A flammulina velutipes culture medium taking barley straw as a main raw material and a preparation method thereof
By using slow-release oxygen functional components and lignocellulose-degrading bacteria in the enoki mushroom culture medium, the problem of the difficulty in decomposing lignocellulose in barley straw was solved, achieving efficient utilization of straw resources and fermentation stability, and improving the bioconversion rate and cultivation effect of enoki mushroom.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- HEFEI FUQUAN MODERN AGRI SCI & TECH
- Filing Date
- 2026-04-02
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-05
AI Technical Summary
In existing technologies, when barley straw is used directly as a culture medium for enoki mushrooms, the dense structure of lignocellulose makes it difficult for mycelium to decompose, resulting in uneven oxygen consumption during fermentation, which affects the fermentation effect and bioconversion rate. Furthermore, traditional pretreatment methods are costly or leave chemical residues.
The culture medium for enoki mushrooms, with barley straw as the main raw material, was used. The slow-release oxygen functional component consisted of a zeolite core loaded with calcium peroxide and a chitosan-grafted polyacrylamide coating layer. Combined with inoculation by Bacillus licheniformis and Armillaria mellea, the degradation of lignocellulose was promoted by regulating the micro-aerobic environment and pH value of the fermentation system.
It significantly shortened the time for mycelium to fully fill the bag, improved the bioconversion rate, reduced the cost of the culture medium, realized the resource utilization of straw and fermentation stability, and improved the cultivation effect of enoki mushrooms.
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Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention belongs to the field of edible fungi cultivation technology, and in particular relates to a culture medium for enoki mushrooms using barley straw as the main raw material and its preparation method. Background Technology
[0002] Enoki mushroom cultivation primarily relies on traditional raw materials such as cottonseed hulls and sawdust. With the rapid development of the edible mushroom industry, the prices of these traditional raw materials have continued to rise, and resources are becoming increasingly scarce, posing a bottleneck to the industry's development. Barley straw, as agricultural waste, has a huge annual output, but its comprehensive utilization rate is low; indiscriminate burning or disposal leads to resource waste and environmental pollution. Using it for enoki mushroom cultivation could reduce production costs and achieve the resource utilization of agricultural waste.
[0003] However, using barley straw directly as a culture medium for enoki mushrooms has significant drawbacks. Its dense lignocellulose structure, especially its high lignin content, makes it difficult for enoki mushroom mycelia to be directly decomposed and utilized, resulting in a long mycelial growth cycle and low bioconversion rate. Furthermore, during fermentation, microbial activity in straw-based materials consumes large amounts of oxygen, easily creating anaerobic zones and producing inhibitory substances such as organic acids, which negatively impact fermentation efficiency and subsequent cultivation.
[0004] To address the aforementioned issues, existing technologies include chemical pretreatment or the addition of exogenous enzymes to promote straw degradation. However, the former is prone to causing chemical residues, while the latter is too costly and difficult to promote and apply in large-scale production.
[0005] Therefore, developing a culture medium for enoki mushrooms that can effectively promote the degradation of barley straw, improve the fermentation microenvironment, and has controllable costs, as well as its preparation method, is of great practical significance. Summary of the Invention
[0006] The main objective of this invention is to provide a culture medium for enoki mushrooms with barley straw as the main raw material and its preparation method, so as to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art.
[0007] To achieve the aforementioned objectives, the technical solution adopted by this invention includes: According to a first aspect of the present invention, a enoki mushroom culture medium using barley straw as the main raw material is provided. The enoki mushroom culture medium includes barley straw powder, cottonseed hulls, wheat bran, corn flour, lime, gypsum, and a slow-release oxygen functional component. The barley straw powder has a particle size of 2-5 mm and accounts for 40%-60% of the total dry matter mass of the culture medium. The slow-release oxygen functional component is composed of a zeolite core loaded with calcium peroxide and a chitosan-grafted polyacrylamide coating layer, and the coating layer has dual pH and temperature sensitivity.
[0008] Furthermore, the amount of the slow-release oxygen functional component added is 0.5%-1.5% of the total dry matter mass of the culture medium, which promotes the degradation of lignocellulose by regulating the micro-aerobic environment of the fermentation system.
[0009] Furthermore, the components of the culture medium, by dry matter mass percentage, are: 40%-60% barley straw powder, 15%-25% cottonseed hulls, 15%-20% wheat bran, 5%-10% corn flour, 1%-2% lime, 1%-2% gypsum, and 0.5%-1.5% slow-release oxygen functional component, and the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the culture medium is controlled between 25:1 and 30:1.
[0010] Furthermore, the barley straw powder is made by drying and pulverizing barley straw, with its moisture content controlled below 12%, and a sieving process is used during the pulverization process to control the uniformity of particle size distribution.
[0011] Furthermore, the culture medium has a water content of 60%-65%, an initial pH of 7.0-8.0, and contains vitamins B1 and B2 at concentrations of 5-10 mg / L and 2-5 mg / L, respectively, to promote mycelial germination and growth.
[0012] According to a second aspect of the present invention, a method for preparing the *Flammulina velutipes* culture medium using barley straw as the main raw material is provided, comprising the following steps: S1. Dry the barley straw in the sun and then crush it to a particle size of 2-5 mm to obtain barley straw powder; S2. Weigh out barley straw powder and cottonseed hulls according to the formula ratio, add water for the first turning and pre-wetting, so that the raw materials can fully absorb water and soften. S3. Add bran, corn flour, lime, gypsum, slow-release oxygen functional components and vitamin B1 and B2 solutions to the pre-wetted raw materials, and add water to the target moisture content. Then, turn the pile a second time to mix all components evenly. S4. Inoculate the mixed material with lignocellulose-degrading bacteria, the bacteria comprising Bacillus licheniformis and Armillaria mellea, at inoculation amounts of 0.5-1.5% and 0.2-0.8% of the dry material mass, respectively; S5. After inoculation, the material is piled up, covered with a microporous membrane for variable temperature fermentation. The fermentation time is 4-7 days, and the pile is turned 2-3 times according to the temperature change of the pile. S6. Pack the fermented material into cultivation bags and sterilize them.
[0013] Furthermore, in step S4, the inoculation amounts of Bacillus licheniformis and Armillaria mellea are 1.0-1.2% and 0.5-0.6%, respectively. The two strains work together to decompose cellulose and lignin in straw, releasing soluble nutrients.
[0014] Furthermore, the temperature of the variable temperature fermentation in step S5 is controlled at 55℃-65℃. When the temperature at the center of the material pile reaches above 65℃, the pile is turned over for the first time, and the phased release of oxygen by the slow-release oxygen functional components is triggered by the change of pH value.
[0015] Furthermore, the sterilization process described in step S6 is performed using high-pressure steam sterilization at a temperature of 121℃-126℃ and a pressure of 0.12-0.15 MPa for 2-2.5 hours; or using intermittent sterilization at atmospheric pressure at 100℃ for 2-3 hours, repeated 2-3 times with an interval of 24 hours.
[0016] Furthermore, after fermentation in step S5, the pH value of the material stabilizes at 7.2-7.8, the material color turns dark brown and has a strong fermented aroma.
[0017] Compared with the prior art, the advantages of the present invention include: This invention provides a culture medium for *Flammulina velutipes* using barley straw as the main raw material and its preparation method. This invention uses barley straw to replace a portion of cottonseed hulls as the main raw material, with an addition amount as high as 40%-60%, significantly reducing the cost of the culture medium. Simultaneously, it provides a new approach for the resource utilization of agricultural waste, exhibiting good environmental and economic benefits. This invention designs a slow-release oxygen functional component with dual sensitivity to pH and temperature. This functional component uses zeolite as a carrier to support calcium peroxide, and is coated with chitosan grafted with polyacrylamide. In the early stages of fermentation, the heat generated by microbial activity raises the temperature of the material pile, triggering the relaxation of the coating layer structure. Subsequently, the organic acids produced by microbial metabolism lower the local pH value, further promoting the swelling of the coating layer, causing calcium peroxide to slowly release oxygen. This dual-response mechanism matches the oxygen supply with the aerobic demand of the microorganisms, avoiding the problems of excessively rapid oxygen release in the early stages and insufficient oxygen supply in the later stages. It effectively improves the microaerobic environment of the fermentation system, inhibits anaerobic fermentation, and promotes the decomposition of lignocellulose by aerobic microorganisms. Detailed Implementation
[0018] In view of the shortcomings of the prior art, the inventors of this invention, through long-term research and extensive practice, have proposed the technical solution of this invention. The following will further explain and illustrate this technical solution, its implementation process, and its principles.
[0019] The present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to specific embodiments. The given embodiments are merely illustrative of the invention and not intended to limit its scope. The embodiments provided below can serve as a guide for further improvements by those skilled in the art and do not constitute a limitation on the invention in any way.
[0020] Unless otherwise specified, the experimental methods used in the following embodiments are conventional methods, performed according to the techniques or conditions described in the literature in this field or according to the product instructions. Unless otherwise specified, the materials used in the following embodiments are commercially available.
[0021] This invention provides a enoki mushroom culture medium using barley straw as the main raw material. The enoki mushroom culture medium includes barley straw powder, cottonseed hulls, wheat bran, corn flour, lime, gypsum, and a slow-release oxygen functional component. The barley straw powder has a particle size of 2-5 mm and accounts for 40%-60% of the total dry matter mass of the culture medium. The slow-release oxygen functional component consists of a zeolite core loaded with calcium peroxide and a chitosan-grafted polyacrylamide coating layer. The coating layer is sensitive to both pH and temperature.
[0022] Preferably, the amount of the slow-release oxygen functional component added is 0.5%-1.5% of the total dry matter mass of the culture medium, which promotes the degradation of lignocellulose by regulating the micro-aerobic environment of the fermentation system.
[0023] Preferably, the components of the culture medium, by dry matter mass percentage, are: 40%-60% barley straw powder, 15%-25% cottonseed hulls, 15%-20% wheat bran, 5%-10% corn flour, 1%-2% lime, 1%-2% gypsum, and 0.5%-1.5% slow-release oxygen functional component, and the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the culture medium is controlled between 25:1 and 30:1.
[0024] Preferably, the barley straw powder is made by drying and pulverizing barley straw, with its moisture content controlled below 12%, and the particle size distribution is controlled by sieving during the pulverization process.
[0025] Preferably, the culture medium has a water content of 60%-65%, an initial pH value of 7.0-8.0, and contains vitamins B1 and B2 at concentrations of 5-10 mg / L and 2-5 mg / L, respectively, to promote mycelial germination and growth.
[0026] The present invention also provides a method for preparing the above-mentioned enoki mushroom culture medium using barley straw as the main raw material, comprising the following steps: S1. Dry the barley straw in the sun and then crush it to a particle size of 2-5 mm to obtain barley straw powder; S2. Weigh out barley straw powder and cottonseed hulls according to the formula ratio, add water for the first turning and pre-wetting, so that the raw materials can fully absorb water and soften. S3. Add wheat bran, corn flour, lime, gypsum, slow-release oxygen functional components, and vitamin B1 and B2 solutions to the pre-wetted raw materials, and replenish the water to the target moisture content. Perform a second turning to ensure that all components are mixed evenly. In this invention, vitamins B1 and B2 are added to the culture medium, which work synergistically with the slow-release oxygen functional components and degrading bacteria to promote the germination and growth of enoki mushroom mycelium, shorten the mycelial growth cycle, and improve the bioconversion rate. S4. Inoculate the mixed material with a lignocellulose-degrading microbial community, comprising *Bacillus licheniformis* and *Armillaria mellea*, at inoculation amounts of 0.5-1.5% and 0.2-0.8% of the dry material mass, respectively; the inoculation amounts of *Bacillus licheniformis* and *Armillaria mellea* are 1.0-1.2% and 0.5-0.6%, respectively. The two strains synergistically decompose cellulose and lignin in the straw, releasing soluble nutrients. This invention achieves the synergistic decomposition of straw components by inoculating a lignocellulose-degrading microbial community composed of *Bacillus licheniformis* and *Armillaria mellea*. *Bacillus licheniformis* mainly decomposes cellulose and hemicellulose, producing soluble sugars; *Armillaria mellea* has a strong lignin-decomposing ability and can break the lignin-encapsulated structure of cellulose. The synergistic effect of the two bacteria significantly improves the straw degradation efficiency and increases the nutrient content in the culture medium that can be directly utilized by *Flammulina velutipes* mycelium. S5. After inoculation, the material is piled up and covered with a microporous membrane for variable temperature fermentation. The fermentation time is 4-7 days, and the pile is turned 2-3 times according to the temperature change. The temperature of the variable temperature fermentation is controlled at 55℃-65℃. When the temperature at the center of the pile reaches above 65℃, the pile is turned for the first time. The phased release of oxygen by the slow-release oxygen functional components is triggered by the change of pH value. After the fermentation is completed, the pH value of the material is stable at 7.2-7.8, the material color turns dark brown and has a strong fermentation aroma. S6. Pack the fermented material into cultivation bags and sterilize them. The sterilization process is carried out by high-pressure steam sterilization at a temperature of 121℃-126℃ and a pressure of 0.12-0.15 MPa for 2-2.5 hours; or by atmospheric pressure intermittent sterilization at 100℃ for 2-3 hours, repeated 2-3 times at 24-hour intervals.
[0027] The method of this invention is simple to operate and easy to scale up. By synergistically regulating fermentation temperature, pH value and oxygen supply, it significantly improves the fermentation quality and stability of the culture medium, laying the foundation for high-yield and high-quality cultivation of enoki mushrooms.
[0028] To better understand the technical solution of the present invention, the following detailed discussion is provided in conjunction with specific embodiments.
[0029] Example 1
[0030] This embodiment provides a culture medium for enoki mushrooms using barley straw as the main raw material and its preparation method.
[0031] Culture medium formula (by dry matter percentage): 50% barley straw powder, 20% cottonseed hulls, 17% wheat bran, 8% corn flour, 1.5% lime, 1.5% gypsum, and 1.0% slow-release oxygen functional component. The carbon-to-nitrogen ratio is controlled at 28:1.
[0032] Preparation of the slow-release oxygen functional component: Zeolite was pulverized to 20-40 mesh and soaked in a 15% calcium peroxide solution for 24 hours. After removal, it was dried at 50℃ to constant weight to obtain a zeolite core loaded with calcium peroxide. Chitosan was dissolved in a 2% acetic acid solution to prepare a 2% chitosan solution. Acrylamide monomer was dissolved in water, and N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, a crosslinking agent, and ammonium persulfate, an initiator, were added to prepare a polymerization reaction solution. The chitosan solution and the polymerization reaction solution were mixed at a volume ratio of 1:2. The zeolite core loaded with calcium peroxide was added to the mixture, stirred evenly, and then spray-dried to form a coating layer, thus obtaining the slow-release oxygen functional component.
[0033] The preparation method of the culture medium is as follows: S1. Dry the barley straw until the moisture content is less than 12%, crush it with a pulverizer, and obtain barley straw powder with a particle size controlled at 2-5 mm by sieving. S2. Weigh 50 kg of barley straw powder and 20 kg of cottonseed hulls according to the formula ratio, add 80 kg of water for the first turning and pre-wetting, so that the raw materials can fully absorb water and soften. S3. Add 17 kg of wheat bran, 8 kg of corn flour, 1.5 kg of lime, 1.5 kg of gypsum, 1.0 kg of slow-release oxygen functional component, and vitamin B1 and B2 solutions to the pre-wetted raw materials (to make the final concentration of vitamin B1 in the culture medium 8 mg / L and the final concentration of vitamin B2 in the culture medium 4 mg / L), and add water to make up to the water content of the culture medium 63%. Then, turn the mixture a second time to mix all the components evenly. S4. Inoculate the mixed material with lignocellulose-degrading bacteria, the bacteria comprising Bacillus licheniformis and Armillaria mellea, at inoculation amounts of 1.1% and 0.55% of the dry material mass, respectively; S5. After inoculation, pile the material into a heap 1.2 meters high and 1.5 meters wide, with no limit on length. Cover with a microporous membrane for variable-temperature fermentation. Monitor the temperature of the pile during fermentation. When the center temperature reaches above 65℃, turn the pile for the first time. Afterward, monitor the temperature every 24 hours and turn the pile 1-2 more times as needed. The total fermentation time is 6 days. S6. Pack the fermented material into polypropylene cultivation bags, each bag containing approximately 450g of dry material. Sterilize using high-pressure steam at 121℃ and 0.12 MPa for 2 hours. Cool before use.
[0034] After fermentation, the pH value of the material was 7.5, the color turned dark brown, and it had a strong fermented aroma.
[0035] Example 2
[0036] This embodiment is basically the same as Embodiment 1, except that the amount of the slow-release oxygen functional component added is 0.5%, and the inoculation amounts of Bacillus licheniformis and Armillaria mellea are 0.8% and 0.3%, respectively.
[0037] Example 3
[0038] This embodiment is basically the same as Embodiment 1, except that the amount of the slow-release oxygen functional component added is 1.5%, and the inoculation amounts of Bacillus licheniformis and Armillaria mellea are 1.4% and 0.75%, respectively.
[0039] Comparative Example 1 This comparative example is basically the same as Example 1, except that no slow-release oxygen functional component is added, and Bacillus licheniformis and Armillaria mellea are inoculated.
[0040] Comparative Example 2 This comparative example is basically the same as Example 1, except that no slow-release oxygen functional component is added, but the same lignocellulose degrading bacteria are inoculated.
[0041] Comparative Example 3 This comparative example is basically the same as Example 1, except that a slow-release oxygen functional component is added, but no lignocellulose degrading bacteria are inoculated.
[0042] Experimental Example 1 The culture media prepared in Examples 1-3 and Comparative Examples 1-3 were used to conduct enoki mushroom cultivation experiments under the same conditions. After inoculation with enoki mushroom spawn, the time for mycelial full coverage, primordia formation time, and bioconversion rate of the first flush were recorded. The bioconversion rate was calculated using the formula: Bioconversion rate (%) = (Fresh mushroom weight / Dry weight of culture medium) × 100%. Each treatment was repeated in triplicate, and the average value was taken. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0043] Table 1. Comparison of the effects of different culture media on the cultivation of enoki mushrooms
[0044] As can be seen from the results in Table 1: Comparing Example 1 with Comparative Example 1, it can be seen that the present invention, by adding slow-release oxygen functional components and inoculating lignocellulose-degrading bacteria, significantly shortens the time for mycelial full coverage and primordium formation, and increases the bioconversion rate by 26.6 percentage points. This indicates that the technical solution of the present invention can effectively promote straw degradation and improve the quality of the culture medium.
[0045] Comparing Example 1 and Comparative Example 2, it can be seen that adding the slow-release oxygen functional component to the inoculated degrading bacteria increased the bioconversion rate by 16.1 percentage points, indicating that the slow-release oxygen functional component enhanced the effect of the degrading bacteria by improving the fermentation microenvironment.
[0046] Comparing Example 1 and Comparative Example 3, it can be seen that inoculating the bioconversion rate with the addition of the slow-release oxygen functional component increased the bioconversion rate by 20.3 percentage points, indicating that the bioconversion bacteria and the slow-release oxygen functional component have a synergistic effect.
[0047] Data from Examples 1-3 show that the technical solutions of the present invention can achieve good cultivation results within the preferred parameter range, with Example 1 showing the most outstanding effect.
[0048] Experimental Example 2 During the fermentation process of Example 1 and Comparative Example 2, the changes in oxygen concentration inside the material pile (at a depth of 30 cm) were monitored using a portable oxygen detector, and the results are shown in Table 2.
[0049] Table 2. Changes in oxygen concentration during fermentation (unit: %)
[0050] As shown in Table 2, in Example 1, due to the addition of slow-release oxygen functional components, the oxygen concentration was maintained above 18% throughout the fermentation process, providing favorable conditions for aerobic microbial activity. In contrast, in Comparative Example 2, without the addition of slow-release oxygen functional components, the oxygen concentration dropped below 10% in the middle and late stages of fermentation, forming an anaerobic environment that was not conducive to straw degradation. This is consistent with the cultivation effect data.
[0051] The above descriptions are merely some embodiments of the present invention. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make other modifications and improvements without departing from the inventive concept of the present invention, and these all fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims
1. A culture medium for *Flammulina velutipes* using barley straw as the main raw material, characterized in that, The enoki mushroom culture medium includes barley straw powder, cottonseed hulls, wheat bran, corn flour, lime, gypsum, and a slow-release oxygen functional component; the barley straw powder has a particle size of 2-5 mm and accounts for 40%-60% of the total dry matter mass of the culture medium; the slow-release oxygen functional component consists of a zeolite core loaded with calcium peroxide and a chitosan-grafted polyacrylamide coating layer, and the coating layer is sensitive to both pH and temperature.
2. The culture medium according to claim 1, characterized in that, The amount of the slow-release oxygen functional component added is 0.5%-1.5% of the total dry matter mass of the culture medium, which promotes the degradation of lignocellulose by regulating the micro-aerobic environment of the fermentation system.
3. The culture medium according to claim 2, characterized in that, The components of the culture medium, by dry matter mass percentage, are: 40%-60% barley straw powder, 15%-25% cottonseed hulls, 15%-20% wheat bran, 5%-10% corn flour, 1%-2% lime, 1%-2% gypsum, and 0.5%-1.5% slow-release oxygen functional component, and the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the culture medium is controlled between 25:1 and 30:
1.
4. The culture medium according to claim 1, characterized in that, The barley straw powder is made by drying barley straw and then pulverizing it. Its moisture content is controlled below 12%, and a sieving process is used during the pulverization process to control the uniformity of particle size distribution.
5. The culture medium according to claim 1, characterized in that, The culture medium has a water content of 60%-65%, an initial pH of 7.0-8.0, and contains vitamins B1 and B2 at concentrations of 5-10 mg / L and 2-5 mg / L, respectively, to promote mycelial germination and growth.
6. A method for preparing a *Flammulina velutipes* culture medium as described in any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1. Dry the barley straw in the sun and then crush it to a particle size of 2-5 mm to obtain barley straw powder; S2. Weigh out barley straw powder and cottonseed hulls according to the formula ratio, add water for the first turning and pre-wetting, so that the raw materials can fully absorb water and soften. S3. Add bran, corn flour, lime, gypsum, slow-release oxygen functional components and vitamin B1 and B2 solutions to the pre-wetted raw materials, and add water to the target moisture content. Then, turn the pile a second time to mix all components evenly. S4. Inoculate the mixed material with lignocellulose-degrading bacteria, the bacteria comprising Bacillus licheniformis and Armillaria mellea, at inoculation amounts of 0.5-1.5% and 0.2-0.8% of the dry material mass, respectively; S5. After inoculation, the material is piled up, covered with a microporous membrane for variable temperature fermentation. The fermentation time is 4-7 days, and the pile is turned 2-3 times according to the temperature change of the pile. S6. Pack the fermented material into cultivation bags and sterilize them.
7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that, In step S4, the inoculation amounts of Bacillus licheniformis and Armillaria mellea are 1.0-1.2% and 0.5-0.6%, respectively. The two strains work together to decompose cellulose and lignin in straw, releasing soluble nutrients.
8. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that, In step S5, the temperature of the variable temperature fermentation is controlled between 55℃ and 65℃. When the temperature at the center of the material pile reaches above 65℃, the pile is turned over for the first time. The phased release of oxygen by the slow-release oxygen functional components is triggered by the change in pH value.
9. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that, The sterilization process described in step S6 is performed by high-pressure steam sterilization at a temperature of 121℃-126℃ and a pressure of 0.12-0.15 MPa for 2-2.5 hours; or by atmospheric pressure intermittent sterilization at 100℃ for 2-3 hours, repeated 2-3 times at 24-hour intervals.
10. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that, After fermentation in step S5, the pH value of the material stabilizes at 7.2-7.8, the material color turns dark brown and has a strong fermented aroma.