrier signals (i.e., radio resources) within DL messages sent to IoT device 3-1. However, to reduce power consumption and device complexity, those DL messages can be adapted so that they only indicate a portion of the information related to radio resources for backscatter transmission and / or unmodulated carrier signals. The remaining portion of the information related to radio resources for backscatter transmission and / or unmodulated carriers (e.g., frequency resources) can be pre-configured to IoT device 3-1. This, in turn, reduces the processing that must be undertaken by IoT device 3-1. For example, since some of the information required by IoT device 3-1 is hard-coded into IoT device 3-1, the DL messages sent to IoT device 3-1 can be reduced in size and complexity, thereby reducing the amount of message decoding that IoT device 3-1 needs to undertake.

[0174] Alternatively, to reduce power consumption and device complexity, those DL messages can be adapted so that they only indicate a portion of the information related to radio resources for backscatter transmission and / or unmodulated carrier signals. The remaining portion of the information related to radio resources for backscatter transmission and / or unmodulated carriers (e.g., frequency resources) can be indicated to IoT device 3-1 using the cell configuration process (i.e., this information can be "pseudo" hardcoded into IoT device 3-1 when IoT device 3-1 connects to the cell. This information can then be discarded when the cell is dropped and / or changed). This will also reduce the processing that must be undertaken by IoT device 3-1. For example, since some of the information that IoT device 3-1 needs when it connects to the cell is "pseudo" hardcoded into IoT device 3-1, the DL messages sent to IoT device 3-1 can be reduced in size and complexity, thereby reducing the amount of message decoding that IoT device 3-1 needs to undertake.

[0175] By way of example only, DL messages can be adapted such that time resources for backscatter transmission and / or unmodulated carrier signals can be explicitly provided along with a given DL message that triggers backscatter transmission, while frequency resources for backscatter transmission and / or unmodulated carrier signals are indicated to IoT device 3-1 using a pre-configuration, or can be derived based on cell configuration (e.g., using system information (SI) or DL ​​frequencies for cell operation).

[0176] As an alternative example, DL messages can be adapted so that the time resources for backscatter transmission and / or unmodulated carrier signals can be implicitly provided based on the timing of the DL message / transmission that triggers the backscatter transmission, while the frequency resources for backscatter transmission and / or unmodulated carrier signals can be pre-configured to indicate to the IoT device 3-1, or can be derived based on cell configuration (e.g., using the DL frequency of SI or cell operation).

[0177] As another alternative example, the time and frequency resources for backscatter transmission can be explicitly provided using the DL message that triggers the backscatter transmission, while the frequency resources for the unmodulated carrier signal can be pre-configured to indicate to the IoT device 3-1, or can be derived based on the cell configuration (e.g., using the DL frequency of SI or cell operation).

[0178] Components of a communication system User equipment Figure 11 This is an example used in Figure 1 A simplified block diagram of the main components of UE 3-2 and 3-3 implemented in the communication system 1.

[0179] As shown in the figure, UEs 3-2 and 3-3 have transceiver circuitry 31, which is operable to transmit signals to and receive signals from base station 5 via (e.g., including one or more antenna elements) one or more antennas 33. UE 3 has a controller 37 to control the operation of UE 3. Controller 37 is associated with memory 39 and coupled to transceiver circuitry 31. Although not necessarily required for the operation of UEs 3-2 and 3-3, UEs 3-2 and 3-3 can certainly have all the common functionalities of conventional UEs 3-2 and 3-3 (e.g., user interface 35, such as touchscreen / keyboard / microphone / speaker and / or the like, for allowing direct control and interaction with the user), and this can be appropriately provided by any one or any combination of hardware, software, and firmware. For example, software can be pre-installed in memory 39 and / or can be downloaded via communication system 1 or from a removable data storage device (RMD).

[0180] In this example, controller 37 is configured to control the overall operation of UEs 3-2 and 3-3 via program instructions or software instructions stored in memory 39. As shown, these software instructions include operating system 41, communication control module 43, and others.

[0181] The communication control module 43 is operable to control communication between UEs 3-2 and 3-3 and their serving RAN node or RAN node 5-1 (and other communication devices connected to RAN node 5-1, such as other UEs and / or core network nodes). The communication control module 43 is configured to handle uplink communication (including both dynamic and semi-static signaling, e.g., SRS) via associated uplink channels (e.g., via Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), Random Access Channel (RACH), and / or Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)). The communication control module 43 is also configured to handle downlink communication (including both dynamic and semi-persistent scheduling, e.g., SPS) via associated downlink channels (e.g., via Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) and / or Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) DCI). The communication control module 43 is responsible for, for example: determining where to monitor downlink control information; determining the resources (including interleaved resources and frequency-hopping-restricted resources) to be used by UE 3 for UL / DL communication; managing frequency hopping on the UE side; determining how to configure time slots / symbols (e.g., for UL, DL, or full-duplex communication or the like); determining which bandwidth portions are configured for UE 3-2, 3-3; determining how uplink transmissions should be encoded; and the like.

[0182] It will be understood that the communication control module 43 may include multiple sub-modules (“layers” or “entities”) to support specific functionalities. For example, the communication control module 43 may include a PHY sub-module, a MAC sub-module, an RLC sub-module, a PDCP sub-module, an RRC sub-module, etc.

[0183] Specifically, the communication control module 43 is configured to control the communication of the UE in accordance with any method described herein, where applicable.

[0184] Environmental IoT devices Figure 12A This is an example used in Figure 1 The first simplified block diagram of the main components of an example of a UE, including an environmental IoT device 3-1, that could be implemented in the system.

[0185] As shown in the figure, the environmental IoT device 3-1 (also referred to as IoT device 3-1) has a transceiver circuit 131 that is operable to transmit signals to and receive signals from RAN node 5-1 (and / or auxiliary node 5-2) via one or more antennas 133 (e.g., including one or more antenna elements).

[0186] The transceiver circuit 131 has an energy harvesting circuit system 131-1 configured to harvest and / or collect energy from ambient energy sources such as incoming signals and / or other ambient energy sources (e.g., light, vibration, or heat). The harvested energy can then be provided to other modules of the IoT device 3-1 to provide a stable power supply to those modules. By way of example only, the energy harvesting circuit system 131-1 may include an inductor and / or capacitor architecture to harvest energy from incoming signals.

[0187] However, it will be understood that the energy harvesting circuitry system 131-1 may alternatively not be part of the transceiver circuitry 131, but rather a module thereof. This could be, for example, when the energy to be harvested does not originate from a signal transmitted to the IoT device 3-1. By way of example only, the IoT device 3-1 may harvest energy from a solar cell (such as a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC)).

[0188] The transceiver circuitry 131 also includes a modulation circuitry system 131-2 that modulates an incoming unmodulated carrier signal to the IoT device 3-1 to generate a modulated backscattered signal to be reflected from the IoT device 3-1 for reception by another device. For example, the modulation circuitry system 131-2 may be configured to modulate the incoming RF signal by changing the impedance or reflectivity of the IoT device 3-1 in response to receiving the incoming RF signal. The modulation circuitry system 131-2 may be configured to modulate the incoming signal to encode data provided from one or more data sources 132. Typically, for example, the IoT device 3-1 may include a data source 132 in the form of a sensor (e.g., an optical, temperature, position sensor, or the like) for providing measurement data or sensor alarms, or the IoT device 3-1 may include a data source 132 in the form of stored or hardwired parameters (such as a device identifier or device type identifier), and / or may include one or more other data sources.

[0189] While not necessarily required for the operation of IoT device 3-1, IoT device 3-1 may of course have additional functionality (e.g., user interface, touchscreen / keyboard / microphone / speaker and / or similar, for allowing users to directly control and interact with the user).

[0190] Figure 12B This is an example used in Figure 1 A second simplified block diagram of the main components of another example of a UE that could be implemented in a system, including an environmental IoT device 3-1.

[0191] As shown in the figure, the environmental IoT device 3-1 (also referred to as IoT device 3-1) has a transceiver circuit 231 that is operable to transmit signals to and receive signals from RAN node 5-1 (and / or auxiliary node 5-2) via one or more antennas 233 (e.g., including one or more antenna elements).

[0192] The transceiver circuit 231 has an energy harvesting circuit system 231-1 configured to harvest and / or collect energy from ambient energy sources such as incoming signals and / or other ambient energy sources (e.g., light, vibration, or heat). The harvested energy can then be provided to other modules of the IoT device 3-1 to provide a stable power supply to those modules. By way of example only, the energy harvesting circuit system 231-1 may include an inductor and / or capacitor architecture to harvest energy from incoming signals.

[0193] However, it will be understood that the energy harvesting circuit system 231-1 may alternatively not be part of the transceiver circuit 231, but rather a module thereof. This could be, for example, when the energy to be harvested does not originate from a signal transmitted to the IoT device 3-1. By way of example only, the IoT device 3-1 may harvest energy from a solar cell (such as a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC)).

[0194] The transceiver circuit 231 also includes a modulation circuit system 231-2 that modulates an incoming unmodulated carrier signal to the IoT device 3-1 to generate a modulated backscattered signal to be reflected from the IoT device 3-1 for reception by another device. For example, the modulation circuit system 231-2 may be configured to modulate the incoming RF signal by changing the impedance or reflectivity of the IoT device 3-1 in response to receiving the incoming RF signal. The modulation circuit system 231-2 may be configured to modulate the incoming signal to encode data provided from one or more data sources 232. Typically, for example, the IoT device 3-1 may include a data source 232 in the form of a sensor (e.g., an optical, temperature, position sensor, or the like) for providing measurement data or sensor alarms, or the IoT device 3-1 may include a data source 232 in the form of stored or hardwired parameters (such as a device identifier or device type identifier), and / or may include one or more other data sources.

[0195] In this example, transceiver circuit 231 also has signal amplifier 231-3 (which can utilize energy harvested by energy harvesting circuit system 231-1), which is used to amplify any modulated backscattered signal to be reflected by IoT device 3-1 for reception at another device.

[0196] While not necessarily required for the operation of IoT device 3-1, IoT device 3-1 may of course have additional functionality (e.g., user interface, touchscreen / keyboard / microphone / speaker and / or similar, for allowing users to directly control and interact with the user).

[0197] Figure 12C This is an example used in Figure 1 A second simplified block diagram of the main components of another example of a UE that could be implemented in a system, including an environmental IoT device 3-1.

[0198] As shown in the figure, the environmental IoT device 3-1 (also referred to as IoT device 3-1) has a transceiver circuit 331 that is operable to transmit signals to and receive signals from RAN node 5-1 (and / or auxiliary node 5-2) via one or more antennas 333 (e.g., including one or more antenna elements).

[0199] The transceiver circuit 331 has an energy harvesting circuit system 331-1 configured to harvest and / or collect energy from ambient energy sources such as incoming signals and / or other ambient energy sources (e.g., light, vibration, or heat). The harvested energy can then be provided to other modules of the IoT device 3-1 to provide a stable power supply to those modules. By way of example only, the energy harvesting circuit system 331-1 may include an inductor and / or capacitor architecture to harvest energy from incoming signals.

[0200] However, it will be understood that the energy harvesting circuit system 331-1 may alternatively not be part of the transceiver circuit 331, but rather a module thereof. This could be, for example, when the energy to be harvested does not originate from a signal transmitted to the IoT device 3-1. By way of example only, the IoT device 3-1 may harvest energy from a solar cell (such as a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC)).

[0201] The transceiver circuit 331 also includes a modulation circuit system 331-2 that modulates an incoming unmodulated carrier signal to the IoT device 3-1 to generate a modulated backscattered signal to be reflected from the IoT device 3-1 for reception by another device. For example, the modulation circuit system 331-2 may be configured to modulate the incoming RF signal by changing the impedance or reflectivity of the IoT device 3-1 in response to receiving the incoming RF signal. The modulation circuit system 331-2 may be configured to modulate the incoming signal to encode data provided from one or more data sources 332. Typically, for example, the IoT device 3-1 may include a data source 332 in the form of a sensor (e.g., an optical, temperature, position sensor, or the like) for providing measurement data or sensor alarms, a data source 332 in the form of stored or hardwired parameters (such as a device identifier or device type identifier), and / or may include one or more other data sources.

[0202] In this example, the transceiver circuit 331 may also have a signal amplifier 331-3 (which can utilize the energy harvested by the energy harvesting circuit system 331-1), which is used to amplify any modulated backscattered signal to be reflected by the IoT device 3-1 for reception at another device.

[0203] In this example, IoT device 3-1 also has a controller 337 to control the overall operation of IoT device 3-1. Controller 337 is associated with memory 339 and coupled to transceiver circuitry 331. While not necessarily required for the operation of IoT device 3-1, IoT device 3-1 can certainly have all the common functionalities of a more conventional UE (e.g., user interface 335, such as touchscreen / keyboard / microphone / speaker and / or the like, for allowing direct control and interaction with the user), and this can be provided appropriately by any one or any combination of hardware, software, and firmware. For example, software may be pre-installed in memory 339 and / or may be downloaded via communication system 1 or from a removable data storage device (RMD).

[0204] In this example, controller 337 is configured to control the overall operation of IoT device 3-1 via program instructions or software instructions stored in memory 339. As shown, these software instructions include operating system 341, communication control module 343, and others.

[0205] The communication control module 343 is operable to control communication between the IoT device 3-1, the RAN node 5-1, and / or the auxiliary node 5-2. For example, the communication control module 343 can be configured to handle uplink communication (including both dynamic and semi-static signaling, such as SRS) via associated uplink channels (e.g., via the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), Random Access Channel (RACH), and / or Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)). The communication control module 343 can also be configured to handle downlink communication (including both dynamic and semi-persistent scheduling, such as SPS) via associated downlink channels (e.g., via the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) and / or Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) DCI).

[0206] It will be understood that the communication control module 343 may include multiple sub-modules (“layers” or “entities”) to support specific functionality.

[0207] In particular, the communication control module 343 is configured to control the communication of the IoT device in accordance with any method described herein, where applicable.

[0208] RAN Node Figure 13 This is an example used in Figure 1 A simplified block diagram of the main components of the RAN node 5-1 (e.g., a base station) implemented in the system.

[0209] As shown, RAN node 5-1 has transceiver circuitry 51 and a core network interface 55. Transceiver circuitry 51 is used to transmit and receive signals from communication devices (such as UEs 3-2, 3-3, IoT devices 3-1, and possible auxiliary or intermediate devices 5-2) via one or more antennas 53 (e.g., single-panel or multi-panel antenna arrays / massive arrays). Core network interface 55 is used to transmit and receive signals from network nodes in core network 7. Although not shown, RAN node 5-1 can also be coupled to other base stations via appropriate interfaces (e.g., the so-called "X2" interface in LTE or the "Xn" interface in NR). RAN node 5-1 has a controller 57 to control the operation of RAN node 5-1. Controller 57 is associated with memory 59. For example, software may be pre-installed in memory 59 and / or may be downloaded via communication system 1 or from a removable data storage device (RMD). The controller 57 is configured in this example to control the overall operation of RAN node 5-1 through program instructions or software instructions stored in memory 59.

[0210] As shown, these software instructions include the operating system 61 and the communication control module 63, among others.

[0211] The communication control module 63 is operable to control communication between RAN node 5-1 and UE 3 and other network entities (e.g., core network nodes) communicating with base station 5. The communication control module 63 is configured to overall control the reception and decoding of uplink communication (including both dynamic and semi-static signaling, e.g., SRS) via associated uplink channels (e.g., via Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), Random Access Channel (RACH), and / or Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)), as well as modulated backscatter communication based on environmental IoT (where applicable). The communication control module 63 is also configured to overall control the transmission of downlink communication, which includes downlink communication (including both dynamic and semi-persistent scheduling, e.g., SPS) via associated downlink channels (e.g., via Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) and / or Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)) and downlink communication with unmodulated carrier signals based on environmental IoT (where applicable). The communication control module 63 is responsible for, for example: determining where to configure UE 3 to monitor downlink control information (e.g., the search space to be monitored, the location of CORESET and associated PDCCH candidates); determining the resources (including interleaved resources and frequency-hopping-dependent resources) to be scheduled for UE transmission / reception for UL / DL communication; managing frequency hopping on the base station side; appropriately configuring time slots / symbols (e.g., for UL, DL or full-duplex communication or the like); configuring the bandwidth portion for UE 3; providing relevant configuration signaling to UE 3; and the like.

[0212] It will be understood that the communication control module 63 may include multiple submodules (“layers” or “entities”) to support specific functionalities. For example, to communicate with UE 3, the communication control module 63 may include a PHY submodule, a MAC submodule, an RLC submodule, a PDCP submodule, an RRC submodule, etc. Furthermore, to communicate with core network entities (such as AMF 10-1 (or similar nodes such as MME), the communication control module 63 may include an NG / S1 Application Protocol (NG / S1-AP) submodule, a Flow Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) submodule, an IP submodule, a Layer 1 (L1) submodule, a Layer 2 (L2) submodule, etc. (or corresponding submodules for communicating with core network functions).

[0213] Specifically, the communication control module 63 is configured to control the communication of the base station according to any of the methods described herein.

[0214] Auxiliary (or intermediate) nodes Figure 14 This is an example used in Figure 1 A simplified block diagram of the main components of an example of an auxiliary (or intermediate) node that may be implemented in the system, 5-2.

[0215] As shown, auxiliary node 5-2 may include a UE (such as or similar to UE3-2, 3-3) capable of environmental IoT operation, an IAB node, a repeater, or the like. In this scenario, auxiliary node 5-2 has transceiver circuitry 151 and RAN interface 155, which is operable to transmit and receive signals from UE3 (such as environmental IoT device 3-1, etc.) via one or more antennas 153 (e.g., including one or more antenna elements), and the RAN interface is used to transmit and receive signals from RAN node 5-1 (the transmission and reception of signals may also be performed over the air via antenna 153 or via different antennas).

[0216] The auxiliary node 5-2 has a controller 157 to control its operation. The controller 157 is associated with memory 159 and coupled to transceiver circuitry 151. While not necessarily required for the operation of the auxiliary node 5-2, it may of course have other functionalities (e.g., a user interface, such as a touchscreen / keyboard / microphone / speaker and / or the like, for direct user control and interaction), and this may be provided appropriately by any one or any combination of hardware, software, and firmware. For example, software may be pre-installed in memory 159 and / or may be downloaded via communication system 1 or from a removable data storage device (RMD).

[0217] In this example, controller 157 is configured to control the overall operation of UE 3 via program instructions or software instructions stored in memory 159. As shown, these software instructions include operating system 161 and communication control module 163, among others.

[0218] The communication control module 163 is operable to control communication between the auxiliary node 5-2, the RAN node 5-1, and any IoT device (including the environmental IoT device 3-1). Specifically, the communication control module 163 is configured for the overall handling of uplink communication to the RAN node 5-1. For example, if the auxiliary node 5-2 is a UE (or at least operates like a UE when communicating with the RAN node 5-1), this uplink communication (including both dynamic and semi-static signaling (e.g., SRS)) can be via associated uplink channels (e.g., via the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), Random Access Channel (RACH), and / or Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)). The communication control module 163 is also configured for the overall handling of the reception of downlink communication from the RAN node 5-1. For example, if the auxiliary node 5-2 is a UE (or at least operates like a UE when communicating with the RAN node 5-1), the downlink communication (including both dynamic and semi-persistent scheduling (e.g., SPS)) can be via the associated downlink channel (e.g., communication via the DCI of the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) and / or Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)). However, it will be understood that if the auxiliary node 5-2 is a device other than a UE (e.g., an IAB or a dedicated repeater), the communication control module 163 will be configured to communicate with the RAN node 5-1 using the appropriate corresponding signaling protocol.

[0219] The communication control module 163 is also responsible for appropriate environmental IoT-related communications, including, for example, the reception of modulated backscatter communication from the environmental IoT device 3-1 (where applicable) and / or downlink communication based on the unmodulated carrier signal of the environmental IoT (where applicable).

[0220] It will be understood that the communication control module 163 may include multiple submodules (“layers” or “entities”) to support specific functionality. For example, the communication control module 163 may include a PHY submodule, a MAC submodule, an RLC submodule, a PDCP submodule, an RRC submodule, etc.

[0221] Specifically, the communication control module 163 is configured to control the communication of the auxiliary node according to any of the methods described herein.

[0222] Modification and replacement Detailed examples have been described above. As those skilled in the art will understand, many modifications and substitutions can be made to the above examples while still benefiting from the enhancements embodied therein.

[0223] For example, it will be understood that although the signaling process described herein is related to topology 3 (in which different nodes transmit unmodulated carriers instead of receiving backscattered transmissions), the principles described herein can be applied to scenarios where the same nodes (e.g., using the connectivity topologies 1 or 2 described above) transmit unmodulated carriers and receive backscattered transmissions.

[0224] It will be understood that the descriptions of the characteristics of RAN nodes (base stations) and the actions performed by RAN nodes (base stations) are equally applicable to distributed type base stations and non-distributed type base stations.

[0225] It will also be understood that although information elements with specific names have been described, information elements with different names but similar purposes can be used.

[0226] In the above description, for ease of understanding, the UE and base station are described as having multiple discrete functional components or modules. While these modules may be provided in this way for certain applications, for example, where an existing system has been modified to implement the disclosed enhancements, in other applications, such as in systems designed from the outset with inventive features in mind, these modules may be built into the entire operating system or code, and therefore these modules may not be identifiable as discrete entities.

[0227] In the examples above, multiple software modules are described. As those skilled in the art will understand, software modules can be provided in compiled or uncompiled form and can be supplied to the UE or base station as signals via a computer network or on a recording medium. Furthermore, one or more dedicated hardware circuits can be used to perform some or all of the functionality performed by the software. However, the use of software modules is preferred because it facilitates updating the UE or base station to update their functionality.

[0228] Each controller may include any suitable form of processing circuitry system, including (but not limited to) such as: one or more hardware-implemented computer processors; microprocessors; central processing units (CPUs); arithmetic logic units (ALUs); input / output (I / O) circuitry; internal memory / cache (program and / or data); processing registers; communication buses (e.g., control, data, and / or address buses); direct memory access (DMA) functionality; hardware or software-implemented counters, pointers, and / or timers; and / or the like. Various other modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art and will not be described in further detail herein.

[0229] In this disclosure, a user equipment (or “UE”, “mobile station”, “mobile device” or “wireless device”) is an entity connected to a network via a wireless interface.

[0230] It should be noted that this disclosure is not limited to dedicated communication devices, and as explained in the following paragraphs, it can be applied to any device with communication capabilities.

[0231] The terms “User Equipment” or “UE” (as used by 3GPP), “Mobile Station,” “Mobile Device,” and “Radio Device” are generally intended to be synonymous with each other and include standalone mobile stations such as terminals, mobile phones, smartphones, tablets, cellular IoT devices, IoT devices, and machinery. It will be understood that the terms “Mobile Station” and “Mobile Device” also encompass devices that remain stationary for extended periods of time.

[0232] UE can be, for example, a device for production or manufacturing and / or an energy-related machine (e.g., a device or machine such as: a boiler; an engine; a turbine; a solar panel; a wind turbine; a hydroelectric generator; a thermal generator; a nuclear generator; a battery; a nuclear system and / or related equipment; heavy electrical machinery; pumps including vacuum pumps; compressors; fans; blowers; hydraulic equipment; pneumatic equipment; metalworking machinery; robotic arms; robots and / or their application systems; tools; injection molding molds or die-casting molds; reels; conveying equipment; lifting equipment; material handling equipment; textile machinery; sewing machines; printing and / or related machinery; paper processing machinery; chemical machinery; mining and / or construction machinery and / or related equipment; machinery and / or implements for agriculture, forestry and / or fisheries; safety and / or environmental protection equipment; tractors; precision bearings; chains; gears; power transmission equipment; lubrication equipment; valves; pipe fittings; and / or any of the aforementioned devices or machines' application systems; etc.).

[0233] UE can be, for example, a transport device (e.g., a transport device such as: locomotives and rolling stock; motorized vehicles; motorcycles; bicycles; trains; buses; trolleys; rickshaws; ships and other water transport vehicles; airplanes; rockets; satellites; drones; balloons; etc.).

[0234] UE can be, for example, an information and communication device (e.g., information and communication devices such as: electronic computers and related equipment; communication and related equipment; electronic components; etc.).

[0235] UE can be, for example, a refrigeration unit, a product that uses a refrigeration unit, a trade and / or service industry equipment, a vending machine, an automated service machine, office machinery or equipment, consumer electronics and electronic equipment (e.g., consumer electronic equipment such as: audio equipment; video equipment; speakers; radios; televisions; microwave ovens; rice cookers; coffee machines; dishwashers; washing machines; dryers; electric fans or related equipment; vacuum cleaners; etc.).

[0236] UE can be, for example, an electrical application system or device (e.g., electrical application systems or devices such as: x-ray systems; particle accelerators; radioisotope devices; sound wave devices; electromagnetic application devices; electronic power application devices; etc.).

[0237] UE can be, for example, an electronic light, a luminaire, a measuring instrument, an analyzer, a tester, or a mapping or sensing instrument (e.g., mapping or sensing instruments such as smoke detectors; human body alarm sensors; motion sensors; wireless tags; etc.), a watch or clock, a laboratory instrument, an optical device, a medical device and / or system, a weapon, a piece of tableware, a hand tool, or the like.

[0238] UE can be, for example, a personal digital assistant or related device of a wireless equipment (such as a wireless card or module designed to be attached to or inserted into another electronic device (e.g., a personal computer, an electrical measuring machine).

[0239] The UE may be part of or a device that uses various wired and / or wireless communication technologies to provide applications, services and solutions related to the “Internet of Things (IoT)” as described below.

[0240] Internet of Things (IoT) devices (or “things”) can be equipped with appropriate electronics, software, sensors, network connectivity, and / or the like, enabling these devices to collect and exchange data with each other and with other communicating devices. IoT devices can include automated equipment that follows software instructions stored in its internal memory. IoT devices can operate without human supervision or interaction. IoT devices can also remain stationary and / or inactive for extended periods of time. IoT devices can be implemented as part of (typically) stationary devices. IoT devices can also be embedded in non-stationary devices (e.g., vehicles) or attached to animals or people to be monitored / tracked.

[0241] It will be understood that IoT technology can be implemented on any communication device that can connect to a communication network used for sending / receiving data, regardless of whether such communication device is controlled by human input or by software instructions stored in memory.

[0242] It will be understood that IoT devices are sometimes also referred to as machine-type communication (MTC) devices or machine-to-machine (M2M) communication devices. It will be understood that a UE can support one or more IoT or MTC applications. Some examples of MTC applications are listed in the table below. This list is not exhaustive and is intended to indicate some examples of machine-type communication applications.

[0243] Furthermore, the UE categories described above are merely examples of the application of the technical ideas and exemplary examples described herein. Needless to say, these technical ideas and examples are not limited to the UEs described above, and various modifications can be made to the UE.

[0244] Various other modifications will be obvious to those skilled in the art and will not be described in further detail here.

[0245] Although this disclosure has been specifically shown and described with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof, this disclosure is not limited to these exemplary embodiments. Those skilled in the art will understand that various changes in form and detail may be made in this disclosure without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure as defined by the claims. Furthermore, the embodiments may be suitably combined with at least one embodiment.

[0246] The various accompanying drawings or figures are merely examples illustrating one or more exemplary embodiments. Each figure may not be associated with only one specific exemplary embodiment, but may be associated with one or more other exemplary embodiments. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, various features or steps described with reference to any figure may be combined, for example, with features or steps illustrated in one or more other figures to produce exemplary embodiments not explicitly illustrated or described. Not all features or steps illustrated in any figure to describe exemplary embodiments are necessarily necessary, and some features or steps may be omitted. The order of steps described in any figure may be appropriately changed.

[0247] All or part of the exemplary embodiments disclosed above may be described in, but are not limited to, the following supplementary descriptions. (Supplementary Note 1) A method performed by a base station, the method comprising: Initiating a first process to determine a first resource for transmitting an unmodulated carrier to a first node and a second resource for backscattering the unmodulated carrier by the first node; and A second process is initiated to transmit and backscatter the unmodulated carrier from the base station via the first node or to the base station via the first node. (Supplementary Note 2) According to the method described in Supplementary Explanation 1, wherein, The first process includes transmitting information related to the first resource and / or the second resource, and The information includes at least one of the following: Information indicating the modulation type of the unmodulated carrier. Information indicating the encoding of the unmodulated carrier. Information indicating the subcarrier spacing of the unmodulated carrier. Information indicating the first node and / or the second node, Information indicating the size of the transport block. Information indicating the amount of the first resource and / or the second resource, and Information indicating the cell configuration used to determine the first resource and / or the second resource. (Supplementary Note 3) According to the method described in Supplementary Explanation 2, wherein, The information relating to the first resource and the information relating to the second resource are the same. (Supplementary Note 4) The method according to any one of Supplementary Notes 1 to 3 further includes: The transmission is used to trigger the backscattering of the unmodulated carrier. (Supplementary Note 5) According to any one of Supplementary Explanations 1 to 4, wherein, The first resource and the second resource are in the same time resource or within a threshold time interval. (Supplementary Note 6) According to any one of the supplementary descriptions 1 to 5, wherein, The first resource and / or the second resource are periodic, semi-static, or semi-persistent. (Supplementary Note 7) According to any one of Supplementary Explanations 1 to 6, wherein, The second process includes: Transmit the unmodulated carrier to the first node, and The unmodulated carrier is backscattered from the first node to the second node. (Supplementary Note 8) The method described according to Supplementary Note 7 also includes: The first process includes: Determine the first resource and the second resource, and Transmit information related to the second resource to the first node and the second node. (Supplementary Note 9) According to the method described in Supplementary Explanation 7, wherein, The first process includes: Determine the first resource. The system transmits information related to the first resource and information for requesting the first node to use the information related to the first resource to determine the second resource. Receive information related to the second resource from the second node, and Transmit information related to the second resource to the first node. (Supplementary Note 10) According to the method described in Supplementary Explanation 7, wherein, The first process includes: The information used to request the first node to determine the second resource is transmitted to the second node. Receive information related to the second resource from the second node. The first resource is determined using information related to the second resource, and Transmit information related to the second resource to the first node. (Supplementary Note 11) According to any one of Supplementary Explanations 1 to 6, wherein, The second process includes: The unmodulated carrier is transmitted from the second node to the first node, and The unmodulated carrier is backscattered from the first node to the base station. (Supplementary Note 12) The method described according to Supplementary Note 11 also includes: The first process includes: Determine the first resource and the second resource, and Transmit information related to the second resource to the first node and the second node. (Supplementary Note 13) According to the method described in Supplementary Explanation 11, wherein, The first process includes: Determine the second resource. The system transmits information related to the second resource to the second node, as well as information for requesting the first node to use the information related to the second resource to determine the first resource. Receive information related to the first resource from the second node, and Transmit information related to the first resource to the first node. (Supplementary Note 14) According to the method described in Supplementary Explanation 11, wherein, The first process includes: The second node transmits information requesting the first node to determine the first resource. Receive information related to the first resource from the second node. The second resource is determined using information related to the first resource, and Transmit information related to the first resource to the first node. (Supplementary Note 15) According to any one of Supplementary Explanations 1 to 14, wherein, The first node includes at least one of the following: Environmental IoT devices are devices that utilize environmental information. User equipment, or UE. Relay node, The integrated access and backhaul nodes are collectively known as IAB nodes. intermediate nodes, and Auxiliary node. (Supplementary Note 16) According to any one of Supplementary Explanations 1 to 15, wherein, The second node includes at least one of the following: Environmental IoT devices are devices that utilize environmental information. User equipment, or UE. Relay node, The integrated access and backhaul nodes are collectively known as IAB nodes. intermediate nodes, and Auxiliary node. (Supplementary Note 17) A method performed by a first node, the method comprising: The second process includes: Receive an unmodulated carrier using the first resource; and The unmodulated carrier is backscattered using a second resource. The first resource and the second resource are determined by a first process initiated by the base station. (Supplementary Note 18) A base station, comprising: Components for initiating a first process to determine a first resource for transmitting an unmodulated carrier to a first node and a second resource for backscattering the unmodulated carrier by the first node; and Components for initiating a second process to transmit and backscatter the unmodulated carrier from the base station via the first node or to the base station via the first node. (Supplementary Note 19) A first node includes: Components for performing a second process, the second process including: Receive an unmodulated carrier using the first resource; and The unmodulated carrier is backscattered using a second resource. The first resource and the second resource are determined by a first process initiated by the base station.

[0248] This application is based on and claims the benefit of priority to UK patent application 2317299.2 filed on 10 November 2023, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. List of reference numerals

[0249] 1. Communication System 3 UE 3-1 IoT Devices 3-2 Non-IoT UE 3-3 Non-IoT UE 5 RAN 5-1 RAN Node 5-2 Intermediate / Auxiliary Nodes 7 Core Network 9 communities 10 CPF 10-1 AMF 10-2 SMF 11 UPF 15 External Data Network 20 Communication 20-1 Communications 20-2 Communication 20-3 Communication 31 Transceiver Circuit 33 antennas 35 User Interface 37 Controller 39. Memory 41 Operating System 43 Communication Control Module 51 Transceiver Circuit 53 antennas 55 Core Network Interface 57 Controller 59. Memory 61 Operating System 63 Communication Control Module 131 Transceiver Circuit 131-1 Energy Harvesting Circuit System 131-2 Modulation Circuit System 132 Data Sources 133 antenna 151 Transceiver Circuit 153 antenna 155 RAN network interface 157 Controller 159 Memory 161 Operating System 163 Communication Control Module 231 Transceiver Circuit 231-1 Energy Harvesting Circuit System 231-2 Modulation Circuit System 231-3 Signal Amplifier 232 Data Sources 233 antenna 331 Transceiver Circuit 331-1 Energy Harvesting Circuit System 331-2 Modulation Circuit System 331-3 Signal Amplifier 332 Data Source 333 antenna 335 User Interface 337 controller 339 Memory 341 Operating System 343 Communication Control Module

Claims

1. A method performed by a base station, the method comprising: A first process is initiated to determine a first resource for transmitting an unmodulated carrier to a first node and a second resource for backscattering the unmodulated carrier by the first node. as well as A second process is initiated to transmit and backscatter the unmodulated carrier from the base station via the first node or to the base station via the first node.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein, The first process includes transmitting information related to the first resource and / or the second resource, and The information includes at least one of the following: Information indicating the modulation type of the unmodulated carrier. Information indicating the encoding of the unmodulated carrier. Information indicating the subcarrier spacing of the unmodulated carrier. Information indicating the first node and / or the second node, Information indicating the size of the transport block. Information indicating the amount of the first resource and / or the second resource, and Information indicating the cell configuration used to determine the first resource and / or the second resource.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein, The information relating to the first resource and the information relating to the second resource are the same.

4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprising: The transmission is used to trigger the backscattering of the unmodulated carrier.

5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein, The first resource and the second resource are in the same time resource or within a threshold time interval.

6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein, The first resource and / or the second resource are periodic, semi-static, or semi-persistent.

7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein, The second process includes: Transmit the unmodulated carrier to the first node, and The unmodulated carrier is backscattered from the first node to the second node.

8. The method according to claim 7, further comprising: The first process includes: Determine the first resource and the second resource, and Transmit information related to the second resource to the first node and the second node.

9. The method according to claim 7, wherein, The first process includes: Determine the first resource. The system transmits information related to the first resource and information for requesting the first node to use the information related to the first resource to determine the second resource. Receive information related to the second resource from the second node, and Transmit information related to the second resource to the first node.

10. The method according to claim 7, wherein, The first process includes: The information used to request the first node to determine the second resource is transmitted to the second node. Receive information related to the second resource from the second node. The first resource is determined using information related to the second resource, and Transmit information related to the second resource to the first node.

11. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein, The second process includes: The unmodulated carrier is transmitted from the second node to the first node, and The unmodulated carrier is backscattered from the first node to the base station.

12. The method of claim 11, further comprising: The first process includes: Determine the first resource and the second resource, and Transmit information related to the second resource to the first node and the second node.

13. The method according to claim 11, wherein, The first process includes: Determine the second resource. The system transmits information related to the second resource to the second node, as well as information for requesting the first node to use the information related to the second resource to determine the first resource. Receive information related to the first resource from the second node, and Transmit information related to the first resource to the first node.

14. The method according to claim 11, wherein, The first process includes: The second node transmits information requesting the first node to determine the first resource. Receive information related to the first resource from the second node. The second resource is determined using information related to the first resource, and Transmit information related to the first resource to the first node.

15. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein, The first node includes at least one of the following: Environmental IoT devices are devices that utilize environmental information. User equipment, or UE. Relay node, The integrated access and backhaul nodes are collectively known as IAB nodes. intermediate nodes, and Auxiliary node.

16. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein, The second node includes at least one of the following: Environmental IoT devices are devices that utilize environmental information. User equipment, or UE. Relay node, The integrated access and backhaul nodes are collectively known as IAB nodes. intermediate nodes, and Auxiliary node.

17. A method performed by a first node, the method comprising: The second process includes: Receive an unmodulated carrier using the first resource; and The unmodulated carrier is backscattered using a second resource. The first resource and the second resource are determined by a first process initiated by the base station.

18. A base station, comprising: Components for initiating a first process to determine a first resource for transmitting an unmodulated carrier to a first node and a second resource for backscattering the unmodulated carrier by the first node; as well as Components for initiating a second process to transmit and backscatter the unmodulated carrier from the base station via the first node or to the base station via the first node.

19. A first node, comprising: Components for performing a second process, the second process including: Receive an unmodulated carrier using the first resource; and The unmodulated carrier is backscattered using a second resource. The first resource and the second resource are determined by a first process initiated by the base station.

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