A high-yield method for planting north forest understory stropharia rugosoannulata

Abstract

This invention provides a high-yield method for cultivating *Agaricus bisporus* under forest cover in northern China, relating to the field of edible fungi cultivation technology. The method includes the following specific steps: Step 1: Preparation of the planting substrate. By weight percentage, select 50% whole threshed corn cobs, 15% rice husks, 10% broadleaf tree sawdust, and 25% pre-fermented cow and sheep manure, and prepare the materials for later use. Step 2: Substrate pre-fermentation treatment. In northern regions, pre-fermentation begins in early April. Cow and sheep manure is piled up for pre-fermentation one month in advance. When the pile temperature reaches 60℃, it is turned over, and a total of three turns are performed to complete the pre-fermentation. This invention provides a high-yield method for cultivating *Agaricus bisporus* under forest cover in northern China, making full use of local agricultural and forestry waste and idle forest resources. Through optimized substrate formulation, standardized fermentation control, and a dual-cycle fruiting mode adapted to the northern climate, it achieves high-yield, high-quality, and long-cycle cultivation of *Agaricus bisporus*.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of edible fungi cultivation technology, specifically a high-yield method for cultivating *Agaricus bisporus* under forest cover in northern regions. Background Technology

[0002] The giant king oyster mushroom, also known as the wine-red giant king oyster mushroom, is one of the edible fungi varieties recommended for cultivation by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations to developing countries. It is rich in nutrients, has a crisp and tender taste, and has both edible and medicinal value. Moreover, it has a wide range of cultivation materials, strong resistance to adverse conditions, and simple cultivation management, making it suitable for understory ecological planting. Northern my country has a large area of ​​artificial forest land and economic fruit forests, with ample idle space under the forest. In addition, there are abundant agricultural and forestry waste resources such as corn cobs and rice husks produced by corn and rice planting, as well as cattle and sheep manure produced by animal husbandry, which provide a natural site and raw material foundation for the understory cultivation of giant king oyster mushrooms. However, the existing cultivation techniques for giant king oyster mushrooms under forest cover in northern China have many shortcomings. For example, the substrate formulas for cultivation under forest cover in many areas are unreasonable, the raw materials are poorly adapted, and local agricultural and forestry waste cannot be fully utilized. Furthermore, the supply of nutrients in the substrate is uneven, resulting in low yields. In addition, the fermentation process is not standardized, the raw materials are not fully matured, and the insect eggs and miscellaneous bacteria are not completely killed, which easily leads to problems such as burning of the fungus, contamination by miscellaneous bacteria, and frequent pests. At the same time, improper control of the fermentation cycle leads to excessive loss of nutrients in the substrate, resulting in a decline in the quality of the mushrooms. As a result, the cultivation model is not adapted to the characteristics of the northern climate, the fruiting cycle is short, and only single-season fruiting can be achieved. The utilization rate of land and forest resources is low, and high yield and efficiency cannot be achieved.

[0003] Therefore, this invention proposes a high-yield method for cultivating giant king mushrooms under forest cover in northern regions, thereby effectively solving the aforementioned problems and difficulties. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, this invention provides a high-yield method for cultivating *Agaricus bisporus* under forest cover in northern China. The aim is to overcome the deficiencies in current *Agaricus bisporus* cultivation techniques in northern China, such as poor formula compatibility, non-standard fermentation processes, short fruiting cycles, and low yields. This invention provides a high-yield method that fully utilizes local agricultural and forestry waste and idle forest resources in northern China. By optimizing the substrate formula, standardizing fermentation control, and adopting a dual-cycle fruiting mode adapted to the northern climate, it achieves high-yield, high-quality, and long-cycle cultivation of *Agaricus bisporus*.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: A high-yield method for cultivating *Agaricus bisporus* under forest cover in northern regions, characterized by the following specific steps: Step 1: Preparation of planting substrate; By weight percentage, select 50% whole threshed corn cobs, 15% rice husks, 10% broadleaf tree wood chips, and 25% pre-fermented cow and sheep manure, and prepare the materials for later use. Step 2: Substrate pre-fermentation treatment; In the northern region, pre-fermentation is started in early April. The cow and sheep manure is piled up for pre-fermentation one month in advance. When the pile temperature rises to 60℃, the pile is turned over. The pile is turned over a total of 3 times to complete the pre-fermentation of the cow and sheep manure. The total pre-fermentation cycle is 45 days. Step 3: Layered pile construction and secondary fermentation; The layered stacking was completed in mid-May, with layers of corn cobs, rice husks, sawdust, and pre-fermented cow and sheep manure stacked alternately to form a pile. Gradual spraying of water is applied to the pile. After watering, the pile is left to stand for 7-8 days. When the pile temperature rises to 60°C, the pile is turned over for the first time. After turning, the pile is left to ferment. When the pile temperature rises to 60°C again, water is applied and the pile is turned over for the second time. When the temperature of the third pile reaches 60℃, the second fermentation is completed and the cultivation substrate is obtained. The total time from water replenishment to the completion of the second fermentation does not exceed 15 days. Step 4: Forest understory preparation and material laying; Select a planting site in the forest with a canopy density of 0.6-0.8 in the north. After leveling the site, transfer the fermented cultivation substrate to the site and spread it. The spread substrate should be 1.8m wide and 10cm thick. After spreading, ventilate and let it stand for 1 hour to dissipate excess oxygen in the substrate. Step 5: Inoculation and mound preparation; The spawn of giant king mushroom is divided into 3-4cm spawn blocks and evenly sown on the surface of the prepared cultivation substrate, with a spacing of 3-5cm between the spawn blocks. After sowing, a rake tool is used to combine the 1.8m wide cultivation substrate into two planting rows, with the width of each planting row not exceeding 25cm. Step 6: Cover with soil and seal for curing; Cover the planting ridges with cultivation soil, with a soil thickness of 5mm; after covering with soil, spray water thoroughly, and simultaneously spray pre-emergent herbicides and insecticides. Then cover the planting ridges with shade netting for mycelial maintenance. Step 7: Mushroom Management and Cycle Production; After 40 days of mycelial cultivation, the mycelium twists and forms buds. The shade net is then removed, and routine watering and management for fruiting are carried out. Planting is completed in June of the same year, and fruiting begins in mid-July. The fruiting cycle continues until early November before the ground freezes in northern regions. In early May of the following year, the planting ridges are watered to promote fruiting, and fruiting resumes in mid-May. The fruiting cycle continues until the end of July, completing a double-cycle fruiting cycle.

[0006] Furthermore, in the process of preparing the planting substrate in step 1, the corn cob is a complete corn cob after the corn kernels have been mechanically removed, free from mold and rot; the cow and sheep manure is air-dried manure from beef cattle, dairy cows, or sheep, free from impurities.

[0007] Furthermore, in the process of substrate pre-fermentation treatment in step 2, the detailed operation steps of turning the pre-fermentation pile are as follows: the material in the center of the pile is turned to the outside of the pile, and the material on the outside of the pile is turned to the center of the pile. After each turning, the pile is re-piled into a strip-shaped pile with a height of 1.5m and a width of 2m.

[0008] Furthermore, in step 3, during the layered pile construction and secondary fermentation process, the pile dimensions are 1.5m high, 2m wide, and the pile length is not limited according to site conditions. The gradient spray water replenishment operation involves spraying the pile with a micro-spray belt until water flows out from the bottom of the pile, then stopping and letting it stand for 1 hour before spraying again. This process is repeated until the material reaches the following standard: when you pat the corn cob and press the middle of the corn cob, water droplets will continuously precipitate out, indicating that the water replenishment is complete. The first and second turning operations involve turning the material on the outside of the pile to the center, and turning the material in the center to the outside. After turning, the pile is reassembled into the original size pile.

[0009] Furthermore, in step 4, the preparation of the understory site and the laying of materials, the understory planting site is an idle plot under poplar, locust, or fruit trees in northern regions, with good drainage, no water accumulation, and a soil pH of 6.5-7.5.

[0010] Furthermore, in step 6, during the covering and sealing process, the covering soil is fertile garden soil mixed with 10%-20% well-rotted manure, and the moisture content of the covering soil is 20%-25%. The shade net has a shading rate of 75%, and after covering, it maintains a relative humidity of 85%-90% and a temperature of 20-25℃ in the planting area.

[0011] Furthermore, in step 7, during the mushroom management and cycle production process, the cumulative yield per mu (667 square meters) for double-cycle mushroom production is ≥6000 kg.

[0012] This invention provides a high-yield method for cultivating *Agaricus bisporus* under forest cover in northern regions. It offers the following beneficial effects: 1. This invention provides a high-yield method for cultivating *Agaricus bisporus* under forest cover in northern China. This method is perfectly adapted to the forestry geography and climate of northern China. The formula is highly adaptable and makes full use of local resources. The substrate formula uses corn cobs, a byproduct of corn cultivation in northern China, as the main raw material, combined with rice husks, sawdust, and cattle and sheep manure produced by local livestock farming. The raw materials are widely available and inexpensive, realizing the resource recycling of agricultural and forestry waste. At the same time, the formula has a balanced carbon-nitrogen ratio, which fully meets the nutrient requirements of *Agaricus bisporus* throughout its entire growth cycle, laying the foundation for high yield.

[0013] 2. This invention provides a high-yield method for cultivating *Agaricus bisporus* under forest cover in northern China. The method features a standardized and controllable fermentation process, eliminating unwanted microorganisms and pests. It employs a two-stage fermentation process: first, pre-fermenting and maturing cow and sheep manure; then, secondary fermentation through layered piling, gradient watering, and temperature-controlled turning. Three turnings achieve a 60℃ high-temperature harmless treatment, thoroughly killing insect eggs and unwanted microorganisms in the substrate. Simultaneously, the total secondary fermentation time is strictly controlled to not exceed 15 days to avoid excessive loss of substrate nutrients. This ensures both the full maturation of the raw materials and avoids the decline in mushroom quality caused by over-fermentation, fundamentally solving the problems of mycelium burning, contamination by unwanted microorganisms, and frequent pest infestations.

[0014] 3. This invention provides a high-yield method for cultivating giant king mushrooms under forest canopy in northern China. It utilizes the natural temperature and humidity conditions of the closed environment under the forest canopy, reducing the investment in shading and temperature control facilities. At the same time, the mushroom residue after cultivation can be directly returned to the forest to improve the soil, realizing an ecological cycle of forest nourishing mushrooms and mushrooms promoting forest growth, achieving both economic and ecological benefits. Attached Figure Description

[0015] Figure 1 This is a flowchart illustrating the steps of the high-yield cultivation method of *Agaricus bisporus* under forest cover in northern China, as described in this invention. Detailed Implementation

[0016] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention. Example 1:

[0017] like Figure 1 As shown in the figure, this invention provides a high-yield method for cultivating *Agaricus bisporus* under forest cover in northern regions. The method includes the following specific steps: Step 1: Preparation of planting substrate; By weight percentage, select 50% whole threshed corn cobs, 15% rice husks, 10% broadleaf tree wood chips, and 25% pre-fermented cow and sheep manure, and prepare the materials for later use. During the preparation of the planting substrate, the corn cob is a whole corn cob after the corn kernels have been mechanically removed, free from mold and rot; the cow and sheep manure is air-dried manure from beef cattle, dairy cows, or sheep, free from impurities. Step 2: Substrate pre-fermentation treatment; In the northern region, pre-fermentation is started in early April. The cow and sheep manure is piled up for pre-fermentation one month in advance. When the pile temperature rises to 60℃, the pile is turned over. The pile is turned over a total of 3 times to complete the pre-fermentation of the cow and sheep manure. The total pre-fermentation cycle is 45 days. The detailed operation steps for turning the pre-fermented material pile are as follows: turn the material in the center of the pile to the outside of the pile, and turn the material on the outside of the pile to the center of the pile. After each turning, the pile is re-built into a strip pile with a height of 1.5m and a width of 2m. Step 3: Layered pile construction and secondary fermentation; The layered stacking was completed in mid-May, with layers of corn cobs, rice husks, sawdust, and pre-fermented cow and sheep manure stacked alternately to form a pile. Gradual spraying of water is applied to the pile. After watering, the pile is left to stand for 7-8 days. When the pile temperature rises to 60°C, the pile is turned over for the first time. After turning, the pile is left to ferment. When the pile temperature rises to 60°C again, water is applied and the pile is turned over for the second time. When the temperature of the third pile reaches 60℃, the second fermentation is completed and the cultivation substrate is obtained. The total time from water replenishment to the completion of the second fermentation does not exceed 15 days. The specifications of the stack are: height 1.5m, width 2m, and length is not limited depending on site conditions; The gradient spray water replenishment operation involves spraying the pile with a micro-spray belt until water flows out from the bottom of the pile, then stopping and letting it stand for 1 hour before spraying again. This process is repeated until the material reaches the following standard: when you pat the corn cob and press the middle of the corn cob, water droplets will continuously precipitate out, indicating that the water replenishment is complete. The first and second turning operations involve turning the material on the outside of the pile to the center of the pile, and turning the material in the center of the pile to the outside of the pile. After the turning is completed, the pile is reassembled into the original size pile. Step 4: Forest understory preparation and material laying; Select a planting site in the forest with a canopy density of 0.6-0.8 in the north. After leveling the site, transfer the fermented cultivation substrate to the site and spread it. The spread substrate should be 1.8m wide and 10cm thick. After spreading, ventilate and let it stand for 1 hour to dissipate excess oxygen in the substrate. The understory planting site is an unused plot of land under poplar, locust, or fruit trees in northern regions. The site should have good drainage, no waterlogging, and a soil pH of 6.5-7.5. Step 5: Inoculation and mound preparation; The spawn of giant king mushroom is divided into 3-4cm spawn blocks and evenly sown on the surface of the prepared cultivation substrate, with a spacing of 3-5cm between the spawn blocks. After sowing, a rake tool is used to combine the 1.8m wide cultivation substrate into two planting rows, with the width of each planting row not exceeding 25cm. Step 6: Cover with soil and seal for curing; Cover the planting ridges with cultivation soil, with a soil thickness of 5mm; after covering with soil, spray water thoroughly, and simultaneously spray pre-emergent herbicides and insecticides. Then cover the planting ridges with shade netting for mycelial maintenance. The cultivation and covering soil is fertile garden soil, mixed with 10%-20% well-rotted manure. The moisture content of the covering soil is 20%-25%, and the shading net has a shading rate of 75%. After covering, the relative humidity of the planting ridge environment is maintained at 85%-90%, and the temperature is 20-25℃. Step 7: Mushroom Management and Cycle Production; After 40 days of mycelial cultivation, the mycelium twists and forms buds. The shade net is then removed, and routine watering and management for fruiting are carried out. Planting is completed in June of the same year, and fruiting begins in mid-July. The fruiting cycle continues until early November before the ground freezes in northern regions. In early May of the following year, the planting rows are watered to promote fruiting. Fruiting resumes in mid-May, and the fruiting cycle continues until the end of July, completing a double-cycle fruiting process. The cumulative yield per mu (667 square meters) for the double-cycle fruiting process is ≥6000 kg.

[0018] The following points should be noted in this article: 1. The accompanying drawings of the embodiments disclosed herein only relate to the structures involved in the embodiments disclosed herein; other structures can be referred to in general design.

[0019] 2. Where there is no conflict, the embodiments of this disclosure and the features in the embodiments can be combined with each other to obtain new embodiments.

[0020] Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions, and variations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without inventive effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A high-yield method for cultivating *Agaricus bisporus* under forest cover in northern regions, characterized by: The method includes the following specific steps: Step 1: Preparation of planting substrate; By weight percentage, select 50% whole threshed corn cobs, 15% rice husks, 10% broadleaf tree wood chips, and 25% pre-fermented cow and sheep manure, and prepare the materials for later use. Step 2: Substrate pre-fermentation treatment; In the northern region, pre-fermentation is started in early April. The cow and sheep manure is piled up for pre-fermentation one month in advance. When the pile temperature rises to 60℃, the pile is turned over. The pile is turned over a total of 3 times to complete the pre-fermentation of the cow and sheep manure. The total pre-fermentation cycle is 45 days. Step 3: Layered pile construction and secondary fermentation; The layered stacking was completed in mid-May, with layers of corn cobs, rice husks, sawdust, and pre-fermented cow and sheep manure stacked alternately to form a pile. Gradual spraying of water is applied to the pile. After watering, the pile is left to stand for 7-8 days. When the pile temperature rises to 60°C, the pile is turned over for the first time. After turning, the pile is left to ferment. When the pile temperature rises to 60°C again, water is applied and the pile is turned over for the second time. When the temperature of the third pile reaches 60℃, the second fermentation is completed and the cultivation substrate is obtained. The total time from water replenishment to the completion of the second fermentation does not exceed 15 days. Step 4: Forest understory preparation and material laying; Select a planting site in the forest with a canopy density of 0.6-0.8 in the north. After leveling the site, transfer the fermented cultivation substrate to the site and spread it. The spread substrate should be 1.8m wide and 10cm thick. After spreading, ventilate and let it stand for 1 hour to dissipate excess oxygen in the substrate. Step 5: Inoculation and mound preparation; The spawn of giant king mushroom is divided into 3-4cm spawn blocks and evenly sown on the surface of the prepared cultivation substrate, with a spacing of 3-5cm between the spawn blocks. After sowing, a rake tool is used to combine the 1.8m wide cultivation substrate into two planting rows, with the width of each planting row not exceeding 25cm. Step 6: Cover with soil and seal for curing; Cover the planting ridges with cultivation soil, with a soil thickness of 5mm; after covering with soil, spray water thoroughly, and simultaneously spray pre-emergent herbicides and insecticides. Then cover the planting ridges with shade netting for mycelial maintenance. Step 7: Mushroom Management and Cycle Production; After 40 days of mycelial cultivation, the mycelium twists and forms buds. The shade net is then removed, and routine watering and management for fruiting are carried out. Planting is completed in June of the same year, and fruiting begins in mid-July. The fruiting cycle continues until early November before the ground freezes in northern regions. In early May of the following year, the planting ridges are watered to promote fruiting, and fruiting resumes in mid-May. The fruiting cycle continues until the end of July, completing a double-cycle fruiting cycle.

2. The method for high-yield cultivation of *Agaricus bisporus* under forest cover in northern regions according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the process of preparing the planting substrate in step 1, the corn cob is a whole corn cob after the corn kernels have been mechanically removed, free from mold and rot; the cow and sheep manure is the dried manure of beef cattle, dairy cows or sheep, free from impurities.

3. The method for high-yield cultivation of *Agaricus bisporus* under forest cover in northern regions according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the process of substrate pre-fermentation treatment in step 2, the detailed operation steps of turning the pre-fermentation pile are as follows: the material in the center of the pile is turned to the outside of the pile, and the material on the outside of the pile is turned to the center of the pile. After each turning, the pile is re-piled into a strip-shaped pile with a height of 1.5m and a width of 2m.

4. A high-yield method for cultivating *Agaricus bisporus* under forest cover in northern regions according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 3, during the layered pile building and secondary fermentation process, the pile dimensions are 1.5m high, 2m wide, and the pile length is not limited according to site conditions. The gradient spray water replenishment operation involves spraying the pile with a micro-spray belt until water flows out from the bottom of the pile, then stopping and letting it stand for 1 hour before spraying again. This process is repeated until the material reaches the following standard: when you pat the corn cob and press the middle of the corn cob, water droplets will continuously precipitate out, indicating that the water replenishment is complete. The first and second turning operations involve turning the material on the outside of the pile to the center, and turning the material in the center to the outside. After turning, the pile is reassembled into the original size pile.

5. A high-yield method for cultivating *Agaricus bisporus* under forest cover in northern regions according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 4, the preparation of the understory site and the laying of materials, the understory planting site is an idle plot under poplar, locust, or fruit trees in northern regions. The site has good drainage, no water accumulation, and the soil pH value is 6.5-7.

5.

6. A high-yield method for cultivating *Agaricus bisporus* under forest cover in northern regions according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 6, during the covering and sealing process, the covering soil is fertile garden soil mixed with 10%-20% well-rotted manure, and the moisture content of the covering soil is 20%-25%. The shade net has a shading rate of 75%, and after covering, it maintains a relative humidity of 85%-90% and a temperature of 20-25℃ in the planting area.

7. A high-yield method for cultivating *Agaricus bisporus* under forest cover in northern regions according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 7, during the mushroom management and cycle production process, the cumulative yield per mu (667 square meters) for two cycles of mushroom production is ≥6000 kg.

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