Composite film with antireflection coating

Abstract

The present application relates to composite films having an anti-reflective coating. The present invention provides a composite film that can include a first transparent substrate and a first anti-reflective coating overlying a first surface of the first transparent substrate. The first anti-reflective coating can include a first UV-curable acrylate binder, a photoinitiator component, and silica nanoparticles dispersed within the first anti-reflective coating. The first anti-reflective coating can further include a ratio of ACl SiO2 / AC1 B of at least about 0.01 and not greater than about 1.3. The composite film can further have a VLT of at least about 93.0% and a haze value of not greater than about 3%.

Description

[0001] This application is a divisional application of the invention patent application filed on June 14, 2019, with application number "201980041216.3" and title "Composite film with anti-reflective coating". Technical Field

[0002] This disclosure relates to a composite film. In particular, this disclosure relates to a composite film having an anti-reflective coating that possesses specific solar and optical properties. Background Technology

[0003] Composite films can be used as covers for various glass components to control the transmission of sunlight through transmission, reflection, and absorption. For certain composite film applications, such as those on or covering medical glass components (including medical hoods, shields, and protective eyewear), the composite film must exhibit high visible light transmittance (“VLT”), low haze, and low reflectance. This combination of characteristics is critical for specific systems. Therefore, there is a continuous need for improved composite films in such applications. Summary of the Invention

[0004] According to a first aspect, a composite film may include a first transparent substrate and a first antireflective coating applied to a first surface of the first transparent substrate. The first antireflective coating may include a first UV-curable acrylate binder, a photoinitiator component, and silica nanoparticles dispersed within the first antireflective coating. The first antireflective coating may further include at least about 0.01 and no more than about 1.3 ppm of AC1. SiO2 / AC1 B AC1 SiO2 It is the weight percentage concentration of silica nanoparticles in the first antireflective coating in the total weight of the first antireflective coating, and AC1 B It is the weight percentage concentration of the first UV-curable acrylate binder in the first antireflective coating in the total weight of the antireflective coating. The composite film may further have a VLT of at least about 93.0% and a haze value of no more than about 3%.

[0005] According to another aspect, a composite film may include a first transparent substrate and a first antireflective coating applied to a first surface of the first transparent substrate. The first antireflective coating may include a first UV-curable acrylate binder, a photoinitiator component, and silica nanoparticles dispersed within the first antireflective coating. The first antireflective coating may include the first UV-curable acrylate binder at a concentration of at least about 40% by weight and no more than about 95% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. The first antireflective coating may further include a photoinitiator component at a concentration of at least about 2.0% by weight and no more than about 10% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. The first antireflective coating may also include silica nanoparticles at a concentration of at least about 5% by weight and no more than about 60% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. The composite film may further have a VLT of at least about 93.0% and a haze value of no more than about 3%.

[0006] According to another aspect, a method of forming a composite film may include: providing a first antireflective coating formulation; applying the first antireflective coating formulation to a transparent substrate; and drying the first antireflective coating formulation to form a composite film, the composite film including a first antireflective coating overlaid on the transparent substrate. The first antireflective coating formulation may comprise a primary first UV-curable acrylate binder component, a primary photoinitiator component, and silica nanoparticles. The first antireflective coating formulation may comprise a primary UV-curable acrylate binder component at a concentration of at least about 0.4 wt% and no more than about 5.5 wt% of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. The first antireflective coating formulation may further comprise a primary photoinitiator component at a concentration of at least about 0.2 wt% and no more than about 2.0 wt% of the total weight of the first antireflective coating formulation. The first antireflective coating formulation may also comprise silica nanoparticles at a concentration of at least about 0.7 wt% and no more than about 1.9 wt% of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. The composite membrane may further have a VLT of at least about 93.0% and a haze value of no more than about 3%.

[0007] According to another aspect, a method of forming a composite film may include: providing a first antireflective coating formulation; applying the first antireflective coating formulation to a transparent substrate; and drying the first antireflective coating formulation to form a composite film, the composite film including a first antireflective coating overlaid on the transparent substrate. The first antireflective coating formulation may comprise a primary first UV-curable acrylate binder component, a primary photoinitiator component, and silica nanoparticles. The first antireflective coating formed by this method may comprise a first UV-curable acrylate binder, a photoinitiator component, and silica nanoparticles dispersed within the first antireflective coating. The first antireflective coating may further comprise at least about 0.01 and no more than about 1.3 of an AC1 ratio. SiO2 / AC1 B AC1 SiO2 It is the weight percentage concentration of silica nanoparticles in the first antireflective coating in the total weight of the first antireflective coating, and AC1 B It is the weight percentage concentration of the first UV-curable acrylate binder in the first antireflective coating in the total weight of the antireflective coating. The composite film may further have a VLT of at least about 93.0% and a haze value of no more than about 3%.

[0008] According to another aspect, a method of forming a composite film may include: providing a first antireflective coating formulation; applying the first antireflective coating formulation to a transparent substrate; and drying the first antireflective coating formulation to form a composite film, the composite film including a first antireflective coating overlaid on the transparent substrate. The first antireflective coating formulation may comprise a pristine first UV-curable acrylate binder component, a pristine photoinitiator component, and silica nanoparticles. The first antireflective coating formed by this method may comprise a first UV-curable acrylate binder, a photoinitiator component, and silica nanoparticles dispersed within the first antireflective coating. The first antireflective coating formed by this method may comprise a first UV-curable acrylate binder at a concentration of at least about 40% by weight and no more than about 95% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. The first antireflective coating formed by this method may further comprise a photoinitiator component at a concentration of at least about 2.0% by weight and no more than about 10% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. The first antireflective coating formed by this method may further contain silica nanoparticles at a concentration of at least about 5% by weight and no more than about 60% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. The composite film may further have a VLT of at least about 93.0% and a haze value of no more than about 3%. Attached Figure Description

[0010] The embodiments are shown by way of example and are not limited to the accompanying drawings.

[0011] Figure 1 is an illustration of an example composite membrane according to certain embodiments described herein;

[0012] Figure 2 is an illustration of another example composite membrane according to certain embodiments described herein;

[0013] Figure 3 is an illustration of another example composite membrane according to certain embodiments described herein;

[0014] Figure 4 is an illustration of another example composite membrane according to certain embodiments described herein;

[0015] Figure 5a is an illustration of another example composite membrane according to certain embodiments described herein;

[0016] Figure 5b is an illustration of another example composite membrane according to certain embodiments described herein;

[0017] Figure 6a illustrates another example composite membrane according to certain embodiments described herein;

[0018] Figure 6b is an illustration of another example composite membrane according to certain embodiments described herein;

[0019] Those skilled in the art will recognize that, for simplicity and clarity, the components shown in the figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. Detailed Implementation

[0020] The following discussion will focus on specific implementations and embodiments of the teachings herein. Specific implementations are provided to aid in describing certain embodiments and should not be construed as limiting the scope or applicability of this disclosure or teachings. It should be understood that other embodiments may be used based on the disclosure and teachings provided herein.

[0021] The terms “constituting of,” “comprising,” “including,” “containing,” “having,” “having,” or any other variations thereof are intended to encompass the meaning of non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a method, article, or apparatus that includes a list of features is not necessarily limited to those features, but may include other features not expressly listed or inherent to the method, article, or apparatus. Furthermore, unless expressly stated otherwise, “or” means inclusive rather than exclusive. For example, any of the following can satisfy condition A or B: A is true (or exists) and B is false (or does not exist); A is false (or does not exist) and B is true (or exists); and both A and B are true (or exist).

[0022] Furthermore, the terms "an" or "a" are used to describe the elements and components described herein. This is done solely for convenience and to give a general meaning to the scope of the invention. Unless it is clearly intended otherwise, this description should be understood to include one, at least one, or a singular including a plural, or vice versa. For example, when a single item is described herein, more than one item may be used instead of a single item. Similarly, in cases where more than one item is described herein, a single item may replace more than one item.

[0023] As used herein, the term “visible light transmittance” or “VLT” refers to the percentage of all light visible to the human eye (i.e., wavelengths between 380 nm and 780 nm) that is transmitted through a composite stack / transparent substrate system, and can be measured using a BYK Haze Gard instrument according to TH ASTM C method.

[0024] As used herein, the term "haze value" refers to the amount of light transmitted through the composite film that has been deflected from the incident beam by more than [a certain value]. The percentage of light, and can be measured using BYK's Haze Gard instrument according to the TH ASTM-C method.

[0025] As used herein, the term "reflectivity" refers to a measure of visible light reflected from the surface of a composite film when illuminated by a light source and can be measured using a HunterLab instrument according to ASTM E-1349.

[0026] The embodiments described herein generally relate to composite films that may include a first transparent substrate and a first antireflective coating over a first surface of the first transparent substrate. The first antireflective coating may comprise a first UV-curable acrylate binder, a photoinitiator component, and silica nanoparticles dispersed within the first antireflective coating. Composite films formed according to the embodiments described herein may have specific properties such as high VLT, low haze value, low reflectivity, or combinations thereof.

[0027] These concepts will be better understood in light of the embodiments described below, which are illustrative but not limiting of the scope of this disclosure.

[0028] Figure 1 is an illustration of a cross-sectional view of a portion of an example composite film 100 according to an embodiment described herein. As shown in Figure 1, the composite film 100 may include a first transparent substrate 110 and a first anti-reflective coating 120 covering a first surface 112 of the first transparent substrate 110.

[0029] According to certain embodiments, the composite membrane 100 may have a specific VLT. For example, the composite membrane 100 may have a VLT of at least about 93.2%, such as at least about 93.4%, or at least about 93.6%, or at least about 93.8%, or at least about 94.0%, or at least about 94.2%, or at least about 94.4%, or at least about 94.6%, or at least about 94.8%, or at least about 95.0%, or at least about 95.2%, or at least about 95.4%, or at least about 95.6%, or at least about 95.8%, or even at least about 96.0%. According to further embodiments, the composite membrane 100 may have a VLT of no more than about 99.9%. It should be understood that the composite membrane 100 may have a VLT ranging between and including any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the composite membrane 100 may have a VLT ranging between and including any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values.

[0030] According to further embodiments, the composite film 100 may have a specific haze value. For example, the composite film 100 may have a haze value not greater than about 3.0%, such as not greater than about 2.9%, or not greater than about 2.8%, or not greater than about 2.7%, or not greater than about 2.6%, or not greater than about 2.5%, or not greater than about 2.4%, or not greater than about 2.3%, or not greater than about 2.2%, or not greater than about 2.1%, or not greater than about 2.0%, or not greater than about 1.9%, or not greater than about 1.8%, or not greater than about 1.7%, or not greater than about 1.6%, or not greater than about 1.5%, or not greater than about 1.4%, or even not greater than about 1.3%. It should be understood that the composite film 100 may have a haze value within the range of and including any of the above values. It should be further understood that the composite film 100 may have a haze value within the range of and including any of the above values.

[0031] According to some other embodiments, the composite film 100 may have a specific reflectivity. For example, the composite film 100 may have a reflectivity not greater than about 7.0%, such as not greater than about 6.9%, or not greater than about 6.8%, or not greater than about 6.7%, or not greater than about 6.6%, or not greater than about 6.5%, or not greater than about 6.4%, or not greater than about 6.3%, or not greater than about 6.2%, or not greater than about 6.1%, or not greater than about 6.0%, or not greater than about 5.9%, or not greater than about 5.8%, or not greater than about 5.7%, or not greater than about 5.6%, or not greater than about 5.5%, or not greater than about 5.4%, or not greater than about 5.3%, or not greater than about 5.2%, or not greater than about 5.1%, or not greater than about 5.0%. It should be understood that the composite film 100 may have a reflectivity within a range between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​described above. It should be further understood that the composite film 100 may have a reflectance between and including any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values.

[0032] According to some other embodiments, the first antireflective coating 120 may have a specific thickness. For example, the first antireflective coating 120 may have a thickness of at least about 50 nm, such as at least about 60 nm, or at least about 70 nm, or at least about 80 nm, or at least about 90 nm, or at least about 100 nm, or at least about 110 nm, or at least about 120 nm, or at least about 130 nm, or at least about 140 nm, or at least about 150 nm, or at least about 160 nm, or at least about 170 nm, or at least about 180 nm, or at least about 190 nm, or even at least about 200 nm. According to further embodiments, the first antireflective coating 120 may have a thickness not greater than about 500 nm, such as not greater than about 490 nm, or not greater than about 480 nm, or not greater than about 470 nm, or not greater than about 460 nm, or not greater than about 450 nm, or not greater than about 440 nm, or not greater than about 430 nm, or not greater than about 420 nm, or not greater than about 410 nm, or not greater than about 400 nm, or not greater than about 390 nm, or not greater than about 380 nm, or not greater than about 370 nm, or not greater than about 360 nm, or not greater than about 350 nm, or not greater than about 340 nm, or not greater than about 330 nm, or not greater than about 320 nm, or not greater than about 310 nm, or even not greater than about 300 nm. It should be understood that the first antireflective coating 120 may have a thickness within and including any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the first antireflective coating 120 may have a thickness between and including any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values.

[0033] According to some other embodiments, the first antireflective coating 120 may have a specific ratio of AC1 SiO2 / AC1 B AC1 SiO2 It is the weight percentage concentration of silica nanoparticles in the first antireflective coating 120 in the total weight of the first antireflective coating 120, and AC1 BThis refers to the weight percentage concentration of the first UV-curable acrylate adhesive in the first antireflective coating 120 as a percentage of the total weight of the first antireflective coating 120. For example, the first antireflective coating 120 may have a ratio of at least about 0.01, such as at least about 0.05, or at least about 0.07, or at least about 0.1, or at least about 0.12, or at least about 0.15, or at least about 0.17, or at least about 0.20, or at least about 0.22, or at least about 0.25, or at least about 0.27, or even at least about 0.30. SiO2 / AC1 B According to some other embodiments, the first antireflective coating 120 may have a ratio AC1 of no more than about 1.3, such as no more than about 1.2, or no more than about 1.1, or no more than about 1.0, or no more than about 0.9, or no more than about 0.8, or no more than about 0.7, or no more than about 0.6, or even no more than about 0.5. SiO2 / AC1 B It should be understood that the first antireflective coating 120 may have a ratio AC1 that is within the range of any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values, and includes any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values. SiO2 / AC1 B It should be further understood that the first antireflective coating 120 may have a ratio AC1 that is between and includes any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values. SiO2 / AC1 B .

[0034] According to some other embodiments, the first antireflective coating 120 may include a first UV-curable acrylate binder. According to still other embodiments, the first UV-curable acrylate binder in the first antireflective coating 120 may be, for example, SR351LV, SR355, SR399, tetrafunctional acrylate monomers, pentafunctional acrylate monomers, pentaerythritol tri-tetraacrylate (PETIA), Ebecry 140, Ebecryl 180, multifunctional oligomers, or UV resins.

[0035] According to further embodiments, the first antireflective coating 120 may contain a specific concentration of a first UV-curable acrylate adhesive. For example, the first antireflective coating 120 may have a first UV-curable acrylate adhesive concentration of at least about 40% by weight, such as at least about 42% by weight, or at least about 44% by weight, or at least about 46% by weight, or at least about 48% by weight, or at least about 50% by weight, or at least about 52% by weight, or at least about 54% by weight, or at least about 56% by weight, or at least about 58% by weight, or even at least about 60% by weight. According to some other embodiments, the first antireflective coating 120 may have a first UV-curable acrylate adhesive concentration of no more than about 95% by weight, such as no more than about 93% by weight, or no more than about 90% by weight, or no more than about 88% by weight, or no more than about 85% by weight, or no more than about 83% by weight, or no more than about 80% by weight, or no more than about 78% by weight, or no more than about 75% by weight, or no more than about 73% by weight, or even no more than about 70% by weight. It should be understood that the first antireflective coating 120 may have a first UV-curable acrylate adhesive concentration within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values, and including any of the above minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the first antireflective coating 120 may have a first UV-curable acrylate adhesive concentration within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values, and including any of the above minimum and maximum values.

[0036] According to some other embodiments, the first antireflective coating 120 may contain a photoinitiator component. According to still other embodiments, the photoinitiator component in the first antireflective coating 120 may be Omnirad 184, Omnirad 819, Omnirad 1173, CPI 6976, other similar photoinitiators, or any combination thereof.

[0037] According to further embodiments, the first antireflective coating 120 may include a specific concentration of photoinitiator component. For example, the first antireflective coating 120 may have a photoinitiator component concentration of at least about 2% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating, such as at least about 2.2% by weight, or at least about 2.5% by weight, or at least about 2.7% by weight, or at least about 3.0% by weight, or at least about 3.2% by weight, or at least about 3.5% by weight, or at least about 3.7% by weight, or at least about 4.0% by weight, or at least about 4.2% by weight, or at least about 4.5% by weight, or at least about 4.7% by weight, or at least about 5.0% by weight, or at least about 5.2% by weight, or even at least about 5.5% by weight. According to some other embodiments, the first antireflective coating 120 may have a photoinitiator component concentration of no more than about 10% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating, such as no more than about 9.8% by weight, or no more than about 9.5% by weight, or no more than about 9.3% by weight, or no more than about 9.0% by weight, or no more than about 8.8% by weight, or no more than about 8.5% by weight, or no more than about 8.3% by weight, or no more than about 8.0% by weight, or no more than about 7.8% by weight, or no more than about 7.5% by weight, or no more than about 7.3% by weight, or no more than about 7.0% by weight, or no more than about 6.8% by weight, or even no more than about 6.5% by weight. It should be understood that the first antireflective coating 120 may have a photoinitiator component concentration within a range between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​described above. It should be further understood that the first antireflective coating 120 may have a photoinitiator component concentration that is between and includes any of the minimum and maximum values ​​mentioned above.

[0038] According to further embodiments, the first antireflective coating 120 may contain a specific concentration of silica nanoparticles. For example, the first antireflective coating 120 may have a silica nanoparticle concentration of at least about 5% by weight, such as at least about 6% by weight, or at least about 7% by weight, or at least about 8% by weight, or at least about 9% by weight, or at least about 10% by weight, or at least about 11% by weight, or at least about 12% by weight, or at least about 13% by weight, or at least about 14% by weight, or at least about 15% by weight, or at least about 16% by weight, or at least about 17% by weight, or at least about 18% by weight, or at least about 19% by weight, or at least about 20% by weight, or at least about 21% by weight, or at least about 22% by weight, or at least about 23% by weight, or at least about 24% by weight, or even at least about 25% by weight. According to some other embodiments, the first antireflective coating 120 may have a silica nanoparticle concentration of no more than about 60% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating, such as no more than about 58% by weight, or no more than about 55% by weight, or no more than about 53% by weight, or no more than about 50% by weight, or no more than about 48% by weight, or no more than about 45% by weight, or no more than about 43% by weight, or no more than about 40% by weight, or no more than about 38% by weight, or no more than about 35% by weight, or no more than about 33% by weight, or even no more than about 30% by weight. It should be understood that the first antireflective coating 120 may have a silica nanoparticle concentration within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values, and including any of the above minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the first antireflective coating 120 may have a silica nanoparticle concentration within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values, and including any of the above minimum and maximum values.

[0039] According to some other embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the first antireflective coating 120 may be surface-treated silica nanoparticles. According to other embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the first antireflective coating 120 may be substantially solid spherical silica nanoparticles.

[0040] According to some other embodiments, the first antireflective coating 120 may be surface-treated with polysiloxane, acrylate, or a combination thereof.

[0041] According to some other embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the first antireflective coating 120 may have a specific average particle size (D50). For the purposes of the embodiments described herein, the average particle size (D50) is measured according to ASTM E2490. According to some embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the first antireflective coating 120 may have an average particle size (D50) of at least about 1 nm, such as at least about 2 nm, or at least about 3 nm, or at least about 4 nm, or at least about 5 nm, or at least about 6 nm, or at least about 7 nm, or at least about 8 nm, or at least about 10 nm, or at least about 11 nm, or at least about 12 nm, or at least about 13 nm, or at least about 14 nm, or at least about 15 nm, or at least about 16 nm, or at least about 17 nm, or even at least about 18 nm. According to other embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the first antireflective coating 120 may have an average particle size (D50) not greater than about 500 nm, such as not greater than about 400 nm, or not greater than about 300 nm, or not greater than about 200 nm, or not greater than about 100 nm, or not greater than about 95 nm, or not greater than about 90 nm, or not greater than about 85 nm, or not greater than about 80 nm, or not greater than about 75 nm, or not greater than about 65 nm, or not greater than about 60 nm, or not greater than about 55 nm, or not greater than about 50 nm, or not greater than about 45 nm, or not greater than about 40 nm, or not greater than about 35 nm, or not greater than about 30 nm, or even not greater than about 25 nm. It should be understood that the silica nanoparticles in the first antireflective coating 120 may have an average particle size (D50) within the range between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​described above. It should be further understood that the silica nanoparticles in the first antireflective coating 120 may have an average particle size (D50) between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​mentioned above.

[0042] According to some other embodiments, the first antireflective coating 120 may further comprise a slip agent. According to still other embodiments, the slip agent may be any known slip agent used in the wet coating industry, such as Tego glide 410, Tegorad 2100, Tegorad 2300, Tegorad 2500, BYK 306, BYK 307, and any combination thereof.

[0043] According to some other embodiments, the first antireflective coating 120 may contain a specific concentration of a slip agent. For example, the first antireflective coating 120 may have a slip agent concentration of at least about 0.01% by weight, or at least about 0.5% by weight, or even at least about 1.0% by weight, of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. According to still other embodiments, the first antireflective coating 120 may have a slip agent concentration of no more than about 5% by weight, or no more than about 4.5% by weight, or no more than about 4.0% by weight, of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. It should be understood that the first antireflective coating 120 may have a slip agent concentration within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values, and including any of the above minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the first antireflective coating 120 may have a slip agent concentration within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values, and including any of the above minimum and maximum values.

[0044] According to some other embodiments, the first antireflective coating 120 may further comprise a wetting agent. According to still other embodiments, the wetting agent may be any known wetting agent used in the wet coating industry, such as BYK-377, BYK-UV 3500, Tego 270, or any combination thereof.

[0045] According to some other embodiments, the first antireflective coating 120 may contain a specific concentration of wetting agent. For example, the first antireflective coating 120 may have a wetting agent concentration of at least about 0.01% by weight, or at least about 0.05% by weight, or at least about 0.1% by weight, of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. According to still other embodiments, the first antireflective coating 120 may have a wetting agent concentration of no more than about 0.3% by weight, or no more than about 0.25% by weight, or even no more than about 0.2% by weight, of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. It should be understood that the first antireflective coating 120 may have a slip agent concentration ranging from and including any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the first antireflective coating 120 may have a wetting agent concentration ranging from and including any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values.

[0046] According to some other embodiments, the first antireflective coating 120 may further comprise a surface energy modifier. According to still other embodiments, the surface energy modifier may be any known surface energy modifier used in the wet coating industry, such as BYK-315, BYK-300, BYK-310, BY-378, or any combination thereof.

[0047] According to some other embodiments, the first antireflective coating 120 may contain a specific concentration of surface energy modifier. For example, the first antireflective coating 120 may have a surface energy modifier concentration of at least about 0.01% by weight, or at least about 0.05% by weight, or at least about 0.1% by weight, of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. According to still other embodiments, the first antireflective coating 120 may have a surface energy modifier concentration of no more than about 0.30% by weight, or no more than about 0.25% by weight, or even no more than about 0.2% by weight, of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. It should be understood that the first antireflective coating 120 may have a surface energy modifier concentration within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values, and including any of the above minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the first antireflective coating 120 may have a surface energy modifier concentration within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values, and including any of the above minimum and maximum values.

[0048] According to some other embodiments, the first antireflective coating 120 may further comprise a second UV-curable acrylate adhesive. According to still other embodiments, the second UV-curable acrylate adhesive may be SR351LV, SR355, SR399, a tetrafunctional acrylate monomer, a pentafunctional acrylate monomer, pentaerythritol tri-tetraacrylate (PETIA), Ebecry 140, Ebecryl 180, a multifunctional oligomer, or a UV resin.

[0049] According to some other embodiments, the first antireflective coating 120 may contain a specific concentration of a second UV-curable acrylate adhesive. For example, the first antireflective coating 120 may have a second UV-curable acrylate adhesive concentration of at least about 5.0% by weight, or at least about 7% by weight, or at least about 10% by weight, or at least about 12% by weight, or at least about 15% by weight, or at least about 17% by weight, or at least about 20% by weight, or at least about 22% by weight, or even at least about 25% by weight, of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. According to still other embodiments, the first antireflective coating 120 may have a second UV-curable acrylate adhesive concentration of no more than about 60% by weight, or no more than about 58% by weight, or no more than about 55% by weight, or no more than about 53% by weight, or no more than about 50% by weight, or no more than about 48% by weight, or no more than about 45% by weight, or no more than about 43% by weight, or no more than about 40% by weight, of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. It should be understood that the first antireflective coating 120 may have a second UV-curable acrylate adhesive concentration that is within the range of any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values, and includes any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the first antireflective coating 120 may have a second UV-curable acrylate adhesive concentration that is within the range of any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values, and includes any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values.

[0050] According to some embodiments, the first transparent substrate 110 may have a specific thickness. For example, the first transparent substrate 110 may have a thickness of at least about 5 mils, such as at least about 6 mils, or at least about 7 mils, or at least about 8 mils, or at least about 9 mils, or even at least about 10 mils. According to yet other embodiments, the first transparent substrate 110 may have a thickness of no more than about 15 mils, such as no more than about 14 mils, or no more than about 13 mils, or no more than about 12 mils, or no more than about 11 mils. It should be understood that the thickness of the first transparent substrate 110 may be within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values ​​and includes any of the above minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the thickness of the first transparent substrate 110 may be between any of the above minimum and maximum values ​​and includes any of the above minimum and maximum values.

[0051] According to some other embodiments, the first transparent substrate 110 may be a plurality of transparent films laminated together by an adhesive. For example, the first transparent substrate 110 may be at least two films laminated together by an adhesive, or at least three films laminated together by an adhesive, or at least four films laminated together by an adhesive, or at least five films laminated together by an adhesive, or at least six films laminated together by an adhesive, or at least seven films laminated together by an adhesive, or at least eight films laminated together by an adhesive, or at least nine films laminated together by an adhesive, or at least ten films laminated together by an adhesive, or at least eleven films laminated together by an adhesive, or at least twelve films laminated together by an adhesive, or at least thirteen films laminated together by an adhesive, or at least fourteen or even fifteen films laminated together by an adhesive.

[0052] According to some embodiments, the first transparent substrate 110 may comprise a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film. According to still other embodiments, the first transparent substrate 110 may be composed of a PET film. According to other embodiments, the first transparent substrate 110 may comprise an optically transparent PET film. According to some embodiments, the transparent substrate 110 may be composed of an optically transparent PET film. According to other embodiments, the first transparent substrate 110 may comprise a single layer of optically transparent PET film. According to some still other embodiments, the first transparent substrate 110 may be composed of a single layer of optically transparent PET film.

[0053] According to some embodiments, the PET film of the first transparent substrate 110 may have a specific thickness. For example, the PET film of the first transparent substrate 110 may have a thickness of at least about 5 mils, such as at least about 6 mils, or at least about 7 mils, or at least about 8 mils, or at least about 9 mils, or even at least about 10 mils. According to still some embodiments, the PET film of the first transparent substrate 110 may have a thickness of no more than about 15 mils, such as no more than about 14 mils, or no more than about 13 mils, or no more than about 12 mils, or no more than about 11 mils. It should be understood that the thickness of the PET film of the first transparent substrate 110 may be within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values ​​and includes any of the above minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the thickness of the PET film of the first transparent substrate 110 may be between any of the above minimum and maximum values ​​and includes any of the above minimum and maximum values.

[0054] Figure 2 is an illustration of a cross-sectional view of a portion of another example composite film 200 according to an embodiment described herein. As shown in Figure 2, the composite film 200 may include a first transparent substrate 210, a first anti-reflective coating 220 covering a first surface 212 of the first transparent substrate 210, and a second anti-reflective coating 230 covering a second surface 214 of the first transparent substrate 210.

[0055] It should be understood that all components described in composite membrane 200 and reference composite membrane 200 are as follows: Figure 2 The image shown may be a reference to this article. Figure 1 The characteristics described herein refer to any of the corresponding components shown. In particular, the composite film 200, transparent substrate 210 and first antireflective coating 220 shown in FIG2 may have any of the corresponding characteristics described herein with reference to the composite film 100, transparent substrate 110 and first antireflective coating 120 shown in FIG1, respectively.

[0056] According to certain embodiments, the composite membrane 200 may have a specific VLT. For example, the composite membrane 200 may have a VLT of at least about 93.2%, such as at least about 93.4%, or at least about 93.6%, or at least about 93.8%, or at least about 94.0%, or at least about 94.2%, or at least about 94.4%, or at least about 94.6%, or at least about 94.8%, or at least about 95.0%, or at least about 95.2%, or at least about 95.4%, or at least about 95.6%, or at least about 95.8%, or even at least about 96.0%. According to further embodiments, the composite membrane 200 may have a VLT of no more than about 99.9%. It should be understood that the composite membrane 200 may have a VLT ranging between and including any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the composite membrane 200 has a VLT ranging between and including any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values.

[0057] According to further embodiments, the composite membrane 200 may have a specific haze value. For example, the composite membrane 200 may have a haze value not greater than about 3%, such as not greater than about 2.9%, or not greater than about 2.8%, or not greater than about 2.7%, or not greater than about 2.6%, or not greater than about 2.5%, or not greater than about 2.4%, or not greater than about 2.3%, or not greater than about 2.2%, or not greater than about 2.1%, or not greater than about 2.0%, or not greater than about 1.9%, or not greater than about 1.8%, or not greater than about 1.7%, or not greater than about 1.6%, or not greater than about 1.5%, or not greater than about 1.4%, or even not greater than about 1.3%. It should be understood that the composite membrane 200 may have a haze value within a range between and including any of the above values. It should be further understood that the composite membrane 200 has a VLT between and including any of the above values.

[0058] According to some other embodiments, the composite film 200 may have a specific reflectivity. For example, the composite film 200 may have a reflectivity not greater than about 7.0%, such as not greater than about 6.9%, or not greater than about 6.8%, or not greater than about 6.7%, or not greater than about 6.6%, or not greater than about 6.5%, or not greater than about 6.4%, or not greater than about 6.3%, or not greater than about 6.2%, or not greater than about 6.1%, or not greater than about 6.0%, or not greater than about 5.9%, or not greater than about 5.8%, or not greater than about 5.7%, or not greater than about 5.6%, or not greater than about 5.5%, or not greater than about 5.4%, or not greater than about 5.3%, or not greater than about 5.2%, or not greater than about 5.1%, or not greater than about 5.0%. It should be understood that the composite film 200 may have a reflectivity within a range between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​described above. It should be further understood that the composite film 200 may have a reflectance between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​mentioned above.

[0059] According to some other embodiments, the second antireflective coating 230 may have a specific thickness. For example, the second antireflective coating 230 may have a thickness of at least about 50 nm, such as at least about 60 nm, or at least about 70 nm, or at least about 80 nm, or at least about 90 nm, or at least about 100 nm, or at least about 110 nm, or at least about 120 nm, or at least about 130 nm, or at least about 140 nm, or at least about 150 nm, or at least about 160 nm, or at least about 170 nm, or at least about 180 nm, or at least about 190 nm, or even at least about 200 nm. According to further embodiments, the first antireflective coating 120 may have a thickness not greater than about 500 nm, such as not greater than about 490 nm, or not greater than about 480 nm, or not greater than about 470 nm, or not greater than about 460 nm, or not greater than about 450 nm, or not greater than about 440 nm, or not greater than about 430 nm, or not greater than about 420 nm, or not greater than about 410 nm, or not greater than about 400 nm, or not greater than about 390 nm, or not greater than about 380 nm, or not greater than about 370 nm, or not greater than about 360 nm, or not greater than about 350 nm, or not greater than about 340 nm, or not greater than about 330 nm, or not greater than about 320 nm, or not greater than about 310 nm, or even not greater than about 300 nm. It should be understood that the second antireflective coating 230 may have a thickness within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values, and including any of the above minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the second antireflective coating 230 may have a thickness between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​mentioned above.

[0060] According to some other embodiments, the second antireflective coating 230 may have a specific ratio of AC2. SiO2 / AC2 B AC2 SiO2 AC2 is the weight percentage concentration of silica nanoparticles in the second antireflective coating 230 in the total weight of the second antireflective coating 230. BThis refers to the weight percentage concentration of the first UV-curable acrylate adhesive in the second antireflective coating 230 in the total weight of the antireflective coating 230. For example, the second antireflective coating 230 may have a ratio of at least about 0.01, such as at least about 0.05, or at least about 0.07, or at least about 0.1, or at least about 0.12, or at least about 0.15, or at least about 0.17, or at least about 0.20, or at least about 0.22, or at least about 0.25, or at least about 0.27, or even at least about 0.30. SiO2 / AC2 B According to some other embodiments, the second antireflective coating 230 may have a ratio of AC2 not greater than about 1.3, such as not greater than about 1.2, or not greater than about 1.1, or not greater than about 1.0, or not greater than about 0.9, or not greater than about 0.8, or not greater than about 0.7, or not greater than about 0.6, or even not greater than about 0.5. SiO2 / AC2 B It should be understood that the second antireflective coating 230 may have a ratio AC2 that is within the range of any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values, and includes any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values. SiO2 / AC2 B It should be further understood that the second antireflective coating 230 may have a ratio AC2 that is between and includes any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values. SiO2 / AC2 B .

[0061] According to some other embodiments, the second antireflective coating 230 may include a first UV-curable acrylate adhesive. According to still other embodiments, the first UV-curable acrylate adhesive in the second antireflective coating 230 may be SR351LV, SR355, SR399, a tetrafunctional acrylate monomer, a pentafunctional acrylate monomer, pentaerythritol tri-tetraacrylate (PETIA), Ebecry 140, Ebecryl 180, a multifunctional oligomer, or a UV resin.

[0062] According to further embodiments, the second antireflective coating 230 may contain a specific concentration of the first UV-curable acrylate adhesive. For example, the second antireflective coating 230 may have a first UV-curable acrylate adhesive concentration of at least about 40% by weight, such as at least about 42% by weight, or at least about 44% by weight, or at least about 46% by weight, or at least about 48% by weight, or at least about 50% by weight, or at least about 52% by weight, or at least about 54% by weight, or at least about 56% by weight, or at least about 58% by weight, or even at least about 60% by weight. According to some other embodiments, the second antireflective coating 230 may have a first UV-curable acrylate adhesive concentration of no more than about 95% by weight, such as no more than about 93% by weight, or no more than about 90% by weight, or no more than about 88% by weight, or no more than about 85% by weight, or no more than about 83% by weight, or no more than about 80% by weight, or no more than about 78% by weight, or no more than about 75% by weight, or no more than about 73% by weight, or even no more than about 70% by weight. It should be understood that the second antireflective coating 230 may have a first UV-curable acrylate adhesive concentration within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values, and including any of the above minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the second antireflective coating 230 may have a first UV-curable acrylate adhesive concentration within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values, and including any of the above minimum and maximum values.

[0063] According to some other embodiments, the second antireflective coating 230 may include a photoinitiator component. According to still other embodiments, the photoinitiator component in the second antireflective coating 230 may be Omnirad 184, Omnirad 819, Omnirad 1173, CPI 6976, other similar photoinitiators, or any combination thereof.

[0064] According to further embodiments, the second antireflective coating 230 may contain a specific concentration of photoinitiator component. For example, the second antireflective coating 230 may have a photoinitiator component concentration of at least about 2% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating, such as at least about 2.2% by weight, or at least about 2.5% by weight, or at least about 2.7% by weight, or at least about 3.0% by weight, or at least about 3.2% by weight, or at least about 3.5% by weight, or at least about 3.7% by weight, or at least about 4.0% by weight, or at least about 4.2% by weight, or at least about 4.5% by weight, or at least about 4.7% by weight, or at least about 5.0% by weight, or at least about 5.2% by weight, or even at least about 5.5% by weight. According to some other embodiments, the second antireflective coating 230 may have a photoinitiator component concentration of no more than about 10% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating, such as no more than about 9.8% by weight, or no more than about 9.5% by weight, or no more than about 9.3% by weight, or no more than about 9.0% by weight, or no more than about 8.8% by weight, or no more than about 8.5% by weight, or no more than about 8.3% by weight, or no more than about 8.0% by weight, or no more than about 7.8% by weight, or no more than about 7.5% by weight, or no more than about 7.3% by weight, or no more than about 7.0% by weight, or no more than about 6.8% by weight, or even no more than about 6.5% by weight. It should be understood that the second antireflective coating 230 may have a photoinitiator component concentration within a range between and including any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the second antireflective coating 230 may have a photoinitiator component concentration between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​mentioned above.

[0065] According to some further embodiments, the second antireflective coating 230 may include a specific concentration of silica nanoparticles. For example, the second antireflective coating 230 may have a silica nanoparticle concentration of at least about 5% by weight, such as at least about 6% by weight, or at least about 7% by weight, or at least about 8% by weight, or at least about 9% by weight, or at least about 10% by weight, or at least about 11% by weight, or at least about 12% by weight, or at least about 13% by weight, or at least about 14% by weight, or at least about 15% by weight, or at least about 16% by weight, or at least about 17% by weight, or at least about 18% by weight, or at least about 19% by weight, or at least about 20% by weight, or at least about 21% by weight, or at least about 22% by weight, or at least about 23% by weight, or at least about 24% by weight, or even at least about 25% by weight. According to some other embodiments, the second antireflective coating 230 may have a silica nanoparticle concentration of no more than about 60% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating, such as no more than about 58% by weight, or no more than about 55% by weight, or no more than about 53% by weight, or no more than about 50% by weight, or no more than about 48% by weight, or no more than about 45% by weight, or no more than about 43% by weight, or no more than about 40% by weight, or no more than about 38% by weight, or no more than about 35% by weight, or no more than about 33% by weight, or even no more than about 30% by weight. It should be understood that the second antireflective coating 230 may have a silica nanoparticle concentration within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values, and including any of the above minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the second antireflective coating 230 may have a silica nanoparticle concentration within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values, and including any of the above minimum and maximum values.

[0066] According to some other embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the second antireflective coating 230 may be surface-treated silica nanoparticles. According to other embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the second antireflective coating 230 may be substantially solid spherical silica nanoparticles.

[0067] According to some other embodiments, the second antireflective coating 230 may be surface-treated with polysiloxane, acrylate, or a combination thereof.

[0068] According to some other embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the second antireflective coating 230 may have a specific average particle size (D50). For the purposes of the embodiments described herein, the average particle size (D50) is measured according to ASTM E2490. According to some embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the second antireflective coating 230 may have an average particle size (D50) of at least about 1 nm, such as at least about 2 nm, or at least about 3 nm, or at least about 4 nm, or at least about 5 nm, or at least about 6 nm, or at least about 7 nm, or at least about 8 nm, or at least about 10 nm, or at least about 11 nm, or at least about 12 nm, or at least about 13 nm, or at least about 14 nm, or at least about 15 nm, or at least about 16 nm, or at least about 17 nm, or even at least about 18 nm. According to other embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the second antireflective coating 230 may have an average particle size (D50) not greater than about 500 nm, such as not greater than about 400 nm, or not greater than about 300 nm, or not greater than about 200 nm, or not greater than about 100 nm, or not greater than about 95 nm, or not greater than about 90 nm, or not greater than about 85 nm, or not greater than about 80 nm, or not greater than about 75 nm, or not greater than about 65 nm, or not greater than about 60 nm, or not greater than about 55 nm, or not greater than about 50 nm, or not greater than about 45 nm, or not greater than about 40 nm, or not greater than about 35 nm, or not greater than about 30 nm, or even not greater than about 25 nm. It should be understood that the silica nanoparticles in the second antireflective coating 230 may have an average particle size (D50) within the range between any of the above minimum and maximum values ​​and including any of the above minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the silica nanoparticles in the second antireflective coating 230 may have an average particle size (D50) between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​mentioned above.

[0069] According to some other embodiments, the second antireflective coating 230 may further comprise a slip agent. According to still other embodiments, the slip agent may be any known slip agent used in the wet coating industry, such as Tego glide 410, Tegorad 2100, Tegorad 2300, Tegorad 2500, BYK 306, BYK 307, and any combination thereof.

[0070] According to some other embodiments, the second antireflective coating 230 may contain a specific concentration of a slip agent. For example, the second antireflective coating 230 may have a slip agent concentration of at least about 0.01% by weight, or at least about 0.5% by weight, or even at least about 1.0% by weight, of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. According to still other embodiments, the second antireflective coating 230 may have a slip agent concentration of no more than about 5% by weight, or no more than about 4.5% by weight, or no more than about 4.0% by weight, of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. It should be understood that the second antireflective coating 230 may have a slip agent concentration within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values, and including any of the above minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the second antireflective coating 230 may have a slip agent concentration within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values, and including any of the above minimum and maximum values.

[0071] According to some other embodiments, the second antireflective coating 230 may further comprise a wetting agent. According to still other embodiments, the wetting agent may be any known wetting agent used in the wet coating industry, such as BYK-377, BYK-UV 3500, Tego 270, or any combination thereof.

[0072] According to some other embodiments, the second antireflective coating 230 may contain a specific concentration of wetting agent. For example, the second antireflective coating 230 may have a wetting agent concentration of at least about 0.01% by weight, or at least about 0.05% by weight, or at least about 0.1% by weight, of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. According to still other embodiments, the second antireflective coating 230 may have a wetting agent concentration of no more than about 0.3% by weight, or no more than about 0.25% by weight, or even no more than about 0.2% by weight, of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. It should be understood that the second antireflective coating 230 may have a lubricant concentration within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values, and including any of the above minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the second antireflective coating 230 may have a wetting agent concentration within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values, and including any of the above minimum and maximum values.

[0073] According to some other embodiments, the second antireflective coating 230 may further comprise a surface energy modifier. According to still other embodiments, the surface energy modifier may be any known surface energy modifier used in the wet coating industry, such as BYK-315, BYK-300, BYK-310, BY-378, or any combination thereof.

[0074] According to some other embodiments, the second antireflective coating 230 may contain a specific concentration of surface energy modifier. For example, the second antireflective coating 230 may have a surface energy modifier concentration of at least about 0.01 wt%, or at least about 0.05 wt%, or at least about 0.1 wt%, of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. According to still other embodiments, the second antireflective coating 230 may have a surface energy modifier concentration of no more than about 0.30 wt%, or no more than about 0.25 wt%, or even no more than about 0.2 wt%, of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. It should be understood that the second antireflective coating 230 may have a surface energy modifier concentration within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values, and including any of the above minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the second antireflective coating 230 may have a surface energy modifier concentration within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values, and including any of the above minimum and maximum values.

[0075] According to some other embodiments, the second antireflective coating 230 may comprise a second UV-curable acrylate adhesive. According to still other embodiments, the second UV-curable acrylate adhesive may be SR351LV, SR355, SR399, a tetrafunctional acrylate monomer, a pentafunctional acrylate monomer, pentaerythritol tri-tetraacrylate (PETIA), Ebecry 140, Ebecryl 180, a multifunctional oligomer, or a UV resin.

[0076] According to some other embodiments, the second antireflective coating 230 may contain a specific concentration of a second UV-curable acrylate adhesive. For example, the second antireflective coating 230 may have a second UV-curable acrylate adhesive concentration of at least about 5.0% by weight, or at least about 7% by weight, or at least about 10% by weight, or at least about 12% by weight, or at least about 15% by weight, or at least about 17% by weight, or at least about 20% by weight, or at least about 22% by weight, or even at least about 25% by weight, of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. According to still other embodiments, the second antireflective coating 230 may have a second UV-curable acrylate adhesive concentration of no more than about 60% by weight, or no more than about 58% by weight, or no more than about 55% by weight, or no more than about 53% by weight, or no more than about 50% by weight, or no more than about 48% by weight, or no more than about 45% by weight, or no more than about 43% by weight, or no more than about 40% by weight, of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. It should be understood that the second antireflective coating 230 may have a second UV-curable acrylate adhesive concentration that is within the range of any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values, and includes any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the second antireflective coating 230 may have a second UV-curable acrylate adhesive concentration that is within the range of any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values, and includes any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values.

[0077] Figure 3 is an illustration of a cross-sectional view of a portion of another example composite film 300 according to an embodiment described herein. As shown in Figure 3, the composite film 300 may include a first transparent substrate 310, a first anti-reflective coating 320 covering a first surface 312 of the first transparent substrate 310, a second anti-reflective coating 330 covering a second surface 314 of the first transparent substrate 310, and a first adhesive layer 340 covering a surface 322 of the first anti-reflective coating 320.

[0078] It should be understood that all components described in the composite film 300 and the reference composite film 300 as shown in FIG. 3 may have any of the characteristics described herein with reference to the corresponding components shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. In particular, the characteristics of the composite film 300, the transparent substrate 310, the first antireflective coating 320 and the second antireflective coating 330 shown in FIG. 3 may have any of the corresponding characteristics described herein with reference to the composite film 200 (100), the transparent substrate 210 (110), the first antireflective coating 220 (120) and the second antireflective coating 230 shown herein with reference to FIG. 2 (FIG. 1).

[0079] According to certain embodiments, the composite membrane 300 may have a specific VLT. For example, the composite membrane 300 may have a VLT of at least about 93.2%, such as at least about 93.4%, or at least about 93.6%, or at least about 93.8%, or at least about 94.0%, or at least about 94.2%, or at least about 94.4%, or at least about 94.6%, or at least about 94.8%, or at least about 95.0%, or at least about 95.2%, or at least about 95.4%, or at least about 95.6%, or at least about 95.8%, or even at least about 96.0%. According to further embodiments, the composite membrane 300 may have a VLT of no more than about 99.9%. It should be understood that the composite membrane 300 may have a VLT ranging between and including any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the composite membrane 300 has a VLT ranging between and including any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values.

[0080] According to further embodiments, the composite film 300 may have a specific haze value. For example, the composite film 300 may have a haze value not greater than about 3%, such as not greater than about 2.9%, or not greater than about 2.8%, or not greater than about 2.7%, or not greater than about 2.6%, or not greater than about 2.5%, or not greater than about 2.4%, or not greater than about 2.3%, or not greater than about 2.2%, or not greater than about 2.1%, or not greater than about 2.0%, or not greater than about 1.9%, or not greater than about 1.8%, or not greater than about 1.7%, or not greater than about 1.6%, or not greater than about 1.5%, or not greater than about 1.4%, or even not greater than about 1.3%. It should be understood that the composite film 300 may have a haze value within a range between and including any of the above values. It should be further understood that the composite film 300 has a VLT between and including any of the above values.

[0081] According to some other embodiments, the composite film 300 may have a specific reflectivity. For example, the composite film 300 may have a reflectivity not greater than about 7.0%, such as not greater than about 6.9%, or not greater than about 6.8%, or not greater than about 6.7%, or not greater than about 6.6%, or not greater than about 6.5%, or not greater than about 6.4%, or not greater than about 6.3%, or not greater than about 6.2%, or not greater than about 6.1%, or not greater than about 6.0%, or not greater than about 5.9%, or not greater than about 5.8%, or not greater than about 5.7%, or not greater than about 5.6%, or not greater than about 5.5%, or not greater than about 5.4%, or not greater than about 5.3%, or not greater than about 5.2%, or not greater than about 5.1%, or not greater than about 5.0%. It should be understood that the composite film 300 may have a reflectivity within a range between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​described above. It should be further understood that the composite film 300 may have a reflectivity between and including any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values.

[0082] According to some other embodiments, the first adhesive layer 340 may comprise any known pressure-sensitive adhesive used in the adhesive industry, such as Ashland's Aroset 1452, Aroset 1450, Aroset 6428, Duro-Tak222A, Duro-Tak80-1093, or combinations thereof.

[0083] According to further embodiments, the first adhesive layer 340 may have a specific thickness. For example, the first adhesive layer 340 may have a thickness of at least about 2 µm, such as at least about 5 µm, or at least about 7 µm, or at least about 10 µm, or at least about 12 µm, or at least about 15 µm, or at least about 17 µm, or even at least about 20 µm. According to further embodiments, the first adhesive layer 340 may have a thickness of no more than about 50 µm, such as no more than about 48 µm, or no more than about 45 µm, or no more than about 43 µm, or no more than about 40 µm, or no more than about 38 µm, or no more than about 35 µm, or no more than about 33 µm, or even no more than about 30 µm. It should be understood that the first adhesive layer 340 may have a thickness within the range between any of the above minimum and maximum values ​​and including any of the above minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the first adhesive layer 340 may have a thickness between and including any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values.

[0084] According to some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 340 may comprise nanoparticles. According to some embodiments, the nanoparticles in the first adhesive layer 340 may be surface-treated silica nanoparticles. According to other embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the second antireflective coating 340 may be substantially solid spherical silica nanoparticles.

[0085] According to some other embodiments, the nanoparticles in the first adhesive layer 340 may have a specific average particle size (D50). For the purposes of the embodiments described herein, the average particle size (D50) is measured according to ASTM E2490. According to some embodiments, the nanoparticles in the first adhesive layer 340 may have an average particle size (D50) of at least about 1 µm, such as at least about 2 µm, or at least about 3 µm, or at least about 4 µm, or at least about 5 µm, or at least about 6 µm, or at least about 7 µm, or at least about 8 µm, or at least about 10 µm, or at least about 11 µm, or at least about 12 µm, or at least about 13 µm, or at least about 14 µm, or at least about 15 µm, or at least about 16 µm, or at least about 17 µm, or even at least about 18 µm. According to other embodiments, the nanoparticles in the first adhesive layer 340 may have an average particle size (D50) not greater than about 500 µm, such as not greater than about 400 µm, or not greater than about 300 µm, or not greater than about 200 µm, or not greater than about 100 µm, or not greater than about 95 µm, or not greater than about 90 µm, or not greater than about 85 µm, or not greater than about 80 µm, or not greater than about 75 µm, or not greater than about 65 µm, or not greater than about 60 µm, or not greater than about 55 µm, or not greater than about 50 µm, or not greater than about 45 µm, or not greater than about 40 µm, or not greater than about 35 µm, or not greater than about 30 µm, or even not greater than about 25 µm. It should be understood that the nanoparticles in the first adhesive layer 340 may have an average particle size (D50) within a range between and including any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the nanoparticles in the first adhesive layer 340 may have an average particle size (D50) that is between and includes any of the minimum and maximum values ​​mentioned above.

[0086] Figure 4 is an illustration of a cross-sectional view of a portion of another example composite film 400 according to an embodiment described herein. As shown in Figure 4, the composite film 400 may include a first transparent substrate 410, a first anti-reflective coating 420 covering a first surface 412 of the first transparent substrate 410, a second anti-reflective coating 430 covering a second surface 414 of the first transparent substrate 410, a first adhesive layer 440 covering a surface 422 of the first anti-reflective coating 420, and a second transparent substrate 450 covering the first adhesive layer 440.

[0087] It should be understood that all components described in the composite film 400 and the reference composite film 400 as shown in FIG. 4 may have any of the characteristics described herein with reference to the corresponding components shown in FIG. 1, FIG. 2 and FIG. 3. In particular, the composite film 400, transparent substrate 410, first antireflective coating 420, second antireflective coating 430 and first adhesive layer 440 shown in FIG. 4 may have any of the corresponding characteristics described herein with reference to FIG. 3 (FIG. 2, FIG. 1) as the composite film 300 (200, 100), transparent substrate 310 (210, 110), first antireflective coating 320 (220, 120), second antireflective coating 330 (230) and first adhesive layer 340.

[0088] According to certain embodiments, the composite membrane 400 may have a specific VLT. For example, the composite membrane 400 may have a VLT of at least about 93.2%, such as at least about 93.4%, or at least about 93.6%, or at least about 93.8%, or at least about 94.0%, or at least about 94.2%, or at least about 94.4%, or at least about 94.6%, or at least about 94.8%, or at least about 95.0%, or at least about 95.2%, or at least about 95.4%, or at least about 95.6%, or at least about 95.8%, or even at least about 96.0%. According to further embodiments, the composite membrane 400 may have a VLT of no more than about 99.9%. It should be understood that the composite membrane 400 may have a VLT ranging between and including any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the composite membrane 400 has a VLT ranging between and including any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values.

[0089] According to further embodiments, the composite membrane 400 may have a specific haze value. For example, the composite membrane 400 may have a haze value not greater than about 3%, such as not greater than about 2.9%, or not greater than about 2.8%, or not greater than about 2.7%, or not greater than about 2.6%, or not greater than about 2.5%, or not greater than about 2.4%, or not greater than about 2.3%, or not greater than about 2.2%, or not greater than about 2.1%, or not greater than about 2.0%, or not greater than about 1.9%, or not greater than about 1.8%, or not greater than about 1.7%, or not greater than about 1.6%, or not greater than about 1.5%, or not greater than about 1.4%, or even not greater than about 1.3%. It should be understood that the composite membrane 400 may have a haze value within a range between and including any of the above values. It should be further understood that the composite membrane 400 has a VLT between and including any of the above values.

[0090] According to some other embodiments, the composite film 400 may have a specific reflectivity. For example, the composite film 400 may have a reflectivity not greater than about 7.0%, such as not greater than about 6.9%, or not greater than about 6.8%, or not greater than about 6.7%, or not greater than about 6.6%, or not greater than about 6.5%, or not greater than about 6.4%, or not greater than about 6.3%, or not greater than about 6.2%, or not greater than about 6.1%, or not greater than about 6.0%, or not greater than about 5.9%, or not greater than about 5.8%, or not greater than about 5.7%, or not greater than about 5.6%, or not greater than about 5.5%, or not greater than about 5.4%, or not greater than about 5.3%, or not greater than about 5.2%, or not greater than about 5.1%, or not greater than about 5.0%. It should be understood that the composite film 400 may have a reflectivity within a range between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​described above. It should be further understood that the composite film 400 may have a reflectance between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​mentioned above.

[0091] According to some further embodiments, the second transparent substrate 450 may have a specific thickness. For example, the second transparent substrate 450 may have a thickness of at least about 5 mils, such as at least about 6 mils, or at least about 7 mils, or at least about 8 mils, or at least about 9 mils, or even at least about 10 mils. According to yet other embodiments, the second transparent substrate 450 may have a thickness of no more than about 15 mils, such as no more than about 14 mils, or no more than about 13 mils, or no more than about 12 mils, or no more than about 11 mils. It should be understood that the thickness of the second transparent substrate 450 may be within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values ​​and includes any of the above minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the thickness of the second transparent substrate 450 may be between any of the above minimum and maximum values ​​and includes any of the above minimum and maximum values.

[0092] According to some embodiments, the second transparent substrate 450 may comprise a PET film. According to still other embodiments, the second transparent substrate 450 may be composed of a PET film. According to other embodiments, the first transparent substrate 110 may comprise an optically transparent PET film. According to some embodiments, the transparent substrate 110 may be composed of an optically transparent PET film. According to other embodiments, the first transparent substrate 110 may comprise a single layer of optically transparent PET film. According to still other embodiments, the first transparent substrate 110 may be composed of a single layer of optically transparent PET film.

[0093] According to some embodiments, the PET film of the second transparent substrate 450 may have a specific thickness. For example, the PET film of the second transparent substrate 450 may have a thickness of at least about 5 mils, such as at least about 6 mils, or at least about 7 mils, or at least about 8 mils, or at least about 9 mils, or even at least about 10 mils. According to yet other embodiments, the PET film of the second transparent substrate 450 may have a thickness of no more than about 15 mils, such as no more than about 14 mils, or no more than about 13 mils, or no more than about 12 mils, or no more than about 11 mils. It should be understood that the thickness of the PET film of the second transparent substrate 450 may be within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values ​​and includes any of the above minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the thickness of the PET film of the second transparent substrate 450 may be between any of the above minimum and maximum values ​​and includes any of the above minimum and maximum values.

[0094] FIG5a is an illustration of a cross-sectional view of a portion of another example composite film 500 according to an embodiment described herein. As shown in FIG5a, the composite film 500 may include a first transparent substrate 510, a first anti-reflective coating 520 covering a first surface 512 of the first transparent substrate 510, a second anti-reflective coating 530 covering a second surface 514 of the first transparent substrate 510, a first adhesive layer 540 covering a surface 522 of the first anti-reflective coating 520, a second transparent substrate 550 covering the first adhesive layer 540, a second adhesive layer 560 covering a surface 552 of the second transparent substrate 550, and a third transparent substrate 570 covering the second adhesive layer 560.

[0095] It should be understood that all components described in the composite film 500 and the reference composite film 500, as shown in FIG. 5a, may have any of the characteristics described in the corresponding components in FIG. 1, 2, 3 and 4 herein. In particular, the composite film 500, transparent substrate 510, first antireflective coating 520, second antireflective coating 530, first adhesive layer 540 and second transparent substrate 550 shown in FIG. 5a may have any of the corresponding characteristics described herein in the composite film 400 (300, 200, 100), transparent substrate 410 (310, 210, 110), first antireflective coating 420 (320, 220, 120), second antireflective coating 430 (330, 230), first adhesive layer 440 (340) and second transparent substrate 450 shown in FIG. 4 (FIG. 3, FIG. 2, FIG. 1), respectively.

[0096] According to certain embodiments, the composite membrane 500 may have a specific VLT. For example, the composite membrane 500 may have a VLT of at least about 93.2%, such as at least about 93.4%, or at least about 93.6%, or at least about 93.8%, or at least about 94.0%, or at least about 94.2%, or at least about 94.4%, or at least about 94.6%, or at least about 94.8%, or at least about 95.0%, or at least about 95.2%, or at least about 95.4%, or at least about 95.6%, or at least about 95.8%, or even at least about 96.0%. According to further embodiments, the composite membrane 500 may have a VLT of no more than about 99.9%. It should be understood that the composite membrane 500 may have a VLT ranging between and including any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the composite membrane 500 has a VLT ranging between and including any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values.

[0097] According to further embodiments, the composite film 500 may have a specific haze value. For example, the composite film 500 may have a haze value not greater than about 3%, such as not greater than about 2.9%, or not greater than about 2.8%, or not greater than about 2.7%, or not greater than about 2.6%, or not greater than about 2.5%, or not greater than about 2.4%, or not greater than about 2.3%, or not greater than about 2.2%, or not greater than about 2.1%, or not greater than about 2.0%, or not greater than about 1.9%, or not greater than about 1.8%, or not greater than about 1.7%, or not greater than about 1.6%, or not greater than about 1.5%, or not greater than about 1.4%, or even not greater than about 1.3%. It should be understood that the composite film 500 may have a haze value within the range of any of the above values ​​and including any of the above values. It should be further understood that the composite film 500 has a haze value within the range of any of the above values ​​and including any of the above values.

[0098] According to some other embodiments, the composite film 500 may have a specific reflectivity. For example, the composite film 500 may have a reflectivity not greater than about 7.0%, such as not greater than about 6.9%, or not greater than about 6.8%, or not greater than about 6.7%, or not greater than about 6.6%, or not greater than about 6.5%, or not greater than about 6.4%, or not greater than about 6.3%, or not greater than about 6.2%, or not greater than about 6.1%, or not greater than about 6.0%, or not greater than about 5.9%, or not greater than about 5.8%, or not greater than about 5.7%, or not greater than about 5.6%, or not greater than about 5.5%, or not greater than about 5.4%, or not greater than about 5.3%, or not greater than about 5.2%, or not greater than about 5.1%, or not greater than about 5.0%. It should be understood that the composite film 500 may have a reflectivity within a range between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​described above. It should be further understood that the composite film 500 may have a reflectance between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​mentioned above.

[0099] According to some other embodiments, the second adhesive layer 560 may comprise any known pressure-sensitive adhesive used in the adhesive industry, such as Ashland's Aroset 1452, Aroset 1450, Aroset 6428, Duro-Tak222A, Duro-Tak80-1093, or combinations thereof.

[0100] According to further embodiments, the second adhesive layer 560 may have a specific thickness. For example, the second adhesive layer 560 may have a thickness of at least about 2 µm, such as at least about 5 µm, or at least about 7 µm, or at least about 10 µm, or at least about 12 µm, or at least about 15 µm, or at least about 17 µm, or even at least about 20 µm. According to further embodiments, the second adhesive layer 560 may have a thickness of no more than about 50 µm, such as no more than about 48 µm, or no more than about 45 µm, or no more than about 43 µm, or no more than about 40 µm, or no more than about 38 µm, or no more than about 35 µm, or no more than about 33 µm, or even no more than about 30 µm. It should be understood that the second adhesive layer 560 may have a thickness within the range between any of the above minimum and maximum values ​​and including any of the above minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the second adhesive layer 560 may have a thickness between and including any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values.

[0101] According to some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 560 may comprise nanoparticles. According to some embodiments, the nanoparticles in the second adhesive layer 560 may be surface-treated silica nanoparticles. According to other embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the second antireflective coating 560 may be substantially solid spherical silica nanoparticles.

[0102] According to some other embodiments, the nanoparticles in the second adhesive layer 560 may have a specific average particle size (D50). For the purposes of the embodiments described herein, the average particle size (D50) is measured according to ASTM E2490. According to some embodiments, the nanoparticles in the second adhesive layer 560 may have an average particle size (D50) of at least about 1 nm, such as at least about 2 nm, or at least about 3 nm, or at least about 4 nm, or at least about 5 nm, or at least about 6 nm, or at least about 7 nm, or at least about 8 nm, or at least about 10 nm, or at least about 11 nm, or at least about 12 nm, or at least about 13 nm, or at least about 14 nm, or at least about 15 nm, or at least about 16 nm, or at least about 17 nm, or even at least about 18 nm. According to other embodiments, the nanoparticles in the second adhesive layer 560 may have an average particle size (D50) not greater than about 500 nm, such as not greater than about 400 nm, or not greater than about 300 nm, or not greater than about 200 nm, or not greater than about 100 nm, or not greater than about 95 nm, or not greater than about 90 nm, or not greater than about 85 nm, or not greater than about 80 nm, or not greater than about 75 nm, or not greater than about 65 nm, or not greater than about 60 nm, or not greater than about 55 nm, or not greater than about 50 nm, or not greater than about 45 nm, or not greater than about 40 nm, or not greater than about 35 nm, or not greater than about 30 nm, or even not greater than about 25 nm. It should be understood that the nanoparticles in the second adhesive layer 560 may have an average particle size (D50) within the range between any of the above minimum and maximum values ​​and including any of the above minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the nanoparticles in the second adhesive layer 560 may have an average particle size (D50) between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​mentioned above.

[0103] According to some further embodiments, the third transparent substrate 570 may have a specific thickness. For example, the third transparent substrate 570 may have a thickness of at least about 5 mils, such as at least about 6 mils, or at least about 7 mils, or at least about 8 mils, or at least about 9 mils, or even at least about 10 mils. According to yet other embodiments, the third transparent substrate 570 may have a thickness of no more than about 15 mils, such as no more than about 14 mils, or no more than about 13 mils, or no more than about 12 mils, or no more than about 11 mils. It should be understood that the thickness of the third transparent substrate 570 may be within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values ​​and includes any of the above minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the thickness of the third transparent substrate 570 may be between any of the above minimum and maximum values ​​and includes any of the above minimum and maximum values.

[0104] According to some embodiments, the third transparent substrate 570 may comprise a PET film. According to still some embodiments, the third transparent substrate 570 may be composed of a PET film. According to other embodiments, the first transparent substrate 110 may comprise an optically transparent PET film. According to some embodiments, the transparent substrate 110 may be composed of an optically transparent PET film. According to other embodiments, the first transparent substrate 110 may comprise a single layer of optically transparent PET film. According to still some embodiments, the first transparent substrate 110 may be composed of a single layer of optically transparent PET film.

[0105] According to some further embodiments, the PET film of the third transparent substrate 570 may have a specific thickness. For example, the PET film of the third transparent substrate 570 may have a thickness of at least about 5 mils, such as at least about 6 mils, or at least about 7 mils, or at least about 8 mils, or at least about 9 mils, or even at least about 10 mils. According to yet other embodiments, the PET film of the third transparent substrate 570 may have a thickness of no more than about 15 mils, such as no more than about 14 mils, or no more than about 13 mils, or no more than about 12 mils, or no more than about 11 mils. It should be understood that the thickness of the PET film of the third transparent substrate 570 may be within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values ​​and includes any of the above minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the thickness of the PET film of the third transparent substrate 570 may be between any of the above minimum and maximum values ​​and includes any of the above minimum and maximum values.

[0106] Figure 5b is an illustration of a cross-sectional view of a portion of another example composite film 501 according to an embodiment described herein. As shown in Figure 5a, the composite film 500 may include a first transparent substrate 510, a first anti-reflective coating 520 covering a first surface 512 of the first transparent substrate 510, a second anti-reflective coating 530 covering a second surface 514 of the first transparent substrate 510, a first adhesive layer 540 covering a surface 522 of the first anti-reflective coating 520, a second transparent substrate 550 covering the first adhesive layer 540, and four repeating top transparent substrate components 590, each of which includes a third transparent substrate 570 covering the second adhesive layer 560.

[0107] It should be understood that the number of repeating top transparent substrate components 590 shown in FIG. 5b is illustrative and not intended to be limiting. According to a particular embodiment, the composite film 501 according to the embodiments described herein may include a specific number of repeating top layer components, such as at least 3 repeating top transparent substrate components 590, or at least 4 repeating top transparent substrate components 590, or at least 5 repeating top transparent substrate components 590, or at least 6 repeating top transparent substrate components 590, or at least 7 repeating top transparent substrate components 590, or at least 8 repeating top transparent substrate components 590, or at least 9 repeating top transparent substrate components 590, or at least 10 repeating top transparent substrate components 590.

[0108] According to certain embodiments, composite membrane 501 may have a specific VLT. For example, composite membrane 501 may have a VLT of at least about 93.2%, such as at least about 93.4%, or at least about 93.6%, or at least about 93.8%, or at least about 94.0%, or at least about 94.2%, or at least about 94.4%, or at least about 94.6%, or at least about 94.8%, or at least about 95.0%, or at least about 95.2%, or at least about 95.4%, or at least about 95.6%, or at least about 95.8%, or even at least about 96.0%. According to further embodiments, composite membrane 501 may have a VLT of no more than about 99.9%. It should be understood that composite membrane 501 may have a VLT ranging between and including any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that composite membrane 501 has a VLT ranging between and including any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values.

[0109] According to further embodiments, the composite film 501 may have a specific haze value. For example, the composite film 501 may have a haze value not greater than about 3%, such as not greater than about 2.9%, or not greater than about 2.8%, or not greater than about 2.7%, or not greater than about 2.6%, or not greater than about 2.5%, or not greater than about 2.4%, or not greater than about 2.3%, or not greater than about 2.2%, or not greater than about 2.1%, or not greater than about 2.0%, or not greater than about 1.9%, or not greater than about 1.8%, or not greater than about 1.7%, or not greater than about 1.6%, or not greater than about 1.5%, or not greater than about 1.4%, or even not greater than about 1.3%. It should be understood that the composite film 501 may have a haze value within the range of and including any of the above values. It should be further understood that the composite film 501 may have a haze value within the range of and including any of the above values.

[0110] According to some other embodiments, the composite film 501 may have a specific reflectivity. For example, the composite film 501 may have a reflectivity not greater than about 7.0%, such as not greater than about 6.9%, or not greater than about 6.8%, or not greater than about 6.7%, or not greater than about 6.6%, or not greater than about 6.5%, or not greater than about 6.4%, or not greater than about 6.3%, or not greater than about 6.2%, or not greater than about 6.1%, or not greater than about 6.0%, or not greater than about 5.9%, or not greater than about 5.8%, or not greater than about 5.7%, or not greater than about 5.6%, or not greater than about 5.5%, or not greater than about 5.4%, or not greater than about 5.3%, or not greater than about 5.2%, or not greater than about 5.1%, or not greater than about 5.0%. It should be understood that the composite film 501 may have a reflectivity within a range between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​described above. It should be further understood that the composite film 501 may have a reflectance between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​mentioned above.

[0111] FIG6a is an illustration of a cross-sectional view of a portion of another example composite film 600 according to an embodiment described herein. As shown in FIG6a, the composite film 600 may include a first transparent substrate 610, a first anti-reflective coating 620 covering a first surface 612 of the first transparent substrate 610, a second anti-reflective coating 630 covering a second surface 614 of the first transparent substrate 610, a first adhesive layer 640 covering a surface 622 of the first anti-reflective coating 620, a second transparent substrate 650 covering the first adhesive layer 640, and a third anti-reflective coating 680 covering a surface 652 of the second transparent substrate 650.

[0112] It should be understood that all components described in the composite membrane 600 and the reference composite membrane 600, as shown in FIG. 6a, may have any of the characteristics described in the corresponding components shown herein with reference to FIG. 1, FIG. 2, FIG. 3, FIG. 4, FIG. 5a and FIG. 5b. Specifically, the composite film 600, transparent substrate 610, first antireflective coating 620, second antireflective coating 630, first adhesive layer 640, and second transparent substrate 650 shown in FIG. 6a may have any of the corresponding characteristics described herein with reference to FIG. 5a or FIG. 5b (FIG. 4, FIG. 3, FIG. 2, FIG. 1) for the composite film 500 (400, 300, 200, 100), transparent substrate 510 (410, 310, 210, 110), first antireflective coating 520 (420, 320, 220, 120), second antireflective coating 530 (430, 330, 230), first adhesive layer 540 (440, 340), and second transparent substrate 550 (450).

[0113] According to some further embodiments, the third antireflective coating 680 may have a specific thickness. For example, the third antireflective coating 680 may have a thickness of at least about 50 nm, such as at least about 60 nm, or at least about 70 nm, or at least about 80 nm, or at least about 90 nm, or at least about 100 nm, or at least about 110 nm, or at least about 120 nm, or at least about 130 nm, or at least about 140 nm, or at least about 150 nm, or at least about 160 nm, or at least about 170 nm, or at least about 180 nm, or at least about 190 nm, or even at least about 200 nm. According to further embodiments, the first antireflective coating 120 may have a thickness not greater than about 500 nm, such as not greater than about 490 nm, or not greater than about 480 nm, or not greater than about 470 nm, or not greater than about 460 nm, or not greater than about 450 nm, or not greater than about 440 nm, or not greater than about 430 nm, or not greater than about 420 nm, or not greater than about 410 nm, or not greater than about 400 nm, or not greater than about 390 nm, or not greater than about 380 nm, or not greater than about 370 nm, or not greater than about 360 nm, or not greater than about 350 nm, or not greater than about 340 nm, or not greater than about 330 nm, or not greater than about 320 nm, or not greater than about 310 nm, or even not greater than about 300 nm. It should be understood that the third antireflective coating 680 may have a thickness within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values, and including any of the above minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the third anti-reflective coating 680 may have a thickness between and including any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values.

[0114] According to some other embodiments, the third antireflective coating 680 may have a specific ratio to AC3. SiO2 / AC3 B AC3 SiO2 It is the weight percentage concentration of silica nanoparticles in the third antireflective coating 680 in the total weight of the third antireflective coating 680, and AC3 BThis refers to the weight percentage concentration of the first UV-curable acrylate adhesive in the third antireflective coating 680 in the total weight of the third antireflective coating 680. For example, the third antireflective coating 680 may have a ratio of at least about 0.01, such as at least about 0.05, or at least about 0.07, or at least about 0.1, or at least about 0.12, or at least about 0.15, or at least about 0.17, or at least about 0.20, or at least about 0.22, or at least about 0.25, or at least about 0.27, or even at least about 0.30 to AC3. SiO2 / AC3 B According to some further embodiments, the third antireflective coating 680 may have a ratio of AC3 not greater than about 1.3, such as not greater than about 1.2, or not greater than about 1.1, or not greater than about 1.0, or not greater than about 0.9, or not greater than about 0.8, or not greater than about 0.7, or not greater than about 0.6, or even not greater than about 0.5. SiO2 / AC3 B It should be understood that the third anti-reflective coating 680 may have a ratio AC3 that is within the range of any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values, and includes any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values. SiO2 / AC3 B It should be further understood that the third anti-reflective coating 680 may have a ratio AC3 that is between and includes any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values. SiO2 / AC3 B .

[0115] According to some other embodiments, the third antireflective coating 680 may include a first UV-curable acrylate binder. According to still other embodiments, the first UV-curable acrylate binder in the third antireflective coating 680 may be SR351LV, SR355, SR399, a tetrafunctional acrylate monomer, a pentafunctional acrylate monomer, pentaerythritol tri-tetraacrylate (PETIA), Ebecry 140, Ebecryl 180, a multifunctional oligomer, or a UV resin.

[0116] According to further embodiments, the third antireflective coating 680 may contain a specific concentration of the first UV-curable acrylate adhesive. For example, the third antireflective coating 680 may have a first UV-curable acrylate adhesive concentration of at least about 40% by weight, such as at least about 42% by weight, or at least about 44% by weight, or at least about 46% by weight, or at least about 48% by weight, or at least about 50% by weight, or at least about 52% by weight, or at least about 54% by weight, or at least about 56% by weight, or at least about 58% by weight, or even at least about 60% by weight. According to some other embodiments, the third antireflective coating 680 may have a first UV-curable acrylate adhesive concentration of no more than about 95% by weight, such as no more than about 93% by weight, or no more than about 90% by weight, or no more than about 88% by weight, or no more than about 85% by weight, or no more than about 83% by weight, or no more than about 80% by weight, or no more than about 78% by weight, or no more than about 75% by weight, or no more than about 73% by weight, or even no more than about 70% by weight. It should be understood that the third antireflective coating 680 may have a first UV-curable acrylate adhesive concentration within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values, and including any of the above minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the third antireflective coating 680 may have a first UV-curable acrylate adhesive concentration within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values, and including any of the above minimum and maximum values.

[0117] According to some other embodiments, the third antireflective coating 680 may include a photoinitiator component. According to still other embodiments, the photoinitiator component in the third antireflective coating 680 may be Omnirad 184, Omnirad 819, Omnirad 1173, CPI 6976, other similar photoinitiators, or any combination thereof.

[0118] According to further embodiments, the third antireflective coating 680 may contain a specific concentration of photoinitiator component. For example, the third antireflective coating 680 may have a photoinitiator component concentration of at least about 2% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating, such as at least about 2.2% by weight, or at least about 2.5% by weight, or at least about 2.7% by weight, or at least about 3.0% by weight, or at least about 3.2% by weight, or at least about 3.5% by weight, or at least about 3.7% by weight, or at least about 4.0% by weight, or at least about 4.2% by weight, or at least about 4.5% by weight, or at least about 4.7% by weight, or at least about 5.0% by weight, or at least about 5.2% by weight, or even at least about 5.5% by weight. According to some other embodiments, the third antireflective coating 680 may have a photoinitiator component concentration of no more than about 10% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating, such as no more than about 9.8% by weight, or no more than about 9.5% by weight, or no more than about 9.3% by weight, or no more than about 9.0% by weight, or no more than about 8.8% by weight, or no more than about 8.5% by weight, or no more than about 8.3% by weight, or no more than about 8.0% by weight, or no more than about 7.8% by weight, or no more than about 7.5% by weight, or no more than about 7.3% by weight, or no more than about 7.0% by weight, or no more than about 6.8% by weight, or even no more than about 6.5% by weight. It should be understood that the third antireflective coating 680 may have a photoinitiator component concentration within a range between and including any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the third antireflective coating 680 may have a photoinitiator component concentration that is between and includes any of the minimum and maximum values ​​mentioned above.

[0119] According to further embodiments, the third antireflective coating 680 may contain a specific concentration of silica nanoparticles. For example, the third antireflective coating 680 may have a silica nanoparticle concentration of at least about 5% by weight, such as at least about 6% by weight, or at least about 7% by weight, or at least about 8% by weight, or at least about 9% by weight, or at least about 10% by weight, or at least about 11% by weight, or at least about 12% by weight, or at least about 13% by weight, or at least about 14% by weight, or at least about 15% by weight, or at least about 16% by weight, or at least about 17% by weight, or at least about 18% by weight, or at least about 19% by weight, or at least about 20% by weight, or at least about 21% by weight, or at least about 22% by weight, or at least about 23% by weight, or at least about 24% by weight, or even at least about 25% by weight. According to some other embodiments, the third antireflective coating 680 may have a silica nanoparticle concentration of no more than about 60% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating, such as no more than about 58% by weight, or no more than about 55% by weight, or no more than about 53% by weight, or no more than about 50% by weight, or no more than about 48% by weight, or no more than about 45% by weight, or no more than about 43% by weight, or no more than about 40% by weight, or no more than about 38% by weight, or no more than about 35% by weight, or no more than about 33% by weight, or even no more than about 30% by weight. It should be understood that the third antireflective coating 680 may have a silica nanoparticle concentration within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values, and including any of the above minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the third antireflective coating 680 may have a silica nanoparticle concentration within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values, and including any of the above minimum and maximum values.

[0120] According to some further embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the third antireflective coating 680 may be surface-treated silica nanoparticles. According to other embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the third antireflective coating 680 may be substantially solid spherical silica nanoparticles.

[0121] According to some other embodiments, the third antireflective coating 680 may be surface-treated with polysiloxane, acrylate, or a combination thereof.

[0122] According to some other embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the third antireflective coating 680 may have a specific average particle size (D50). For the purposes of the embodiments described herein, the average particle size (D50) is measured according to ASTM E2490. According to some embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the third antireflective coating 680 may have an average particle size (D50) of at least about 1 nm, such as at least about 2 nm, or at least about 3 nm, or at least about 4 nm, or at least about 5 nm, or at least about 6 nm, or at least about 7 nm, or at least about 8 nm, or at least about 10 nm, or at least about 11 nm, or at least about 12 nm, or at least about 13 nm, or at least about 14 nm, or at least about 15 nm, or at least about 16 nm, or at least about 17 nm, or even at least about 18 nm. According to other embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the third antireflective coating 680 may have an average particle size (D50) not greater than about 500 nm, such as not greater than about 400 nm, or not greater than about 300 nm, or not greater than about 200 nm, or not greater than about 100 nm, or not greater than about 95 nm, or not greater than about 90 nm, or not greater than about 85 nm, or not greater than about 80 nm, or not greater than about 75 nm, or not greater than about 65 nm, or not greater than about 60 nm, or not greater than about 55 nm, or not greater than about 50 nm, or not greater than about 45 nm, or not greater than about 40 nm, or not greater than about 35 nm, or not greater than about 30 nm, or even not greater than about 25 nm. It should be understood that the silica nanoparticles in the third antireflective coating 680 may have an average particle size (D50) within the range between and including any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the silica nanoparticles in the third antireflective coating 680 may have an average particle size (D50) between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​mentioned above.

[0123] According to some other embodiments, the third antireflective coating 680 may further comprise a slip agent. According to still other embodiments, the slip agent may be any known slip agent used in the wet coating industry, such as Tego glide 410, Tegorad 2100, Tegorad 2300, Tegorad 2500, BYK 306, BYK 307, and any combination thereof.

[0124] According to some other embodiments, the third antireflective coating 680 may contain a specific concentration of a slip agent. For example, the third antireflective coating 680 may have a slip agent concentration of at least about 0.1% by weight, or at least about 0.5% by weight, or even at least about 1.0% by weight, of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. According to still other embodiments, the third antireflective coating 680 may have a slip agent concentration of no more than about 5% by weight, or no more than about 4.5% by weight, or no more than about 4.0% by weight, of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. It should be understood that the third antireflective coating 680 may have a slip agent concentration within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values, and including any of the above minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the third antireflective coating 680 may have a slip agent concentration within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values, and including any of the above minimum and maximum values.

[0125] According to some other embodiments, the third antireflective coating 680 may further comprise a wetting agent. According to still other embodiments, the wetting agent may be any known wetting agent used in the wet coating industry, such as BYK-377, BYK-UV 3500, Tego 270, or any combination thereof.

[0126] According to some other embodiments, the third antireflective coating 680 may contain a specific concentration of wetting agent. For example, the third antireflective coating 680 may have a wetting agent concentration of at least about 0.01% by weight, or at least about 0.05% by weight, or at least about 0.1% by weight, of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. According to still other embodiments, the third antireflective coating 680 may have a wetting agent concentration of no more than about 0.3% by weight, or no more than about 0.25% by weight, or even no more than about 0.2% by weight, of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. It should be understood that the third antireflective coating 680 may have a lubricant concentration within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values, and including any of the above minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the third antireflective coating 680 may have a wetting agent concentration within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values, and including any of the above minimum and maximum values.

[0127] According to some other embodiments, the third antireflective coating 680 may further comprise a surface energy modifier. According to still other embodiments, the surface energy modifier may be any known surface energy modifier used in the wet coating industry, such as BYK-315, BYK-300, BYK-310, BY-378, or any combination thereof.

[0128] According to some other embodiments, the third antireflective coating 680 may contain a specific concentration of surface energy modifier. For example, the third antireflective coating 680 may have a surface energy modifier concentration of at least about 0.01 wt%, or at least about 0.05 wt%, or at least about 0.1 wt%, of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. According to still other embodiments, the third antireflective coating 680 may have a surface energy modifier concentration of no more than about 0.30 wt%, or no more than about 0.25 wt%, or even no more than about 0.2 wt%, of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. It should be understood that the third antireflective coating 680 may have a surface energy modifier concentration within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values, and including any of the above minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the third antireflective coating 680 may have a surface energy modifier concentration within the range of any of the above minimum and maximum values, and including any of the above minimum and maximum values.

[0129] According to some other embodiments, the third antireflective coating 680 may further comprise a second UV-curable acrylate adhesive. According to still other embodiments, the third UV-curable acrylate adhesive may be SR351LV, SR355, SR399, a tetrafunctional acrylate monomer, a pentafunctional acrylate monomer, pentaerythritol tri-tetraacrylate (PETIA), Ebecry 140, Ebecryl 180, a multifunctional oligomer, or a UV resin.

[0130] According to some other embodiments, the third antireflective coating 680 may contain a specific concentration of a second UV-curable acrylate binder. For example, the third antireflective coating 680 may have a second UV-curable acrylate binder concentration of at least about 5.0% by weight, or at least about 7% by weight, or at least about 10% by weight, or at least about 12% by weight, or at least about 15% by weight, or at least about 17% by weight, or at least about 20% by weight, or at least about 22% by weight, or even at least about 25% by weight, of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. According to still other embodiments, the third antireflective coating 680 may have a second UV-curable acrylate binder concentration of no more than about 60% by weight, or no more than about 58% by weight, or no more than about 55% by weight, or no more than about 53% by weight, or no more than about 50% by weight, or no more than about 48% by weight, or no more than about 45% by weight, or no more than about 43% by weight, or no more than about 40% by weight, of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. It should be understood that the third antireflective coating 680 may have a second UV-curable acrylate adhesive concentration that is within the range of any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values, and includes any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that the third antireflective coating 680 may have a second UV-curable acrylate adhesive concentration that is within the range of any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values, and includes any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values.

[0131] Figure 6b is an illustration of a cross-sectional view of a portion of another example composite film 601 according to an embodiment described herein. As shown in Figure 6b, the composite film 601 may include a first transparent substrate 610, a first anti-reflective coating 620 over a first surface 612 of the first transparent substrate 610, a second anti-reflective coating 630 over a second surface 614 of the first transparent substrate 610, and four repeating top anti-reflective members 695 over a surface 622 of the first anti-reflective coating 620. Each repeating top anti-reflective member 695 may include a first adhesive layer 640, a second transparent substrate 650 over the first adhesive layer 640, and a third anti-reflective coating 680 over the second transparent substrate 650.

[0132] It should be understood that the number of repeating top antireflective components 695 shown in FIG. 6b is illustrative and not intended to be limiting. According to a particular embodiment, the composite film 601 according to the embodiments described herein may include a specific number of repeating top layer components, such as at least 3 repeating top antireflective components 695, or at least 4 repeating top antireflective components 695, or at least 5 repeating top transparent substrate components 695, or at least 6 repeating top antireflective components 695, or at least 7 repeating top antireflective components 695, or at least 8 repeating top antireflective components 695, or at least 9 repeating top antireflective components 695, or at least 10 repeating top antireflective components 695.

[0133] According to certain embodiments, composite membrane 601 may have a specific VLT. For example, composite membrane 601 may have a VLT of at least about 93.2%, such as at least about 93.4%, or at least about 93.6%, or at least about 93.8%, or at least about 94.0%, or at least about 94.2%, or at least about 94.4%, or at least about 94.6%, or at least about 94.8%, or at least about 95.0%, or at least about 95.2%, or at least about 95.4%, or at least about 95.6%, or at least about 95.8%, or even at least about 96.0%. According to further embodiments, composite membrane 601 may have a VLT of no more than about 99.9%. It should be understood that composite membrane 601 may have a VLT ranging between and including any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values. It should be further understood that composite membrane 601 may have a VLT ranging between and including any of the aforementioned minimum and maximum values.

[0134] According to further embodiments, the composite film 601 may have a specific haze value. For example, the composite film 601 may have a haze value not greater than about 3%, such as not greater than about 2.9%, or not greater than about 2.8%, or not greater than about 2.7%, or not greater than about 2.6%, or not greater than about 2.5%, or not greater than about 2.4%, or not greater than about 2.3%, or not greater than about 2.2%, or not greater than about 2.1%, or not greater than about 2.0%, or not greater than about 1.9%, or not greater than about 1.8%, or not greater than about 1.7%, or not greater than about 1.6%, or not greater than about 1.5%, or not greater than about 1.4%, or even not greater than about 1.3%. It should be understood that the composite film 601 may have a haze value within the range of and including any of the above values. It should be further understood that the composite film 601 may have a haze value within the range of and including any of the above values.

[0135] According to some other embodiments, the composite film 601 may have a specific reflectivity. For example, the composite film 601 may have a reflectivity not greater than about 7.0%, such as not greater than about 6.9%, or not greater than about 6.8%, or not greater than about 6.7%, or not greater than about 6.6%, or not greater than about 6.5%, or not greater than about 6.4%, or not greater than about 6.3%, or not greater than about 6.2%, or not greater than about 6.1%, or not greater than about 6.0%, or not greater than about 5.9%, or not greater than about 5.8%, or not greater than about 5.7%, or not greater than about 5.6%, or not greater than about 5.5%, or not greater than about 5.4%, or not greater than about 5.3%, or not greater than about 5.2%, or not greater than about 5.1%, or not greater than about 5.0%. It should be understood that the composite film 601 may have a reflectivity within a range between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​described above. It should be further understood that the composite film 601 may have a reflectivity between and including any of the minimum and maximum values ​​mentioned above.

[0136] According to the embodiments described herein, the antireflective coating as described herein can be applied to another layer (e.g., a substrate or another coating) using wet coating methods such as Mayer bar printing, gravure printing, reverse gravure printing, mini-gravure printing, slot die printing, spraying, or dip coating. According to further embodiments described herein, the newly applied coating can be dried in an oven to remove solvent. According to yet another embodiment, the dried coating can then be cured by heating with UV light, electron beams, and other high-energy beams.

[0137] According to further embodiments, a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer as described herein can be applied to a substrate or another coating using wet coating methods such as Mayer bar printing, gravure printing, reverse gravure printing, mini gravure printing, slot die printing, spraying, or dip coating.

[0138] Many different aspects and embodiments are possible. Some of these aspects and embodiments are described herein. After reading this specification, those skilled in the art will understand that those aspects and embodiments are merely illustrative and do not limit the scope of the invention. Embodiments may be based on any one or more of the embodiments listed below.

[0139] Example 1. A composite film comprising: a first transparent substrate; and a first antireflective coating, the first antireflective coating being coated on a first surface of the first transparent substrate, wherein the first antireflective coating comprises: a first UV-curable acrylate adhesive, a photoinitiator component, silica nanoparticles dispersed within the first antireflective coating, and a ratio of at least about 0.01 and no more than about 1.3 of AC1. SiO2 / AC1 B AC1 SiO2 AC1 is the weight percentage concentration of the silica nanoparticles in the first antireflective coating in the total weight of the first antireflective coating. B It is the weight percentage concentration of the first UV-curable acrylate adhesive in the first antireflective coating in the total weight of the antireflective coating, wherein the composite film has at least about 93.0% VLT, and wherein the composite film has a haze value of no more than about 3%.

[0140] Example 2. A composite film comprising: a first transparent substrate; and a first antireflective coating, the first antireflective coating being coated on a first surface of the first transparent substrate, wherein the first antireflective coating comprises: a first UV-curable acrylate adhesive having a concentration of at least about 40% by weight and no more than about 95% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating; a photoinitiator component having a concentration of at least about 2.0% by weight and no more than about 10% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating; and silica nanoparticles dispersed within the first antireflective coating having a concentration of at least about 5% by weight and no more than about 60% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating, wherein the composite film has a VLT of at least about 93.0%, and wherein the composite film has a haze value of no more than about 3%.

[0141] Example 3. A composite membrane according to any one of Examples 1 and 2, wherein the composite membrane has a VLT of at least about 93.2%, or at least about 93.4%, or at least about 93.6%, or at least about 93.8%, or at least about 94.0%, or at least about 94.2%, or at least about 94.4%, or at least about 94.6%, or at least about 94.8%, or at least about 95.0%, or at least about 95.2%, or at least about 95.4%, or at least about 95.6%, or at least about 95.8%, or at least about 96.0%.

[0142] Example 4. A composite membrane according to any one of Examples 1 and 2, wherein the composite membrane has a haze value of not more than about 3%, or not more than about 2.9%, or not more than about 2.8%, or not more than about 2.7%, or not more than about 2.6%, or not more than about 2.5%, or not more than about 2.4%, or not more than about 2.3%, or not more than about 2.2%, or not more than about 2.1%, or not more than about 2.0%, or not more than about 1.9%, or not more than about 1.8%, or not more than about 1.7%, or not more than about 1.6%, or not more than about 1.5%, or not more than about 1.4%, or not more than about 1.3%.

[0143] Example 5. A composite film according to any one of Examples 1 and 2, wherein the composite film comprises a reflectance of not more than about 7.0%, or not more than about 6.9%, or not more than about 6.8%, or not more than about 6.7%, or not more than about 6.6%, or not more than about 6.5%, or not more than about 6.4%, or not more than about 6.3%, or not more than about 6.2%, or not more than about 6.1%, or not more than about 6.0%, or not more than about 5.9%, or not more than about 5.8%, or not more than about 5.7%, or not more than about 5.6%, or not more than about 5.5%, or not more than about 5.4%, or not more than about 5.3%, or not more than about 5.2%, or not more than about 5.1%, or not more than about 5.0%.

[0144] Example 6. The composite film according to any one of Examples 1 and 2, wherein the first antireflective coating has a thickness of at least about 50 nm, or at least about 60 nm, or at least about 70 nm, or at least about 80 nm, or at least about 90 nm, or at least about 100 nm, or at least about 110 nm, or at least about 120 nm, or at least about 130 nm, or at least about 140 nm, or at least about 150 nm, or at least about 160 nm, or at least about 170 nm, or at least about 180 nm, or at least about 190 nm, or at least about 200 nm.

[0145] Example 7. The composite film according to any one of Examples 1 and 2, wherein the first antireflective coating has a thickness of not more than about 500 nm, or not more than about 490 nm, or not more than about 480 nm, or not more than about 470 nm, or not more than about 460 nm, or not more than about 450 nm, or not more than about 440 nm, or not more than about 430 nm, or not more than about 420 nm, or not more than about 410 nm, or not more than about 400 nm, or not more than about 390 nm, or not more than about 380 nm, or not more than about 370 nm, or not more than about 360 nm, or not more than about 350 nm, or not more than about 340 nm, or not more than about 330 nm, or not more than about 320 nm, or not more than about 310 nm, or not more than about 300 nm.

[0146] Example 8. A composite film according to any one of Examples 1 and 2, wherein the first antireflective coating comprises at least about 0.01, or at least about 0.05, or at least about 0.07, or at least about 0.1, or at least about 0.12, or at least about 0.15, or at least about 0.17, or at least about 0.20, or at least about 0.22, or at least about 0.25, or at least about 0.27, or at least about 0.30 of AC1. SiO2 / AC1 B AC1 SiO2 AC1 is the weight percentage concentration of the silica nanoparticles in the first antireflective coating in the total weight of the first antireflective coating. B It is the weight percentage concentration of the first UV-curable acrylate adhesive in the first antireflective coating in the total weight of the antireflective coating.

[0147] Example 9. A composite film according to any one of Examples 1 and 2, wherein the first antireflective coating comprises a ratio of AC1 of no more than about 1.3, or no more than about 1.2, or no more than about 1.1, or no more than about 1.0, or no more than about 0.9, or no more than about 0.8, or no more than about 0.7, or no more than about 0.6, or no more than about 0.5. SiO2 / AC1 B AC1 SiO2 AC1 is the weight percentage concentration of the silica nanoparticles in the first antireflective coating in the total weight of the first antireflective coating. B It is the weight percentage concentration of the first UV-curable acrylate adhesive in the first antireflective coating in the total weight of the antireflective coating.

[0148] Example 10. The composite film according to any one of Examples 1 and 2, wherein the first UV-curable acrylate binder in the first antireflective coating comprises SR351LV, SR355, SR399, tetrafunctional acrylate monomers, pentafunctional acrylate monomers, pentaerythritol tri-tetraacrylate (PETIA), Ebecry 140, Ebecryl 180, multifunctional oligomers, or UV resins.

[0149] Example 11. The composite film according to any one of Examples 1 and 2, wherein the first antireflective coating comprises the first UV-curable acrylate adhesive at a concentration of at least about 40% by weight, or at least about 42% by weight, or at least about 44% by weight, or at least about 46% by weight, or at least about 48% by weight, or at least about 50% by weight, or at least about 52% by weight, or at least about 54% by weight, or at least about 56% by weight, or at least about 58% by weight, or at least about 60% by weight.

[0150] Example 12. The composite film according to any one of Examples 1 and 2, wherein the first antireflective coating comprises the first UV-curable acrylate adhesive at a concentration of not more than about 95% by weight, or not more than about 93% by weight, or not more than about 90% by weight, or not more than about 88% by weight, or not more than about 85% by weight, or not more than about 83% by weight, or not more than about 80% by weight, or not more than about 78% by weight, or not more than about 75% by weight, or not more than about 73% by weight, or not more than about 70% by weight.

[0151] Example 13. A composite film according to any one of Examples 1 and 2, wherein the photoinitiator component in the first antireflective coating comprises Omnirad 184, Omnirad 819, Omnirad 1173, CPI 6976, other similar photoinitiators, or any combination thereof herein.

[0152] Example 14. The composite film according to any one of Examples 1 and 2, wherein the first antireflective coating comprises the photoinitiator component at a concentration of at least about 2% by weight, or at least about 2.2% by weight, or at least about 2.5% by weight, or at least about 2.7% by weight, or at least about 3.0% by weight, or at least about 3.2% by weight, or at least about 3.5% by weight, or at least about 3.7% by weight, or at least about 4.0% by weight, or at least about 4.2% by weight, or at least about 4.5% by weight, or at least about 4.7% by weight, or at least about 5.0% by weight, or at least about 5.2% by weight, or at least about 5.5% by weight.

[0153] Example 15. The composite film according to any one of Examples 1 and 2, wherein the first antireflective coating comprises the photoinitiator component at a concentration of no more than about 10% by weight, or no more than about 9.8% by weight, or no more than about 9.5% by weight, or no more than about 9.3% by weight, or no more than about 9.0% by weight, or no more than about 8.8% by weight, or no more than about 8.5% by weight, or no more than about 8.3% by weight, or no more than about 8.0% by weight, or no more than about 7.8% by weight, or no more than about 7.5% by weight, or no more than about 7.3% by weight, or no more than about 7.0% by weight, or no more than about 6.8% by weight, or no more than about 6.5% by weight.

[0154] Example 16. The composite film according to any one of Examples 1 and 2, wherein the first antireflective coating comprises silica nanoparticles at a concentration of at least about 5% by weight, or at least about 6% by weight, or at least about 7% by weight, or at least about 8% by weight, or at least about 9% by weight, or at least about 10% by weight, or at least about 11% by weight, or at least about 12% by weight, or at least about 13% by weight, or at least about 14% by weight, or at least about 15% by weight, or at least about 16% by weight, or at least about 17% by weight, or at least about 18% by weight, or at least about 19% by weight, or at least about 20% by weight, or at least about 21% by weight, or at least about 22% by weight, or at least about 23% by weight, or at least about 24% by weight, or at least about 25% by weight.

[0155] Example 17. The composite film according to any one of Examples 1 and 2, wherein the first antireflective coating comprises silica nanoparticles at a concentration of no more than about 60% by weight, or no more than about 58% by weight, or no more than about 55% by weight, or no more than about 53% by weight, or no more than about 50% by weight, or no more than about 48% by weight, or no more than about 45% by weight, or no more than about 43% by weight, or no more than about 40% by weight, or no more than about 38% by weight, or no more than about 35% by weight, or no more than about 33% by weight, or no more than about 30% by weight.

[0156] Example 18. The composite film according to Example 2, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the first antireflective coating are surface-treated silica nanoparticles.

[0157] Example 19. The composite film according to Example 18, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the first antireflective coating are surface-treated with polysiloxane, acrylate or a combination thereof.

[0158] Example 20. The composite film according to any one of Examples 1 and 2, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the first antireflective coating are substantially solid silica nanoparticles.

[0159] Example 21. A composite film according to any one of Examples 1 and 2, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the first antireflective coating have an average particle size (D50) of at least about 1 nm, or at least about 2 nm, or at least about 3 nm, or at least about 4 nm, or at least about 5 nm, or at least about 6 nm, or at least about 7 nm, or at least about 8 nm, or at least about 10 nm, or at least about 11 nm, or at least about 12 nm, or at least about 13 nm, or at least about 14 nm, or at least about 15 nm, or at least about 16 nm, or at least about 17 nm, or at least about 18 nm.

[0160] Example 22. The composite film according to any one of Examples 1 and 2, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the first antireflective coating have an average particle size (D50) of not greater than about 500 nm, or not greater than about 400 nm, or not greater than about 300 nm, or not greater than about 200 nm, or not greater than about 100 nm, or not greater than about 95 nm, or not greater than about 90 nm, or not greater than about 85 nm, or not greater than about 80 nm, or not greater than about 75 nm, or not greater than about 65 nm, or not greater than about 60 nm, or not greater than about 55 nm, or not greater than about 50 nm, or not greater than about 45 nm, or not greater than about 40 nm, or not greater than about 35 nm, or not greater than about 30 nm, or not greater than about 25 nm.

[0161] Example 23. The composite film according to any one of Examples 1 and 2, wherein the first antireflective coating comprises a slip agent.

[0162] Example 24. The composite film according to Example 23, wherein the slip agent comprises Tego glide410, Tegorad 2100, Tegorad 2300, Tegorad 2500, BYK306, BYK307 and any combination thereof.

[0163] Example 25. The composite film according to Example 23, wherein the first antireflective coating comprises the slip agent at a concentration of at least about 0.01 by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating.

[0164] Example 26. The composite film according to Example 23, wherein the first antireflective coating comprises the slip agent at a concentration of no more than about 5% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating.

[0165] Example 27. The composite film according to any one of Examples 1 and 2, wherein the first antireflective coating comprises a wetting agent.

[0166] Example 28. The composite film according to Example 27, wherein the wetting agent includes BYK-377, BYK-UV 3500, Tego 270 or any combination thereof.

[0167] Example 29. The composite film according to Example 27, wherein the first antireflective coating comprises the wetting agent at a concentration of at least about 0.01 by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating.

[0168] Example 30. The composite film according to Example 27, wherein the first antireflective coating comprises the wetting agent at a concentration of no more than about 0.3% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating.

[0169] Example 31. The composite film according to any one of Examples 1 and 2, wherein the first antireflective coating comprises a surface energy modifier.

[0170] Example 32. The composite film according to Example 31, wherein the surface energy modifier includes BYK-315, BYK-300, BYK-310, BY-378 or any combination thereof.

[0171] Example 33. The composite film according to Example 31, wherein the first antireflective coating comprises the surface energy modifier at a concentration of at least about 0.01 by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating.

[0172] Example 34. The composite film according to Example 31, wherein the first antireflective coating comprises the surface energy modifier at a concentration of no more than about 0.3% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating.

[0173] Example 35. The composite film according to any one of Examples 1 and 2, wherein the first antireflective coating comprises a second UV-curable acrylate adhesive.

[0174] Example 36. The composite film according to Example 35, wherein the second UV-curable acrylate adhesive comprises SR351LV, SR355, SR399, tetrafunctional acrylate monomers, pentafunctional acrylate monomers, pentaerythritol tri-tetraacrylate (PETIA), Ebecry 140, Ebecryl 180, multifunctional oligomers, or UV resins.

[0175] Example 37. The composite film according to Example 35, wherein the first antireflective coating comprises the second UV-curable acrylate adhesive at a concentration of at least about 5.0% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating.

[0176] Example 38. The composite film according to Example 35, wherein the first antireflective coating comprises the second UV-curable acrylate adhesive at a concentration of no more than about 60% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating.

[0177] Example 39. The composite film according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein the first transparent substrate comprises a PET film.

[0178] Example 40. The composite film according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the first transparent substrate comprises an optically transparent PET film.

[0179] Example 41. The composite film according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the first transparent substrate comprises a single layer of optically transparent PET film.

[0180] Example 42. A composite film according to any one of Examples 39, 40 and 41, wherein the PET film has a thickness of at least about 5 mils, or at least about 6 mils, or at least about 7 mils, or at least about 8 mils, or at least about 9 mils, or at least about 10 mils.

[0181] Example 43. A composite film according to any one of Examples 39, 40 and 41, wherein the PET film has a thickness of no more than about 15 mils, or no more than about 14 mils, or no more than about 13 mils, or no more than about 12 mils, or no more than about 11 mils.

[0182] Example 44. The composite film according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the composite film further comprises a second antireflective coating, the second antireflective coating comprising a first UV-curable acrylate binder, a photoinitiator component and silica nanoparticles dispersed within the second antireflective coating.

[0183] Example 45. The composite film according to Example 44, wherein the second anti-reflective coating is applied to the second surface of the first transparent substrate, wherein the second surface of the first transparent substrate is parallel to and opposite to the first surface of the first transparent substrate.

[0184] Example 46. The composite film according to Example 45, wherein the second antireflective coating has a thickness of at least about 50 nm, or at least about 60 nm, or at least about 70 nm, or at least about 80 nm, or at least about 90 nm, or at least about 100 nm, or at least about 110 nm, or at least about 120 nm, or at least about 130 nm, or at least about 140 nm, or at least about 150 nm, or at least about 160 nm, or at least about 170 nm, or at least about 180 nm, or at least about 190 nm, or at least about 200 nm.

[0185] Example 47. The composite film according to Example 45, wherein the second antireflective coating has a thickness of not greater than about 500 nm, or not greater than about 490 nm, or not greater than about 480 nm, or not greater than about 470 nm, or not greater than about 460 nm, or not greater than about 450 nm, or not greater than about 440 nm, or not greater than about 430 nm, or not greater than about 420 nm, or not greater than about 410 nm, or not greater than about 400 nm, or not greater than about 390 nm, or not greater than about 380 nm, or not greater than about 370 nm, or not greater than about 360 nm, or not greater than about 350 nm, or not greater than about 340 nm, or not greater than about 330 nm, or not greater than about 320 nm, or not greater than about 310 nm, or not greater than about 300 nm.

[0186] Example 48. The composite film according to Example 45, wherein the second antireflective coating comprises at least about 0.01, or at least about 0.05, or at least about 0.07, or at least about 0.1, or at least about 0.12, or at least about 0.15, or at least about 0.17, or at least about 0.20, or at least about 0.22, or at least about 0.25, or at least about 0.27, or at least about 0.30 of AC2. SiO2 / AC2 B AC2 SiO2 AC2 is the weight percentage concentration of the silica nanoparticles in the total weight of the second antireflective coating, and AC2 B It is the weight percentage concentration of the second UV-curable acrylate adhesive in the second antireflective coating in the total weight of the second antireflective coating.

[0187] Example 49. The composite film according to Example 45, wherein the second antireflective coating comprises a ratio of AC2 of no more than about 1.3, or no more than about 1.2, or no more than about 1.1, or no more than about 1.0, or no more than about 0.9, or no more than about 0.8, or no more than about 0.7, or no more than about 0.6, or no more than about 0.5. SiO2 / AC2 B AC2 SiO2 AC2 is the weight percentage concentration of the silica nanoparticles in the total weight of the second antireflective coating, and AC2 B It is the weight percentage concentration of the second UV-curable acrylate adhesive in the second antireflective coating in the total weight of the second antireflective coating.

[0188] Example 50. The composite film according to Example 45, wherein the UV-curable acrylate in the second antireflective coating includes SR351LV, SR355, SR399, tetrafunctional acrylate monomers, pentafunctional acrylate monomers, pentaerythritol tri-tetraacrylate (PETIA), Ebecry 140, Ebecryl 180, multifunctional oligomers, or UV resins.

[0189] Example 51. The composite film according to Example 45, wherein the second antireflective coating comprises the first UV-curable acrylate adhesive at a concentration of at least about 40% by weight, or at least about 42% by weight, or at least about 44% by weight, or at least about 46% by weight, or at least about 48% by weight, or at least about 50% by weight, or at least about 52% by weight, or at least about 54% by weight, or at least about 56% by weight, or at least about 58% by weight, or at least about 60% by weight.

[0190] Example 52. The composite film according to Example 45, wherein the second antireflective coating comprises the first UV-curable acrylate adhesive at a concentration of no more than about 95% by weight, or no more than about 93% by weight, or no more than about 90% by weight, or no more than about 88% by weight, or no more than about 85% by weight, or no more than about 83% by weight, or no more than about 80% by weight, or no more than about 78% by weight, or no more than about 75% by weight, or no more than about 73% by weight, or no more than about 70% by weight.

[0191] Example 53. The composite film according to Example 45, wherein the photoinitiator component in the second antireflective coating comprises Omnirad 184, Omnirad 819, Omnirad 1173, CPI 6976, other similar photoinitiators, or any combination thereof herein.

[0192] Example 54. The composite film according to Example 45, wherein the second antireflective coating comprises the photoinitiator component at a concentration of at least about 2% by weight, or at least about 2.2% by weight, or at least about 2.5% by weight, or at least about 2.7% by weight, or at least about 3.0% by weight, or at least about 3.2% by weight, or at least about 3.5% by weight, or at least about 3.7% by weight, or at least about 4.0% by weight, or at least about 4.2% by weight, or at least about 4.5% by weight, or at least about 4.7% by weight, or at least about 5.0% by weight, or at least about 5.2% by weight, or at least about 5.5% by weight.

[0193] Example 55. The composite film according to Example 45, wherein the second antireflective coating comprises the photoinitiator component at a concentration of no more than about 10% by weight, or no more than about 9.8% by weight, or no more than about 9.5% by weight, or no more than about 9.3% by weight, or no more than about 9.0% by weight, or no more than about 8.8% by weight, or no more than about 8.5% by weight, or no more than about 8.3% by weight, or no more than about 8.0% by weight, or no more than about 7.8% by weight, or no more than about 7.5% by weight, or no more than about 7.3% by weight, or no more than about 7.0% by weight, or no more than about 6.8% by weight, or no more than about 6.5% by weight.

[0194] Example 56. The composite film according to Example 45, wherein the second antireflective coating comprises silica nanoparticles at a concentration of at least about 5% by weight, or at least about 6% by weight, or at least about 7% by weight, or at least about 8% by weight, or at least about 9% by weight, or at least about 10% by weight, or at least about 11% by weight, or at least about 12% by weight, or at least about 13% by weight, or at least about 14% by weight, or at least about 15% by weight, or at least about 16% by weight, or at least about 17% by weight, or at least about 18% by weight, or at least about 19% by weight, or at least about 20% by weight, or at least about 21% by weight, or at least about 22% by weight, or at least about 23% by weight, or at least about 24% by weight, or at least about 25% by weight.

[0195] Example 57. The composite film according to Example 45, wherein the second antireflective coating comprises silica nanoparticles at a concentration of no more than about 60% by weight, or no more than about 58% by weight, or no more than about 55% by weight, or no more than about 53% by weight, or no more than about 50% by weight, or no more than about 48% by weight, or no more than about 45% by weight, or no more than about 43% by weight, or no more than about 40% by weight, or no more than about 38% by weight, or no more than about 35% by weight, or no more than about 33% by weight, or no more than about 30% by weight.

[0196] Example 58. The composite film according to Example 45, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the second antireflective coating are surface-treated silica nanoparticles.

[0197] Example 59. The composite film according to Example 58, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the second antireflective coating are surface-treated with polysiloxane, acrylate or a combination thereof.

[0198] Example 60. The composite film according to Example 45, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the second antireflective coating are substantially solid silica nanoparticles.

[0199] Example 61. The composite film according to Example 45, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the second antireflective coating have an average particle size (D50) of at least about 1 nm, or at least about 2 nm, or at least about 3 nm, or at least about 4 nm, or at least about 5 nm, or at least about 6 nm, or at least about 7 nm, or at least about 8 nm, or at least about 10 nm, or at least about 11 nm, or at least about 12 nm, or at least about 13 nm, or at least about 14 nm, or at least about 15 nm, or at least about 16 nm, or at least about 17 nm, or at least about 18 nm.

[0200] Example 62. The composite film according to Example 45, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the second antireflective coating have an average particle size (D50) of not greater than about 500 nm, or not greater than about 400 nm, or not greater than about 300 nm, or not greater than about 200 nm, or not greater than about 100 nm, or not greater than about 95 nm, or not greater than about 90 nm, or not greater than about 85 nm, or not greater than about 80 nm, or not greater than about 75 nm, or not greater than about 65 nm, or not greater than about 60 nm, or not greater than about 55 nm, or not greater than about 50 nm, or not greater than about 45 nm, or not greater than about 40 nm, or not greater than about 35 nm, or not greater than about 30 nm, or not greater than about 25 nm.

[0201] Example 63. The composite film according to Example 45, wherein the second antireflective coating comprises a slip agent.

[0202] Example 64. The composite film according to Example 63, wherein the slip agent comprises Tego glide410, Tegorad 2100, Tegorad 2300, Tegorad 2500, BYK306, BYK307 and any combination thereof.

[0203] Example 65. The composite film according to Example 63, wherein the second antireflective coating comprises the slip agent at a concentration of at least about 0.01 by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating.

[0204] Example 66. The composite film according to Example 63, wherein the first antireflective coating comprises the slip agent at a concentration of no more than about 5% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating.

[0205] Example 67. The composite film according to Example 45, wherein the second antireflective coating comprises a wetting agent.

[0206] Example 68. The composite film according to Example 67, wherein the wetting agent comprises BYK-377, BYK-UV 3500, Tego 270 or any combination thereof.

[0207] Example 69. The composite film according to Example 67, wherein the second antireflective coating comprises the wetting agent at a concentration of at least about 0.01 by weight of the total weight of the second antireflective coating.

[0208] Example 70. The composite film according to Example 67, wherein the second antireflective coating comprises the wetting agent at a concentration of no more than about 0.3% by weight of the total weight of the second antireflective coating.

[0209] Example 71. The composite film according to Example 45, wherein the second antireflective coating comprises a surface energy modifier.

[0210] Example 72. The composite film according to Example 71, wherein the surface energy modifier includes BYK-315, BYK-300, BYK-310, BY-378 or any combination thereof.

[0211] Example 73. The composite film according to Example 71, wherein the second antireflective coating comprises the surface energy modifier at a concentration of at least about 0.01 by weight of the total weight of the second antireflective coating.

[0212] Example 74. The composite film according to Example 71, wherein the second antireflective coating comprises the surface energy modifier at a concentration of no more than about 0.3% by weight of the total weight of the second antireflective coating.

[0213] Example 75. The composite film according to Example 45, wherein the second antireflective coating comprises a second UV-curable acrylate adhesive.

[0214] Example 76. The composite film according to Example 75, wherein the second UV-curable acrylate adhesive comprises SR351LV, SR355, SR399, tetrafunctional acrylate monomers, pentafunctional acrylate monomers, pentaerythritol tri-tetraacrylate (PETIA), Ebecry 140, Ebecryl 180, multifunctional oligomers, or UV resins.

[0215] Example 77. The composite film according to Example 75, wherein the second antireflective coating comprises the second UV-curable acrylate adhesive at a concentration of at least about 5.0% by weight of the total weight of the second antireflective coating.

[0216] Example 78. The composite film according to Example 75, wherein the second antireflective coating comprises the second UV-curable acrylate adhesive at a concentration of no more than about 60% by weight of the total weight of the second antireflective coating.

[0217] Example 79. A composite film according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the composite film further comprises a first adhesive layer covering the surface of the first antireflective film.

[0218] Example 80. The composite film according to Example 79, wherein the first adhesive layer comprises Ashland's Aroset 1452, Aroset 1450, Aroset 6428, Duro-Tak 222A, Duro-Tak80-1093 or combinations thereof.

[0219] Example 81. The composite film according to Example 79, wherein the first adhesive layer has a thickness of at least about 1 µm.

[0220] Example 82. The composite film according to Example 79, wherein the first adhesive layer has a thickness of no more than about 50 µm.

[0221] Example 83. The composite film according to Example 79, wherein the first adhesive layer comprises nanoparticles.

[0222] Example 84. The composite film according to Example 83, wherein the nanoparticles in the first adhesive layer comprise surface-treated silica nanoparticles.

[0223] Example 85. The composite membrane according to Example 83, wherein the nanoparticles in the first adhesive layer have an average particle size (D50) of at least about 1 nm, or at least about 2 nm, or at least about 3 nm, or at least about 4 nm, or at least about 5 nm, or at least about 6 nm, or at least about 7 nm, or at least about 8 nm, or at least about 10 nm, or at least about 11 nm, or at least about 12 nm, or at least about 13 nm, or at least about 14 nm, or at least about 15 nm, or at least about 16 nm, or at least about 17 nm, or at least about 18 nm.

[0224] Example 86. The composite film according to Example 83, wherein the nanoparticles in the first adhesive layer have an average particle size (D50) of not greater than about 500 nm, or not greater than about 400 nm, or not greater than about 300 nm, or not greater than about 200 nm, or not greater than about 100 nm, or not greater than about 95 nm, or not greater than about 90 nm, or not greater than about 85 nm, or not greater than about 80 nm, or not greater than about 75 nm, or not greater than about 65 nm, or not greater than about 60 nm, or not greater than about 55 nm, or not greater than about 50 nm, or not greater than about 45 nm, or not greater than about 40 nm, or not greater than about 35 nm, or not greater than about 30 nm, or not greater than about 25 nm.

[0225] Example 87. A composite film according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein the composite film further comprises a second transparent substrate coated on the first adhesive layer.

[0226] Example 88. The composite film according to Example 87, wherein the second transparent substrate comprises a PET film.

[0227] Example 89. The composite film according to Example 87, wherein the second transparent substrate comprises an optically transparent PET film.

[0228] Example 90. The composite film according to Example 87, wherein the second transparent substrate comprises a single layer of optically transparent PET film.

[0229] Example 91. The composite film according to Example 87, wherein the second transparent substrate has a thickness of at least about 1 mil, or at least about 2 mil, or at least about 3 mil, or at least about 4 mil, or at least about 5 mil.

[0230] Example 92. The composite film according to Example 87, wherein the second transparent substrate has a thickness of no more than about 15 mils, or no more than about 14 mils, or no more than about 13 mils, or no more than about 12 mils, or no more than about 11 mils.

[0231] Example 93. A composite film according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the composite film further comprises a second adhesive layer covering the surface of the second transparent substrate.

[0232] Example 94. The composite film according to Example 93, wherein the second adhesive layer comprises Ashland's Aroset 1452, Aroset 1450, Aroset 6428, Duro-Tak 222A, Duro-Tak80-1093 or combinations thereof.

[0233] Example 95. The composite film according to Example 93, wherein the second adhesive layer has a thickness of at least about 1 µm.

[0234] Example 96. The composite film according to Example 93, wherein the second adhesive layer has a thickness of no more than about 50 µm.

[0235] Example 97. The composite film according to Example 93, wherein the second adhesive layer comprises nanoparticles.

[0236] Example 98. The composite film according to Example 93, wherein the nanoparticles in the second adhesive layer comprise surface-treated silica nanoparticles.

[0237] Example 99. The composite membrane according to Example 93, wherein the nanoparticles in the second adhesive layer have an average particle size (D50) of at least about 1 nm, or at least about 2 nm, or at least about 3 nm, or at least about 4 nm, or at least about 5 nm, or at least about 6 nm, or at least about 7 nm, or at least about 8 nm, or at least about 10 nm, or at least about 11 nm, or at least about 12 nm, or at least about 13 nm, or at least about 14 nm, or at least about 15 nm, or at least about 16 nm, or at least about 17 nm, or at least about 18 nm.

[0238] Example 100. The composite film according to Example 93, wherein the nanoparticles in the second adhesive layer have an average particle size (D50) of not greater than about 500 nm, or not greater than about 400 nm, or not greater than about 300 nm, or not greater than about 200 nm, or not greater than about 100 nm, or not greater than about 95 nm, or not greater than about 90 nm, or not greater than about 85 nm, or not greater than about 80 nm, or not greater than about 75 nm, or not greater than about 65 nm, or not greater than about 60 nm, or not greater than about 55 nm, or not greater than about 50 nm, or not greater than about 45 nm, or not greater than about 40 nm, or not greater than about 35 nm, or not greater than about 30 nm, or not greater than about 25 nm.

[0239] Example 101. The composite film according to Example 93, wherein the composite film further includes a third anti-reflective coating on the surface of the second transparent substrate, wherein the third anti-reflective coating includes a second anti-reflective coating, the second anti-reflective coating including a first UV-curable acrylate adhesive, a photoinitiator component and silica nanoparticles dispersed within the second anti-reflective coating.

[0240] Example 102. The composite film according to Example 101, wherein the third antireflective coating has a thickness of at least about 50 nm, or at least about 60 nm, or at least about 70 nm, or at least about 80 nm, or at least about 90 nm, or at least about 100 nm, or at least about 110 nm, or at least about 120 nm, or at least about 130 nm, or at least about 140 nm, or at least about 150 nm, or at least about 160 nm, or at least about 170 nm, or at least about 180 nm, or at least about 190 nm, or at least about 200 nm.

[0241] Example 103. The composite film according to Example 101, wherein the third antireflective coating has a thickness of not more than about 500 nm, or not more than about 490 nm, or not more than about 480 nm, or not more than about 470 nm, or not more than about 460 nm, or not more than about 450 nm, or not more than about 440 nm, or not more than about 430 nm, or not more than about 420 nm, or not more than about 410 nm, or not more than about 400 nm, or not more than about 390 nm, or not more than about 380 nm, or not more than about 370 nm, or not more than about 360 nm, or not more than about 350 nm, or not more than about 340 nm, or not more than about 330 nm, or not more than about 320 nm, or not more than about 310 nm, or not more than about 300 nm.

[0242] Example 104. The composite film according to Example 101, wherein the third antireflective coating comprises at least about 0.01, or at least about 0.05, or at least about 0.07, or at least about 0.1, or at least about 0.12, or at least about 0.15, or at least about 0.17, or at least about 0.20, or at least about 0.22, or at least about 0.25, or at least about 0.27, or at least about 0.30 of AC3. SiO2 / AC3 B AC3 SiO2AC3 is the weight percentage concentration of the silica nanoparticles in the third antireflective coating in the total weight of the third antireflective coating. B It is the weight percentage concentration of the third UV-curable acrylate adhesive in the third antireflective coating in the total weight of the third antireflective coating.

[0243] Example 105. The composite film according to Example 101, wherein the third antireflective coating comprises a ratio of AC3 of no more than about 1.3, or no more than about 1.2, or no more than about 1.1, or no more than about 1.0, or no more than about 0.9, or no more than about 0.8, or no more than about 0.7, or no more than about 0.6, or no more than about 0.5. SiO2 / AC3 B AC3 SiO2 AC3 is the weight percentage concentration of the silica nanoparticles in the third antireflective coating in the total weight of the third antireflective coating. B It is the weight percentage concentration of the third UV-curable acrylate adhesive in the third antireflective coating in the total weight of the third antireflective coating.

[0244] Example 106. The composite film according to Example 101, wherein the UV-curable acrylate adhesive in the third antireflective coating includes SR351LV, SR355, SR399, tetrafunctional acrylate monomers, pentafunctional acrylate monomers, pentaerythritol tri-tetraacrylate (PETIA), Ebecry 140, Ebecryl 180, multifunctional oligomers, or UV resins.

[0245] Example 107. The composite film according to Example 101, wherein the third antireflective coating comprises the first UV-curable acrylate adhesive at a concentration of at least about 40% by weight, or at least about 42% by weight, or at least about 44% by weight, or at least about 46% by weight, or at least about 48% by weight, or at least about 50% by weight, or at least about 52% by weight, or at least about 54% by weight, or at least about 56% by weight, or at least about 58% by weight, or at least about 60% by weight.

[0246] Example 108. The composite film according to Example 101, wherein the third antireflective coating comprises the first UV-curable acrylate adhesive at a concentration of no more than about 95% by weight, or no more than about 93% by weight, or no more than about 90% by weight, or no more than about 88% by weight, or no more than about 85% by weight, or no more than about 83% by weight, or no more than about 80% by weight, or no more than about 78% by weight, or no more than about 75% by weight, or no more than about 73% by weight, or no more than about 70% by weight.

[0247] Example 109. The composite film according to Example 101, wherein the photoinitiator component in the third antireflective coating comprises Omnirad 184, Omnirad 819, Omnirad 1173, CPI 6976, other similar photoinitiators, or any combination thereof herein.

[0248] Example 110. The composite film according to Example 101, wherein the third antireflective coating comprises the photoinitiator component at a concentration of at least about 2% by weight, or at least about 2.2% by weight, or at least about 2.5% by weight, or at least about 2.7% by weight, or at least about 3.0% by weight, or at least about 3.2% by weight, or at least about 3.5% by weight, or at least about 3.7% by weight, or at least about 4.0% by weight, or at least about 4.2% by weight, or at least about 4.5% by weight, or at least about 4.7% by weight, or at least about 5.0% by weight, or at least about 5.2% by weight, or at least about 5.5% by weight.

[0249] Example 111. The composite film according to Example 101, wherein the third antireflective coating comprises the photoinitiator component at a concentration of no more than about 10% by weight, or no more than about 9.8% by weight, or no more than about 9.5% by weight, or no more than about 9.3% by weight, or no more than about 9.0% by weight, or no more than about 8.8% by weight, or no more than about 8.5% by weight, or no more than about 8.3% by weight, or no more than about 8.0% by weight, or no more than about 7.8% by weight, or no more than about 7.5% by weight, or no more than about 7.3% by weight, or no more than about 7.0% by weight, or no more than about 6.8% by weight, or no more than about 6.5% by weight.

[0250] Example 112. The composite film according to Example 101, wherein the third antireflective coating comprises silica nanoparticles at a concentration of at least about 5% by weight, or at least about 6% by weight, or at least about 7% by weight, or at least about 8% by weight, or at least about 9% by weight, or at least about 10% by weight, or at least about 11% by weight, or at least about 12% by weight, or at least about 13% by weight, or at least about 14% by weight, or at least about 15% by weight, or at least about 16% by weight, or at least about 17% by weight, or at least about 18% by weight, or at least about 19% by weight, or at least about 20% by weight, or at least about 21% by weight, or at least about 22% by weight, or at least about 23% by weight, or at least about 24% by weight, or at least about 25% by weight.

[0251] Example 113. The composite film according to Example 101, wherein the third antireflective coating comprises silica nanoparticles at a concentration of no more than about 60% by weight, or no more than about 58% by weight, or no more than about 55% by weight, or no more than about 53% by weight, or no more than about 50% by weight, or no more than about 48% by weight, or no more than about 45% by weight, or no more than about 43% by weight, or no more than about 40% by weight, or no more than about 38% by weight, or no more than about 35% by weight, or no more than about 33% by weight, or no more than about 30% by weight.

[0252] Example 114. The composite film according to Example 101, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the third antireflective coating are surface-treated silica nanoparticles.

[0253] Example 115. The composite film according to Example 101, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the third antireflective coating are surface-treated with polysiloxane, acrylate or a combination thereof.

[0254] Example 116. The composite film according to Example 101, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the third antireflective coating are substantially solid silica nanoparticles.

[0255] Example 117. The composite film according to Example 101, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the third antireflective coating have an average particle size (D50) of at least about 1 nm, or at least about 2 nm, or at least about 3 nm, or at least about 4 nm, or at least about 5 nm, or at least about 6 nm, or at least about 7 nm, or at least about 8 nm, or at least about 10 nm, or at least about 11 nm, or at least about 12 nm, or at least about 13 nm, or at least about 14 nm, or at least about 15 nm, or at least about 16 nm, or at least about 17 nm, or at least about 18 nm.

[0256] Example 118. The composite film according to Example 101, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the third antireflective coating have an average particle size (D50) of not greater than about 500 nm, or not greater than about 400 nm, or not greater than about 300 nm, or not greater than about 200 nm, or not greater than about 100 nm, or not greater than about 95 nm, or not greater than about 90 nm, or not greater than about 85 nm, or not greater than about 80 nm, or not greater than about 75 nm, or not greater than about 65 nm, or not greater than about 60 nm, or not greater than about 55 nm, or not greater than about 50 nm, or not greater than about 45 nm, or not greater than about 40 nm, or not greater than about 35 nm, or not greater than about 30 nm, or not greater than about 25 nm.

[0257] Example 119. The composite film according to any one of Examples 1 and 2, wherein the third antireflective coating comprises a wetting agent.

[0258] Example 120. The composite film according to Example 119, wherein the wetting agent comprises BYK-377, BYK-UV 3500, Tego 270 or any combination thereof.

[0259] Example 121. The composite film according to Example 119, wherein the third antireflective coating comprises the wetting agent at a concentration of at least about 0.01 by weight of the total weight of the third antireflective coating.

[0260] Example 122. The composite film according to Example 119, wherein the third antireflective coating comprises the wetting agent at a concentration of no more than about 0.3% by weight of the total weight of the third antireflective coating.

[0261] Example 123. The composite film according to any one of Examples 1 and 2, wherein the third antireflective coating comprises a surface energy modifier.

[0262] Example 124. The composite film according to Example 123, wherein the surface energy modifier includes BYK-315, BYK-300, BYK-310, BY-378 or any combination thereof.

[0263] Example 125. The composite film according to Example 123, wherein the third antireflective coating comprises the surface energy modifier at a concentration of at least about 0.01 by weight of the total weight of the third antireflective coating.

[0264] Example 126. The composite film according to Example 123, wherein the third antireflective coating comprises the surface energy modifier at a concentration of no more than about 0.3% by weight of the total weight of the third antireflective coating.

[0265] Example 127. The composite film according to any one of Examples 1 and 2, wherein the third antireflective coating comprises a second UV-curable acrylate adhesive.

[0266] Example 128. The composite film according to Example 127, wherein the second UV-curable acrylate adhesive comprises SR351LV, SR355, SR399, tetrafunctional acrylate monomers, pentafunctional acrylate monomers, pentaerythritol tri-tetraacrylate (PETIA), Ebecry 140, Ebecryl 180, multifunctional oligomers, or UV resins.

[0267] Example 129. The composite film according to Example 127, wherein the third antireflective coating comprises the second UV-curable acrylate adhesive at a concentration of at least about 5.0% by weight of the total weight of the third antireflective coating.

[0268] Example 130. The composite film according to Example 127, wherein the third antireflective coating comprises the second UV-curable acrylate adhesive at a concentration of no more than about 60% by weight of the total weight of the third antireflective coating.

[0269] Example 131. A method of forming a composite film, wherein the method comprises: providing a first antireflective coating formulation, wherein the first antireflective coating formulation comprises: a primary first UV-curable acrylate binder component having a concentration of at least about 0.4 wt% and no more than about 5.5 wt% of the total weight of the first antireflective coating formulation; a primary photoinitiator component having a concentration of at least about 0.2 wt% and no more than about 2.0 wt% of the total weight of the first antireflective coating formulation; and silica nanoparticles having a concentration of at least about 0.7 wt% and no more than about 1.9 wt% of the total weight of the first antireflective coating formulation; applying the first antireflective coating formulation to a transparent substrate; and drying the antireflective coating formulation to form a composite film, the composite film comprising a first antireflective coating overlying the transparent substrate, wherein the composite film has a VLT of at least about 93.0% and wherein the composite film has a haze value of no more than about 3%.

[0270] Example 132. The method according to Example 131, wherein applying the first antireflective coating formulation includes applying the coating using Mayer rods, gravure printing, dip coating, slit-die and other coating methods.

[0271] Example 133. The method according to Example 131, wherein drying the antireflective coating formulation comprises drying the coating in an oven and then curing the coating using UV light, an electron beam or other high-energy rays.

[0272] Example

[0273] The concepts described herein will be further illustrated in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention as described in the claims.

[0274] Example 1

[0275] Eleven sample composite membranes S1-S11 were formed according to the embodiments described herein.

[0276] According to the embodiments described herein, a first sample composite film S1 is formed by preparing an antireflective coating solution comprising the following raw components mixed in a methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) solution. These raw components include: 1) 3.10 parts by weight of surface-treated silica nanoparticles (Nanobyk 3650 dispersion); 2) a first UV-curable acrylate binder comprising 1.1 parts by weight of trimethylolpropane triacrylate and 96.52 parts by weight of 1-methoxy-2-propanol; and 3) 0.28 parts by weight of a photoinitiator (a CPI 6976 solution with a solids content of 10.00% in MEK). The antireflective coating solution is applied to one side of a 7-mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Mayer rod and then dried in an oven at 110°C for 30 seconds. The dried coating is then cured using UV light to form a first antireflective coating on the PET film. Then, using a #3 Mayer rod, the same antireflective coating solution was applied to the second side of a 7-mil SH38 PET film (SKC film, Korea), and then dried in an oven at 110°C for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a second antireflective coating on the PET film.

[0277] According to the embodiments described herein, a second sample composite film S2 is formed by preparing an antireflective coating solution comprising the following original components mixed in a methyl ethyl ketone solution. These original components include: 1) 4.00 parts by weight of surface-treated silica nanoparticles (Nanobyk 3650 dispersion); 2) a first UV-curable acrylate binder comprising 0.08 parts by weight of trimethylolpropane triacrylate and 75.00 parts by weight of 1-methoxy-2-propanol; 3) 20.00 parts by weight of propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate solvent; and 4) 0.20 parts by weight of a photoinitiator (a CPI 6976 solution with a solids content of 10.00% in MEK). The antireflective coating solution is applied to one side of a 7-mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Mayer rod and then dried in an oven at 110°C for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured using UV light to form a first antireflective coating on the PET film. The same antireflective coating solution was then applied to the second side of the 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Mayer rod and dried in an oven at 110°C for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured using UV light to form a second antireflective coating on the PET film.

[0278] According to the embodiments described herein, a third sample composite film S3 was formed by preparing an antireflective coating solution comprising the original components mixed in a methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) solution. These original components included: 1) 2.7 parts by weight of surface-treated silica nanoparticles (Nanobyk 3650 dispersion); 2) a first UV-curable acrylate binder comprising 1.2 parts by weight of trimethylolpropane triacrylate and 95.8 parts by weight of 1-methoxy-2-propanol; and 3) 0.30 parts by weight of a photoinitiator (a CPI 6976 solution with a solids content of 10.00% in MEK). The antireflective coating solution was applied to one side of a 7-mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Mayer rod and then dried in an oven at 110°C for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured using UV light to form a first antireflective coating on the PET film. Then, using a #3 Mayer rod, the same antireflective coating solution was applied to the second side of the 7 mil SH38 PET film, and then dried in an oven at 110°C for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a second antireflective coating on the PET film.

[0279] According to the embodiments described herein, a fourth sample composite film S4 was formed by preparing an antireflective coating solution comprising the following original components mixed in a methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) solution. These original components included: 1) 2.34 parts by weight of surface-treated silica nanoparticles (Nanobyk 3650 dispersion); 2) a first UV-curable acrylate binder comprising 1.30 parts by weight of trimethylolpropane triacrylate and 96.04 parts by weight of 1-methoxy-2-propanol; and 3) 0.32 parts by weight of a photoinitiator (a CPI6976 solution with a solids content of 10.00% in MEK). The antireflective coating solution was applied to one side of a 7-mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Mayer rod and then dried in an oven at 110°C for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured using UV light to form a first antireflective coating on the PET film. Then, using a #3 Mayer rod, the same antireflective coating solution was applied to the second side of the 7 mil SH38 PET film, and then dried in an oven at 110°C for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a second antireflective coating on the PET film.

[0280] According to the embodiments described herein, a fifth sample composite film S5 was formed by preparing an antireflective coating solution comprising the following original components mixed in a methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) solution. These original components include: 1.97 parts by weight of surface-treated silica nanoparticles (Nanobyk 3650 dispersion); 2) a first UV-curable acrylate binder comprising 1.40 parts by weight of trimethylolpropane triacrylate and 96.28 parts by weight of 1-methoxy-2-propanol; and 3) 0.35 parts by weight of a photoinitiator (a CPI 6976 solution with a solids content of 10.00% in MEK). The antireflective coating solution was applied to one side of a 7-mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Mayer rod and then dried in an oven at 110°C for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured using UV light to form a first antireflective coating on the PET film. Then, using a #3 Mayer rod, the same antireflective coating solution was applied to the second side of the 7 mil SH38 PET film, and then dried in an oven at 110°C for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a second antireflective coating on the PET film.

[0281] According to the embodiments described herein, a sixth sample composite film S6 was formed by preparing an antireflective coating solution comprising the following original components mixed in a methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) solution. These original components include: 1) 0.80 parts by weight of surface-treated silica nanoparticles (Nanobyk 3650 dispersion); 2) a first UV-curable acrylate binder comprising 1.80 parts by weight of trimethylolpropane triacrylate and 96.95 parts by weight of 1-methoxy-2-propanol; and 3) 0.45 parts by weight of a photoinitiator (a CPI 6976 solution with a solids content of 10.00% in MEK). The antireflective coating solution was applied to one side of a 7-mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Mayer rod and then dried in an oven at 110°C for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured using UV light to form a first antireflective coating on the PET film. Then, using a #3 Mayer rod, the same antireflective coating solution was applied to the second side of the 7 mil SH38 PET film, and then dried in an oven at 110°C for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a second antireflective coating on the PET film.

[0282] According to the embodiments described herein, a seventh sample composite film S7 was formed by preparing an antireflective coating solution comprising the following raw components mixed in a methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) solution. These raw components include: 1.20 parts by weight of surface-treated silica nanoparticles (Nanobyk 3650 dispersion); 2) a first UV-curable acrylate binder comprising 1.60 parts by weight of trimethylolpropane triacrylate and 96.80 parts by weight of 1-methoxy-2-propanol; and 3) 0.40 parts by weight of a photoinitiator (a CPI 6976 solution with a solids content of 10.00% in MEK). The antireflective coating solution was applied to one side of a 7-mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Mayer rod and then dried in an oven at 110°C for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured using UV light to form a first antireflective coating on the PET film. Then, using a #3 Mayer rod, the same antireflective coating solution was applied to the second side of the 7 mil SH38 PET film, and then dried in an oven at 110°C for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a second antireflective coating on the PET film.

[0283] According to the embodiments described herein, an eighth sample composite film S8 was formed by preparing an antireflective coating solution comprising the following original components mixed in a methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) solution. These original components include: 1.60 parts by weight of surface-treated silica nanoparticles (Nanobyk 3650 dispersion); 2) a first UV-curable acrylate binder comprising 1.50 parts by weight of trimethylolpropane triacrylate and 96.52 parts by weight of 1-methoxy-2-propanol; and 3) 0.38 parts by weight of a photoinitiator (a CPI 6976 solution with a solids content of 10.00% in MEK). The antireflective coating solution was applied to one side of a 7-mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Mayer rod and then dried in an oven at 110°C for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured using UV light to form a first antireflective coating on the PET film. Then, using a #3 Mayer rod, the same antireflective coating solution was applied to the second side of the 7 mil SH38 PET film, and then dried in an oven at 110°C for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a second antireflective coating on the PET film.

[0284] According to the embodiments described herein, a ninth sample composite film was formed by preparing an antireflective coating solution comprising the following original components mixed in a methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) solution. These original components include: 1.20 parts by weight of surface-treated silica nanoparticles (Nanobyk 3650 dispersion); 2) a first UV-curable acrylate binder comprising 1.60 parts by weight of trimethylolpropane triacrylate and 95.80 parts by weight of propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate; 3) 0.20 parts by weight of a slip agent (10.00% solid solution of Tego Rad 2500 in MEK); and 4) 1.20 parts by weight of a photoinitiator (10.00% solid solution of CPI 6976 in MEK). The antireflective coating solution was applied to one side of a 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Mayer rod and then dried in an oven at 110°C for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured using UV light to form a first antireflective coating on the PET film. The same antireflective coating solution was then applied to the second side of the 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Mayer rod and dried in an oven at 110°C for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured using UV light to form a second antireflective coating on the PET film.

[0285] According to the embodiments described herein, a tenth sample composite film S10 is formed by preparing an anti-reflective coating solution as described in the ninth sample composite film S9 above. The anti-reflective coating solution is applied to one side of a 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Mayer rod, and then dried in an oven at 110°C for 30 seconds. The dried coating is then cured with UV light to form a first anti-reflective coating on the PET film. The same anti-reflective coating solution is then applied to the second side of the 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Mayer rod, and then dried in an oven at 110°C for 30 seconds. The dried coating is then cured with UV light to form a second anti-reflective coating on the PET film. Following the same procedure, the same anti-reflective coating solution described in S9 is applied to both sides of a 2 mil Melinx 453 PET film (DuPont) and UV cured. A first pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) coating (an Aroset 1452 solution with 8.3% solids in MEK and toluene) was applied to one side of an AR-coated 2-mil PET film at a thickness of approximately 4.0 µm (dried in an oven at 110°C for 2 minutes). A first AR-coated 7-mil PET film was then laminated onto the first PSA coating of the AR-coated 2-mil Melinex 453 PET film.

[0286] According to the embodiments described herein, the eleventh sample composite film S11 is formed by preparing the antireflective coating solution as described above in the ninth sample composite film S9. The antireflective coating solution is applied to one side of a 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Mayer rod, and then dried in an oven at 110°C for 30 seconds. The dried coating is then cured with UV light to form a first antireflective coating on the PET film. The same antireflective coating solution is then applied to the second side of the 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Mayer rod, and then dried in an oven at 110°C for 30 seconds. The dried coating is then cured with UV light to form a second antireflective coating on the PET film. Following the same procedure, the same antireflective coating solution described in S9 is applied to both sides of a 2 mil Melinx 453 PET film (DuPont) and UV cured (two AR-coated 2 mil Melinx 453 PET films are prepared in the same manner). A first pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) coating (Aroset 1452 solution with 8.3% solids in MEK and toluene) is applied to one side of a first sheet of AR-coated 2-mil PET film with a PSA coating thickness of approximately 4.0 µm (dried in an oven at 110°C for 2 minutes). A first AR-coated 7-mil PET film is then laminated onto the first PSA coating of the AR-coated 2-mil Melinex 453 PET film to form a 9-mil composite film. A second PSA (Aroset 1452 solution with 8.3% solids in MEK and toluene) is applied to one side of a second sheet of AR-coated 2-mil Melinex 453 PET film (dried in an oven at 110°C for 2 minutes). The 2-mil side of the aforementioned 9-mil AR-coated composite film is then laminated onto the second PSA coating.

[0287] Three comparative sample composite films, CS1-CS3, were formed.

[0288] A first comparative sample composite film CS1 was formed by preparing an antireflective coating solution comprising the following raw components mixed in a methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) solution. These raw components included: 1) 4.7 parts by weight of surface-treated silica nanoparticles (Nanobyk 3650 dispersion); 2) a first UV-curable acrylate binder comprising 0.6 parts by weight of trimethylolpropane triacrylate and 94.55 parts by weight of 1-methoxy-2-propanol; and 3) 0.15 parts by weight of a photoinitiator (a CPI 6976 solution with a solids content of 10.00% in MEK). The antireflective coating solution was applied to one side of a 7-mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Mayer rod and then dried in an oven at 110°C for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured using UV light to form a first antireflective coating on the PET film. Then, using a #3 Mayer rod, the same antireflective coating solution was applied to the second side of the 7 mil SH38 PET film, and then dried in an oven at 110°C for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a second antireflective coating on the PET film.

[0289] A second comparative composite film CS2 was formed by preparing an antireflective coating solution comprising the following raw components mixed in a methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) solution: 1) 5.0 parts by weight of surface-treated silica nanoparticles (Nanobyk 3650 dispersion); 2) a first UV-curable acrylate binder comprising 0.50 parts by weight of trimethylolpropane triacrylate and 94.37 parts by weight of 1-methoxy-2-propanol; and 3) 0.13 parts by weight of a photoinitiator (a CPI 6976 solution with a solids content of 10.00% in MEK). The antireflective coating solution was applied to one side of a 7-mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Mayer rod and then dried in an oven at 110°C for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured using UV light to form a first antireflective coating on the PET film. Then, using a #3 Mayer rod, the same antireflective coating solution was applied to the second side of the 7 mil SH38 PET film, and then dried in an oven at 110°C for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a second antireflective coating on the PET film.

[0290] According to the embodiments described herein, a third comparative sample composite film CS3 was formed by preparing an antireflective coating solution as described above in the ninth sample composite film S9. The antireflective coating solution was applied to one side of a 7-mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Mayer rod and then dried in an oven at 110°C for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured using UV light to form a first antireflective coating on the PET film. The same antireflective coating solution was then applied to the second side of the 7-mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Mayer rod and then dried in an oven at 110°C for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured using UV light to form a second antireflective coating on the PET film. A first pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) coating (Aroset 1452 solution with a solids content of 8.3% in MEK and toluene) was applied (dried in an oven at 110°C for 2 minutes) to one side of a 2-mil Melinx 453 PET film. Then, the first AR-coated 7-mil PET film is laminated onto the first PSA coating of the 2-mil Melinex 453 PET film.

[0291] Table 1 below summarizes the compositions of dried antireflective coatings for each of the sample composite films S1-S8 and the comparative sample composite films CS1 and CS2.

[0292] Table 1 – Antireflective Coating Compositions After Drying

[0293]

[0294] The visible light transmittance (VLT) and haze values ​​of the sample composite films S1-S8 and the control sample composite films CS1 and CS2 were measured using a BYK Gardner instrument. The results of the VLT and haze measurements are summarized in Table 2 below.

[0295] Table 2 – VLT and Haze Value Performance

[0296]

[0297] It should be noted that not all actions described in the general descriptions or examples above are necessary, and may not be required as part of a specific action. Furthermore, one or more further actions may be performed in addition to those described. Also, the order of the listed activities is not necessarily the order in which they are performed.

[0298] The benefits, other advantages, and solutions to the problems have been described above with reference to specific embodiments. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to the problems, and any features that may make any benefit, advantage, or solution conceived or more significant are not considered critical, required, or necessary features of any or all claims.

[0299] The description and illustrations of the embodiments described herein are intended to provide a general understanding of the structure of various embodiments. The description and illustrations are not intended to be an exhaustive and comprehensive description of all elements and features of apparatuses and systems using the structures or methods described herein. Individual embodiments may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment, and conversely, various features described in the context of a single embodiment for the sake of brevity may also be provided individually or in any sub-combination. Furthermore, references to values ​​expressed as ranges include every value within that range and all values ​​therein. Many other embodiments will only become apparent to those skilled in the art after reading this specification. Other embodiments can be utilized and derived from this disclosure, allowing structural substitutions, logical substitutions, or other changes to be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Therefore, this disclosure should be considered illustrative rather than restrictive.

Claims

1. A composite membrane, comprising: First transparent substrate; A first anti-reflective coating is applied to the first surface of the first transparent substrate, and A second anti-reflective coating is applied to the second surface of the first transparent substrate. The first anti-reflective coating comprises: The first UV-curable acrylic adhesive has a concentration of at least about 40% by weight and no more than about 85% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. The photoinitiator component has a concentration of at least about 2% by weight and no more than about 7.5% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. The silica nanoparticles dispersed within the first antireflective coating have a concentration of at least about 15% by weight and no more than about 30% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. A ratio of at least about 0.1 and no more than about 1.0 to AC1 SiO2 / AC1 B AC1 SiO2 It is the weight percentage concentration of the silica nanoparticles in the first antireflective coating in the total weight of the first antireflective coating, and AC1 B It is the weight percentage concentration of the first UV-curable acrylic adhesive in the first anti-reflective coating in the total weight of the first anti-reflective coating. The second anti-reflective coating comprises: The first UV-curable acrylic adhesive has a concentration of at least about 40% by weight and no more than about 85% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. The photoinitiator component has a concentration of at least about 2% by weight and no more than about 7.5% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. Silica nanoparticles dispersed within the first antireflective coating, wherein the concentration of the silica nanoparticles is at least about 15% by weight and no more than about 30% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating, and At least about 0.1 and no more than about 1.0 AC1 SiO2 / AC1 B The ratio, where AC1 SiO2 It is the weight percentage concentration of the silica nanoparticles in the first antireflective coating relative to the total weight of the first antireflective coating, and AC1 B It refers to the weight percentage concentration of the first UV-curable acrylic adhesive in the first anti-reflective coating relative to the total weight of the first anti-reflective coating. The composite membrane has a VLT of at least about 93.0%, and The composite membrane has a haze value of no more than about 3%.

2. A composite membrane, comprising: First transparent substrate; A first anti-reflective coating is applied to the first surface of the first transparent substrate, and A second anti-reflective coating is applied to the second surface of the first transparent substrate, wherein the first anti-reflective coating is applied to the second surface of the first transparent substrate. The first anti-reflective coating comprises: The first UV-curable acrylic adhesive has a concentration of at least about 40% by weight and no more than about 85% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. The photoinitiator component has a concentration of at least about 2.0% by weight and no more than about 7.5% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. The silica nanoparticles dispersed within the first antireflective coating have a concentration of at least about 15% by weight and no more than about 30% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. The second anti-reflective coating comprises: The first UV-curable acrylic adhesive has a concentration of at least about 40% by weight and no more than about 85% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. The photoinitiator component has a concentration of at least about 2% by weight and no more than about 7.5% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. The silica nanoparticles dispersed within the first antireflective coating have a concentration of at least about 15% by weight and no more than about 30% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating. A ratio of at least approximately 0.01 and no greater than 1.0 to AC1 SiO2 / AC1 B AC1 SiO2 It is the weight percentage concentration of the silica nanoparticles in the first antireflective coating in the total weight of the first antireflective coating, and AC1 B It is the weight percentage concentration of the first UV-curable acrylic adhesive in the first anti-reflective coating in the total weight of the first anti-reflective coating. The composite membrane has a VLT of at least about 93.0%, and The composite membrane has a haze value of no more than about 3%.

3. The composite film according to any one of claims 1 and 2, wherein the first antireflective coating has a thickness of at least about 50 nm and not more than about 500 nm.

4. The composite film according to any one of claims 1 and 2, wherein the first UV-curable acrylate binder in the first antireflective coating comprises SR351LV, SR355, SR399, tetrafunctional acrylate monomers, pentafunctional acrylate monomers, pentaerythritol tri-tetraacrylate (PETIA), Ebecry 140, Ebecryl 180, multifunctional oligomers, or UV resins.

5. The composite film according to claim 1, wherein the first antireflective coating comprises the first UV-curable acrylate adhesive having a concentration of at least about 40% by weight and no more than about 95% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating.

6. The composite film according to any one of claims 1 and 2, wherein the photoinitiator component in the first antireflective coating comprises Omnirad 184, Omnirad 819, Omnirad 1173, CPI 6976, other similar photoinitiators, or any combination thereof herein.

7. The antireflective coating according to any one of claims 1 and 2, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the first antireflective coating are surface-treated silica nanoparticles.

8. The antireflective coating according to claim 7, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the first antireflective coating have been surface-treated with polysiloxane, acrylate, or a combination thereof.

9. The composite film according to any one of claims 1 and 2, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the first antireflective coating are substantially solid silica nanoparticles.

10. The composite film according to any one of claims 1 and 2, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the first antireflective coating have an average particle size (D50) of at least about 1 nm and not greater than about 500 nm.

11. The composite film according to any one of claims 1 and 2, wherein the first antireflective coating comprises a second UV-curable acrylate adhesive.

12. A method for forming a composite membrane, wherein the method comprises: A first antireflective coating formulation is provided, wherein the first antireflective coating formulation comprises: The original first UV-curable acrylic adhesive component has a concentration of at least about 0.4% by weight and no more than about 5.5% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating formulation. The original photoinitiator component has a concentration of at least about 0.2% by weight and no more than about 2.0% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating formulation, and The concentration of silica nanoparticles is at least about 0.7% by weight and no more than about 1.9% by weight of the total weight of the first antireflective coating formulation. Applying the first antireflective coating formulation to a transparent substrate; and The antireflective coating formulation is dried to form a composite film, the composite film comprising a first antireflective coating applied to the transparent substrate. The composite membrane has a VLT of at least about 93.0%, and The composite membrane has a haze value of no more than about 3%.

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