antenna

Abstract

The antenna includes a first substrate board, a radiating patch on the first substrate board, a second substrate board, a feed structure, and a ground structure on the second substrate board. The first substrate board and the second substrate board are substantially perpendicular to each other. The radiating patch and the ground structure are substantially perpendicular to each other. The ground structure includes a conductive mesh structure. The radiating patch includes a conductive mesh structure. The antenna includes one or more irregularly shaped slots extending through the radiating patch, wherein a profile of at least one of the one or more irregularly shaped slots includes at least one curved edge.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to display technology, and more particularly to an antenna. Background Technology

[0002] Omnidirectional ceiling antennas are the most commonly used in indoor coverage systems. They are typically used in indoor environments such as conference centers, large shopping malls, office buildings, cinemas, and high-rise residential buildings. Ceiling antennas are usually installed on the indoor ceiling, do not affect the indoor environment, offer excellent concealment and aesthetics, and have low power consumption. Summary of the Invention

[0003] In one aspect, this disclosure provides an antenna including a first substrate, a radiating patch on the first substrate, a second substrate, a feeding structure, and a grounding structure on the second substrate; wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are substantially perpendicular to each other; the radiating patch and the grounding structure are substantially perpendicular to each other; the grounding structure includes a conductive mesh structure; the radiating patch includes a conductive mesh structure; the radiating patch includes a body; and the antenna includes one or more irregularly shaped slots extending through the radiating patch, wherein the profile of at least one of the one or more irregularly shaped slots includes at least one curved edge.

[0004] Optionally, the radiating patch has a substantially elliptical shape at the first portion and an arcuate shape at the second portion; wherein the first portion is located on the side of the second portion away from the feeding structure.

[0005] Optionally, the distance between the feed point of the feed structure and the point of the radiating patch furthest from the feed point is in the range of 0.9×1 / 4λ to 1.1×1 / 4λ; the distance between the feed point of the feed structure and the point of the grounding structure furthest from the feed point is in the range of 0.9×1 / 4λ to 1.1×1 / 4λ; and wherein λ is the wavelength corresponding to the lowest frequency in the operating frequency band of the antenna.

[0006] Optionally, the antenna further includes at least one first slot extending through the body; the at least one first slot is substantially located at the center of the body; and the central axis of the radiating patch intersects the at least one first slot.

[0007] Optionally, the antenna further includes one or more second slots extending through the body; wherein the at least one first slot extends through the radiating patch at a first location; the one or more second slots extend through the radiating patch at one or more second locations; the first location is located on the side of the one or more second locations away from the feed point of the feed structure; and the profile of each of the one or more second slots includes at least one arcuate edge.

[0008] Optionally, the antenna further includes one or more third slots extending through the radiating patch; each of the one or more third slots has a helical shape; the one or more third slots include at least two helical slots; the at least two helical slots are located between the at least one first slot and the feed point of the feed structure; and the at least two helical slots have substantially mirror symmetry with respect to a plane that intersects the first substrate and the second substrate, bisects the radiating patch, and is perpendicular to the first substrate and the second substrate.

[0009] Optionally, at least two spiral grooves and the at least one first groove partially overlap.

[0010] Optionally, the radiating patch further includes one or more coupling branches; wherein the one or more coupling branches surround a portion of the body.

[0011] Optionally, one or more coupling branches include a first branch located on the side of the body away from the feed point of the feed structure, a second branch located on the side of the body close to the feed point of the feed structure, and a third branch; the first branch has a shape conforming to the contour of the radiating patch; and / or the second branch and the third branch are spaced apart from each other.

[0012] Alternatively, the grounding structure may have a substantially circular shape.

[0013] Optionally, the grounding structure has a circular shape that is truncated on at least one side, and / or a shape that is at least merged with the circular shape that is truncated on the at least one side.

[0014] Optionally, the grounding structure includes a first portion and a second portion connected to each other; the first portion has a truncated circular shape; the second portion has a rectangular or square shape; the first portion has a truncated circular shape, which is truncated on one side to create a truncated edge on the truncated side of the circular structure; the truncated edge of the first portion is connected to one side of the second portion; and the truncated edge of the first portion is substantially parallel to the intersection line where the first substrate and the second substrate intersect.

[0015] Optionally, the grounding structure includes a first part and a second part connected to each other; the first part has a truncated circular shape; the second part has a rectangular or square shape; the first part has a truncated circular shape, which is truncated on both sides to create two truncated edges on opposite sides of the circular structure; one of the two truncated edges of the first part is connected to one side of the second part; each truncated edge of the first part is substantially parallel to the intersection line of the first substrate and the second substrate; the shortest distance between the feed point of the feed structure and the truncated edge located on the opposite side of the second part is in the range of 0.1λ to 0.15λ; and the shortest distance between the feed point of the feed structure and the edge of the rectangular or square shape located on the opposite side of the first part is 0.25λ; wherein λ is the wavelength corresponding to the lowest frequency in the operating frequency band of the antenna.

[0016] Optionally, the grounding structure includes a first portion and a second portion connected to each other; the first portion has a rounded rectangular shape; the second portion has a truncated circular shape; the truncated circular shape is truncated on one side to create a truncated edge on one side of the circular structure; the truncated edge of the second portion is connected to one side of the first portion; and the truncated edge of the second portion is substantially parallel to the intersection line where the first substrate and the second substrate intersect.

[0017] Optionally, the antenna is a multi-band and wideband antenna configured to operate in multiple frequency bands, including the 900MHz band, 1800MHz band, F band, A band, E band, WLAN band, and D band.

[0018] Optionally, the antenna has a horizontal radiation pattern of less than 1.5 in all of the said multiple frequency bands.

[0019] Optionally, at least one first groove has a circular or rectangular shape.

[0020] Optionally, the grounding structure is at least 30% transparent; and the radiating patch is at least 30% transparent. Attached Figure Description

[0021] The following figures are merely illustrative examples based on various disclosed embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

[0022] Figure 1 This is a perspective view of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0023] Figure 2 This is a front view of an antenna according to some embodiments of this disclosure.

[0024] Figure 3 This is a top view of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0025] Figure 4 The correlation between voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and frequency value in an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0026] Figure 5 The correlation between gain and frequency values ​​in an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0027] Figure 6 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0028] Figure 7 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0029] Figure 8 A Smith chart of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0030] Figure 9 This is a front view of an antenna according to some embodiments of this disclosure.

[0031] Figure 10 This is a top view of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0032] Figure 11 The correlation between voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and frequency value in an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0033] Figure 12 The correlation between gain and frequency values ​​in an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0034] Figure 13 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0035] Figure 14 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0036] Figure 15 A Smith chart of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0037] Figure 16 This is a front view of an antenna according to some embodiments of this disclosure.

[0038] Figure 17This is a top view of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0039] Figure 18 The correlation between voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and frequency value in an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0040] Figure 19 The correlation between gain and frequency values ​​in an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0041] Figure 20 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0042] Figure 21 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0043] Figure 22 A Smith chart of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0044] Figure 23 This is a front view of an antenna according to some embodiments of this disclosure.

[0045] Figure 24 This is a top view of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0046] Figure 25 The correlation between voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and frequency value in an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0047] Figure 26 The correlation between gain and frequency values ​​in an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0048] Figure 27 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0049] Figure 28 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0050] Figure 29 A Smith chart of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0051] Figure 30 This is a front view of an antenna according to some embodiments of this disclosure.

[0052] Figure 31 This is a top view of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0053] Figure 32The correlation between voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and frequency value in an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0054] Figure 33 The correlation between gain and frequency values ​​in an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0055] Figure 34 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0056] Figure 35 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0057] Figure 36 A Smith chart of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0058] Figure 37 This is a front view of an antenna according to some embodiments of this disclosure.

[0059] Figure 38 This is a top view of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0060] Figure 39 The correlation between voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and frequency value in an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0061] Figure 40 The correlation between gain and frequency values ​​in an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0062] Figure 41 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0063] Figure 42 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0064] Figure 43 A Smith chart of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0065] Figure 44 Shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 The antenna shown has an 880MHz current distribution on its radiating patch surface.

[0066] Figure 45 Shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 The electric field distribution at 880 MHz on the surface of the radiating patch of the antenna shown.

[0067] Figure 46 Shown in Figure 23 and Figure 24 The antenna shown has an 880MHz current distribution on its radiating patch surface.

[0068] Figure 47 Shown in Figure 23 and Figure 24 The electric field distribution at 880 MHz on the surface of the radiating patch of the antenna shown.

[0069] Figure 48 This is a front view of an antenna according to some embodiments of this disclosure.

[0070] Figure 49 This is a top view of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0071] Figure 50 The correlation between voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and frequency value in an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0072] Figure 51 The correlation between gain and frequency values ​​in an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0073] Figure 52 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0074] Figure 53 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0075] Figure 54 A Smith chart of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0076] Figure 55 This is a front view of an antenna according to some embodiments of this disclosure.

[0077] Figure 56 This is a top view of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0078] Figure 57 The correlation between voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and frequency value in an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0079] Figure 58 The correlation between gain and frequency values ​​in an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0080] Figure 59 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0081] Figure 60A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0082] Figure 61 A Smith chart of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0083] Figure 62 This is a front view of an antenna according to some embodiments of this disclosure.

[0084] Figure 63 This is a top view of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0085] Figure 64 The correlation between voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and frequency value in an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0086] Figure 65 The correlation between gain and frequency values ​​in an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0087] Figure 66 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0088] Figure 67 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0089] Figure 68 A Smith chart of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. Detailed Implementation

[0090] This disclosure will now be described in more detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be noted that the following description of some embodiments presented herein is for illustrative and descriptive purposes only. It is not exhaustive or limited to the precise forms disclosed.

[0091] With the rapid development of mobile communication technology and the exponential growth in the number of mobile users, the demand for higher-quality mobile communication is increasing. A large part of communication occurs in indoor environments. However, indoor communication environments are characterized by high complexity and uncertainty, with particularly severe electromagnetic signal attenuation and a tendency to create dead zones. For example, in environments such as high-rise buildings, basements, underground parking garages, and elevators of large buildings, the existence of communication signal dead zones and the shielding effect of buildings often lead to various problems for indoor communication users, such as high call noise, low handover rate, easy dropouts, or even inability to make calls. Therefore, relying solely on outdoor base station signals cannot achieve comprehensive indoor signal coverage, hence the emergence of indoor distributed antenna systems (DAS).

[0092] Indoor distributed antenna systems (DAS) use indoor antennas to evenly distribute signals from mobile base stations throughout an indoor area, eliminating coverage shadows. This ensures ideal signal coverage and sufficient network capacity in indoor areas, meeting the communication quality requirements of indoor mobile users. Furthermore, it significantly improves call answer rates, reduces dropped calls and co-channel interference, and provides users with more comprehensive communication services, thereby enhancing the overall service level of the mobile network.

[0093] In indoor distributed antenna systems (DAS), the antenna's radiation range is a key factor in designing the indoor distribution system. Indoor DAS antennas transmit radio frequency signals from a source into the wireless environment or collect electromagnetic signals from the wireless environment. The coverage radius of the antenna varies depending on the indoor environment. Considering the characteristics of the indoor environment and the effectiveness of antenna coverage, ensuring effective coverage in the indoor area while minimizing signal leakage to the outside is crucial. Therefore, various types of indoor DAS antennas have emerged. Furthermore, indoor coverage antennas typically require features such as miniaturization, wide or multi-band bandwidth, and ease of environmental integration or concealment. Therefore, research on mobile indoor DAS antennas is necessary and meaningful. Common types of indoor DAS antennas include omnidirectional ceiling antennas, directional panel antennas, high-gain directional antennas, and leaky cables.

[0094] Structurally, omnidirectional ceiling-mounted antennas are typically axisymmetric. To achieve omnidirectionality, a metal base plate is usually added directly beneath the antenna based on the mirror principle. The base plate generates a mirror current, which is in the same direction as the current distribution of a monopole antenna, similar to that of a dipole antenna. In a sense, it can be considered a dipole.

[0095] This disclosure provides, in particular, an antenna that substantially eliminates one or more problems caused by the limitations and disadvantages of the prior art. In one aspect, this disclosure provides an antenna. In some embodiments, the antenna includes a first substrate, a radiating patch on the first substrate, a second substrate, a feeding structure, and a grounding structure on the second substrate. Optionally, the first and second substrates are substantially perpendicular to each other. As used herein, the term "substantially perpendicular" means that the first and second substrates are arranged at an angle in the range of 85 to 95 degrees. Optionally, the radiating patch and the grounding structure are substantially perpendicular to each other. Optionally, the grounding structure includes a conductive mesh structure. Optionally, the radiating patch includes a conductive mesh structure. Optionally, the radiating patch includes a body. Optionally, the antenna includes one or more irregularly shaped slots extending through the radiating patch, wherein the profile of at least one of the one or more irregularly shaped slots includes at least one curved edge. Optionally, the antenna also includes one or more irregularly shaped slots extending through the body, wherein the outer profile of at least one of the one or more irregularly shaped slots includes at least one curved edge.

[0096] Traditional omnidirectional ceiling antennas typically employ a tri-cone structure, which is bulky and lacks aesthetic appeal, making them difficult to conceal in indoor environments. This disclosure introduces a fused mesh transparency technology combined with a planar antenna design to achieve overall antenna transparency and enhance its aesthetic appeal. This design not only meets the needs of indoor communication but also ensures the antenna's concealment in indoor environments. The metal layer utilizes a fused mesh film structure, and the dielectric substrate is made of a highly transparent material. The traditional tri-cone antenna form is replaced by a planar antenna form to accommodate the planar film layer attachment.

[0097] The application of patch antennas in indoor distribution systems allows them to blend seamlessly into the indoor environment, achieving concealment. Fused mesh transparent fabrication technology, combined with novel planar antenna designs, integrates wideband, multi-band, miniaturization, and aesthetic enhancements into a single antenna within the indoor distribution system, making the antenna "disappear" from the indoor environment.

[0098] The inventors of this disclosure have surprisingly and unexpectedly discovered that the antenna according to this disclosure has a horizontal radiation pattern with a non-circularity of less than 1.5 in all operating frequency bands. Gain requirements are as follows: greater than 1.0 dBi in the 900 MHz band, greater than 2.0 dBi in the 1800 MHz band, greater than 2.5 dBi in the F band, greater than 3.0 dBi in the A band, greater than 3.0 dBi in the E band, greater than 3.5 dBi in the WLAN band, and greater than 3.5 dBi in the D band, to meet the omnidirectional radiation and coverage requirements of an indoor ceiling-mounted antenna.

[0099] Figure 1 This is a perspective view of an antenna according to some embodiments of this disclosure. Reference Figure 1 In some embodiments, the antenna includes a first substrate BS1, a radiating patch RD located on the first substrate BS1, a second substrate BS2, and a ground structure GND located on the second substrate BS2. In some embodiments, the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2 are arranged at an angle to each other, thereby forming an angled configuration. Optionally, the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2 are arranged relative to each other at an angle ranging from 75 degrees to 115 degrees. Optionally, the angle is in the range of 75 degrees to 80 degrees, 80 degrees to 85 degrees, 85 degrees to 90 degrees, 90 degrees to 95 degrees, 95 degrees to 100 degrees, 100 degrees to 105 degrees, 105 degrees to 110 degrees, or 110 degrees to 115 degrees. In one example, the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2 are arranged perpendicular to each other. This arrangement allows for efficient integration of the radiating patch RD and the ground structure GND, thereby optimizing antenna performance within a given space constraint.

[0100] The inventors of this disclosure have discovered that by arranging the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2 relative to each other at an angle ranging from 85 to 95 degrees, the antenna structure improves performance by enhancing isolation between components, making better use of space, and optimizing the radiation pattern for a specific application. The angled configuration allows the radiating patch and grounding structure to operate more effectively within the space constraints of the device.

[0101] In some embodiments, the antenna further includes a feed structure FS configured to transmit signals from a transmitter to the antenna or from the antenna to a receiver.

[0102] In some embodiments, the radiating patch RD and the ground structure GND are positioned relative to each other at an angle ranging from 75 degrees to 115 degrees. Optionally, the angle is within the ranges of 75 degrees to 80 degrees, 80 degrees to 85 degrees, 85 degrees to 90 degrees, 90 degrees to 95 degrees, 95 degrees to 100 degrees, 100 degrees to 105 degrees, 105 degrees to 110 degrees, or 110 degrees to 115 degrees. In one example, the radiating patch RD and the ground structure GND are positioned perpendicular to each other.

[0103] In some embodiments, the radiating patch RD and the second substrate BS2 are arranged relative to each other at an angle ranging from 75 degrees to 115 degrees. Optionally, the angle is within the range of 75 degrees to 80 degrees, 80 degrees to 85 degrees, 85 degrees to 90 degrees, 90 degrees to 95 degrees, 95 degrees to 100 degrees, 100 degrees to 105 degrees, 105 degrees to 110 degrees, or 110 degrees to 115 degrees. In one example, the radiating patch RD and the second substrate BS2 are arranged perpendicular to each other.

[0104] In some embodiments, the grounding structure GND and the first substrate BS1 are arranged at an angle to each other in the range of 75 degrees to 115 degrees. Optionally, the angle is in the range of 75 degrees to 80 degrees, 80 degrees to 85 degrees, 85 degrees to 90 degrees, 90 degrees to 95 degrees, 95 degrees to 100 degrees, 100 degrees to 105 degrees, 105 degrees to 110 degrees, or 110 degrees to 115 degrees. In one example, the grounding structure GND and the first substrate BS1 are arranged perpendicular to each other.

[0105] In some embodiments, the antenna further includes a first fastener configured to attach a first substrate BS1 to a second substrate BS2. In one example, the first fastener includes one or more clamps (e.g., a first clamp CLM1 and a second clamp CLM2).

[0106] In some embodiments, the antenna further includes a second fastener configured to attach a ground structure GND to a second substrate BS2. In one example, the second fastener includes one or more screws (e.g., a first screw SCR1 and a second screw SCR2).

[0107] In some embodiments, the grounding structure GND includes a conductive mesh structure. Optionally, the conductive mesh structure includes a metallic mesh structure. In one example, the metallic mesh structure includes a molten mesh layer. The molten mesh layer is a conductive layer formed by melting and depositing metal onto a substrate to create a mesh pattern or grid pattern. This mesh structure provides electrical conductivity while achieving transparency or translucency.

[0108] In some embodiments, the molten mesh layer in the grounding structure GND has a density of 1.0 × 10⁻⁶. 6 S / m up to 5.0×10 6 Conductivity in the range of S / m, for example, 1.0 × 10⁻⁶. 6 S / m up to 1.2×10 6 S / m, 1.2×10 6 S / m up to 1.4×10 6 S / m, 1.4×10 6 S / m up to 1.6×10 6 S / m, 1.6×10 6 S / m up to 1.8×10 6 S / m, 1.8×10 6 S / m up to 2.0×10 6 S / m, 2.0×10 6 S / m up to 2.2×10 6 S / m, 2.2×10 6 S / m up to 2.4×10 6 S / m, 2.4×10 6 S / m up to 2.6×10 6 S / m, 2.6×10 6 S / m up to 2.8×10 6 S / m, 2.8×10 6 S / m up to 3.0×10 6 S / m, 3.0×10 6 S / m up to 3.2×10 6 S / m, 3.2×10 6 S / m up to 3.4×10 6 S / m, 3.4×10 6 S / m up to 3.6×10 6 S / m, 3.6×10 6 S / m up to 3.8×10 6 S / m, 3.8×10 6 S / m up to 4.0×10 6 S / m, 4.0×10 6 S / m up to 4.2×10 6S / m, 4.2×10 6 S / m up to 4.4×10 6 S / m, 4.4×10 6 S / m up to 4.6×10 6 S / m, 4.6×10 6 S / m up to 4.8×10 6 S / m, or 4.8×10 6 S / m up to 5.0×10 6 S / m. In one example, the molten mesh layer in the grounding structure GND has a 2.2 × 10⁻⁶ m / s². 6 Conductivity in S / m.

[0109] In some embodiments, the molten mesh layer in the grounding structure GND has a thickness ranging from 2.5 μm to 6.5 μm, for example, 2.5 μm to 3.0 μm, 3.0 μm to 3.5 μm, 3.5 μm to 4.0 μm, 4.0 μm to 4.5 μm, 4.5 μm to 5.0 μm, 5.0 μm to 5.5 μm, or 5.5 μm to 6.5 μm. In one example, the molten mesh layer in the grounding structure GND has a thickness of 4.5 μm.

[0110] In some embodiments, the radiating patch RD includes a conductive mesh structure. Optionally, the conductive mesh structure includes a metal mesh structure. In one example, the metal mesh structure includes a molten mesh layer.

[0111] In some embodiments, the molten mesh layer in the radiating patch RD has a density of 1.0 × 10⁻⁶. 6 S / m up to 5.0×10 6 Conductivity in the range of S / m, for example, 1.0 × 10⁻⁶. 6 S / m up to 1.2×10 6 S / m, 1.2×10 6 S / m up to 1.4×10 6 S / m, 1.4×10 6 S / m up to 1.6×10 6 S / m, 1.6×10 6 S / m up to 1.8×10 6 S / m, 1.8×10 6 S / m up to 2.0×10 6 S / m, 2.0×10 6 S / m up to 2.2×10 6 S / m, 2.2×10 6 S / m up to 2.4×10 6 S / m, 2.4×10 6 S / m up to 2.6×10 6 S / m, 2.6×106 S / m up to 2.8×10 6 S / m, 2.8×10 6 S / m up to 3.0×10 6 S / m, 3.0×10 6 S / m up to 3.2×10 6 S / m, 3.2×10 6 S / m up to 3.4×10 6 S / m, 3.4×10 6 S / m up to 3.6×10 6 S / m, 3.6×10 6 S / m up to 3.8×10 6 S / m, 3.8×10 6 S / m up to 4.0×10 6 S / m, 4.0×10 6 S / m up to 4.2×10 6 S / m, 4.2×10 6 S / m up to 4.4×10 6 S / m, 4.4×10 6 S / m up to 4.6×10 6 S / m, 4.6×10 6 S / m up to 4.8×10 6 S / m, or 4.8×10 6 S / m up to 5.0×10 6 S / m. In one example, the molten mesh layer in the radiative patch RD has a S / m ratio of 2.2 × 10⁻⁶. 6 Conductivity in S / m.

[0112] In some embodiments, the molten mesh layer in the radiative patch RD has a thickness in the range of 2.5 μm to 6.5 μm, for example, 2.5 μm to 3.0 μm, 3.0 μm to 3.5 μm, 3.5 μm to 4.0 μm, 4.0 μm to 4.5 μm, 4.5 μm to 5.0 μm, 5.0 μm to 5.5 μm, or 5.5 μm to 6.5 μm. In one example, the molten mesh layer in the radiative patch RD has a thickness of 4.5 μm.

[0113] In some embodiments, the first substrate BS1 comprises a dielectric insulating material. In some embodiments, the dielectric insulating material has a dielectric constant in the range of 2.0 to 4.0, for example, 2.0 to 2.1, 2.1 to 2.2, 2.2 to 2.3, 2.3 to 2.4, 2.4 to 2.5, 2.5 to 2.6, 2.6 to 2.7, 2.7 to 2.8, 2.8 to 2.9, 2.9 to 3.0, 3.0 to 3.1, 3.1 to 3.2, 3.2 to 3.3, 3.3 to 3.4, 3.4 to 3.5, 3.5 to 3.6, 3.6 to 3.7, 3.7 to 3.8, 3.8 to 3.9, or 3.9 to 4.0. In one example, the dielectric insulating material has a dielectric constant of 2.9. In some embodiments, the dielectric insulating material has a loss tangent in the range of 0.001 to 0.010, for example, 0.001 to 0.002, 0.002 to 0.003, 0.003 to 0.004, 0.004 to 0.005, 0.005 to 0.006, 0.006 to 0.007, 0.007 to 0.008, 0.008 to 0.009, or 0.009 to 0.010. In one example, the dielectric insulating material has a loss tangent of 0.004. In one example, the ratio of the dielectric constant to the loss tangent of the dielectric insulating material is 2.9 / 0.004. In some embodiments, the dielectric insulating material has a thickness in the range of 0.5 mm to 3.5 mm, for example, 0.5 mm to 0.75 mm, 0.75 mm to 1.0 mm, 1.0 mm to 1.25 mm, 1.25 mm to 1.50 mm, 1.50 mm to 1.75 mm, 1.75 mm to 2.0 mm, 2.0 mm to 2.25 mm, 2.25 mm to 2.5 mm, 2.5 mm to 2.75 mm, 2.75 mm to 3.0 mm, 3.0 mm to 3.25 mm, or 3.25 mm to 3.5 mm.

[0114] In some embodiments, the second substrate BS2 comprises a dielectric insulating material. In some embodiments, the dielectric insulating material has a dielectric constant in the range of 2.0 to 4.0, for example, 2.0 to 2.1, 2.1 to 2.2, 2.2 to 2.3, 2.3 to 2.4, 2.4 to 2.5, 2.5 to 2.6, 2.6 to 2.7, 2.7 to 2.8, 2.8 to 2.9, 2.9 to 3.0, 3.0 to 3.1, 3.1 to 3.2, 3.2 to 3.3, 3.3 to 3.4, 3.4 to 3.5, 3.5 to 3.6, 3.6 to 3.7, 3.7 to 3.8, 3.8 to 3.9, or 3.9 to 4.0. In one example, the dielectric insulating material has a dielectric constant of 2.9. In some embodiments, the dielectric insulating material has a loss tangent in the range of 0.001 to 0.010, for example, 0.001 to 0.002, 0.002 to 0.003, 0.003 to 0.004, 0.004 to 0.005, 0.005 to 0.006, 0.006 to 0.007, 0.007 to 0.008, 0.008 to 0.009, or 0.009 to 0.010. In one example, the dielectric insulating material has a loss tangent of 0.004. In one example, the ratio of the dielectric constant to the loss tangent of the dielectric insulating material is 2.9 / 0.004. In some embodiments, the dielectric insulating material has a thickness in the range of 0.5 mm to 3.5 mm, for example, 0.5 mm to 0.75 mm, 0.75 mm to 1.0 mm, 1.0 mm to 1.25 mm, 1.25 mm to 1.50 mm, 1.50 mm to 1.75 mm, 1.75 mm to 2.0 mm, 2.0 mm to 2.25 mm, 2.25 mm to 2.5 mm, 2.5 mm to 2.75 mm, 2.75 mm to 3.0 mm, 3.0 mm to 3.25 mm, or 3.25 mm to 3.5 mm.

[0115] The antenna according to this disclosure is configured to operate in multiple frequency bands (900MHz, 1800MHz, F-band, A-band, E-band, WLAN band, and D-band), making it a multi-band, wideband antenna. In a particular example, the maximum dimension of the antenna along the z-axis is 100 mm, and the maximum dimension along the xy-plane is 200 mm. In some embodiments, the antenna is in the form of a monopole antenna.

[0116] In some embodiments, the antenna has substantially (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100%) mirror symmetry about a plane that intersects the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2, bisects the radiating patch RD, and is perpendicular to the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2. In some embodiments, the ground structure GND has substantially (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100%) mirror symmetry about a plane that intersects the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2, bisects the radiating patch RD, and is perpendicular to the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2. In some embodiments, the radiating patch RD has substantially (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100%) mirror symmetry about a plane that intersects the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2, bisects the radiating patch RD, and is perpendicular to the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2.

[0117] In some embodiments, the grounding structure GND is at least 30% transparent, for example, at least 35% transparent, at least 40% transparent, at least 45% transparent, for example, at least 50% transparent, at least 55% transparent, at least 60% transparent, for example, at least 65% transparent, at least 70% transparent, at least 75% transparent, for example, at least 80% transparent, at least 85% transparent, at least 90% transparent, for example, at least 95% transparent, or at least 99% transparent.

[0118] In some embodiments, the radiation patch RD is at least 30% transparent, for example, at least 35% transparent, at least 40% transparent, at least 45% transparent, for example, at least 50% transparent, at least 55% transparent, at least 60% transparent, for example, at least 65% transparent, at least 70% transparent, at least 75% transparent, for example, at least 80% transparent, at least 85% transparent, at least 90% transparent, for example, at least 95% transparent, or at least 99% transparent.

[0119] Figure 2 This is a front view of an antenna according to some embodiments of this disclosure. Reference Figure 2In some embodiments, the radiating patch RD includes one or more coils C. The one or more coils C are configured to enhance the induction of the radiating patch RD. In some embodiments, the one or more coils C are in contact with a first substrate BS1. In some embodiments, the radiating patch RD includes at least two coils, wherein the at least two coils have substantially (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100%) mirror symmetry with respect to each other about a plane that intersects the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2, bisects the radiating patch RD, and is perpendicular to the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2.

[0120] In some embodiments, the radiating patch RD further includes a body MB and one or more coupling branches CB. In some embodiments, the body MB has a substantially (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100%) elliptical shape. In some embodiments, one or more coupling branches CB surround a portion of the body MB. The one or more coupling branches CB are configured to achieve impedance matching across multiple frequency bands. They modulate the antenna reactance, making it easier to match the antenna impedance to the impedance of the transmission line or source, thereby minimizing reflections and power losses. In some embodiments, the one or more coupling branches CB are also configured to tune the resonant frequency of the antenna. This allows the antenna to operate effectively at different desired frequencies, which is particularly useful in multi-band antennas. In some embodiments, the one or more coupling branches CB are also configured to widen the antenna bandwidth. By increasing capacitance and adjusting inductance, they can help the antenna maintain a low voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) over a wider frequency range. In some embodiments, the one or more coupling branches CB are also configured to shape and stabilize the antenna pattern, thereby ensuring that the antenna maintains consistent and desired radiation characteristics at its operating frequencies. In some embodiments, one or more coupling branches CB are also configured to balance the horizontal radiation pattern, thereby reducing non-circularity and improving the overall performance of the antenna in different directions.

[0121] In some embodiments, the body MB has substantially (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100%) mirror symmetry about a plane that intersects with the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2, bisects the radiating patch RD, and is perpendicular to the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2.

[0122] In some embodiments, one or more coupling branches CB have substantially (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100%) mirror symmetry about a plane that intersects with the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2, bisects the radiating patch RD, and is perpendicular to the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2.

[0123] In some embodiments, one or more coupling branches CB include a first branch CB1 located on a first side of the body MB, a second branch CB2 located on a second side of the body MB, and a third branch CB3 located on a third side of the body MB. Optionally, the first branch CB1 has substantially (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100%) mirror symmetry with respect to a plane that intersects with the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2, bisects the radiating patch RD, and is perpendicular to the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2. Optionally, the second branch CB2 and the third branch CB3 have substantially (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100%) mirror symmetry with respect to each other with respect to a plane that intersects with the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2, bisects the radiating patch RD, and is perpendicular to the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2.

[0124] In some embodiments, the antenna further includes a first slot ST1 extending through the body MB. Optionally, the first slot ST1 is substantially (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100%) located at the center of the body MB. The first slot ST1 is configured to balance the non-circularity of the horizontal radiation pattern across multiple frequency bands. In some embodiments, the first slot ST1 has substantially (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100%) mirror symmetry about a plane that intersects with the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2, bisects the radiating patch RD, and is perpendicular to the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2. Non-circularity refers to the deviation of the radiation pattern of an omnidirectional antenna from its average value over a 360-degree range in a particular plane. This deviation is expressed as the difference between the maximum or minimum value of the radiation pattern and the average value. This value can be positive or negative. It is typically expressed as ±(maximum value - minimum value) / 2. For the 900MHz band, the non-circularity is calculated using the θ = 90° plane. For other bands, the non-circularity is calculated using the θ = 120° plane. A smaller non-circularity value indicates better omnidirectional radiation characteristics of the antenna.

[0125] In some embodiments, the antenna further includes one or more irregularly shaped slots extending through the body MB, wherein the outer contour of at least one of the one or more irregularly shaped slots includes at least one curved edge. In some embodiments, the antenna further includes one or more second slots ST2 extending through the body MB. In some embodiments, the one or more second slots ST2 (e.g., two second slots) have substantially (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100%) mirror symmetry with respect to each other about a plane that intersects the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2, bisects the radiating patch RD, and is perpendicular to the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2. The one or more second slots ST2 are configured to achieve impedance matching by adjusting the current distribution on the antenna structure. This adjustment allows the antenna to better match the impedance of the transmission line or source, thereby minimizing reflections and power losses. In some embodiments, the one or more second slots ST2 are also configured to tune the resonant frequency of the antenna. The one or more second slots can effectively create multiple resonant paths, allowing the antenna to operate effectively at different desired frequencies, thus making it suitable for multi-band applications. In some embodiments, the one or more second slots ST2 are also configured to widen the bandwidth of the antenna. By introducing multiple resonant modes, the slots help the antenna maintain a low voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) over a wider frequency range, ensuring better performance across multiple frequency bands. In some embodiments, one or more second slots ST2 are also configured to shape and control the antenna's radiation pattern. They can be designed to guide radiation in specific modes or directions, thereby improving the overall radiation characteristics of the antenna. In some embodiments, one or more second slots ST2 are also configured to balance the radiation pattern across different frequency bands. This reduces the non-circularity of the horizontal radiation pattern, ensuring consistent performance in all directions.

[0126] In some embodiments, one or more second slots ST2 extend through the radiating patch RD at a location close to the feed structure FS (and thus close to the feed point of the antenna). In some embodiments, a first slot ST1 extends through the radiating patch RD at a first location, and one or more second slots ST2 extend through the radiating patch RD at one or more second locations, the first location being on the side of the one or more second locations away from the feed structure FS.

[0127] In some embodiments, the profile of each of the two second slots in one or more second slots ST2 includes at least one arcuate edge.

[0128] In some embodiments, the central axis of the radiating patch RD intersects with the first groove ST1.

[0129] In some embodiments, the antenna includes one or more third slots ST3 extending through the radiating patch RD. In some embodiments, each of the one or more third slots ST3 has a helical shape. In some embodiments, the one or more third slots ST3 include at least two helical slots, wherein the at least two helical slots are located between the first slot ST1 and the feed structure FS (e.g., between the first slot ST1 and the feed point). In some embodiments, the at least two helical slots have substantially (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100%) mirror symmetry about a plane that intersects the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2, bisects the radiating patch RD, and is perpendicular to the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2. Optionally, each of the at least two helical slots has at least three turns.

[0130] In some embodiments, the first branch CB1 has a shape that conforms to the outline of the radiating patch RD. In some embodiments, the second branch CB2 and the third branch CB3 are spaced apart from each other.

[0131] In some embodiments, the radiating patch RD has a substantially elliptical shape in a first portion (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100%) and an arcuate shape in a second portion, wherein the first portion is located on the side of the second portion away from the feed structure FS. Alternatively, the radiating patch RD has an irregular elliptical shape. Alternatively, the radiating patch RD has a bulb-like shape.

[0132] In some embodiments, the distance between the feed point FP of the feed structure FS and the point of the radiating patch RD furthest from the feed point FP is in the range of 0.9×1 / 4λ to 1.1×1 / 4λ, where λ is the wavelength corresponding to the lowest frequency in the antenna's operating frequency band.

[0133] In some embodiments, the distance between the feed point FP of the feed structure FS and the point of the ground structure GND farthest from the feed point FP is in the range of 0.9×1 / 4λ to 1.1×1 / 4λ, where λ is the wavelength corresponding to the lowest frequency in the antenna's operating frequency band.

[0134] Figure 3 This is a top view of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Reference Figure 3 In some embodiments, the grounding structure GND has a substantially circular shape (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100%).

[0135] Figure 4This illustrates the correlation between voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) values ​​and frequency values ​​in antennas according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. (Reference) Figure 4 The figure shows the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) values ​​over the frequency range from 0.75 GHz to 2.75 GHz. The VSWR value is less than 1.8 across the entire operating frequency range. For most frequency bands except the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands, the VSWR is less than 1.5. This low VSWR indicates good impedance matching, ensuring minimal reflections and efficient power transfer. VSWR is the ratio of the peak voltage to the minimum voltage along a transmission line. When VSWR equals 1, it indicates a perfect impedance match between the feed line and the antenna. In this case, all high-frequency energy is radiated by the antenna without any reflected energy loss. When VSWR is infinitely large, it indicates total internal reflection, meaning no energy is radiated and all energy is reflected back. Lower VSWR values ​​(closer to 1) indicate better impedance matching and more efficient energy radiation. High VSWR values ​​indicate poor impedance matching, leading to significant energy reflections and potential losses.

[0136] Figure 5 The diagram illustrates the correlation between gain and frequency values ​​in antennas according to some embodiments of this disclosure. (Reference) Figure 5Gain values ​​(dB, Peak Realized Gain) were obtained across a frequency range from 0.75 GHz to 2.75 GHz. The gain values ​​for specific frequency bands are as follows: 900 MHz band: gain > 1.8 dBi; 1800 MHz band: gain > 3.4 dBi; F band: gain > 4.2 dBi; A band: gain > 4.7 dBi; E band: gain > 4.6 dBi; WLAN band: gain > 4.9 dBi; and D band: gain > 5.5 dBi. These gain values ​​represent the maximum directional radiation gain, confirming the antenna's efficiency and suitability for indoor distributed antenna systems (DAS) applications. As used herein, the 900 MHz band refers to the frequency range of 880 MHz to 960 MHz. This frequency range is commonly used for GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) and other mobile communication services. As used herein, the 1800 MHz band refers to the frequency range of 1710 MHz to 1850 MHz. This frequency range is typically used for GSM and LTE (Long Term Evolution) services, providing enhanced mobile communication capabilities. As used herein, the F band refers to the frequency range of 1885MHz to 1915MHz. This frequency range is typically allocated to DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) and certain mobile communication applications. As used herein, the A band refers to the frequency range of 2010MHz to 2025MHz. This frequency range is used for TDD (Time Division Duplex) LTE networks and other specific mobile communication services. As used herein, the E band refers to the frequency range of 2300MHz to 2400MHz. This frequency range is typically used for LTE and other wireless communication services, providing extended coverage and capacity. As used herein, the WLAN band refers to the frequency range of 2400MHz to 2483.5MHz. This frequency range is widely used for Wi-Fi (Wireless Local Area Network) services, supporting wireless internet and data transmission. As used herein, the D band refers to the frequency range of 2515MHz to 2675MHz. This frequency range is used for various wireless communication services, including certain LTE bands and wireless broadband services.

[0137] The VSWR and gain results confirm that the designed antenna performs well in its expected operating frequency band. The low VSWR value indicates good impedance matching, while the high gain value ensures effective signal radiation and reception, thus meeting the requirements of an indoor distributed antenna.

[0138] Figure 6 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. (Reference) Figure 6 The radial lines represent different angles, while the concentric circles represent gain levels in dB. The radiation pattern shows how the antenna radiates power uniformly in the horizontal plane. Figure 6This indicates that for the 900MHz band, the non-circularity of the radiation pattern is less than 0.3. This low non-circularity value indicates a highly uniform radiation pattern, ensuring consistent signal strength in all directions.

[0139] Figure 7 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. (Reference) Figure 7 The radiation pattern is depicted using multiple curves, each representing a different frequency band within the antenna's operating range. For frequency bands outside the 900MHz band, the non-circularity of the radiation pattern is less than 1.2. This slightly higher non-circularity still indicates good uniformity, but it may exhibit minor variations in different directions compared to the 900MHz band.

[0140] Figure 6 and Figure 7 The horizontal radiation pattern confirmed that the designed antenna maintains a consistent and uniform radiation pattern across its operating frequency band. The low non-circularity value ensures stable and reliable signal coverage in all directions, meeting the requirements of indoor distributed antenna systems (DAS) applications.

[0141] Figure 8 A Smith chart of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. Reference Figure 8 The Smith chart illustrates the impedance matching of the designed antenna across its operating frequency range. The Smith chart provides a graphical representation of the antenna's complex impedance at different frequencies. Points m1 and m2 on the chart correspond to specific frequencies (0.8800 GHz and 2.6750 GHz, respectively). The chart shows the antenna's normalized impedance at these frequencies, indicating how well the antenna impedance is matched to the transmission line impedance (typically 50 ohms). At frequency point m1, the matching is relatively close to the center of the Smith chart, indicating good impedance matching at that frequency. At frequency point m2, the matching is also relatively close to the center of the Smith chart, indicating good impedance matching at that frequency. The overall pattern on the Smith chart shows that, except for the 900 MHz band where impedance matching needs improvement, the antenna exhibits good impedance matching in other frequency bands. This is consistent with VSWR measurements, thus confirming effective impedance matching for most operating frequency bands.

[0142] Figure 9 This is a front view of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 10 This is a top view of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 9 and Figure 10 The antenna shown is Figure 2 and Figure 3The antenna shown differs in that the grounding structure GND does not have a circular shape. In some embodiments, the grounding structure GND has a truncated circular shape. Optionally, the grounding structure GND has a truncated circular shape that is truncated on one side to create a truncated edge on one side of the circular structure. Optionally, the truncated edge of the grounding structure GND is substantially parallel to the intersection line at the intersection of the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2. As used herein, the term "substantially parallel" means an angle in the range of 0 degrees to about 45 degrees, for example, 0 degrees to about 5 degrees, 0 degrees to about 10 degrees, 0 degrees to about 15 degrees, 0 degrees to about 20 degrees, 0 degrees to about 25 degrees, and 0 degrees to about 30 degrees.

[0143] The flattened, circular grounding structure (GND) optimizes the antenna's impedance matching, especially in the 900MHz band. This structural change helps improve antenna performance by minimizing signal reflections and enhancing power transfer efficiency.

[0144] Figure 11 This illustrates the correlation between voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) values ​​and frequency values ​​in antennas according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. (Refer to...) Figure 11 The figure shows the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) values ​​over the frequency range from 0.75 GHz to 2.75 GHz. The VSWR value is less than 1.8 across the entire operating frequency range. For most frequency bands except the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands, the VSWR is less than 1.5. This low VSWR indicates good impedance matching, ensuring minimal reflections and efficient power transfer.

[0145] Figure 12 The diagram illustrates the correlation between gain and frequency values ​​in antennas according to some embodiments of this disclosure. (Reference) Figure 12 Gain values ​​(dB, Peak Realized Gain) were obtained across a frequency range from 0.75 GHz to 2.75 GHz. The gain values ​​for specific frequency bands are as follows: 900 MHz band: gain > 1.9 dBi; 1800 MHz band: gain > 3.3 dBi; F band: gain > 4.2 dBi; A band: gain > 4.6 dBi; E band: gain > 4.7 dBi; WLAN band: gain > 5.2 dBi; and D band: gain > 5.8 dBi. These gain values ​​represent the maximum directional gain, confirming the antenna's efficiency and suitability for indoor distributed antenna systems (DAS) applications.

[0146] The VSWR and gain results confirm that the designed antenna performs well in its expected operating frequency band. The low VSWR value indicates good impedance matching, while the high gain value ensures effective signal radiation and reception, thus meeting the requirements of an indoor distributed antenna.

[0147] Figure 13 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. (Reference) Figure 13 The radial lines represent different angles, while the concentric circles represent gain levels in dB. The radiation pattern demonstrates the uniformity and omnidirectionality of the antenna's radiation within a specific frequency band. The non-circularity of the radiation pattern in the 900MHz band is less than 0.3, indicating a highly uniform pattern.

[0148] Figure 14 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. (Reference) Figure 14 The radiation pattern is depicted using multiple curves, each representing a different frequency band within the antenna's operating range. For frequency bands outside the 900MHz band, the non-circularity of the radiation pattern is less than 1.0. Figure 2 and Figure 3 Compared to the antenna shown, Figure 9 and Figure 10 The antenna shown has improved omnidirectional radiation performance, thereby ensuring consistent signal strength in all directions.

[0149] Figure 13 and Figure 14 The horizontal radiation pattern confirmed that the designed antenna maintains a consistent and uniform radiation pattern across its operating frequency band. The low non-circularity value ensures stable and reliable signal coverage in all directions, meeting the requirements of indoor distributed antenna systems (DAS) applications. Figure 2 and Figure 3 Compared to the antenna shown, the improved omnidirectional radiation performance highlights the effectiveness of the design modifications.

[0150] Figure 15 A Smith chart of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. Reference Figure 15 The Smith chart illustrates the impedance matching of the designed antenna across its operating frequency range. The chart demonstrates stable and consistent matching across all frequency bands. Figure 8 There was no significant change compared to the previous observation. This effective impedance matching ensured minimal signal reflection and efficient power transfer, validating the antenna design for reliable operation within its intended frequency range.

[0151] Figure 16 This is a front view of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 17 This is a top view of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 16 and Figure 17 The antenna depicted in the text and Figure 2 and Figure 3The antenna depicted differs in that the grounding structure GND does not have a circular shape. In some embodiments, the grounding structure GND has a truncated circular shape. Optionally, the grounding structure GND has a truncated circular shape that is truncated on both sides to create two truncated edges on opposite sides of the circular structure. Optionally, each truncated edge of the grounding structure GND is substantially parallel to the intersection line at the intersection of the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2.

[0152] The flattened, circular grounding structure (GND) optimizes the antenna's impedance matching, especially in the 900MHz band. This structural change helps improve antenna performance by minimizing signal reflections and enhancing power transfer efficiency.

[0153] Figure 18 This illustrates the correlation between voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) values ​​and frequency values ​​in antennas according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. (Refer to...) Figure 18 The figure shows the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) values ​​over the frequency range from 0.75 GHz to 2.75 GHz. The VSWR value is less than 1.8 across the entire operating frequency range. For most frequency bands except the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands, the VSWR is less than 1.5. This low VSWR indicates good impedance matching, ensuring minimal reflections and efficient power transfer.

[0154] Figure 19 The diagram illustrates the correlation between gain and frequency values ​​in antennas according to some embodiments of this disclosure. (Reference) Figure 19 Gain values ​​(dB, Peak Realized Gain) were obtained across a frequency range from 0.75 GHz to 2.75 GHz. The gain values ​​for specific frequency bands are as follows: 900 MHz band: gain > 1.9 dBi; 1800 MHz band: gain > 3.4 dBi; F band: gain > 4.2 dBi; A band: gain > 4.6 dBi; E band: gain > 4.9 dBi; WLAN band: gain > 5.4 dBi; and D band: gain > 5.9 dBi. These gain values ​​represent the maximum directional gain, confirming the antenna's efficiency and suitability for indoor distributed antenna systems (DAS) applications.

[0155] The VSWR and gain results confirm that the designed antenna performs well in its expected operating frequency band. The low VSWR value indicates good impedance matching, while the high gain value ensures effective signal radiation and reception, thus meeting the requirements of an indoor distributed antenna.

[0156] Figure 20 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. (Reference) Figure 20The radial lines represent different angles, while the concentric circles represent gain levels in dB. The radiation pattern demonstrates the uniformity and omnidirectionality of the antenna's radiation within a specific frequency band. The non-circularity of the radiation pattern in the 900MHz band is less than 0.3, indicating a highly uniform pattern.

[0157] Figure 21 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. (Reference) Figure 21 The radiation pattern is depicted using multiple curves, each representing a different frequency band within the antenna's operating range. For frequency bands outside the 900MHz band, the non-circularity of the radiation pattern is less than 1.0. Figure 2 and Figure 3 Compared to the antenna shown, Figure 16 and Figure 17 The antenna shown has improved omnidirectional radiation performance, thereby ensuring consistent signal strength in all directions.

[0158] Figure 20 and Figure 21 The horizontal radiation pattern confirmed that the designed antenna maintains a consistent and uniform radiation pattern across its operating frequency band. The low non-circularity value ensures stable and reliable signal coverage in all directions, meeting the requirements of indoor distributed antenna systems (DAS) applications. Figure 2 and Figure 3 Compared to the antenna shown, the improved omnidirectional radiation performance highlights the effectiveness of the design modifications.

[0159] Figure 22 A Smith chart of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. Reference Figure 22 The Smith chart illustrates the impedance matching of the designed antenna across its operating frequency range. The chart demonstrates stable and consistent matching across all frequency bands. Figure 8 or Figure 15 There was no significant change compared to the previous observation. This effective impedance matching ensured minimal signal reflection and efficient power transfer, validating the antenna design for reliable operation within its intended frequency range.

[0160] Figure 23 This is a front view of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 24 This is a top view of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 23 and Figure 24 The antenna shown is Figure 2 and Figure 3The antenna shown differs in that the grounding structure GND does not have a circular shape. In some embodiments, the grounding structure GND includes a first portion P1 and a second portion P2 connected to each other. Optionally, the orthographic projection of the first substrate BS1 onto the second substrate BS2 at least partially overlaps with the orthographic projection of the first portion P1 onto the second substrate BS2; and does not overlap with the orthographic projection of the second portion P2 onto the second substrate BS2. In some embodiments, the first portion P1 has a truncated circular shape, and the second portion P2 has a rectangular or square shape. Optionally, the first portion P1 has a truncated circular shape, which is truncated on one side to create a truncated edge on one side of the circular structure. Optionally, the truncated edge of the first portion P1 connects to one side of the second portion P2. Optionally, the truncated edge of the first portion P1 is substantially parallel to the intersection line at the intersection of the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2.

[0161] The flattened, circular grounding structure (GND) optimizes the antenna's impedance matching, especially in the 900MHz band. This structural change helps improve antenna performance by minimizing signal reflections and enhancing power transfer efficiency.

[0162] Figure 25 This illustrates the correlation between voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) values ​​and frequency values ​​in antennas according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. (Refer to...) Figure 25 The figure shows the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) values ​​over the frequency range from 0.75 GHz to 2.75 GHz. The VSWR value is less than 1.6 across the entire operating frequency range. For most frequency bands except the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands, the VSWR is less than 1.5. This low VSWR indicates good impedance matching, ensuring minimal reflections and efficient power transfer.

[0163] Figure 26 The diagram illustrates the correlation between gain and frequency values ​​in antennas according to some embodiments of this disclosure. (Reference) Figure 26 Gain values ​​(dB, Peak Realized Gain) were obtained across a frequency range from 0.75 GHz to 2.75 GHz. The gain values ​​for specific frequency bands are as follows: 900 MHz band: gain > 1.5 dBi; 1800 MHz band: gain > 3.6 dBi; F band: gain > 4.2 dBi; A band: gain > 4.6 dBi; E band: gain > 4.9 dBi; WLAN band: gain > 5.1 dBi; and D band: gain > 5.8 dBi. These gain values ​​represent the maximum directional radiation gain, confirming the antenna's efficiency and suitability for indoor distributed antenna systems (DAS) applications.

[0164] The VSWR and gain results confirm that the designed antenna performs well in its expected operating frequency band. The low VSWR value indicates good impedance matching, while the high gain value ensures effective signal radiation and reception, thus meeting the requirements of an indoor distributed antenna.

[0165] Figure 27 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. (Reference) Figure 27 The radial lines represent different angles, while the concentric circles represent gain levels in dB. The radiation pattern demonstrates the uniformity and omnidirectionality of the antenna's radiation within a specific frequency band. The non-circularity of the radiation pattern in the 900MHz band is less than 0.5, indicating a highly uniform pattern.

[0166] Figure 28 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. (Reference) Figure 28 The radiation pattern is depicted using multiple curves, each representing a different frequency band within the antenna's operating range. For frequency bands outside the 900MHz band, the non-circularity of the radiation pattern is less than 1.2. Figure 2 and Figure 3 Compared to the antenna shown, Figure 23 and Figure 24 The antenna shown has improved omnidirectional radiation performance, thereby ensuring consistent signal strength in all directions.

[0167] Figure 27 and Figure 28 The horizontal radiation pattern confirmed that the designed antenna maintains a consistent and uniform radiation pattern across its operating frequency band. The low non-circularity value ensures stable and reliable signal coverage in all directions, meeting the requirements of indoor distributed antenna systems (DAS) applications. Figure 2 and Figure 3 Compared to the antenna shown, the improved omnidirectional radiation performance highlights the effectiveness of the design modifications.

[0168] Figure 29 A Smith chart of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. Reference Figure 29 The Smith chart illustrates the impedance matching of the designed antenna across its operating frequency range. The chart demonstrates stable and consistent matching across all frequency bands. As confirmed by VSWR measurements, the impedance matching at 900MHz is consistent with... Figure 8 It has been significantly improved compared to the previous version. Figure 2 and Figure 3 Compared to the antenna shown, the gain in the 900MHz band is reduced, indicating that although the antenna is better matched, it radiates slightly less power in the desired direction. The non-circularity of the radiation pattern in the 900MHz band is slightly reduced. Although the radiation pattern is not as good as... Figure 2 and Figure 3It is not as uniform as the antenna described in the paper, but it still meets the design requirements.

[0169] Figure 30 This is a front view of an antenna according to some embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 31 This is a top view of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 30 and Figure 31 The antenna shown is Figure 2 and Figure 3 The antenna shown differs in that the grounding structure GND does not have a circular shape. In some embodiments, the grounding structure GND includes a first portion P1 and a second portion P2 connected to each other. Optionally, the orthographic projection of the first substrate BS1 onto the second substrate BS2 at least partially overlaps with the orthographic projection of the first portion P1 onto the second substrate BS2; and does not overlap with the orthographic projection of the second portion P2 onto the second substrate BS2. In some embodiments, the first portion P1 has a truncated circular shape, and the second portion P2 has a rectangular or square shape. Optionally, the first portion P1 has a truncated circular shape, which is truncated on both sides to create two truncated edges on opposite sides of the circular structure. Optionally, one of the two truncated edges of the first portion P1 is connected to one side of the second portion P2. Optionally, each truncated edge of the first portion P1 is substantially parallel to the intersection line at the intersection of the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2.

[0170] The flattened, circular grounding structure (GND) optimizes the antenna's impedance matching, especially in the 900MHz band. This structural change helps improve antenna performance by minimizing signal reflections and enhancing power transfer efficiency.

[0171] In some embodiments, the first shortest distance d1 between the feed point FP of the feed structure FS and the truncated edge located on the opposite side of the second portion is in the range of 0.1λ to 0.15λ; the second shortest distance d2 between the feed point FP of the feed structure FS and the rectangular or square edge located on the opposite side of the first portion is in the range of 0.20λ to 0.30λ; where λ is the wavelength corresponding to the lowest frequency in the antenna's operating frequency band.

[0172] Figure 32 This illustrates the correlation between voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) values ​​and frequency values ​​in antennas according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. (Refer to...) Figure 32The figure shows the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) values ​​over the frequency range from 0.75 GHz to 2.75 GHz. The VSWR value is less than 1.6 across the entire operating frequency range. For most frequency bands except the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands, the VSWR is less than 1.5. This low VSWR indicates good impedance matching, ensuring minimal reflections and efficient power transfer.

[0173] Figure 33 The diagram illustrates the correlation between gain and frequency values ​​in antennas according to some embodiments of this disclosure. (Reference) Figure 33 Gain values ​​(dB, Peak Realized Gain) were obtained across a frequency range from 0.75 GHz to 2.75 GHz. The gain values ​​for specific frequency bands are as follows: 900 MHz band: gain > 1.7 dBi; 1800 MHz band: gain > 4.1 dBi; F band: gain > 4.7 dBi; A band: gain > 5.0 dBi; E band: gain > 5.1 dBi; WLAN band: gain > 5.6 dBi; and D band: gain > 6.2 dBi. These gain values ​​represent the maximum directional gain, confirming the antenna's efficiency and suitability for indoor distributed antenna systems (DAS) applications.

[0174] The VSWR and gain results confirm that the designed antenna performs well in its expected operating frequency band. The low VSWR value indicates good impedance matching, while the high gain value ensures effective signal radiation and reception, thus meeting the requirements of an indoor distributed antenna.

[0175] Figure 34 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. (Reference) Figure 34 The radial lines represent different angles, while the concentric circles represent gain levels in dB. The radiation pattern demonstrates the uniformity and omnidirectionality of the antenna's radiation within a specific frequency band. The non-circularity of the radiation pattern in the 900MHz band is less than 1.3, indicating a highly uniform pattern.

[0176] Figure 35 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. (Reference) Figure 35 The radiation pattern is depicted using multiple curves, each representing a different frequency band within the antenna's operating range. For frequency bands outside the 900MHz band, the non-circularity of the radiation pattern is less than 1.2. Figure 2 and Figure 3 Compared to the antenna shown, Figure 30 and Figure 31 The antenna shown has improved omnidirectional radiation performance, thereby ensuring consistent signal strength in all directions.

[0177] Figure 34 and Figure 35The horizontal radiation pattern confirmed that the designed antenna maintains a consistent and uniform radiation pattern across its operating frequency band. The low non-circularity value ensures stable and reliable signal coverage in all directions, meeting the requirements of indoor distributed antenna systems (DAS) applications. Figure 2 and Figure 3 Compared to the antenna shown, the improved omnidirectional radiation performance highlights the effectiveness of the design modifications.

[0178] Figure 36 A Smith chart of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. Reference Figure 36 The Smith chart illustrates the impedance matching of the designed antenna across its operating frequency range. The chart demonstrates stable and consistent matching across all frequency bands. As confirmed by VSWR measurements, the impedance matching at 900MHz is consistent with... Figure 8 Significant improvements have been made compared to previous models. The non-circularity of the radiation pattern within the 900MHz band has been reduced. For bands outside the 900MHz band, the gain has been significantly improved. This indicates enhanced performance and more efficient radiation in these bands.

[0179] Figure 37 This is a front view of an antenna according to some embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 38 This is a top view of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 37 and Figure 38 The antenna shown is Figure 2 and Figure 3 The antenna shown differs in that the grounding structure GND does not have a circular shape. In some embodiments, the grounding structure GND includes a first portion P1 and a second portion P2 connected to each other. Optionally, the orthographic projection of the first substrate BS1 onto the second substrate BS2 at least partially overlaps with the orthographic projection of the first portion P1 onto the second substrate BS2; and does not overlap with the orthographic projection of the second portion P2 onto the second substrate BS2. In some embodiments, the first portion P1 has a rounded rectangular shape, and the second portion P2 has a truncated circular shape. Optionally, the second portion P2 has a truncated circular shape, which is truncated on one side to create a truncated edge on one side of the circular structure. Optionally, the truncated edge of the second portion P2 is connected to one side of the first portion P1. Optionally, the truncated edge of the second portion P2 is substantially parallel to the intersection line at the intersection of the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2.

[0180] The flattened, circular grounding structure (GND) optimizes the antenna's impedance matching, especially in the 900MHz band. This structural change helps improve antenna performance by minimizing signal reflections and enhancing power transfer efficiency.

[0181] Figure 39This illustrates the correlation between voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) values ​​and frequency values ​​in antennas according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. (Refer to...) Figure 39 The figure shows the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) values ​​over the frequency range from 0.75 GHz to 2.75 GHz. The VSWR value is less than 1.8 across the entire operating frequency range. For most frequency bands except the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands, the VSWR is less than 1.5. This low VSWR indicates good impedance matching, ensuring minimal reflections and efficient power transfer.

[0182] Figure 40 The diagram illustrates the correlation between gain and frequency values ​​in antennas according to some embodiments of this disclosure. (Reference) Figure 40 Gain values ​​(dB, Peak Realized Gain) were obtained across a frequency range from 0.75 GHz to 2.75 GHz. The gain values ​​for specific frequency bands are as follows: 900 MHz band: gain > 1.4 dBi; 1800 MHz band: gain > 4.3 dBi; F band: gain > 5.1 dBi; A band: gain > 5.4 dBi; E band: gain > 4.9 dBi; WLAN band: gain > 5.3 dBi; and D band: gain > 6.0 dBi. These gain values ​​represent the maximum directional gain, confirming the antenna's efficiency and suitability for indoor distributed antenna systems (DAS) applications.

[0183] The VSWR and gain results confirm that the designed antenna performs well in its expected operating frequency band. The low VSWR value indicates good impedance matching, while the high gain value ensures effective signal radiation and reception, thus meeting the requirements of an indoor distributed antenna.

[0184] Figure 41 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. (Reference) Figure 41 The radial lines represent different angles, while the concentric circles represent gain levels in dB. The radiation pattern demonstrates the uniformity and omnidirectionality of the antenna's radiation within a specific frequency band. The non-circularity of the radiation pattern in the 900MHz band is less than 1.4, indicating a highly uniform pattern.

[0185] Figure 42 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. (Reference) Figure 42 The radiation pattern is depicted using multiple curves, each representing a different frequency band within the antenna's operating range. For frequency bands outside the 900MHz band, the non-circularity of the radiation pattern is less than 1.2. Figure 2 and Figure 3 Compared to the antenna shown, Figure 37 and Figure 38 The antenna shown has improved omnidirectional radiation performance, thereby ensuring consistent signal strength in all directions.

[0186] Figure 41 and Figure 42 The horizontal radiation pattern confirmed that the designed antenna maintains a consistent and uniform radiation pattern across its operating frequency band. The low non-circularity value ensures stable and reliable signal coverage in all directions, meeting the requirements of indoor distributed antenna systems (DAS) applications. Figure 2 and Figure 3 Compared to the antenna shown, the improved omnidirectional radiation performance highlights the effectiveness of the design modifications.

[0187] Figure 43 A Smith chart of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. Reference Figure 43 The Smith chart illustrates the impedance matching of the designed antenna across its operating frequency range. The chart demonstrates stable and consistent matching across all frequency bands. As confirmed by VSWR measurements, the impedance matching at 900MHz is consistent with... Figure 8 Significant improvements have been made compared to previous models. The non-circularity of the radiation pattern within the 900MHz band has been reduced. For bands outside the 900MHz band, the gain has been significantly improved. This indicates enhanced performance and more efficient radiation in these bands.

[0188] refer to Figures 2 to 43 In the embodiments depicted herein, the inventors of this disclosure have found that the influence of the antenna's grounding structure GND layer primarily depends on its dimensions along the second direction DR2, while its dimensions and shape along the first direction DR1 have a relatively smaller influence. The first direction DR1 and the second direction DR2 are parallel to the surface of the second substrate BS2. Optionally, the first direction DR1 is substantially parallel to the intersection line at the intersection of the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2. Optionally, the second direction DR2 is perpendicular to the first direction DR1. The inventors of this disclosure have found that the monopole antenna according to this disclosure can be considered as a special type of dipole antenna, wherein half of the dipole is folded into the grounding structure GND. Therefore, the antenna performance is primarily determined by the dimensions of the grounding structure GND.

[0189] Figure 44 Shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 The antenna shown has an 880MHz current distribution on the surface of its radiating patch. Figure 45 Shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 The electric field distribution at 880 MHz on the surface of the radiating patch of the antenna shown. Figure 46 Shown in Figure 23 and Figure 24 The antenna shown has an 880MHz current distribution on the surface of its radiating patch. Figure 47 Shown in Figure 23 and Figure 24 The electric field distribution at 880 MHz on the surface of the radiating patch of the antenna shown. Figure 2 and Figure 3 The antenna shown is Figure 23 and Figure 24 The antennas shown are compared, and significant improvements are observed in VSWR and impedance matching within the 900MHz band. This improvement is supported by analysis of the current and electric field distributions on the surface of the radiating patch at 880MHz. Figures 44 to 47 As shown in the diagram, the electric field distribution indicates that the minimum electric field region on the radiating patch becomes significantly smaller after increasing the size of the grounding structure.

[0190] Figure 48 This is a front view of an antenna according to some embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 49 This is a top view of an antenna according to some embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 2 and Figure 3 Compared to the antenna shown, Figure 48 and Figure 49 The radiating patch RD of the antenna shown has the same characteristics as... Figure 2 and Figure 3 The antennas shown have different structures for their radiating patches RD. Specifically, Figure 48 and Figure 49 The radiating patch RD of the antenna shown does not include one or more coils C, one or more coupling branches CB, or the first slot ST1. Figure 48 and Figure 49 The radiating patch RD of the antenna shown includes the body MB. Figure 48 and Figure 49The antenna shown includes one or more second slots ST2 extending through the body MB. In some embodiments, the one or more second slots ST2 (e.g., two second slots) have substantially (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100%) mirror symmetry with respect to each other about a plane that intersects the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2, bisects the radiating patch RD, and is perpendicular to the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2. The one or more second slots ST2 are configured to achieve impedance matching by adjusting the current distribution on the antenna structure. This adjustment allows the antenna to better match the impedance of the transmission line or source, thereby minimizing reflections and power losses. In some embodiments, the one or more second slots ST2 are also configured to tune the resonant frequency of the antenna. The one or more second slots can effectively create multiple resonant paths, enabling the antenna to operate effectively at different desired frequencies, thus making it suitable for multi-band applications. In some embodiments, the one or more second slots ST2 are also configured to widen the bandwidth of the antenna. By introducing multiple resonant modes, the slots help the antenna maintain a low voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) over a wider frequency range, ensuring better performance across multiple frequency bands. In some embodiments, one or more second slots ST2 are also configured to shape and control the antenna's radiation pattern. They can be designed to guide radiation in specific modes or directions, thereby improving the overall radiation characteristics of the antenna. In some embodiments, one or more second slots ST2 are also configured to balance the radiation pattern across different frequency bands. This reduces the non-circularity of the horizontal radiation pattern, ensuring consistent performance in all directions.

[0191] Figure 50 This illustrates the correlation between voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) values ​​and frequency values ​​in antennas according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 4 In comparison, impedance matching (VSWR) at low and high frequencies requires further optimization.

[0192] Figure 51 This illustrates the correlation between gain and frequency values ​​in antennas according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 5 In comparison, the gain meets the usage requirements across the entire operating frequency range.

[0193] Figure 52 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. Figure 53 This diagram illustrates a two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 6 and Figure 7 In contrast, the non-circularity of the radiation pattern meets the required standards. This indicates that the antenna maintains good omnidirectional characteristics across the frequency band.

[0194] Figure 54A Smith chart of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. Reference Figure 54 , Figure 30 The Smith chart shows that the convergence of the S-parameters is not as good as... Figure 8 The Smith chart shown indicates that impedance matching needs further optimization to improve overall performance.

[0195] Figure 55 This is a front view of an antenna according to some embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 56 This is a top view of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 55 and Figure 56 The antenna shown is Figure 48 and Figure 49 The antenna shown differs in that the grounding structure GND does not have a circular shape. In some embodiments, the grounding structure GND includes a first portion P1 and a second portion P2 connected to each other. Optionally, the orthographic projection of the first substrate BS1 onto the second substrate BS2 at least partially overlaps with the orthographic projection of the first portion P1 onto the second substrate BS2; and does not overlap with the orthographic projection of the second portion P2 onto the second substrate BS2. In some embodiments, the first portion P1 has a truncated circular shape, and the second portion P2 has a rectangular or square shape. Optionally, the first portion P1 has a truncated circular shape, which is truncated on one side to create a truncated edge on one side of the circular structure. Optionally, the truncated edge of the first portion P1 connects to one side of the second portion P2. Optionally, the truncated edge of the first portion P1 is substantially parallel to the intersection line at the intersection of the first substrate BS1 and the second substrate BS2. Figure 48 and Figure 49 Compared to the antenna depicted in the text, Figure 55 and Figure 56 The dimensions of the grounding structure GND of the antenna depicted in the diagram increase along the second direction DR2.

[0196] Figure 57 The correlation between voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and frequency value in an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. Figure 58 The diagram illustrates the correlation between gain and frequency values ​​in antennas according to some embodiments of this disclosure. (Reference) Figure 57 and Figure 58 VSWR and gain data show that increasing the size of the grounding structure along the second direction significantly improves impedance matching in the 900MHz band, resulting in VSWR < 1.5. However, increasing the size of the grounding structure along the second direction does not improve VSWR in other bands, indicating that the size of the grounding structure along the second direction is a sensitive parameter primarily for the 900MHz band.

[0197] Figure 59 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. Figure 60 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. (Refer to...) Figure 59 and Figure 60 ,and Figure 48 and Figure 49 Compared to the antenna shown, the non-circularity of the radiation pattern in the 900MHz band is reduced.

[0198] Figure 61 A Smith chart of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. Reference Figure 61 The Smith chart further confirms that the impedance matching in the 900MHz band has shifted towards the capacitor, indicating improved matching. Impedance matching in other bands remains largely unchanged, confirming the sensitivity of the reflector plate primarily in the 900MHz band.

[0199] Figure 62 This is a front view of an antenna according to some embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 63 This is a top view of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 62 and Figure 63 The antenna depicted in the text and Figure 2 and Figure 3 The difference between the antennas depicted in the text is that... Figure 62 and Figure 63 The shape of the first slot ST1 of the antenna depicted in the image is similar to... Figure 2 and Figure 3 The shape of the first slot ST1 of the antenna depicted in the image is different. Figure 2 and Figure 3 In the antenna shown, the first slot ST1 has a circular shape. Figure 62 and Figure 63 In the antenna shown, the first slot ST1 has a rectangular shape.

[0200] Figure 64 The correlation between voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and frequency value in an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. Figure 65 The correlation between gain and frequency values ​​in an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. Figure 66 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. Figure 67 A two-dimensional horizontal radiation pattern of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. Figure 68 A Smith chart of an antenna according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. Reference Figures 64 to 68 , Figure 62 and Figure 63The antenna's VSWR, gain, radiation pattern, out-of-roundness, impedance matching, and S-parameters are shown in the figure. Figure 2 and Figure 3 The antenna's VSWR, gain, radiation pattern, non-circularity, impedance matching, and S-parameters show no significant change compared to the previous model. The inventors of this disclosure have discovered that changing the shape of the slot at the center of the radiating patch from circular to rectangular does not significantly affect the antenna's VSWR, gain, radiation pattern, or impedance matching. The antenna's performance remains consistent, regardless of the slot shape. The slot shape at the center of the radiating patch is not limited to circular or rectangular shapes.

[0201] For illustrative and descriptive purposes, the foregoing description of embodiments of the invention has been provided. It is not exhaustive, nor is it intended to limit the invention to the precise forms or exemplary embodiments disclosed. Therefore, the foregoing description should be considered illustrative rather than restrictive. Clearly, many modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The embodiments were chosen and described to explain the principles of the invention and its best mode of practical application, thereby enabling those skilled in the art to understand the various embodiments of the invention and the various modifications suitable for the particular use or implementation contemplated. The scope of the invention is intended to be defined by the appended claims and their equivalents, wherein, unless otherwise stated, all terms are to be interpreted in their broadest reasonable sense. Therefore, the terms “the invention,” “the present invention,” etc., do not necessarily limit the scope of the claims to the specific embodiments, and references to exemplary embodiments of the invention do not imply limitation of the invention, nor should such limitation be inferred. The invention is defined only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, these claims may involve the use of “first,” “second,” etc., followed by nouns or elements. These terms should be understood as nomenclature and should not be construed as limiting the number of elements modified by these nomenclatures unless a specific number has been given. Any advantages and benefits described may not apply to all embodiments of the invention. It should be understood that changes to the described embodiments can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Furthermore, the elements and components in this disclosure are not intended for public distribution, whether or not they are expressly recited in the appended claims.

Claims

1. An antenna, comprising a first substrate, a radiating patch located on the first substrate, a second substrate, a feeding structure, and a grounding structure located on the second substrate; in, The first substrate and the second substrate are substantially perpendicular to each other; The radiating patch and the grounding structure are substantially perpendicular to each other; The grounding structure includes a conductive mesh structure; The radiating patch includes a conductive mesh structure; The radiation patch includes a main body; and The antenna includes one or more irregularly shaped slots extending through the radiating patch, wherein the profile of at least one of the one or more irregularly shaped slots includes at least one curved edge.

2. The antenna according to claim 1, wherein, The radiation patch has a substantially elliptical shape at the first portion and an arcuate shape at the second portion; The first part is located on the side of the second part away from the power supply structure.

3. The antenna according to claim 1, wherein, The distance between the feed point of the feed structure and the point of the radiating patch furthest from the feed point is in the range of 0.9×1 / 4λ to 1.1×1 / 4λ; The distance between the feed point of the feed structure and the point of the grounding structure furthest from the feed point is in the range of 0.9 × 1 / 4λ to 1.1 × 1 / 4λ; and Wherein, λ is the wavelength corresponding to the lowest frequency in the operating frequency band of the antenna.

4. The antenna according to claim 1, wherein, The antenna also includes at least one first slot extending through the body; The at least one first groove is substantially located at the center of the body; and The central axis of the radiation patch intersects with the at least one first groove.

5. The antenna of claim 4, further comprising one or more second slots extending through the body; in, The at least one first groove extends through the radiating patch at a first location; The one or more second grooves extend through the radiating patch at one or more second locations; The first position is located on the side of the one or more second positions that is away from the feed point of the feed structure; as well as The profile of each of the one or more second slots includes at least one curved edge.

6. The antenna of claim 1, further comprising one or more third slots extending through the radiating patch; Each of the one or more third grooves has a spiral shape; The one or more third grooves include at least two spiral grooves; The at least two spiral grooves are located between the at least one first groove and the feeding point of the feeding structure; as well as The at least two spiral grooves have substantially mirror symmetry about a plane that intersects the first substrate and the second substrate, bisects the radiating patch, and is perpendicular to the first substrate and the second substrate.

7. The antenna according to claim 6, wherein, The at least two spiral grooves and the at least one first groove partially overlap.

8. The antenna according to claim 1, wherein, The radiating patch further includes one or more coupling branches; The one or more coupled branches surround a portion of the body.

9. The antenna according to claim 8, wherein, The one or more coupling branches include a first branch located on the side of the main body away from the feed point of the feed structure, a second branch located on the side of the main body close to the feed point of the feed structure, and a third branch; The first branch has a shape that conforms to the outline of the radiating patch; and / or The second branch and the third branch are spaced apart from each other.

10. The antenna according to claim 1, wherein, The grounding structure has a substantially circular shape.

11. The antenna according to claim 1, wherein, The grounding structure has a circular shape that is truncated on at least one side, and / or a shape that is at least merged with the circular shape that is truncated on the at least one side.

12. The antenna according to claim 1, wherein, The grounding structure includes a first part and a second part that are connected to each other; The first part has a truncated circular shape; The second part has a rectangular or square shape; The first portion has a flattened circular shape, which is flattened on one side to create a flattened edge on the flattened side of the circular structure. The flattened edge of the first portion is connected to one side of the second portion; as well as The flattened edge of the first portion is substantially parallel to the intersection line where the first substrate and the second substrate intersect.

13. The antenna according to claim 1, wherein, The grounding structure includes a first part and a second part that are connected to each other; The first part has a truncated circular shape; The second part has a rectangular or square shape; The first part has a flattened circular shape, which is flattened on both sides to create two flattened edges on opposite sides of the circular structure. One of the two flattened edges of the first part is connected to one side of the second part; Each flattened edge of the first portion is substantially parallel to the intersection line where the first substrate and the second substrate intersect; The shortest distance between the feed point of the feed structure and the truncated edge located on the opposite side of the second part is in the range of 0.1λ to 0.15λ; and The shortest distance between the feed point of the feed structure and the edge of the rectangular or square shape located on the side opposite to the first part is 0.25λ; Wherein, λ is the wavelength corresponding to the lowest frequency in the operating frequency band of the antenna.

14. The antenna according to claim 1, wherein, The grounding structure includes a first part and a second part that are connected to each other; The first part has a rounded rectangular shape; The second part has a truncated circular shape; The second part has a flattened circular shape, which is flattened on one side to create a flattened edge on one side of the circular structure; The flattened edge of the second part is connected to one side of the first part; as well as The flattened edge of the second portion is substantially parallel to the intersection line where the first substrate and the second substrate intersect.

15. The antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein, The antenna is a multi-band and wideband antenna configured to operate in multiple frequency bands, including the 900MHz band, 1800MHz band, F band, A band, E band, WLAN band, and D band.

16. The antenna according to claim 15, wherein, The antenna has a horizontal radiation pattern of less than 1.5 in all of the plurality of frequency bands.

17. The antenna according to claim 4, wherein, The at least one first groove has a circular or rectangular shape.

18. The antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein, The grounding structure is at least 30% transparent; and the radiating patch is at least 30% transparent.

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