Method for improving stability of red soil aggregate of slope farmland by fertilization and tillage measures

Abstract

The present application relates to the technical field of crop planting, and particularly relates to a method for improving the stability of red soil aggregate of slope farmland by fertilization and tillage measures. The present application aims to solve the problems of soil fertility decline and the decline of the stability of red soil aggregate of slope farmland. The technical scheme of the present application is as follows: step one, soil tillage treatment; step two, synchronously applying base fertilizer, organic fertilizer and corn seeds into the soil, covering the soil, irrigation, and then covering the surface with a film; step three, applying topdressing at the bell-mouth stage of corn; step four, timely irrigation according to the soil water content during the growth of crops; and step five, harvesting at the mature stage of corn, so as to improve the stability of red soil aggregate of slope farmland. The main use of the present application is to provide a new choice for improving the stability of red soil aggregate of slope farmland.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of crop cultivation technology, specifically to a method for improving the stability of red soil aggregates on sloping farmland through fertilization and synergistic tillage. Background Technology

[0002] Red soil sloping farmland is a critical land resource. This region boasts abundant water, heat, and light resources, making it a significant agricultural production area with considerable potential. However, due to a lack of awareness about soil conservation and the use of improper land preparation methods, the red soil sloping farmland has experienced a decline in its effective topsoil, a continuously thickening plow pan, increased soil compaction, and deteriorating soil fertility, ultimately leading to a decrease in agricultural productivity. The topsoil is the layer formed by humans turning and improving the soil using farming tools during crop cultivation. Its thickness, as a key factor affecting soil physical properties, directly relates to soil quality. Constructing a fertile topsoil system helps optimize the internal structure of the soil and improve its overall performance. Researching the impact of soil cultivation methods on the regulation of farmland quality in red soil sloping farmland is of great significance. This is crucial for improving the productivity of sloping farmland. Addressing the degradation and quality decline of the topsoil structure in sloping farmland requires remediation efforts through multiple approaches.

[0003] In summary, sloping farmland suffers from soil degradation year-round due to rainfall and unique geological features. Especially in recent years, with farmers increasing the intensity and frequency of farmland use, the risk of soil degradation has significantly increased. Shallow topsoil, poor aggregate structure, and low soil fertility have become bottlenecks in efforts to increase grain yield. Therefore, research on reasonable soil improvement measures for sloping farmland in plateau regions will help mitigate the negative effects of declining land productivity on farmland productivity. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In view of the problems existing in the prior art, the purpose of this invention is to provide a method for improving the stability of red soil aggregates in sloping farmland through fertilization and synergistic tillage, so as to solve the problem of declining soil fertility in sloping farmland and the problem of poor stability of red soil aggregates in sloping farmland.

[0005] The technical solution of the present invention is as follows: This invention provides a method for improving the stability of red soil aggregates on sloping farmland through fertilization and synergistic tillage, comprising the following steps: Step 1: Tillage the soil; Step 2: Apply base fertilizer, organic fertilizer and corn seeds into the soil simultaneously, cover with soil, irrigate, and then cover the surface with a film. Step 3: Apply topdressing fertilizer during the corn's trumpet stage; Step 4: During the crop growth period, irrigate and replenish water in a timely manner according to the soil moisture content; Step 5: Harvest the corn at maturity to improve the stability of red soil aggregates on sloping farmland.

[0006] This invention, through soil tillage treatment, breaks up the original compacted soil layer, improves soil permeability, alleviates soil compaction, reduces plow pan resistance, and thickens the effective tillage layer. On the one hand, it provides a fundamental physical guarantee for the formation and stability of aggregates: it creates sufficient space for the cementation and aggregation of soil particles (avoiding dense structures that hinder aggregate formation), and improves soil aeration and permeability, providing a suitable environment for microbial activity and colloidal cementation (microorganisms and colloids are key carriers for aggregate stability). On the other hand, it provides a core physical basis for improving soil fertility: it expands nutrient storage space, allowing base fertilizer and organic fertilizer to be more evenly distributed in the root growth zone, avoiding concentrated accumulation or leaching loss of nutrients. By simultaneously applying basal fertilizer, organic fertilizer, and corn seeds, and combining this with synergistic measures such as irrigation after mulching, water and fertilizer retention through film covering, topdressing during the tasseling stage, and timely irrigation during the growing season, multiple technical effects were achieved: First, the application of organic fertilizer can directionally replenish the soil's organic carbon, which acts as a natural binder for soil particles, promoting particle aggregation; second, the simultaneous application of corn seeds (i.e., planting the crop) allows the root exudates of the crop to enhance the cementing properties of soil colloids, making the aggregate structure more robust; third, mulching can fix the position of seeds and fertilizers, preventing them from migrating with water or being affected by the external environment, thus creating favorable conditions for seed germination and growth. The initial absorption provides a stable environment, and mulching further reduces nutrient loss and improves nutrient utilization, continuously enhancing soil fertility on sloping farmland. Fourth, topdressing at the trumpet stage precisely replenishes the nutrient needs of crops during key growth periods, promoting robust plant growth and root development. This not only improves the crop's efficiency in nutrient absorption and conversion but also strengthens soil colloid activity through root exudates, contributing to the stability of soil aggregates. Fifth, timely irrigation during the growing season maintains suitable soil moisture content, ensuring the normal activity of soil microorganisms, which in turn further promotes organic carbon conversion and colloid activation, ultimately enhancing soil aggregate stability. In summary, through the synergistic effect of each step, the improvement of aggregate stability and soil fertility is mutually reinforcing. On the one hand, enhanced aggregate stability reduces soil erosion and nutrient loss, ensuring soil fertility accumulation; on the other hand, improved soil fertility, especially increased organic matter, further promotes aggregate formation and stability. This virtuous cycle effectively solves the core problems of soil fertility decline, reduced soil fertility, and poor stability of red soil aggregates on sloping farmland, significantly improving the sustainable productivity of sloping farmland.

[0007] Furthermore, step one also includes: planting green manure crops until maturity, removing the above-ground parts of the green manure crops, retaining the underground root system of the green manure crops, and then cultivating the soil.

[0008] By planting green manure and preserving its underground root system, the role of the root system in penetrating, entwining and secreting cementing substances in the soil can be fully utilized to promote the formation and stability of soil aggregates. At the same time, the decomposition of green manure roots can increase soil organic matter and improve soil structure, creating favorable conditions for subsequent tillage to break up compaction and thicken the plow pan, thereby synergistically improving aggregate stability and soil fertility.

[0009] Furthermore, the tillage treatment is selected from at least one of plowing and rotary tillage.

[0010] Furthermore, the tillage depth is 20-25cm.

[0011] Furthermore, the tillage depth of the rotary tillage is 10-15cm.

[0012] Mechanical disturbance of the soil through plowing or rotary tillage can break up the original compacted soil layer on sloping farmland, reduce soil bulk density, improve soil permeability, and create conditions for thickening the plow pan. Plowing depth of 20-25cm effectively loosens deep soil, promoting root penetration and water infiltration; rotary tillage depth of 10-15cm breaks up the topsoil and levels the field surface while minimizing excessive damage to soil structure. The choice or combination of these two methods, depending on actual needs, aims to optimize the topsoil structure and lay a good soil physical foundation for subsequent aggregate formation, nutrient activation, and crop growth.

[0013] Furthermore, the base fertilizer is a mixture of chemical nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer; The organic fertilizer is a commercial organic fertilizer, wherein the organic matter content is 30%, the total nutrients are ≥4.0%, and the total carbon input is 2.67 t / hm. 2 The total nutrients in the organic fertilizer are N≥1.2%, P2O≥0.6%, and K2O≥2.2%. The top dressing is a chemical nitrogen fertilizer.

[0014] Furthermore, the ratio of base fertilizer to organic fertilizer is 1:7.5-8.5; In base fertilizer, based on pure nutrients, the ratio of chemical nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer is 21-24:17-19:17-19; The ratio of chemical nitrogen fertilizer used in basal fertilizer to chemical nitrogen fertilizer used in topdressing is 1:1.

[0015] Preferably, the ratio of base fertilizer to organic fertilizer is 1:8; In base fertilizer, the ratio of chemical nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer, and potassium fertilizer, based on pure nutrients, is 5:4:4. The base fertilizer uses nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in a 5:4:4 ratio. This balanced application addresses the common phosphorus and potassium deficiency in Yunnan's red soil sloping farmland, providing essential macronutrients for crop growth, promoting root development and strong seedlings. Phosphorus fertilizer helps enhance aggregate stability, while potassium fertilizer improves crop resistance. The chemical nitrogen fertilizer in the base fertilizer is allocated 1:1 to the chemical nitrogen fertilizer in the topdressing, ensuring adequate nitrogen for the seedling and mid-stages while avoiding waste caused by excessive nitrogen application in the early stages. This phased nitrogen supply improves the utilization rate of chemical nitrogen fertilizer and reduces nutrient loss. The combined use of base fertilizer and organic fertilizer further enhances the role of organic fertilizer in activating soil nutrients and improving microbial activity, resulting in a synergistic effect between chemical and organic fertilizers, continuously improving soil fertility and laying the foundation for high and stable crop yields.

[0016] Furthermore, the application rate of the organic fertilizer is 7.84 t / hm. 2 ; The chemical nitrogen fertilizer is urea, and the total application rate, calculated as pure nitrogen, is 210-240 kg / hm². 2 The amount of chemical nitrogen fertilizer used in both the basal fertilizer and the topdressing, calculated as pure nitrogen, is 105-120 kg / hm². 2 ; The phosphate fertilizer is superphosphate, calculated as P2O5, with an application rate of 85-95 kg / hm². 2 ; The potassium fertilizer is potassium sulfate, calculated as K2O, and the application rate is 85-95 kg / hm. 2 .

[0017] Preferably, the application rate of the organic fertilizer is 7.84 t / hm. 2 ; The chemical nitrogen fertilizer is urea, and the total application rate, calculated as pure nitrogen, is 225 kg / hm². 2 ; The phosphate fertilizer is superphosphate, calculated as P2O5, and the application rate is 90 kg / hm². 2 ; The potassium fertilizer is potassium sulfate, calculated as K2O, and the application rate is 90 kg / hm². 2 .

[0018] Furthermore, the soil is red soil from sloping farmland, and the physicochemical properties of the red soil from sloping farmland are as follows: acidic (pH 4.83), organic matter content 23.65 g / kg, available nitrogen 70.89 mg / kg, available phosphorus 7.45 mg / kg, and available potassium 92.78 mg / kg.

[0019] Furthermore, the planting order of the green manure crops and corn is as follows: green manure crops are planted in winter, and corn is planted in the following summer. The winter refers to the period from September of the first year to March of the second year, and the summer of the following year refers to the period from May to September of the second year.

[0020] Specifically, in March of the following year, the above-ground parts of the green manure crops are removed, leaving the underground root system intact. Before planting corn in May of the following year, the soil needs to be tilled (e.g., plowed). However, by this time, because the underground roots of the green manure crops are easily decomposed, the underground roots of the green manure crops have already decomposed by the time the soil is tilled. Therefore, while tilling the soil, the decomposition products and the remaining underground roots are also plowed back into the field. After the soil tillage is completed, corn is planted immediately.

[0021] By planting green manure in winter and retaining its root system, the winter fallow light and heat resources can be effectively utilized, increasing the input of soil organic matter. The root penetration and secretions promote the formation of red soil aggregates. When corn is planted the following summer, the decomposition products and the underground roots of the remaining green manure crops are turned back into the field, which can simultaneously improve soil fertility and structural stability, achieving "winter nourishment for summer". This model reduces seasonal soil erosion and reduces the risk of pests and diseases through crop rotation, laying the foundation for a virtuous cycle of aggregate stability and soil fertility improvement, and fundamentally ensuring the sustainable productivity of sloping farmland.

[0022] Furthermore, the green manure crop is vetch, which is planted by spot sowing, with row spacing controlled at 32-38 cm and plant spacing controlled at 22-28 cm.

[0023] Sowing with a row spacing of 32-38 cm can ensure a reasonable density, increase the yield of green manure, and provide sufficient organic materials for soil improvement. It can also facilitate the roots to penetrate and entwine in the topsoil, expand the cementing effect of root exudates on soil aggregates, and improve soil structural stability.

[0024] Furthermore, the corn is planted in wide and narrow rows, with a row spacing of 65-75 cm for wide rows, a row spacing of 32-38 cm for narrow rows, and a plant spacing of 22-28 cm.

[0025] By cleverly selecting the planting specifications of wide and narrow rows of corn (wide rows 65-75 cm, narrow rows 32-38 cm), and optimizing field ventilation and light penetration as well as root space distribution, the soil and water conservation capacity of the slope is enhanced while ensuring density, and the soil improvement effect of the previous green manure is effectively connected, so as to achieve the synergy of high crop yield and soil fertility protection.

[0026] Furthermore, the horizontal and vertical distances between the corn seeds and the base fertilizer are 8-12 cm and 3-5 cm, respectively.

[0027] Furthermore, the horizontal distance between the corn seeds and the organic fertilizer is 8-12 cm and the vertical distance is 3-5 cm, respectively.

[0028] Furthermore, the thickness of the soil covering is 3-5 cm.

[0029] Furthermore, the irrigation volume is 1000-1100 m³. 3 / hm 2 .

[0030] Furthermore, the standards for supplemental irrigation include: Seedling stage: When the soil moisture content is below 65% of field capacity, supplemental irrigation should be performed to maintain the soil moisture content at 70%–80% of field capacity; Seedling stage: When the soil moisture content is below 55% of field capacity, supplemental irrigation should be performed to maintain the soil moisture content at 60%–70% of field capacity; Jointing stage: When the soil moisture content is below 65% of field capacity, supplemental irrigation should be performed to maintain the soil moisture content at 70%–75% of field capacity. During the tasseling stage: when the soil moisture content is lower than 70% of the field capacity, irrigation should be provided to maintain the soil moisture content at 75%–85% of the field capacity; during the grain-filling stage: when the soil moisture content is lower than 65% of the field capacity, irrigation should be provided to maintain the soil moisture content at 70%–80% of the field capacity; during the maturity stage: when the soil moisture content is lower than 50% of the field capacity, irrigation should be provided to maintain the soil moisture content at 55%–65% of the field capacity; the aforementioned field capacity is 25.45%.

[0031] Furthermore, the film is a transparent plastic film made of polyethylene.

[0032] This invention also provides the application of the above method in improving the stability of red soil aggregates on sloping farmland, increasing soil organic carbon content, increasing soil nitrogen and potassium content, and / or improving soil fertility.

[0033] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows: This invention provides a method for improving the stability of soil aggregates in sloping red soil through fertilization and synergistic tillage. By tilling the soil, the original compacted soil layer can be broken up, soil permeability improved, soil compaction alleviated, plow pan resistance reduced, and the effective tillage layer thickened. On the one hand, it provides a fundamental physical guarantee for the formation and stability of aggregates: it creates sufficient space for the cementation and aggregation of soil particles (avoiding dense structures from hindering aggregate formation), and improves soil aeration and permeability, providing a suitable environment for microbial activity and colloidal cementation (microorganisms and colloids are key carriers for aggregate stability). On the other hand, it provides a core physical basis for improving soil fertility: it expands the nutrient storage space, allowing base fertilizer and organic fertilizer to be more evenly distributed in the root growth zone, avoiding concentrated accumulation or leaching loss of nutrients. By simultaneously applying basal fertilizer, organic fertilizer, and corn seeds, and combining this with synergistic measures such as irrigation after mulching, water and fertilizer retention through film covering, topdressing during the tasseling stage, and timely irrigation during the growing season, multiple technical effects were achieved: First, the application of organic fertilizer can directionally replenish the soil's organic carbon, which acts as a natural binder for soil particles, promoting particle aggregation; second, the simultaneous application of corn seeds (i.e., planting the crop) allows the root exudates of the crop to enhance the cementing properties of soil colloids, making the aggregate structure more robust; third, mulching can fix the position of seeds and fertilizers, preventing them from migrating with water or being affected by the external environment, thus creating favorable conditions for seed germination and growth. The initial absorption provides a stable environment, and mulching further reduces nutrient loss and improves nutrient utilization, continuously enhancing soil fertility on sloping farmland. Fourth, topdressing at the trumpet stage precisely replenishes the nutrient needs of crops during key growth periods, promoting robust plant growth and root development. This not only improves the efficiency of nutrient absorption and conversion by crops but also further enhances soil colloid activity through root exudates, contributing to the stability of soil aggregates. Fifth, timely irrigation during the growing season maintains suitable soil moisture content, ensuring the normal activity of soil microorganisms, which in turn further promotes organic carbon conversion and colloid activation, ultimately enhancing soil aggregate stability. In summary, through the synergistic effect of each step, the improvement of aggregate stability and soil fertility is mutually reinforcing. On the one hand, enhanced aggregate stability reduces soil erosion and nutrient loss, ensuring soil fertility accumulation; on the other hand, improved soil fertility, especially increased organic matter, further promotes aggregate formation and stability. This virtuous cycle significantly enhances the sustainable productivity of sloping farmland. Further combining the planting of green manure with the preservation of its underground root system can fully utilize the role of the root system in penetrating, entwining and secreting cementing substances in the soil, promoting the formation and stability of soil aggregates. At the same time, the decomposition of green manure roots can increase soil organic matter and improve soil structure, creating favorable conditions for subsequent tillage to break up compaction and thicken the plow pan, thereby synergistically improving aggregate stability and soil fertility.

[0034] The results of the analysis of various examples and comparative examples show that, under rotary tillage or plowing conditions, firstly, crop rotation with green manure significantly increased soil organic carbon content, nitrogen and potassium content, and soil aggregate stability during the green manure season; secondly, crop rotation with green manure and the input of organic materials significantly increased soil organic carbon content, nitrogen and potassium content, and soil aggregate stability during the maize season; thirdly, crop rotation with green manure significantly increased the content of easily extracted globulin (EE-GRSP) and total globulin (T-GRSP) in soil aggregates of various particle sizes during the green manure season; and fourthly, crop rotation with green manure and the input of organic materials significantly increased the content of easily extracted globulin (EE-GRSP) and total globulin (T-GRSP) in soil aggregates of various particle sizes during the maize season. Principal component analysis results show that, compared with the simple tillage pattern, the application of organic fertilizer or the implementation of green manure treatment can significantly improve the comprehensive soil quality index, with the synergistic effect of organic fertilizer + green manure treatment being the most significant; under rotary tillage or plowing conditions, the combination of organic fertilizer and green manure has a significant improving effect on maintaining the quality of red soil sloping farmland and promoting carbon sequestration. Attached Figure Description

[0035] Figure 1 (A) is a diagram showing the variation characteristics of soil aggregate organic carbon in the 0-15cm soil layer when green manure is planted; Figure 1 (B) is a diagram showing the variation characteristics of soil aggregate organic carbon in the 15-30cm soil layer where green manure is planted; Figure 1 (A) and Figure 1 In (B), different lowercase letters indicate that the SOC content of aggregates of the same particle size differs significantly among different treatments (P<0.05). Figure 2 (A) is a diagram showing the variation characteristics of organic carbon in maize soil aggregates in the 0-15cm soil layer under different rotary tillage treatments; Figure 2 (B) is a diagram showing the variation characteristics of organic carbon in maize soil aggregates in the 15-30cm soil layer under different rotary tillage treatments. Figure 2 (A) and Figure 2 In (B), different lowercase letters indicate that the SOC content of aggregates of the same particle size differs significantly among different treatments (P<0.05). Figure 3 (A) is a diagram showing the variation characteristics of organic carbon in maize soil aggregates in the 0-15cm soil layer under different tillage treatments; Figure 3 (B) is a diagram showing the variation characteristics of organic carbon in maize soil aggregates in the 15-30cm soil layer under different tillage treatments. Figure 3 (A) and Figure 3 In (B), different lowercase letters indicate that the SOC content of aggregates of the same particle size differs significantly among different treatments (P<0.05). Figure 4(A) is a diagram showing the changes in soil aggregates in the 0-15cm soil layer where green manure is planted, where globulin can be easily extracted. Figure 4 (B) is a diagram showing the changes in soil aggregates in the 15-30cm soil layer where green manure is planted, where globulin can be easily extracted. Figure 4 (A) and Figure 4 In (B), different lowercase letters indicate that the content of EE-GRSP aggregates of the same particle size differed significantly among different treatments (P<0.05). Figure 5 (A) is a diagram showing the changes in easily extracted globulin in maize soil aggregates in the 0-15cm soil layer under different rotary tillage treatments. Figure 5 (B) is a diagram showing the changes in easily extracted globulin in maize soil aggregates in the 15-30cm soil layer under different rotary tillage treatments. Figure 5 (A) and Figure 5 Different lowercase letters in (B) indicate that the content of EE-GRSP aggregates of the same particle size differs significantly among different treatments (P<0.05). Figure 6 (A) is a diagram showing the changes in easily extracted globulin in maize soil aggregates in the 0-15cm soil layer under different tillage treatments. Figure 6 (B) is a diagram showing the changes in easily extracted globulin in maize soil aggregates in the 15-30cm soil layer under different tillage treatments. Figure 6 (A) and Figure 6 In (B), different lowercase letters indicate that the content of EE-GRSP aggregates of the same particle size differs significantly among different treatments (P<0.05). Figure 7 (A) is a diagram showing the variation characteristics of total globulin in soil aggregates in the 0-15cm soil layer when green manure is planted; Figure 7 (B) is a diagram showing the variation characteristics of total globulin in soil aggregates in the 15-30cm soil layer when green manure is planted; Figure 7 (A) and Figure 7 In (B), different lowercase letters indicate that the content of T-GRSP aggregates of the same particle size differs significantly among different treatments (P<0.05). Figure 8 (A) is a graph showing the variation characteristics of total globulin in maize soil aggregates in the 0-15cm soil layer under different rotary tillage treatments; Figure 8 (B) is a graph showing the variation characteristics of total globulin in maize soil aggregates in the 15-30cm soil layer under different rotary tillage treatments; Figure 8 (A) and Figure 8 In (B), different lowercase letters indicate that the content of T-GRSP aggregates of the same particle size differs significantly among different treatments (P<0.05). Figure 9(A) is a graph showing the variation characteristics of total globulin in maize soil aggregates in the 0-15cm soil layer under different tillage treatments; Figure 9 (B) is a graph showing the variation characteristics of total globulin in maize soil aggregates in the 15-30cm soil layer under different tillage treatments; Figure 9 (A) and Figure 9 In (B), different lowercase letters indicate that the content of T-GRSP aggregates of the same particle size differs significantly among different treatments (P<0.05). Detailed Implementation

[0036] The present invention will be further described in detail below through embodiments, but in no way is the invention limited.

[0037] Material selection in the following embodiments: Corn (Yunrui 408), sweet potato (hairy-leaved purple sweet potato, Yunshao No. 1 2024066), urea (manufacturer: Yunnan Yuntianhua Co., Ltd.), superphosphate (manufacturer: Yunnan Qinfeng Phosphate Fertilizer Manufacturing Co., Ltd.), potassium sulfate (manufacturer: Guotou Xinjiang Lop Nur Potash Co., Ltd.), commercial organic fertilizer (manufacturer: Yunnan Shunfeng Erhai Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd.), rotary tiller (1GBH-230 rotary tiller, Yangyu) and plow (1LH-435E deep plow, Yangyu).

[0038] The purchased organic fertilizer contains 30% organic matter, with a total nutrient content ≥4.0% (N≥1.2%+P2O≥0.6%+K2O≥2.2%) and a total carbon input of 2.67 t / hm. 2 .

[0039] All the chemical nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers used are chemical fertilizers; urea is used as the chemical nitrogen fertilizer (urea contains 0.46 N), superphosphate is used as the phosphorus fertilizer (superphosphate contains 0.16 P2O5), and potassium sulfate is used as the potassium fertilizer (potassium sulfate contains 0.52 K2O).

[0040] The main material of the transparent plastic film used is polyethylene (PE), which is mainly composed of carbon and hydrogen polymers. It also contains a small amount of non-toxic additives such as antioxidants, light stabilizers, and opening agents, and does not contain plasticizers or heavy metals.

[0041] The characteristics of the field test plots in the following examples are as follows: The field test site in this embodiment is located in Dabai Community, Songhuaba Water Source Protection Area, Panlong District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province (102°47′E, ​​25°14′N). Central Yunnan has a subtropical monsoon climate, influenced by its high altitude, exhibiting characteristics of a plateau climate. The seasons are indistinct, with a mild climate and distinct wet and dry seasons. The average annual temperature is 14-20 ℃, with few frosts in winter and no extreme high temperatures in summer. Annual precipitation is approximately 1000 mm, concentrated in the rainy season from May to October. Rainfall is more abundant in mountainous areas, while occasional droughts occur in lower altitude areas. Winters and springs are dry with little rain, and spring droughts are a prominent issue. Dabai Community is located in a mountainous area, with a terrain that slopes from northwest to southeast, at an altitude of 2200-2300 m. The terrain is highly undulating, with alternating mountains and valleys. This region has a northern subtropical plateau mountain monsoon climate, with an average annual temperature of approximately 16 ℃, significant diurnal temperature variations, and annual precipitation of 900-1000 mm, with summer rainfall accounting for over 60%. Rainfall fluctuates greatly from year to year and is unevenly distributed throughout the year, with frequent heavy rainstorms. During the rainy season, flash floods and mudslides are easily triggered by short-duration heavy rainfall. The field trial will be conducted from October 2023 to October 2024, while the field trial will be in its first year of planting. The soil in the field trial site is typical red soil of sloping farmland in central Yunnan, acidic (pH 4.83), with an organic matter content of 23.65 g / kg, available nitrogen of 70.89 mg / kg, available phosphorus of 7.45 mg / kg, and available potassium of 92.78 mg / kg, exhibiting typical red soil characteristics.

[0042] The following embodiments and comparative examples employ a randomized block design, namely, Embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, and Comparative Examples 1, 2, 3, and 4, which consist of 8 treatments, each with 4 replicates, for a total of 32 cells. The cells within the block are randomly arranged, and the area of ​​each cell is 35 m². 2 (7 m × 5 m), 13 rows of corn are planted in each plot, with 19 corn plants in each row. Example 1 (F3)

[0043] A method for improving the stability of red soil aggregates on sloping farmland through fertilization and synergistic tillage includes the following steps: 1. Planting green manure crops In this embodiment, vetch was selected as the green manure crop.

[0044] In the first winter (from September of the first year to March of the second year), vetch was sown in the field experiment plot, with the row spacing controlled at 32 cm and the plant spacing at 22 cm. No fertilizer was applied to the vetch throughout its growing season. After the vetch matured in winter, only the above-ground parts were removed from the farmland. The above-ground parts of the vetch were not plowed back into the field, and the underground root system remained in the soil as organic matter.

[0045] 2. Soil tillage treatment In this embodiment, the tillage treatment used is plowing.

[0046] The soil is tilled to a depth of 20cm. At this time, because the underground roots of green manure crops are easily decomposed, the underground roots of green manure crops will have been basically decomposed by the time the soil is tilled. Therefore, while tilling the soil, the decomposition products and the remaining underground roots will be turned back into the field.

[0047] 3. Corn planting and field management The following summer (May to September of the second year), corn was planted immediately after the plowing was completed, using a wide-narrow row planting method.

[0048] Specific steps for planting corn: (1) Apply base fertilizer (chemical nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer, potassium fertilizer), organic fertilizer and corn seeds simultaneously into the field test plot, control the wide row spacing of corn to be 70 cm, the narrow row spacing to be 35 cm, the plant spacing to be 25 cm, and control the corn seeds to maintain a horizontal distance of 8 cm and a vertical distance of 3 cm from the base fertilizer, and the corn seeds to maintain a horizontal distance of 8 cm and a vertical distance of 3 cm from the organic fertilizer. Then cover with soil with a soil thickness of 4 cm. (2) Irrigation shall be carried out after the soil covering is completed, and the irrigation volume shall be 1000 m³. 3 / hm 2 ; (3) After irrigation, cover the ground with a transparent plastic film; (4) Apply topdressing (chemical nitrogen fertilizer) during the corn's trumpet stage; (5) During the growth period of the crop (corn), irrigation should be carried out in a timely manner according to the soil moisture content. To reduce soil disturbance, weeding should not be carried out in the field. The standards for irrigation are as follows: Seedling stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 65% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 70% of the field capacity; Seedling stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 55% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 60% of the field capacity; Jointing stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 65% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 70% of the field capacity. During the tasseling stage: when the soil moisture content is lower than 70% of the field capacity, irrigation should be provided to maintain the soil moisture content at 75% of the field capacity; during the grain-filling stage: when the soil moisture content is lower than 65% of the field capacity, irrigation should be provided to maintain the soil moisture content at 70% of the field capacity; during the maturity stage: when the soil moisture content is lower than 50% of the field capacity, irrigation should be provided to maintain the soil moisture content at 55% of the field capacity; the field capacity is 25.45%.

[0049] (6) Harvest the corn when it is ripe.

[0050] The chemical nitrogen fertilizer used was urea, and the application rate of chemical nitrogen fertilizer in the base fertilizer was 112.5 kg / hm² (calculated as pure N). 2 The application rate of chemical nitrogen fertilizer in topdressing was 112.5 kg / hm. 2 The phosphate fertilizer is superphosphate, calculated as P2O5, with an application rate of 90 kg / hm². 2 The potassium fertilizer is potassium sulfate, calculated as K2O, and the application rate is 90 kg / hm². 2 The application rate of organic fertilizer was 7.84 t / hm. 2 .

[0051] Comparative Example 1 (F2) A method for improving the stability of red soil aggregates on sloping farmland through fertilization and synergistic tillage includes the following steps: 1. Planting green manure crops In this embodiment, vetch was selected as the green manure crop.

[0052] In the first winter (from September of the first year to March of the second year), vetch was sown in the field experiment plot, with the row spacing controlled at 32 cm and the plant spacing at 22 cm. No fertilizer was applied to the vetch throughout its growing season. After the vetch matured in winter, only the above-ground parts were removed from the farmland. The above-ground parts of the vetch were not plowed back into the field, and the underground root system remained in the soil as organic matter.

[0053] 2. Soil tillage treatment In this embodiment, the tillage treatment used is plowing.

[0054] The soil is tilled to a depth of 20cm. At this time, because the underground roots of green manure crops are easily decomposed, the underground roots of green manure crops will have been basically decomposed by the time the soil is tilled. Therefore, while tilling the soil, the decomposition products and the remaining underground roots will be turned back into the field.

[0055] 3. Corn planting and field management The following summer (May to September), corn was planted immediately after the plowing was completed, using a wide-narrow row planting method.

[0056] Specific steps for planting corn: (1) Apply the base fertilizer (chemical nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer, potassium fertilizer) and corn seeds simultaneously in the field test plot, control the wide row spacing of corn to be 70 cm, the narrow row spacing to be 35 cm, and the plant spacing to be 25 cm, and control the corn seeds to maintain a horizontal distance of 8 cm and a vertical distance of 3 cm from the base fertilizer, and the corn seeds to maintain a horizontal distance of 8 cm and a vertical distance of 3 cm from the organic fertilizer, and then cover with soil with a soil thickness of 4 cm; (2) Irrigation shall be carried out after the soil covering is completed, and the irrigation volume shall be 1000 m³. 3 / hm 2 ; (3) After irrigation, cover the ground with a transparent plastic film; (4) Apply topdressing (chemical nitrogen fertilizer) during the corn's trumpet stage; (5) During the growth period of the crop (corn), irrigation should be carried out in a timely manner according to the soil moisture content. To reduce soil disturbance, weeding should not be carried out in the field. The standards for irrigation are as follows: Seedling stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 65% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 70% of the field capacity; Seedling stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 55% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 60% of the field capacity; Jointing stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 65% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 70% of the field capacity. During the tasseling stage: when the soil moisture content is lower than 70% of the field capacity, irrigation should be provided to maintain the soil moisture content at 75% of the field capacity; during the grain-filling stage: when the soil moisture content is lower than 65% of the field capacity, irrigation should be provided to maintain the soil moisture content at 70% of the field capacity; during the maturity stage: when the soil moisture content is lower than 50% of the field capacity, irrigation should be provided to maintain the soil moisture content at 55% of the field capacity; the field capacity is 25.45%.

[0057] (6) Harvest the corn when it is ripe.

[0058] The chemical nitrogen fertilizer used was urea, and the application rate of chemical nitrogen fertilizer in the base fertilizer was 112.5 kg / hm² (calculated as pure N). 2 The application rate of chemical nitrogen fertilizer in topdressing was 112.5 kg / hm. 2 The phosphate fertilizer is superphosphate, calculated as P2O5, with an application rate of 90 kg / hm². 2 The potassium fertilizer is potassium sulfate, calculated as K2O, and the application rate is 90 kg / hm². 2 . Example 2 (F1)

[0059] A method for improving the stability of red soil aggregates on sloping farmland through fertilization and synergistic tillage includes the following steps: 1. Soil tillage treatment In this embodiment, the tillage treatment used is plowing.

[0060] The soil is tilled to a depth of 25cm.

[0061] 2. Corn planting and field management During the summer (May to September), after plowing, corn is planted using a wide-narrow row planting method.

[0062] Specific steps for planting corn: (1) Apply base fertilizer (chemical nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer, potassium fertilizer), organic fertilizer and corn seeds simultaneously into the field test plot, control the wide row spacing of corn to be 65 cm, the narrow row spacing to be 32 cm, the plant spacing to be 22 cm, and control the corn seeds to maintain a horizontal distance of 10 cm and a vertical distance of 4 cm from the base fertilizer, and the corn seeds to maintain a horizontal distance of 10 cm and a vertical distance of 4 cm from the organic fertilizer. Then cover with soil with a soil thickness of 3 cm. (2) Irrigation shall be carried out after the soil covering is completed, and the irrigation volume shall be 1050 m³. 3 / hm 2 ; (3) After irrigation, cover the ground with a transparent plastic film; (4) Apply topdressing (chemical nitrogen fertilizer) during the corn's trumpet stage; (5) During the growth period of the crop (corn), irrigation should be carried out in a timely manner according to the soil moisture content. To reduce soil disturbance, weeding should not be carried out in the field. The standards for irrigation are as follows: Seedling stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 65% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 75% of the field capacity; Seedling stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 55% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 65% of the field capacity; Jointing stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 65% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 72% of the field capacity. During the tasseling stage: when the soil moisture content is below 70% of the field capacity, irrigation should be provided to maintain the soil moisture content at 80% of the field capacity; during the grain-filling stage: when the soil moisture content is below 65% of the field capacity, irrigation should be provided to maintain the soil moisture content at 75% of the field capacity; during the maturity stage: when the soil moisture content is below 50% of the field capacity, irrigation should be provided to maintain the soil moisture content at 60% of the field capacity; the field capacity is 25.45%.

[0063] (6) Harvest the corn when it is ripe.

[0064] The chemical nitrogen fertilizer used was urea, and the application rate of chemical nitrogen fertilizer in the base fertilizer was 112.5 kg / hm² (calculated as pure N). 2 The application rate of chemical nitrogen fertilizer in topdressing was 112.5 kg / hm. 2 The phosphate fertilizer is superphosphate, calculated as P2O5, with an application rate of 90 kg / hm². 2 The potassium fertilizer is potassium sulfate, calculated as K2O, and the application rate is 90 kg / hm². 2 The application rate of organic fertilizer was 7.84 t / hm. 2 .

[0065] Comparative Example 2 (CK2) A method for improving the stability of red soil aggregates on sloping farmland through tillage practices includes the following steps: 1. Soil tillage treatment In this embodiment, the tillage treatment used is plowing.

[0066] The soil is tilled to a depth of 25cm.

[0067] 2. Corn planting and field management The following summer (May to September), after the plowing was completed, corn was planted using a wide-narrow row planting method.

[0068] Specific steps for planting corn: (1) Apply corn seeds to the field test plot, control the wide row spacing of corn to be 65 cm, the narrow row spacing to be 32 cm, and the plant spacing to be 22 cm, and then cover with soil to a thickness of 3 cm. (2) Irrigation shall be carried out after the soil covering is completed, and the irrigation volume shall be 1050 m³. 3 / hm 2 ; (3) After irrigation, cover the ground with a transparent plastic film; (4) During the growth period of the crop (corn), irrigation should be carried out in a timely manner according to the soil moisture content. To reduce soil disturbance, weeding should not be carried out in the field. The standards for irrigation are as follows: Seedling stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 65% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 75% of the field capacity; Seedling stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 55% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 65% of the field capacity; Jointing stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 65% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 72% of the field capacity. During the tasseling stage: when the soil moisture content is below 70% of the field capacity, irrigation should be provided to maintain the soil moisture content at 80% of the field capacity; during the grain-filling stage: when the soil moisture content is below 65% of the field capacity, irrigation should be provided to maintain the soil moisture content at 75% of the field capacity; during the maturity stage: when the soil moisture content is below 50% of the field capacity, irrigation should be provided to maintain the soil moisture content at 60% of the field capacity; the field capacity is 25.45%.

[0069] (5) Harvest the corn when it is ripe. Example 3 (T3)

[0070] A method for improving the stability of red soil aggregates on sloping farmland through fertilization and synergistic tillage includes the following steps: 1. Planting green manure crops In this embodiment, vetch was selected as the green manure crop.

[0071] In the first winter (from September of the first year to March of the second year), vetch was sown in the field test plot, with the row spacing controlled at 38 cm and the plant spacing at 28 cm. No fertilizer was applied to the vetch throughout its growing season. After the vetch matured in winter, only the above-ground parts were removed from the field. The above-ground parts of the vetch were not plowed back into the field, and the underground root system remained in the soil as organic matter.

[0072] 2. Soil tillage treatment Rotary tillage is used as the tillage treatment in this embodiment.

[0073] The soil is rotary tilled to a depth of 10cm. At this time, because the underground roots of green manure crops are easily decomposed, the underground roots of green manure crops will have been basically decomposed by the time the soil is tilled. Therefore, while tilling the soil, the decomposition products and residual underground roots will be turned back into the field.

[0074] 3. Corn planting and field management The following summer (May to September), corn was planted immediately after rotary tillage, using a wide-narrow row planting method.

[0075] Specific steps for planting corn: (1) Apply base fertilizer (chemical nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer, potassium fertilizer), organic fertilizer and corn seeds simultaneously into the field test plot, control the wide row spacing of corn to be 70 cm, the narrow row spacing to be 35 cm, the plant spacing to be 25 cm, and control the corn seeds to maintain a horizontal distance of 12 cm and a vertical distance of 5 cm from the base fertilizer, and the corn seeds to maintain a horizontal distance of 12 cm and a vertical distance of 5 cm from the organic fertilizer. Then cover with soil with a soil thickness of 4 cm. (2) Irrigation shall be carried out after the soil covering is completed, and the irrigation volume shall be 1100 m³. 3 / hm 2 ; (3) After irrigation, cover the ground with a transparent plastic film; (4) Apply topdressing (chemical nitrogen fertilizer) during the corn's trumpet stage; (5) During the growth period of the crop (corn), irrigation should be carried out in a timely manner according to the soil moisture content. To reduce soil disturbance, weeding should not be carried out in the field. The standards for irrigation are as follows: Seedling stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 65% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 80% of the field capacity; Seedling stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 55% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 70% of the field capacity; Jointing stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 65% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 75% of the field capacity. During the tasseling stage: when the soil moisture content is below 70% of the field capacity, irrigation should be provided to maintain the soil moisture content at 85% of the field capacity; during the grain-filling stage: when the soil moisture content is below 65% of the field capacity, irrigation should be provided to maintain the soil moisture content at 80% of the field capacity; during the maturity stage: when the soil moisture content is below 50% of the field capacity, irrigation should be provided to maintain the soil moisture content at 65% of the field capacity; the field capacity is 25.45%.

[0076] (6) Harvest the corn when it is ripe.

[0077] The chemical nitrogen fertilizer used was urea, and the application rate of chemical nitrogen fertilizer in the base fertilizer was 112.5 kg / hm² (calculated as pure N). 2 The application rate of chemical nitrogen fertilizer in topdressing was 112.5 kg / hm. 2 The phosphate fertilizer is superphosphate, calculated as P2O5, with an application rate of 90 kg / hm². 2 The potassium fertilizer is potassium sulfate, calculated as K2O, and the application rate is 90 kg / hm². 2 The application rate of organic fertilizer was 7.84 t / hm. 2 .

[0078] Comparative Example 3 (T2) A method for improving the stability of red soil aggregates on sloping farmland through fertilization and synergistic tillage includes the following steps: 1. Planting green manure crops In this embodiment, vetch was selected as the green manure crop.

[0079] In the first winter (from September of the first year to March of the second year), vetch was sown in the field test plot, with the row spacing controlled at 38 cm and the plant spacing at 28 cm. No fertilizer was applied to the vetch throughout its growing season. After the vetch matured in winter, only the above-ground parts were removed from the field. The above-ground parts of the vetch were not plowed back into the field, and the underground root system remained in the soil as organic matter.

[0080] 2. Soil tillage treatment Rotary tillage is used as the tillage treatment in this embodiment.

[0081] Rotary tillage is performed on the soil to a depth of 10 cm.

[0082] 3. Corn planting and field management The following summer (May to September), corn was planted immediately after rotary tillage, using a wide-narrow row planting method.

[0083] Specific steps for planting corn: (1) Apply the base fertilizer (chemical nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer, potassium fertilizer) and corn seeds simultaneously in the field test plot, control the wide row spacing of corn to be 70 cm, the narrow row spacing to be 35 cm, and the plant spacing to be 25 cm, and control the corn seeds to maintain a horizontal distance of 12 cm and a vertical distance of 5 cm from the base fertilizer, and the corn seeds to maintain a horizontal distance of 12 cm and a vertical distance of 5 cm from the organic fertilizer, and then cover with soil with a soil thickness of 4 cm; (2) Irrigation shall be carried out after the soil covering is completed, and the irrigation volume shall be 1100 m³. 3 / hm 2 ; (3) After irrigation, cover the ground with a transparent plastic film; (4) Apply topdressing (chemical nitrogen fertilizer) during the corn's trumpet stage; (5) During the growth period of the crop (corn), irrigation should be carried out in a timely manner according to the soil moisture content. To reduce soil disturbance, weeding should not be carried out in the field. The standards for irrigation are as follows: Seedling stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 65% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 80% of the field capacity; Seedling stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 55% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 70% of the field capacity; Jointing stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 65% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 75% of the field capacity. During the tasseling stage: when the soil moisture content is below 70% of the field capacity, irrigation should be provided to maintain the soil moisture content at 85% of the field capacity; during the grain-filling stage: when the soil moisture content is below 65% of the field capacity, irrigation should be provided to maintain the soil moisture content at 80% of the field capacity; during the maturity stage: when the soil moisture content is below 50% of the field capacity, irrigation should be provided to maintain the soil moisture content at 65% of the field capacity; the field capacity is 25.45%.

[0084] (6) Harvest the corn when it is ripe.

[0085] The chemical nitrogen fertilizer used was urea, and the application rate of chemical nitrogen fertilizer in the base fertilizer was 112.5 kg / hm² (calculated as pure N). 2 The application rate of chemical nitrogen fertilizer in topdressing was 112.5 kg / hm. 2The phosphate fertilizer is superphosphate, calculated as P2O5, with an application rate of 90 kg / hm². 2 The potassium fertilizer is potassium sulfate, calculated as K2O, and the application rate is 90 kg / hm². 2 . Example 4 (T1)

[0086] A method for improving the stability of red soil aggregates on sloping farmland through fertilization and synergistic tillage includes the following steps: 1. Soil tillage treatment Rotary tillage is used as the tillage treatment in this embodiment.

[0087] Rotary tillage is performed on the soil to a depth of 15cm.

[0088] 2. Corn planting and field management The following summer (May to September), after rotary tillage is completed, corn is planted using a wide-narrow row planting method.

[0089] Specific steps for planting corn: (1) Apply base fertilizer (chemical nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer, potassium fertilizer), organic fertilizer and corn seeds simultaneously into the field test plot, control the wide row spacing of corn to be 75 cm, the narrow row spacing to be 38 cm, the plant spacing to be 28 cm, and control the corn seeds to maintain a horizontal distance of 8 cm and a vertical distance of 3 cm from the base fertilizer, and the corn seeds to maintain a horizontal distance of 8 cm and a vertical distance of 3 cm from the organic fertilizer. Then cover with soil with a soil thickness of 5 cm. (2) Irrigation shall be carried out after the soil covering is completed, and the irrigation volume shall be 1100 m³. 3 / hm 2 ; (3) After irrigation, cover the ground with a transparent plastic film; (4) Apply topdressing (chemical nitrogen fertilizer) during the corn's trumpet stage; (5) During the growth period of the crop (corn), irrigation should be carried out in a timely manner according to the soil moisture content. To reduce soil disturbance, weeding should not be carried out in the field. The standards for irrigation are as follows: Seedling stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 65% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 75% of the field capacity; Seedling stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 55% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 65% of the field capacity; Jointing stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 65% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 73% of the field capacity. During the tasseling stage: when the soil moisture content is below 70% of the field capacity, irrigation should be provided to maintain the soil moisture content at 80% of the field capacity; during the grain-filling stage: when the soil moisture content is below 65% of the field capacity, irrigation should be provided to maintain the soil moisture content at 75% of the field capacity; during the maturity stage: when the soil moisture content is below 50% of the field capacity, irrigation should be provided to maintain the soil moisture content at 60% of the field capacity; the field capacity is 25.45%.

[0090] (6) Harvest the corn when it is ripe.

[0091] The chemical nitrogen fertilizer used was urea, and the application rate of chemical nitrogen fertilizer in the base fertilizer was 112.5 kg / hm² (calculated as pure N). 2 The application rate of chemical nitrogen fertilizer in topdressing was 112.5 kg / hm. 2 The phosphate fertilizer is superphosphate, calculated as P2O5, with an application rate of 90 kg / hm². 2 The potassium fertilizer is potassium sulfate, calculated as K2O, and the application rate is 90 kg / hm². 2 The application rate of organic fertilizer was 7.84 t / hm. 2 .

[0092] Comparative Example 4 (CK1) A method for improving the stability of red soil aggregates on sloping farmland through tillage practices includes the following steps: 1. Soil tillage treatment Rotary tillage is used as the tillage treatment in this embodiment.

[0093] Rotary tillage is performed on the soil to a depth of 15cm.

[0094] 2. Corn planting and field management The following summer (May to September), after rotary tillage is completed, corn is planted using a wide-narrow row planting method.

[0095] Specific steps for planting corn: (1) Apply corn seeds to the field test plot, control the row spacing of the wide row to be 75 cm, the row spacing of the narrow row to be 38 cm, and the plant spacing to be 28 cm, and then cover with soil with a thickness of 5 cm. (2) Irrigation shall be carried out after the soil covering is completed, and the irrigation volume shall be 1100 m³. 3 / hm 2 ; (3) After irrigation, cover the ground with a transparent plastic film; (4) During the growth period of the crop (corn), irrigation should be carried out in a timely manner according to the soil moisture content. To reduce soil disturbance, weeding should not be carried out in the field. The standards for irrigation are as follows: Seedling stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 65% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 75% of the field capacity; Seedling stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 55% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 65% of the field capacity; Jointing stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 65% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 73% of the field capacity. During the tasseling stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 70% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 80% of the field capacity; During the grain filling stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 65% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 75% of the field capacity; During the maturity stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 50% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 60% of the field capacity; The field capacity is 25.45%. (5) Harvest the corn at the maturity stage.

[0096] Detection and Analysis The soil samples from Example 1 (corresponding to F3), Comparative Example 1 (corresponding to F2), Example 2 (corresponding to F1), Comparative Example 2 (corresponding to CK2), Example 3 (corresponding to T3), Comparative Example 3 (corresponding to T2), Example 4 (corresponding to T1), and Comparative Example 4 (corresponding to CK1) were tested and analyzed.

[0097] Soil samples were collected from F3, F2, F1, CK2, T3, T2, T1, and CK1 during the corn maturity period (September 30, 2024) and the green manure maturity period (March 31, 2024). A five-point sampling method was used for both periods, collecting soil samples from the 0-15cm and 15-30cm soil layers in each plot. The specific steps were as follows: Kraft paper was prepared in advance for each plot. The soil samples from each of the five sampling points were placed on the corresponding paper, gently broken apart along the natural cracks in the soil, and carefully removed stones, plant roots, and other debris. After thorough mixing, the samples were placed in a plastic box to preserve the original soil structure. After air-drying in the experimental environment, the soil samples were used to determine soil aggregates, organic carbon, globulin, and nutrient levels.

[0098] I. Indicator Measurement The methods for measuring each indicator are as follows: 1. Soil aggregates Soil aggregate determination employed dry and wet sieving methods, sieving soil samples into four particle sizes: >2 mm, 2-1 mm, 1-0.25 mm, and <0.25 mm.

[0099] (1) Soil aggregate determination: Mechanically stable aggregates were determined by dry sieving, and water-stable aggregates were determined by wet sieving (Elliott, 1986).

[0100] (2) Determination of soil aggregate composition and calculation of stability index (a) Content of water-stable aggregates > 0.25 mm (R 0.25 The formula for calculating ,% is shown in equation (I): (I) In formula (I): R 0.25 Content of water-stable aggregates with a particle size > 0.25 mm (%); M r >0.25 refers to the mass (g) of water-stable aggregates with a particle size >0.25 mm; M T The total mass (g) of the water-stable aggregates.

[0101] (b) The formula for calculating the average mass diameter (MWD, mm) is shown in equation (II): (II) In equation (II): i represents the particle size index. W represents the average diameter (mm) of water-stable aggregates of each particle size. i The percentage (%) represents the mass of water-stable aggregates of each particle size.

[0102] 2. Soil physicochemical properties The basic physicochemical properties of the soil were determined according to the methods described in "Soil Agrochemical Analysis" edited by Bao Shidan (1999). Specifically, soil pH was determined by 1:2.5 (soil:water) extraction and measured using a pH meter; soil organic matter (SOM) content was determined using the potassium dichromate external heating method; available nitrogen (AN) content was determined by the alkaline diffusion method; available phosphorus (AP) was determined by ammonium fluoride-hydrochloric acid extraction and molybdenum blue colorimetric method; and available potassium (AK) was determined by ammonium acetate extraction and flame photometry. Furthermore, soil organic carbon (SOC) and the organic carbon content of aggregates of different particle sizes (>2 mm, 2-1 mm, 1-0.25 mm, and <0.25 mm) were all determined using the potassium dichromate external heating method.

[0103] 3. Soil globulin (1) Soil globulin extraction.

[0104] The procedure for determining easily extractable globulin (EE-GRSP) is as follows: Weigh 0.5g of whole soil and soil samples with different particle sizes (>2mm, 2-1mm, 1-0.25mm, and <0.25mm), and place them separately into 10mL centrifuge tubes. Add 4mL of sodium citrate solution (pH=7.0), tighten the cap, and shake thoroughly. Set up a reagent blank for each batch of tests, i.e., take a 10mL centrifuge tube and add only 4mL of sodium citrate solution. Then, open the cap of the centrifuge tube, place it in an autoclave, and extract for 30 minutes at 121℃ and 103kPa. After the pressure drops, remove the centrifuge tube, tighten and level it, and centrifuge at 10000g for 10 minutes. Accurately transfer the supernatant and store it in a 4℃ refrigerator for later testing.

[0105] The determination method for total globulin (T-GRSP) is as follows: Weigh 0.5g of whole soil and soil samples with aggregates of different particle sizes (>2mm, 2-1mm, 1-0.25mm, and <0.25mm), and place them in separate 10mL centrifuge tubes. Add 4mL of sodium citrate solution (pH=8.0), tighten the cap, and shake thoroughly. A reagent blank (a 10mL centrifuge tube containing only 4mL of sodium citrate solution) should be prepared for each batch of tests. Open the cap of the centrifuge tube, place it in an autoclave, and extract for 60 minutes at 121℃ and 103kPa. After depressurization, remove the centrifuge tube, tighten the cap, level it, and centrifuge at 10000g for 10 minutes. Accurately transfer the supernatant to a 50mL storage tube, then add an equal volume of sodium citrate solution (pH=8.0) to the centrifuge tube containing the remaining soil, mix well, and repeat the extraction and centrifugation steps until the supernatant is essentially colorless. All extracted supernatants were combined into a storage tube and stored at 4°C for later testing.

[0106] (2) Determination of globulin in soil.

[0107] For the determination of globulin content, first take 20 μL of sample and place it in an ELISA plate, add 230 μL of Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining agent, and develop the color in the dark for 5 minutes. Then, take another 20 μL of the same sample and place it in an ELISA plate, adding 230 μL of sodium citrate solution at the corresponding pH (pH=7.0 for EE-GRSP extraction and pH=8.0 for T-GRSP extraction) as a sample blank. Subsequently, use an ELISA reader to measure the absorbance (OD value) of the sample at a wavelength of 595 nm, with three replicates for each sample.

[0108] Bovine serum albumin standard curve: Weigh out 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05 g of bovine serum albumin respectively, and dissolve them in a 1000 mL volumetric flask.

[0109] (3) Calculate the amount of globulin in the soil Subtract the absorbance of the reagent blank and the sample blank from the absorbance of the sample, and calculate the globulin content per unit mass of soil according to the standard curve.

[0110] II. Principal component analysis is as follows: Principal component analysis (PCA) is fundamentally about dimensionality reduction. It aims to standardize multiple correlated soil health assessment indicators and then transform them into a set of linearly independent principal component variables through orthogonal transformation. This process strives to retain the essential characteristics of the original indicators to the greatest extent possible. PCA first uses the KMO test and Bartlett's sphericity analysis to examine the degree of correlation and significance between variables. Then, it selects principal components with a cumulative contribution rate of at least 85% or an eigenvalue greater than or equal to 1. Based on this, it clarifies the contribution rate and cumulative proportion of each principal component, calculates the principal component scores, analyzes the weight distribution, and finally obtains the comprehensive soil health score. The specific operational steps are as follows: 1. To eliminate differences in dimensions and orders of magnitude, all indicators are standardized using Z-score, as shown in equation (III): (III) In equation (III), Z ij X is the standardized index value. ij X represents the original index value. j S is the average value of the j-th indicator. j Let be the standard deviation of the j-th indicator.

[0111] 2. KMO test and Barlett's test A KMO ≥ 0.6 and P < 0.05 are suitable conditions for principal component analysis.

[0112] 3. Determine the principal components Extract principal components with eigenvalues ​​≥1 or cumulative variance contribution rates ≥85%.

[0113] 4. Calculate the score of each principal component based on the eigenvectors of each principal component. The calculation formula is shown in equation (IV): (IV) In equation (IV), F k For the score of the k-th principal component, a kj Z represents the eigenvector coefficients of the k-th principal component corresponding to the j-th index. ij These are the standardized indicator values.

[0114] 5. Calculate the overall score, using the formula shown in equation (V): (V) In the formula, F is the comprehensive score of soil quality, and α kF represents the percentage of the variance contribution rate of the k-th principal component to the cumulative variance contribution rate. k The score is for the k-th principal component.

[0115] III. Data Processing Data preparation was completed using Microsoft Excel 2016. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 23.0. One-way ANOVA was used to assess the significance of differences in various indicators among different treatment groups. Principal component analysis and comprehensive score calculation were also performed using this software (see the section on principal component analysis for details). Independence T-tests were used to evaluate the core indicators. Soil quality mapping was completed using Origin 2021.

[0116] IV. Results and Analysis The results obtained after the aforementioned index determination, principal component analysis, and data processing are as follows: 1. Effects of tillage practices and organic material input on soil nutrients (including organic matter, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium) and globulin content (including extractable globulin and total globulin). (1) Effects of planting green manure on soil nutrients and globulin content The results are shown in Table 1: Table 1. Characteristics of soil nutrients and globulin content in green manure plantings. Note: Data are mean ± standard deviation. Different lowercase letters in Table 1 indicate significant differences between different treatments under the same soil layer (P<0.05).

[0117] The data in Table 1 show that: in the 0-15cm soil layer, the pH of treatment F3 was significantly higher than that of treatments T2 and F2 (P<0.05); the organic matter content of treatment T3 was significantly higher than that of treatments T2 and F2 by 14.46% and 9.68%, respectively, while that of treatment F3 was significantly higher than that of treatments T2 and F2 by 16.91% and 12.02%, respectively (P<0.05); the available nitrogen content of treatment F3 was significantly higher than that of treatments T2 and F2 by 19.56% and 5.13%, respectively (P<0.05); there were no significant differences in available phosphorus and easily extractable globulin among the treatments (P<0.05); the available potassium content of treatment T3 was significantly higher than that of treatments T2 and F2 by 16.28% and 11.61%, respectively, while that of treatment F3 was significantly higher than that of treatments T2 and F2 by 20.87% and 16.02%, respectively (P<0.05).

[0118] In the soil layer of 15-30 cm, the pH of treatments T3 and F3 was significantly higher than that of treatments T2 and F2 (P<0.05); the organic matter content of treatment F3 was significantly higher than that of treatments T2, T3, and F2 by 14.47%, 6.66%, and 13.45% respectively (P<0.05); the available nitrogen in treatment T3 was significantly higher than that in treatments T2 and F2 by 16.97% and 15.35% respectively, and the available nitrogen in treatment F3 was significantly higher than that in treatments T2 and F2 by 20.58% and 18.92% respectively (P<0.05). 5) There were no significant differences in available phosphorus and easily extractable globulin among the treatments (P<0.05); available potassium in treatment F3 was significantly higher than that in T2, T3 and F2 by 28.11%, 15.19% and 18.82% respectively (P<0.05); total globulin in treatment T3 was significantly higher than that in T2 and F2 by 35.11% and 32.75% respectively, and total globulin in treatment F3 was significantly higher than that in T2 and F2 by 35.11% and 32.75% respectively (P<0.05).

[0119] (2) Effects of different rotary tillage treatments on soil nutrients and globulin content in maize The results are shown in Table 2: Table 2. Distribution characteristics of soil nutrients and globulin content in maize under different rotary tillage treatments. Note: Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Different lowercase letters in Table 2 indicate significant differences between different treatments within the same soil layer (P < 0.05). The data in Table 2 show that the soil nutrient changes in the 0-15cm soil layer varied under different treatments under rotary tillage. The pH of treatments T1, T2, and T3 was significantly higher than that of CK1 (P<0.05); the organic matter content of treatment T3 was significantly higher than that of treatments T1, T2, and CK1 by 24.29%, 6.10%, and 14.10% (P<0.05); the alkaline nitrogen content of treatments T1 and T3 was significantly higher than that of treatments T1 and T3 by 10.93% and 21.31% (P<0.05); there was no significant difference in available phosphorus among the treatments (P<0.05); the total globulin content of treatment T3 was significantly higher than that of treatment CK1 by 46.45% (P<0.05); and the extractable globulin content of treatments T1, T2, and T3 was significantly higher than that of treatment CK1 by 27.78%, 11.11%, and 61.11% (P<0.05).

[0120] In the 15-30cm soil layer under rotary tillage conditions, the pH of treatments T1 and T3 was significantly higher than that of CK1 and T2 (P<0.05); the organic matter content of treatments T1, T2, and T3 was significantly increased by 6.04%, 3.09%, and 10.12% compared with CK1 (P<0.05); the available nitrogen content of treatment T3 was significantly increased by 10.24%, 14.38%, and 16.56% compared with T1, T2, and CK1 (P<0.05); the available phosphorus content of treatment T1 was significantly lower. Compared with CK1 treatment, the content of available potassium in T1 and T3 treatments was significantly increased by 29.63% (P<0.05); the content of available potassium in T1 and T3 treatments was significantly increased by 14.72% and 15.66% respectively compared with CK1 (P<0.05); the content of total globulin in T1, T2 and T3 treatments was significantly increased by 38.05%, 19.02% and 48.78% respectively compared with CK1 treatment (P<0.05); the content of easily extractable globulin in T3 treatment was significantly increased by 64.71% compared with CK1 treatment (P<0.05).

[0121] (3) Effects of different tillage treatments on soil nutrients and globulin content in maize The results are shown in Table 3: Table 3. Soil nutrients and globulin content in maize under different tillage treatments. Note: Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Different lowercase letters in Table 3 indicate significant differences between different treatments within the same soil layer (P < 0.05). The data in Table 3 show that, under tillage conditions, the pH of treatments F1, F2, and F3 in the 0-15cm soil layer was significantly higher than that of CK2 by 6.85%, 2.90%, and 7.68%, respectively (P<0.05); the organic matter content of treatments F1 and F3 was significantly higher than that of CK2 by 12.58% and 19.84%, respectively (P<0.05); and the available nitrogen content of treatments F1, F2, and F3 was significantly higher than that of CK2 by 21.35%, 1%, and 1%, respectively. The effective potassium content in treatments F1 and F3 was 8.40% and 26.32% respectively (P<0.05); there was no significant difference in available phosphorus and easily extractable globulin among the treatments (P<0.05); the available potassium content in treatments F1 and F3 was significantly higher than that in treatment CK2 by 16.35% and 19.05% respectively (P<0.05); the total globulin content in treatments F1, F2 and F3 was significantly higher than that in treatment CK2 by 40.85%, 31.92% and 50.23% respectively (P<0.05).

[0122] In the soil layer (15-30 cm) under different treatments under tillage conditions, the pH of treatments F1 and F3 was significantly higher than that of CK2 by 4.55% and 8.07% (P<0.05); the organic matter and available nitrogen contents of different treatments were ranked as F3>F1>F2>CK2 (P<0.05); the organic matter content of treatments F1, F2, and F3 was significantly higher than that of CK2 by 17.24%, 8.62%, and 26.55% (P<0.05); the available nitrogen content of treatments F1, F2, and F3 was significantly higher than that of CK2 by 17.24%, 8.62%, and 26.55% (P<0.05). The content of available potassium in treatments F1 and F3 was significantly increased by 15.47%, 2.52%, and 23.90% compared to treatment CK2 (P<0.05); there were no significant differences in available phosphorus and easily extractable globulin among treatments (P<0.05); the available potassium content in treatments F1 and F3 was significantly increased by 12.40% and 20.67% compared to treatment CK2 (P<0.05); the total globulin content in treatments F1, F2, and F3 was significantly increased by 43.90%, 19.02%, and 52.68% compared to treatment CK2 (P<0.05).

[0123] 2. Effects of tillage practices and organic material input on the distribution characteristics of soil water-stable aggregates (1) The effect of planting green manure on the distribution characteristics of soil water-stable aggregates The effects of planting green manure on soil water-stable aggregates varied, and the results are shown in Table 4: Table 4. Distribution characteristics of soil water-stable aggregates under different treatments of planting green manure. Note: Data are mean ± standard deviation. Different lowercase letters in Table 4 indicate significant differences in aggregates of the same size in the same soil layer (P<0.05).

[0124] Table 4 shows that in the 0-15cm soil layer, the content of >2mm aggregates in treatment F3 and R... 0.25 Both the concentration and MWD were significantly higher in the F3 treatment than in the T2, T3, and F2 treatments (P<0.05); among them, the F3 treatment had a higher concentration of >2mm aggregates and R0.05. 0.25 Compared with the T2 treatment, the content of >2mm aggregates and MWD in the F3 treatment were significantly increased by 50.24%, 11.27%, and 19.54%, respectively (P<0.05); the content of >2mm aggregates and R in the F3 treatment were significantly increased. 0.25 Compared with the T3 treatment, the content of >2mm aggregates and MWD were significantly increased by 16.49%, 8.49%, and 8.33%, respectively (P<0.05); the content of >2mm aggregates and R in the F3 treatment were significantly increased. 0.25Compared with the F2 treatment, the MWD and MWD were significantly increased by 34.91%, 11.31%, and 15.56%, respectively (P<0.05); there was no significant difference in the content of 2-1 mm aggregates among the treatments (P<0.05); the content of 1-0.25 mm aggregates in the T3 treatment was significantly increased by 12.96% and 15.65% compared with the F2 and F3 treatments, respectively (P<0.05); the content of <0.25 mm aggregates in the F3 treatment was significantly reduced by 24.19%, 19.77%, and 24.24% compared with the T2, T3, and F2 treatments (P<0.05).

[0125] In the soil layer of 15-30cm, the content of >2mm aggregates in treatment F3 and R 0.25 Both MWD and R were significantly higher in the F3 treatment than in the T2 and F2 treatments (P<0.05); the content of >2mm aggregates and R in the F3 treatment were significantly higher. 0.25 Compared to T2, F3 treatment significantly increased the content of >2mm aggregates, R, and MWD by 36.82%, 7.69%, and 18.07%, respectively. 0.25 Compared with F2, the MWD and MWD of the treatment were significantly increased by 31.76%, 6.92%, and 13.95%, respectively (P<0.05); the content of 2-1 mm aggregates in the T3 treatment was significantly increased by 35.00% and 18.22% compared with the T2 and F2 treatments, respectively (P<0.05); the content of 1-0.25 mm aggregates in the T2 treatment was significantly increased by 27.99%, 7.44%, and 17.98% compared with the T3, F2, and F3 treatments, respectively (P<0.05); the content of <0.25 mm aggregates in the F3 treatment was significantly decreased by 15.52% and 14.28% compared with the T2 and F2 treatments, respectively (P<0.05).

[0126] (2) Effects of different rotary tillage treatments on the distribution characteristics of water-stable aggregates in maize soil The effects of different treatments under rotary tillage on the composition and stability of aggregates varied, and the results are shown in Table 5: Table 5. Distribution characteristics of water-stable aggregates in maize soil under different rotary tillage treatments. Note: Data are mean ± standard deviation. Different lowercase letters in Table 5 indicate significant differences in aggregates of the same size in the same soil layer (P<0.05).

[0127] Table 5 shows that in the 0-15cm soil layer, the content of >2mm aggregates and MWD in treatment T3 were significantly higher than those in treatments CK1, T1, and T2 (P<0.05). Specifically, the content of >2mm aggregates and MWD in treatment T3 were significantly higher than those in treatment CK1 by 83.33% and 22.73% (P<0.05), respectively; and the content of >2mm aggregates and MWD in treatment T3 were significantly higher than those in treatment T1 by 24.80% and 11.34% (P<0.05), respectively. Compared with the T2 treatment, the content of 2-1 mm aggregates increased significantly by 36.37% and 12.50% (P<0.05); there was no significant difference in the content of 2-1 mm aggregates among the treatments (P<0.05); the content of 1-0.25 mm aggregates in the T2 treatment increased significantly by 22.06%, 14.95%, and 41.88% compared with the CK1, T1, and T3 treatments (P<0.05); the content of <0.25 mm aggregates in the T1, T2, and T3 treatments decreased significantly by 17.51%, 27.41%, and 24.91% compared with the CK1 treatment (P<0.05).

[0128] In the soil layer of 15-30cm, the content of >2mm aggregates in treatment T3 and R 0.25 Both MWD and T3 were significantly higher than those of CK1, T1, and T2 treatments (P<0.05); the content of >2mm aggregates and R in T3 treatment were significantly higher. 0.25 Compared with CK1 treatment, the content of >2mm aggregates and MWD in T3 treatment were significantly increased by 60.28%, 14.92%, and 20.00%, respectively (P<0.05); the content of >2mm aggregates and R in T3 treatment were also significantly increased. 0.25 Compared with the T1 treatment, the content of >2mm aggregates and MWD were significantly increased by 39.41%, 5.98%, and 9.68%, respectively (P<0.05); the content of >2mm aggregates and R in the T3 treatment were significantly increased. 0.25 The content of 2-1 mm aggregates in the T2 treatment was significantly increased by 46.62%, 3.91%, and 9.68% respectively compared with the CK1 and T3 treatments (P<0.05); the content of <0.25 mm aggregates in the T2 treatment was significantly increased by 11.97% and 20.73% compared with the CK1 and T3 treatments (P<0.05); the content of <0.25 mm aggregates in the T1, T2, and T3 treatments was significantly decreased by 16.49%, 20.72%, and 29.18% compared with the CK1 treatment (P<0.05).

[0129] (3) Effects of different tillage treatments on the distribution characteristics of soil water-stable aggregates at maize maturity The effects of different treatments under tillage on the composition and stability of aggregates varied, and the results are shown in Table 6: Table 6. Distribution characteristics of water-stable aggregates in maize soil under different tillage treatments. Note: Data are mean ± standard deviation. Different lowercase letters in Table 6 indicate significant differences (P<0.05) in aggregates of the same particle size in the same soil layer.

[0130] Table 6 shows that in the 0-15cm soil layer, the R of treatment F3 is... 0.25 Compared with CK2, the content of MWD and MWD in F3 treatment were significantly increased by 15.98% and 21.11% respectively (P<0.05); the content of 2-1 mm aggregates in F3 treatment was significantly increased by 34.29% and 26.47% compared with CK2 and F1 respectively (P<0.05); the content of 1-0.25 mm aggregates did not differ significantly among the treatments (P<0.05); the content of <0.25 mm aggregates in F3 treatment was significantly reduced by 34.00%, 18.44% and 26.61% compared with CK2, F1 and F2 respectively (P<0.05).

[0131] In the soil layer of 15-30 cm, the content of >2 mm aggregates and MWD in treatment F3 were significantly different from those in treatments CK2, F1, and F2 (P<0.05); the content of >2 mm aggregates and MWD in treatment F3 were significantly increased by 42.33% and 14.61% respectively compared with treatment CK2 (P<0.05); the content of >2 mm aggregates and MWD in treatment F3 were significantly increased by 24.23% and 7.37% respectively compared with treatment F1 (P<0.05); the content of >2 mm aggregates and MWD in treatment F3 were significantly increased by 42.33% and 14.61% respectively compared with treatment CK2 (P<0.05). Compared with CK2, the content of <0.25mm aggregates in the F2 treatment was significantly increased by 17.44% and 9.68% (P<0.05); the content of 2-1mm aggregates in the F2 treatment was significantly decreased by 13.24% and 15.21% compared with CK2 and F1 (P<0.05); there was no significant difference in the content of 1-0.25mm aggregates among the treatments (P<0.05); the content of <0.25mm aggregates in the F1, F2 and F3 treatments was significantly decreased by 11.45%, 10.26% and 28.40% compared with CK2 (P<0.05); the R of the F1 and F3 treatments was significantly lower. 0.25 Compared with the CK2 treatment, the improvement was significantly higher by 9.55% and 13.83% (P<0.05).

[0132] 3. The impact of tillage practices and organic material inputs on soil aggregate organic carbon (1) The impact of planting green manure on soil aggregate organic carbon Planting green manure has varying effects on the state of organic matter (SOC) of aggregates of different particle sizes, as shown in the following results. Figure 1 As shown. By Figure 1According to (A), in the 0-15cm soil layer, the order of SOC content in >2mm aggregates, 2-1mm aggregates, and 1-0.25mm aggregates was F3>T3>F2>T2. Specifically, the SOC content in >2mm aggregates in treatment F3 was significantly higher than that in T2, T3, and F2 by 44.15%, 9.14%, and 22.84%, respectively (P<0.05). The SOC content in 2-1mm aggregates in treatment T2 was significantly lower than that in T3, F2, and F3 by 33.85%, 12.97%, and 3%, respectively. 7.56% (P<0.05); the SOC content of 1-0.25mm aggregates treated with F3 was significantly increased by 53.30%, 26.07%, and 43.89% compared with T2, T3, and F2 (P<0.05); the SOC content of <0.25mm aggregates in each treatment was in the order T3>F3>F2>T2, and the SOC content of <0.25mm aggregates treated with T3 and F3 was significantly increased by 25.54% and 21.73%, and 24.40% and 25.96% compared with T2 and F2 (P<0.05). Figure 1 (B) indicates that in the 15-30cm soil layer, the order of SOC content for >2mm aggregates, 2-1mm aggregates, 1-0.25mm aggregates, and <0.25mm aggregates was F3>T3>F2>T2. Specifically, the SOC content for >2mm aggregates in treatment F3 was significantly higher than that in treatments T2, T3, and F2 by 30.28%, 14.03%, and 23.06%, respectively (P<0.05). The SOC content for >2mm aggregates in treatment F3 was significantly higher than that in treatments T2, T3, and F2 by 23.06% (P<0.05). The SOC of aggregates treated with T2 was significantly increased by 39.53%, 16.02%, and 23.43% compared with T2, T3, and F2, respectively (P<0.05); the SOC of 1-0.25 mm aggregates treated with T2 was significantly decreased by 18.40%, 7.55%, and 37.17% compared with T3, F2, and F3, respectively (P<0.05); the SOC of <0.25 mm aggregates treated with T2 was significantly decreased by 18.98% and 20.1% compared with T3 and F3, respectively (P<0.05).

[0133] (2) Effects of different rotary tillage treatments on organic carbon in maize soil aggregates The effects of different treatments under rotary tillage on the SOC of aggregates of different particle sizes varied, and the results are as follows: Figure 2 As shown. By Figure 2According to (A), in the 0-15cm soil layer, the SOC content of >2mm aggregates and 2-1mm aggregates in each treatment followed the order T3>T1>T2>CK1. Specifically, the SOC content of >2mm aggregates in treatment T3 was significantly higher than that in treatments CK1, T1, and T2 by 34.13%, 7.51%, and 33.17%, respectively (P<0.05); the SOC content of 2-1mm aggregates in treatment T3 was significantly higher than that in treatments CK1, T1, and T2 by 38.25%, 9.07%, and 33.36%, respectively (P<0.05); and the SOC content of 1-0.25mm aggregates... The order of SOC content in aggregates under each treatment was T1 > T3 > CK1 > T2. The SOC content of 1-0.25 mm aggregates in treatment T1 was significantly increased by 29.36%, 40.48%, and 16.91% compared to CK1, T2, and T3, respectively (P < 0.05). The order of SOC content in <0.25 mm aggregates under each treatment was T3 > T1 > CK1 > T2. The SOC content of <0.25 mm aggregates in treatment T3 was significantly increased by 14.08%, 11.19%, and 20.03% compared to CK1, T1, and T2, respectively (P < 0.05). Figure 2 (B) indicates that in the 15-30cm soil layer, the SOC content of 2-1mm aggregates and 1-0.25mm aggregates under each treatment followed the order T1>T2>T3>CK1. Specifically, the SOC content of 2-1mm aggregates in the CK1 treatment was significantly lower than that in the T1, T2, and T3 treatments by 38.94%, 37.81%, and 35.18%, respectively (P<0.05). The SOC content of 1-0.25mm aggregates in the CK1 treatment was also significantly lower than that in the T1, T2, and T3 treatments. The SOC content of >2mm aggregates was 30.38%, 29.31%, and 14.08% (P<0.05); the order of SOC content of >2mm aggregates under each treatment was T3>T2>T1>CK1. The SOC content of >2mm aggregates in the CK1 treatment was significantly reduced by 20.24%, 20.54%, and 24.43% compared with the T1, T2, and T3 treatments, respectively (P<0.05); the SOC content of <0.25mm aggregates was lowest in the T2 treatment, but there was no significant difference among the treatments (P<0.05).

[0134] (3) Effects of different tillage treatments on soil aggregate organic carbon in maize The effects of different treatments under tillage on the SOC of aggregates of various particle sizes differed, as shown in the following results. Figure 3 As shown. By Figure 3According to (A), in the 0-15cm soil layer, the order of SOC for >2mm aggregates, 2-1mm aggregates, 1-0.25mm aggregates, and <0.25mm aggregates was F3>F1>F2>CK2. The SOC content of >2mm aggregates in the CK2 treatment was significantly lower than that in the F1, F2, and F3 treatments by 26.99%, 10.66%, and 34.64% respectively (P<0.05). The SOC content of >2mm aggregates in the CK2 treatment was significantly lower than that in the F1, F2, and F3 treatments by 26.99%, 10.66%, and 34.64% respectively (P<0.05). The SOC content of 1-0.25 mm aggregates in the F3 treatment was significantly reduced by 35.87%, 24.74%, and 44.43% compared to the F1, F2, and F3 treatments, respectively (P<0.05); the SOC content of 1-0.25 mm aggregates in the F3 treatment was significantly increased by 51.14%, 11.80%, and 44.72% compared to the CK2, F1, and F2 treatments, respectively (P<0.05); the SOC content of <0.25 mm aggregates in the CK2 treatment was significantly reduced by 24.44% and 26.37% compared to the F1 and F3 treatments, respectively, and the SOC content of <0.25 mm aggregates in the F2 treatment was significantly reduced by 23.80% and 25.72% compared to the F1 and F3 treatments, respectively (P<0.05). Figure 3 (B) indicates that in the 15-30cm soil layer, the SOC content of >2mm aggregates in each treatment was in the order F3>F2>F1>CK2. The SOC content of >2mm aggregates in the CK2 treatment was significantly lower than that in the F2 and F3 treatments by 11.58% and 13.68%, respectively (P<0.05). In terms of SOC content of 2-1mm aggregates and 1-0.25mm aggregates, the order was F3>F1>F2>CK2. Specifically, the SOC content of 2-1mm aggregates in the F3 treatment was significantly higher than that in the CK2 and F2 treatments by 31.07% and 24.04%, respectively. The SOC content of 2-1mm aggregates in the F1 treatment was significantly higher than that in the CK2 and F2 treatments. The SOC content of 1-0.25 mm aggregates in the CK2 treatment was significantly increased by 24.23% and 17.57% compared to the F1 and F3 treatments, respectively (P<0.05). The SOC content of <0.25 mm aggregates in the CK2 treatment was significantly decreased by 14.17% and 14.48% compared to the F1 and F3 treatments, respectively (P<0.05). The SOC content of <0.25 mm aggregates in the F1 treatment was in the order of F1>F3>F2>CK2. The SOC content of <0.25 mm aggregates in the F3 treatment was significantly increased by 37.17% and 36.48% compared to the CK2 and F2 treatments, respectively. The SOC content of <0.25 mm aggregates in the F1 treatment was significantly increased by 46.76% and 46.03% compared to the CK2 and F2 treatments, respectively (P<0.05).

[0135] 4. The impact of tillage practices and organic material input on soil aggregates and globulin (1) The effect of planting green manure on the easy extraction of globulin from soil aggregates The effects of planting green manure on aggregates of different particle sizes (EE-GRSP) varied, and the results are as follows: Figure 4As shown. By Figure 4 According to (A), in the 0-15cm soil layer, the content of EE-GRSP aggregates of all four particle sizes in each treatment was in the order of F3>T3>F2>T2. The content of >2mm aggregates of EE-GRSP in treatment T2 was significantly reduced by 24.15%, 16.50%, and 45.00% compared with treatments T3, F2, and F3 (P<0.05); the content of 2-1mm aggregates of EE-GRSP in treatment F3 was significantly increased compared with treatments T2, T3, and F2. The percentages of EE-GRSP aggregates <0.25 mm in the T2 treatment were 57.07%, 23.67%, and 30.95% (P<0.05); the percentages of EE-GRSP aggregates <0.25 mm in the T2 treatment were significantly lower than those in the T3, F2, and F3 treatments by 25.46%, 16.20%, and 42.71% (P<0.05); the percentages of EE-GRSP aggregates <0.25 mm in the F3 treatment were significantly higher than those in the T2 and F2 treatments by 59.30% and 36.32% (P<0.05). Figure 4 (B) indicates that in the 15-30cm soil layer, the content of >2mm aggregate EE-GRSP, 2-1mm aggregate EE-GRSP, and 1-0.25mm aggregate EE-GRSP in each treatment followed the order F3>T3>F2>T2. The >2mm aggregate EE-GRSP content in treatment T2 was significantly reduced by 27.45%, 19.79%, and 63.20% compared to treatments T3, F2, and F3 (P<0.05); the >2mm aggregate EE-GRSP content in treatment F3 was significantly reduced by 27.45%, 19.79%, and 63.20% compared to treatments T3, F2, and F3 (P<0.05). The content of 1-0.25 mm aggregates of EE-GRSP in the F3 treatment was significantly increased by 53.75%, 19.04%, and 34.89% compared with the T2, T3, and F2 treatments (P<0.05); the content of 1-0.25 mm aggregates of EE-GRSP in the F3 treatment was significantly increased by 46.67%, 11.39%, and 22.22% compared with the T2, T3, and F2 treatments (P<0.05); there was no significant difference in the content of <0.25 mm aggregates of EE-GRSP among the treatments (P<0.05).

[0136] (2) Effect of different rotary tillage treatments on the ease of extracting globulin from maize soil aggregates Different treatments under rotary tillage had varying effects on EE-GRSP of agglomerates of different sizes, as shown in the following results. Figure 5 As shown. By Figure 5According to (A), in the 0-15cm soil layer, the content of EE-GRSP with >2mm aggregates, EE-GRSP with 1-0.25mm aggregates, and EE-GRSP with <0.25mm aggregates in each treatment followed the order T3>T1>T2>CK1. The content of EE-GRSP with >2mm aggregates in treatment T3 was significantly higher than that in treatments CK1, T1, and T2 by 47.32%, 17.75%, and 29.39%, respectively (P<0.05). The content of EE-GRSP with 1-0.25mm aggregates in treatment T3 was significantly higher than that in treatments CK1, T1, and T2 by 47.32%, 17.75%, and 29.39%, respectively. The content of <0.25mm aggregates of EE-GRSP in the T3 treatment was significantly increased by 46.12%, 17.58%, and 29.18% compared to the CK1, T1, and T2 treatments, respectively (P<0.05). The order of EE-GRSP content in 2-1mm aggregates among the treatments was T3>T1=T2>CK1. The content of 2-1mm aggregates of EE-GRSP in the T3 treatment was significantly increased by 46.38%, 23.67%, and 23.67% compared to the CK1, T1, and T2 treatments, respectively (P<0.05). Figure 5 (B) indicates that in the 15-30cm soil layer, the order of EE-GRSP content for aggregates of all four particle sizes was T3>T1>T2>CK1. The >2mm aggregate EE-GRSP content in treatment T3 was significantly higher than that in treatments CK1, T1, and T2 by 59.12%, 24.68%, and 44.72%, respectively (P<0.05). The 2-1mm aggregate EE-GRSP content in treatment T3 was significantly higher than that in treatments CK1, T1, and T2 by 82%. The percentages of 1-0.25 mm aggregates EE-GRSP treated with CK1, T1, and T2 were 0.48%, 24.38%, and 44.51% respectively (P<0.05); the percentages of 1-0.25 mm aggregates EE-GRSP treated with CK1, T1, and T2 were significantly reduced by 59.41%, 35.30%, and 39.91% respectively compared with the T3 treatment (P<0.05); the percentages of <0.25 mm aggregates EE-GRSP treated with CK1, T1, and T2 were significantly reduced by 53.36%, 22.76%, and 42.87% respectively compared with the T3 treatment (P<0.05).

[0137] (3) Effects of different tillage treatments on the ease of extracting globulin from soil aggregates at maize maturity The effects of different treatments under tillage on EE-GRSP aggregates of various particle sizes varied, as shown in the following results. Figure 6 As shown. By Figure 6(A) indicates that in the 0-15cm soil layer, the order of EE-GRSP content for the four particle size aggregates in each treatment was F3>F1>F2>CK2. The >2mm aggregate EE-GRSP content in treatment F3 was significantly increased by 48.18%, 12.35%, and 19.74% compared to treatments CK2, F1, and F2, respectively (P<0.05). The 2-1mm aggregate EE-GRSP content in treatment F3 was significantly increased by 48.57% compared to treatments CK2, F1, and F2. The percentages of 1-0.25 mm aggregates in the F3 treatment were 22.12% and 32.52% (P<0.05); the percentages of EE-GRSP aggregates of 1-0.25 mm in the F3 treatment were significantly increased by 40.86%, 19.66%, and 23.96% compared with the CK2, F1, and F2 treatments (P<0.05); the percentages of EE-GRSP aggregates of <0.25 mm in the F3 treatment were significantly increased by 50.23%, 23.28%, and 28.68% compared with the CK2, F1, and F2 treatments (P<0.05). Figure 6 (B) indicates that in the 15-30cm soil layer, the content of >2mm aggregate EE-GRSP, 2-1mm aggregate EE-GRSP, and <0.25mm aggregate EE-GRSP in each treatment followed the order F3>F1>F2>CK2. The >2mm aggregate EE-GRSP in treatment F3 significantly increased by 54.32%, 17.91%, and 21.09% compared to treatments CK2, F1, and F2, respectively (P<0.05); the 2-1mm aggregate EE-GRSP in treatment F3 significantly increased by 62.87% compared to treatments CK2, F1, and F2. The content of <0.25mm aggregates EE-GRSP in CK2 treatment was 26.51% and 31.40% (P<0.05); the content of <0.25mm aggregates EE-GRSP in CK2 treatment was significantly reduced by 41.07%, 30.72% and 28.24% compared with F1, F2 and F3 treatments (P<0.05); the order of 1-0.25mm aggregates EE-GRSP content under each treatment was F3>F1=F2>CK2, and the content of 1-0.25mm aggregates EE-GRSP in CK2 treatment was significantly reduced by 30.58%, 30.58% and 58.68% compared with F1, F2 and F3 treatments (P<0.05).

[0138] (4) The effect of planting green manure on total globulin in soil aggregates The effects of planting green manure on the SOC of aggregates of different particle sizes varied, and the results are as follows: Figure 7 As shown. By Figure 7According to (A), in the 0-15cm soil layer, the content of 2-1mm aggregate T-GRSP, 1-0.25mm aggregate T-GRSP, and <0.25mm aggregate T-GRSP in each treatment followed the order F3>T3>F2>T2. The 2-1mm aggregate T-GRSP content in treatments T2 and F2 was significantly reduced by 30.41% and 35.48%, and 28.64% and 33.64% respectively compared to T3 and F3 (P<0.05). The 1-0.25mm aggregate T-GRSP content in treatments T2 and F2 was significantly reduced by 34% compared to T3 and F3. The content of T-GRSP in <0.25 mm aggregates was 31.29% and 33.81%, 30.06% and 32.77% respectively (P<0.05); the content of T-GRSP in <0.25 mm aggregates in T2 and F2 treatments was significantly reduced by 31.29% and 33.81%, 30.06% and 32.56% respectively compared with T3 and F3 (P<0.05); the content of T-GRSP in >2 mm aggregates in the order of treatments was F3=T3>F2>T2, and the content of T-GRSP in >2 mm aggregates in T3 and F3 treatments was significantly increased by 35.54% and 33.88% respectively compared with T2 and F2 (P<0.05). Figure 7 (B) indicates that in the 15-30cm soil layer, the order of T-GRSP content in aggregates of all four particle sizes was F3>T3>F2>T2. The T-GRSP content in aggregates >2mm in treatments F3 and T3 was significantly higher than that in treatments T2 and F2 by 35.29% and 25.21%, 29.84% and 20.16% respectively (P<0.05). The T-GRSP content in aggregates 2-1mm in treatments F3 and T3 was significantly higher than that in treatments T2 and F2 by 35.61% and 3... The percentages of 1-0.25 mm aggregates (T-GRSP) treated with T2 and F2 were 0.24%, 30.24%, and 24.77% (P<0.05); the percentages of 1-0.25 mm aggregates (T-GRSP) treated with T2 and F2 were significantly reduced by 35.16% and 30.14%, and 23.87% and 25% respectively compared with F3 and T3 (P<0.05); the percentages of <0.25 mm aggregates (T-GRSP) treated with T2 and F2 were significantly reduced by 35.38% and 30.05%, and 30.09% and 24.96% respectively compared with F3 and T3 (P<0.05). (5) Effects of different rotary tillage treatments on total globulin in maize soil aggregates Different treatments under rotary tillage had varying effects on T-GRSP of aggregates of different particle sizes, as shown in the following results. Figure 8 As shown. By Figure 8According to (A), in the 0-15cm soil layer, the order of T-GRSP content in aggregates of all four particle sizes was T3>T1>T2>CK1. The T-GRSP content in aggregates >2mm in treatments T3 and T1 was significantly increased by 60.01% and 40.24%, 40.91% and 23.51% respectively compared to CK1 and T2 (P<0.05). The T-GRSP content in aggregates 2-1mm in treatments T3 and T1 was significantly increased by 60.21% and 40.91% respectively compared to CK1 and T2. The percentages of 1-0.25 mm aggregates in T3 and T1 treatments were 0.37%, 40.84%, and 23.40% (P<0.05); the percentages of 1-0.25 mm aggregates in T3 and T1 treatments were significantly increased by 59.90%, 40.25%, 40.58%, and 23.31% compared to CK1 and T2 (P<0.05); the percentages of <0.25 mm aggregates in CK1 treatment were significantly decreased by 40.92%, 14.29%, and 60.32% compared to T1, T2, and T3 (P<0.05). Figure 8 (B) indicates that in the 15-30cm soil layer, the order of T-GRSP content in aggregates of all four particle sizes was T3>T1>T2>CK1. The T-GRSP content in aggregates >2mm in treatments T3 and T1 was significantly increased by 50.45% and 37.34%, and 31.82% and 20.33% respectively compared to CK1 and T2 (P<0.05); the T-GRSP content in aggregates 2-1mm in treatments T3 and T1 was significantly increased by 50.26% and 11.38% respectively compared to CK1 and T2. The percentages of T-GRSP in the 1-0.25 mm aggregates treated with T3 and T1 were 34.91% and 23.29% respectively (P<0.05); the percentages of T-GRSP in the 1-0.25 mm aggregates treated with T3 and T1 were significantly increased by 50.24% and 37.00%, 31.88% and 20.26% respectively compared with CK1 and T2 (P<0.05); the percentages of T-GRSP in the <0.25 mm aggregates treated with CK1 and T2 were significantly decreased by 50.79% and 37.02%, 32.28% and 20.19% respectively compared with T3 and T1 (P<0.05).

[0139] (6) Effects of different tillage treatments on total globulin in maize soil aggregates The effects of different treatments under tillage on EE-GRSP aggregates of various particle sizes varied, as shown in the following results. Figure 9 As shown. By Figure 9(A) indicates that in the 0-15cm soil layer, the order of T-GRSP content in aggregates of all four particle sizes was F3>F1>F2>CK2. The T-GRSP content in aggregates >2mm in the CK2 treatment was significantly reduced by 38.67%, 28.44%, and 63.56% compared to F1, F2, and F3, respectively (P<0.05). The T-GRSP content in aggregates 2-1mm in the CK2 treatment was significantly reduced by 38.21% compared to F1, F2, and F3. The percentages of T-GRSP aggregates in the 1-0.25 mm range were 28.30% and 63.21% respectively (P<0.05); the percentages of T-GRSP aggregates in the CK2 treatment were significantly reduced by 38.97%, 28.72%, and 75.38% compared with F1, F2, and F3 (P<0.05); the percentages of T-GRSP aggregates in the <0.25 mm range were significantly increased by 68.56%, 17.49%, and 31.33% compared with CK2, F1, and F2 (P<0.05). Figure 9 (B) indicates that in the 15-30cm soil layer, the order of T-GRSP content in aggregates of the four particle sizes for each treatment was F3>F1>F2>CK2. The T-GRSP content in aggregates >2mm in the CK2 treatment was significantly reduced by 39.07%, 17.21%, and 53.02% compared to F1, F2, and F3, respectively (P<0.05). The T-GRSP content in aggregates 2-1mm in the F3 treatment was significantly increased by 56.15% compared to CK2, F1, and F2. The percentages of T-GRSP in the <0.25mm aggregates treated with CK2 were 12.31% and 33.33% (P<0.05); the percentages of T-GRSP in the 1-0.25mm aggregates treated with CK2 were significantly reduced by 39.11%, 17.33%, and 52.97% compared with F1, F2, and F3 (P<0.05); the percentages of T-GRSP in the <0.25mm aggregates treated with F3 were significantly increased by 57.84%, 13.62%, and 34.56% compared with CK2, F1, and F2 (P<0.05).

[0140] 5. Comprehensive evaluation of the effects of tillage practices and organic material input on soil quality for maize cultivation (1) Comprehensive evaluation of the effects of tillage practices and organic material input on soil quality in the 0-15cm layer for maize planting ① To comprehensively evaluate the effects of different treatments on the soil quality of maize in the 0-15cm depth, the following parameters were selected: available nitrogen, 2-1mm aggregate T-GRSP, <0.25mm aggregate T-GRSP, MWD, 2-1mm aggregate EE-GRSP, T-GRSP, 1-0.25mm aggregate T-GRSP, >2mm aggregate T-GRSP, >2mm aggregate EE-GRSP, <0.25mm aggregate EE-GRSP, pH, available potassium, and R. 0.25The indicators for >2mm aggregates, 1-0.25mm aggregates (EE-GRSP), organic matter, 2-1mm aggregates (SOC), >2mm aggregates (SOC), EE-GRSP, 2-1mm aggregates, 1-0.25mm aggregates (SOC), and <0.25mm aggregates (SOC) were set as X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X10, X11, X12, X13, X14, X15, X16, X17, X18, X19, X20, X21, and X22, respectively. The KMO value was 0.642, and the significance value of the Barlett's test for sphericity was less than 0.01, indicating a strong correlation and significant significance among the indicators, allowing for principal component analysis. The results are shown in Table 7. Table 7 shows that four principal components with eigenvalues ​​>1 or cumulative variance contribution rates >85% were retained, explaining 15.498%, 1.954%, 1.556%, and 1.134% of the total variables, respectively, cumulatively explaining 87.574% of the total variables. Based on the variance contribution rates, principal component 1 had a higher impact on the evaluation of soil quality traits in the 0-15cm depth of maize than principal components 2, 3, and 4.

[0141] Table 7. Evaluation Indicators of Soil 0-15cm Depth for Corn Planting: Principal Component Explanation of Variance ② The soil chemical property index measurement data were standardized according to the principal component analysis formula to obtain standardized evaluation indexes X1, X2, X3, ... X22. Principal component analysis was performed using SPSS 23.0 to obtain the initial factor loading matrix U of the physical evaluation indexes. The principal component factor score weights Z (i.e., eigenvectors) were obtained through the principal component analysis formula, as shown in Table 8.

[0142] Table 8. Initial loading matrix and eigenvectors of principal components for soil evaluation indicators in the 0-15cm depth layer for maize planting. Based on the initial factor loading matrices and their weights of each evaluation index obtained from the analysis, the functional expressions of the principal components can be obtained, as shown in equations (VI), (VII), (VIII), and (IX): (VI) (VII) (VIII) (IX) ③ The weights of the scores of different principal components are determined by the ratio of the variance contribution rate of different principal components to the cumulative variance contribution rate. The comprehensive score expression is obtained according to the principal component analysis formula, as shown in equation (X): (X) The principal component analysis scores and ranking order of maize soil properties in the 0-15cm depth under different treatments are shown in Table 9.

[0143] Table 9. Overall Score of Principal Component Analysis for Evaluation of Soil 0-15cm Layer for Corn Planting Table 9 shows that the comprehensive evaluation values ​​of maize soil at 0-15cm depth for treatments CK1, T1, T2, T3, CK2, F1, F2, and F3 were -4.421, 0.091, -1.884, 2.883, -3.447, 1.935, -0.731, and 4.728, respectively. This indicates that compared to green manure treatments, organic fertilizer treatments were better than green manure treatments under both rotary tillage and plowing conditions. Furthermore, the combination of organic fertilizer and green manure treatments was more effective than either organic fertilizer alone or green manure alone.

[0144] (2) Comprehensive evaluation of the effects of tillage practices and organic material input on soil quality at a depth of 15-30 cm for maize planting ① To comprehensively evaluate the effects of different treatments on soil quality at a depth of 15-30 cm in maize, the following parameters were selected: <0.25 mm aggregate T-GRSP, 2-1 mm aggregate T-GRSP, available nitrogen, organic matter, 1-0.25 mm aggregate T-GRSP, MWD, >2 mm aggregate T-GRSP, available potassium, >2 mm aggregate EE-GRSP, 2-1 mm aggregate EE-GRSP, and R. 0.25 The 21 indicators, namely PH, T-GRSP, <0.25mm aggregates (EE-GRSP), >2mm aggregates, 1-0.25mm aggregates (EE-GRSP), 2-1mm aggregates (SOC), >2mm aggregates (SOC), EE-GRSP, <0.25mm aggregates (SOC), and 1-0.25mm aggregates (SOC), were set as X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X10, X11, X12, X13, X14, X15, X16, X17, X18, X19, X20, and X21, respectively. Principal component analysis was performed using SPSS. The KMO value was 0.732, and the significance value of the Barlett's test for sphericity was less than 0.01, indicating that the indicators were strongly correlated and significantly significant, thus allowing for principal component analysis. The results are shown in Table 10. Table 10 shows that three principal components with eigenvalues ​​> 1 or cumulative variance contribution rates > 85% were retained, explaining 73.466%, 6.388%, and 5.266% of the total variables, respectively, and cumulatively explaining 85.119% of the total variables. The variance contribution rates indicate that principal component 1 has a greater impact on soil property evaluation than principal components 2 and 3.

[0145] Table 10 Evaluation Indicators of Soil Layer 15-30cm for Corn Planting (Principal Component Explanation of Variance) ② The soil chemical property index measurement data were standardized according to the principal component formula to obtain standardized evaluation indexes X1, X2, X3, ... X21. Principal component analysis was performed using SPSS 23.0 to obtain the initial factor loading matrix U of the physical evaluation indexes. The principal component factor score weights Z (i.e., eigenvectors) were obtained through the principal component analysis formula. The results are shown in Table 11.

[0146] Table 11 Evaluation Indicators of Soil 15-30cm for Corn Planting and Principal Component Initial Load Matrix and Eigenvectors Based on the initial factor loading matrices and their weights of each evaluation index obtained from the analysis, the functional expressions of the principal components can be obtained, as shown in equations (XI), (XII), and (XIII): (XI) (XII) (XIII) ③ The weights of the scores of different principal components are determined by the ratio of the variance contribution rate of different principal components to the cumulative variance contribution rate. The comprehensive score expression is obtained according to the principal component formula, as shown in equation (XIV): (XIV) The principal component analysis scores and ranking order of soil properties of maize at depths of 15-30 cm under different treatments are shown in Table 12.

[0147] Table 12 Principal Component Analysis Overall Score of Soil 15-30cm for Corn Planting Table 12 shows that the comprehensive evaluation values ​​of maize soil at 15-30cm depth for treatments CK1, T1, T2, T3, CK2, F1, F2, and F3 were -5.237, 0.574, -1.690, 3.658, -4.003, 2.252, -0.603, and 5.049, respectively. This indicates that compared to green manure treatments, organic fertilizer treatments were better than green manure treatments under both rotary tillage and plowing conditions. Furthermore, the combination of organic fertilizer and green manure treatments was more effective than either organic fertilizer alone or green manure alone.

[0148] The results of the analysis of various examples and comparative examples show that, under rotary tillage or plowing conditions, firstly, crop rotation with green manure significantly increased soil organic carbon content, nitrogen and potassium content, and soil aggregate stability during the green manure season; secondly, crop rotation with green manure and the input of organic materials significantly increased soil organic carbon content, nitrogen and potassium content, and soil aggregate stability during the maize season; thirdly, crop rotation with green manure significantly increased the content of easily extracted globulin (EE-GRSP) and total globulin (T-GRSP) in soil aggregates of various particle sizes during the green manure season; and fourthly, crop rotation with green manure and the input of organic materials significantly increased the content of easily extracted globulin (EE-GRSP) and total globulin (T-GRSP) in soil aggregates of various particle sizes during the maize season. Principal component analysis results show that, compared with the simple tillage pattern, the application of organic fertilizer or the implementation of green manure treatment can significantly improve the comprehensive soil quality index, with the synergistic effect of organic fertilizer + green manure treatment being the most significant; under rotary tillage or plowing conditions, the combination of organic fertilizer and green manure has a significant improving effect on maintaining the quality of red soil sloping farmland and promoting carbon sequestration.

[0149] Analysis of the aforementioned test results shows that: First, the treatment mode of combining tillage or rotary tillage with organic fertilizer and green manure has shown significant advantages in the improvement of red soil on sloping farmland. Compared with other treatments, this combination significantly increases soil nutrient content at two soil depths (0-15cm and 15-30cm) after corn harvest and after green manure growth. With proper tillage practices and the rational combination of organic fertilizer and green manure, the sustainable productivity of the farmland system can be effectively maintained. Green manure, as a bio-fertilizer rich in various nutrients, not only provides essential nutrients for crop growth but also indirectly enhances the soil's resistance to erosion by optimizing the soil's micro-ecological environment. Furthermore, the well-developed root systems of green manure plants significantly increase soil organic matter content, improve soil structure, and enrich soil fertility. Organic fertilizer contains a large number of nutrients that can be absorbed and utilized by crops, greatly enriching soil nutrients and effectively improving soil fertility. Principal component analysis results showed that the combination of tillage or rotary tillage with organic fertilizer and green manure exhibited the best overall effect in the 0-15cm and 15-30cm soil layers, significantly outperforming single tillage methods. Notably, this treatment achieved peak soil organic matter and available potassium levels after green manure planting, maintaining a significant advantage over other treatments even after corn harvest. Conversely, the treatments using only tillage or rotary tillage showed lower levels of available nitrogen, organic matter, and available potassium in all soil layers compared to other treatment combinations. This difference is primarily attributed to the synergistic effect of tillage practices and organic materials, which improved soil pore structure and enhanced microbial activity; and the complementary effect between the organic acids produced during green manure decomposition and the humic acids in the organic fertilizer, accelerating the release and retention of mineral nutrients.

[0150] Second, based on maize planting, tillage practices and the input of organic materials (plowing / rotary tillage + organic fertilizer + green manure treatment) significantly affected soil aggregate classification and stability. The >2mm aggregate content and R0 in the 0-15cm soil layer after green manure planting, combined with the organic fertilizer-green manure treatment, were significantly higher. 0.25 Both the MWD and MWD values ​​were significantly higher in this treatment than in other treatments. In the 15-30cm soil layer, the content of aggregates >2mm in this treatment was significantly higher than in other treatments. Increased application of organic fertilizer increased organic matter, which helps form stable large aggregates and improves the MWD value. Green manure roots, during their growth, wrap around soil particles, making the soil particle structure more stable, thus promoting aggregate formation and improving stability. In the winter fallow treatment, due to less surface crop cover and increased soil disturbance during tillage, the soil aggregate structure was redistributed, ultimately resulting in a decrease in the content and stability of large aggregates, while the proportion of <0.25mm aggregates showed an increasing trend. Soil water-stable aggregates were significantly affected by tillage intensity. Moderate mechanical tillage not only promotes the migration of organic matter and microorganisms and improves soil structure, but also enhances the ability to cement large aggregates. Cover crops during the fallow period reduce surface exposure, effectively reducing the risk of wind and water erosion, thus creating favorable conditions for soil aggregate stability. The application of organic fertilizer significantly enhanced the aggregation capacity of soil particles, thereby offsetting some of the damage to aggregates caused during tillage and slowing down their decomposition and transformation rate. After planting maize, the correlation trend between soil aggregate composition and stability remained consistent with that after planting green manure. Regardless of whether rotary tillage or plowing was applied, the content of aggregates >2 mm, R0.25, and MWD were significantly higher in the organic fertilizer + green manure treatment than in other treatments. Principal component analysis showed that increasing organic material input was better than monotillage, organic fertilizer treatment was better than green manure treatment, organic fertilizer + green manure treatment was better than organic fertilizer alone and green manure alone, and plowing / rotary tillage + organic fertilizer - green manure treatment was the best.

[0151] Third, tillage practices and organic material inputs significantly affect the organic carbon content in soil aggregates. After green manure planting and maize harvest, different treatments showed significant differences in organic carbon content across different soil layers and particle size groups. Among them, the combination of tillage or rotary tillage with organic fertilizer and green manure showed the best effect across all particle size groups, with significantly higher organic carbon content than other treatments. Due to differences in the types and mechanisms of cementing substances within soil aggregates of different particle sizes, the content of soil organic carbon (SOC) in aggregates varies with aggregate size. The adsorption and cementation processes of aggregates promote the storage of organic carbon in farmland, resulting in higher organic carbon content in larger aggregates than in smaller aggregates.

[0152] Overall, the total organic carbon (TOC) content in soil decreased with increasing soil depth across all treatments. The TOC content in the 0-15cm soil layer after planting green manure and corn was significantly higher than that in the 15-30cm soil layer. This phenomenon stems from the fact that the topsoil receives more litter from surface vegetation, and numerous plant fine roots are also important pathways for organic carbon input. Combined with the application of organic fertilizer, the input of organic carbon to the topsoil exceeds the decomposition, resulting in a higher accumulation of organic carbon. Over time, the topsoil gradually forms a subsoil layer due to natural sedimentation and human cultivation. At this stage, organic carbon is mainly replenished by crop root exudates and leaching from the upper soil layers, leading to a relative decrease in the source. As soil deposition time increases with depth, the decomposition of organic carbon gradually exceeds the input, resulting in a continuous decrease in the organic carbon content of deeper soils, significantly lower than that of the topsoil.

[0153] Fourth, tillage practices and organic material inputs significantly affected the content of glomeruli in soil aggregates. The total and extractable glomeruli in the soil treated with plowing / rotary tillage + organic fertilizer + green manure were significantly higher than those treated with other organic materials. This is because GRSP, as a recently secreted and relatively unstable substance from arbuscular mycorrhizal (AMF), is constantly fluctuating in content and easily affected by external factors. Furthermore, the application of organic fertilizer increased nutrients for the soil and microorganisms, while green manure increased plant root systems, leading to increased root exudates.

Claims

1. A method for improving the stability of red soil aggregates on sloping farmland through fertilization and synergistic tillage, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Step 1: Tillage the soil; Step 2: Apply base fertilizer, organic fertilizer and corn seeds into the soil simultaneously, cover with soil, irrigate, and then cover the surface with a film. Step 3: Apply topdressing fertilizer during the corn's trumpet stage; Step 4: During the crop growth period, irrigate and replenish water in a timely manner according to the soil moisture content; Step 5: Harvest the corn at maturity to improve the stability of red soil aggregates on sloping farmland.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step one also includes: planting green manure crops until maturity, removing the above-ground parts of the green manure crops, retaining the underground root system of the green manure crops, and then tilling the soil.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The soil is red soil from sloping farmland, and its physicochemical properties are as follows: it is acidic, with an organic matter content of 23.65 g / kg, available nitrogen of 70.89 mg / kg, available phosphorus of 7.45 mg / kg, and available potassium of 92.78 mg / kg.

4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The tillage treatment is selected from at least one of plowing and rotary tillage; The tillage depth is 20-25cm; And / or, the tillage depth of the rotary tillage is 10-15cm.

5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The base fertilizer is a mixture of chemical nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer; The organic fertilizer is a commercial organic fertilizer, wherein the organic matter content is 30%, the total nutrients are ≥4.0%, and the total carbon input is 2.67 t / hm. 2 The total nutrients in the organic fertilizer are N≥1.2%, P2O≥0.6%, and K2O≥2.2%. The top dressing is a chemical nitrogen fertilizer.

6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that, The ratio of base fertilizer to organic fertilizer is 1:7.5-8.5; In base fertilizer, based on pure nutrients, the ratio of chemical nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer is 21-24:17-19:17-19; The ratio of chemical nitrogen fertilizer used in basal fertilizer to that used in topdressing is 1:

1.

7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that, The application rate of the organic fertilizer was 7.84 t / hm. 2 ; The chemical nitrogen fertilizer is urea, and the total application rate, calculated as pure nitrogen, is 210-240 kg / hm². 2 ; The phosphate fertilizer is superphosphate, calculated as P2O5, with an application rate of 85-95 kg / hm². 2 ; The potassium fertilizer is potassium sulfate, calculated as K2O, and the application rate is 85-95 kg / hm. 2 .

8. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that, The planting order of green manure crops and corn is as follows: green manure crops are planted in winter, and corn is planted in the following summer. The winter refers to the period from September of the first year to March of the second year, and the summer of the following year refers to the period from May to September of the second year.

9. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that, The green manure crop is vetch, which is planted by spot sowing, with row spacing controlled at 32-38 cm and plant spacing controlled at 22-28 cm. And / or, the corn is planted in wide and narrow rows, with a row spacing of 65-75 cm for wide rows, a row spacing of 32-38 cm for narrow rows, and a plant spacing of 22-28 cm; And / or, the horizontal distance and vertical distance between the corn seeds and the base fertilizer are 8-12 cm and 3-5 cm, respectively; And / or, the horizontal distance between the corn seeds and the organic fertilizer is 8-12 cm and the vertical distance is 3-5 cm, respectively; And / or, the thickness of the soil covering is 3-5 cm; And / or, the irrigation volume is 1000-1100 m³. 3 / hm 2 ; And / or, the criteria for irrigation replenishment include: Seedling stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 65% of field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 70% to 80% of field capacity; Seedling stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 55% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 60% to 70% of the field capacity. Jointing stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 65% of field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 70% to 75% of field capacity; During the tasseling stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 70% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 75% to 85% of the field capacity. Grain filling stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 65% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 70% to 80% of the field capacity. Maturity stage: When the soil moisture content is lower than 50% of the field capacity, irrigation should be carried out to maintain the soil moisture content at 55% to 65% of the field capacity. The field water holding capacity was 25.45%; And / or, the film is a transparent plastic film made of polyethylene.

10. The application of the method according to any one of claims 1 to 9 in improving the stability of red soil aggregates on sloping farmland, increasing soil organic carbon content, increasing soil nitrogen and potassium content and / or improving soil fertility.

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