A bionic rumen fermentation mechanism and adaptive regulation method

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of bionic rumen fermentation mechanism and self-adapting control method, it is related to microbial fermentation and bionic equipment technical field.The mechanism mainly includes by outer to inner in turn tightly covered bionic drive outer layer, response deformation middle layer and bionic contact inner layer, and air intake and exhaust assembly and control unit.Bionic drive outer layer inlay shape memory alloy drive warp / weft line, for simulating rumen large peristalsis;Response deformation middle layer array distribution has independent response chamber encapsulated intelligent response material, through electric shrinkage and expansion simulating microperistalsis;Bionic contact inner layer densely covers bionic flexible papilla, for the flexible contact and kneading of material.Control unit is combined with gas / liquid two-phase sensor data, identifies fermentation material state, and accordingly self-adapting control large peristalsis and microperistalsis mode of operation.The application can effectively simulate the mechanical action of natural rumen, reduce the shear damage of traditional rigid stirring to microorganism, significantly improve the fermentation efficiency and mixed uniformity of high solid content material.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of microbial fermentation and biomimetic equipment technology, specifically to a biomimetic rumen fermentation mechanism and an adaptive control method. Background Technology

[0002] In the field of modern bioengineering and microbial fermentation, fermentation equipment (such as fermenters and bioreactors) is the core equipment for realizing biomass conversion, enzyme production, and microbial culture. Traditional fermentation equipment often employs a rigid tank structure with a central mechanical agitator. However, when processing materials with high solids content (such as plant fibers, straw fragments, and other biomass) or conducting high-viscosity solid-liquid mixed fermentation, traditional rigid agitators reveal several limitations: First, rigid impellers generate significant local shear forces during high-speed rotation, which can easily cause mechanical damage to sensitive microbial communities (such as anaerobic cellulose-decomposing bacteria), disrupting the aggregation morphology of microorganisms and the microenvironment for enzymatic reactions. Second, for coarse and hard fibrous materials, traditional stirring methods struggle to achieve deep physical kneading and liquid-phase wetting, easily leading to material crusting, stratification, or the formation of dead zones within the tank, resulting in low mass and heat transfer efficiency. Finally, traditional fermenters lack the ability to adaptively match changes in the rheological state of materials throughout the fermentation cycle, often employing a single mechanical stirring strategy. Unlike the natural rumen of ruminants (such as cattle and sheep), they cannot output multi-scale flexible mechanical forces (such as large-scale tumbling and localized micro-kneading) according to different stages of digestion and fermentation.

[0003] The natural rumen is an extremely efficient bio-fermentation carrier. Its inner wall is densely covered with papillae, and the rumen wall muscles can perform complex rhythmic contractions, providing a perfect physical disturbance and a mild environment for microbial degradation of crude fibers. Therefore, how to learn from the structure and movement mechanism of the natural rumen to develop a biomimetic fermentation mechanism that can achieve efficient and flexible mixing, avoid microbial shear damage, and has the ability to adaptively regulate the entire fermentation cycle has become a pressing technical challenge in fermentation engineering. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide a biomimetic rumen fermentation mechanism and an adaptive control method. By effectively simulating the mechanical action of the natural rumen, it reduces the shear damage to microorganisms caused by traditional rigid stirring, and significantly improves the fermentation efficiency and mixing uniformity of high solids content materials. This overcomes the shortcomings of existing rigid fermentation mechanisms in handling high solids content and high viscosity materials, such as large shear force, uneven mixing, and lack of adaptive matching ability based on changes in material state.

[0005] This invention discloses a biomimetic rumen fermentation mechanism, including a three-layer composite flexible cavity, an air intake and exhaust assembly installed on the top of the three-layer composite flexible cavity, a support frame for supporting the three-layer composite flexible cavity, a gas phase sensor, a liquid phase sensor disposed inside the three-layer composite flexible cavity, and a control unit electrically connected to the three-layer composite flexible cavity. The three-layer composite flexible cavity, from the inside out, includes: The biomimetic inner layer encloses and forms a sealed space to contain the fermentation material, and the material status sensor is located inside it. The responsive deformation middle layer is tightly attached to and covers the outer surface of the biomimetic contact inner layer; The biomimetic driving outer layer is closely attached to and encapsulated on the outer surface of the responsive deformation middle layer; The biomimetic driving outer layer is used to generate a first contraction deformation that reduces the volume of the sealed space under the control of the control unit, so as to achieve a large biomimetic macroscopic creep with an amplitude greater than the displacement generated by the middle layer in response deformation. The responsive deformation middle layer contains a smart responsive material that undergoes volume change under the stimulation of an electrical signal provided by the control unit, and applies local micro-displacement to the biomimetic contact inner layer through this volume change to form micro-peristalsis; The intake and exhaust components are connected to the enclosed space for gas exchange; The control unit receives liquid phase state information collected by the liquid phase sensor and gas phase state information collected by the gas phase sensor. Based on the liquid phase state information and gas phase state information, it generates a first driving signal for driving the outer layer of the bionic drive and a second driving signal for driving the middle layer of the response deformation, so as to control the start and stop, frequency and amplitude combination of large and micro peristalsis.

[0006] Preferably, the biomimetic driving outer layer includes an outer flexible matrix and a driving network embedded within the outer flexible matrix, the driving network including: The shape memory alloy driving warp is provided with several strands that extend along the first direction and are arranged in parallel at intervals. The shape memory alloy drives the weft threads, which are provided in several directions and extend along a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, and are arranged in parallel at intervals. The control unit has multiple independently controlled output channels, which are electrically connected to both ends of each shape memory alloy driving warp and each shape memory alloy driving weft, so as to independently energize a single shape memory alloy driving warp or a single shape memory alloy driving weft. An insulating isolation structure is provided at the intersection of the shape memory alloy driven warp and the shape memory alloy driven weft to prevent electrical connection at the intersection. The control unit is configured to selectively supply power to the target shape memory alloy driving warp and / or target shape memory alloy driving weft, causing the energized target shape memory alloy driving warp and / or target shape memory alloy driving weft to contract, thereby driving the outer flexible substrate to produce at least one deformation among directional contraction, bending wrapping, or creeping propulsion.

[0007] Preferably, the responsive deformation middle layer includes a middle layer support substrate, independent response chambers, and a transition connector. Multiple independent response chambers are arrayed on the middle layer support substrate near the biomimetic contact inner layer, and each chamber encapsulates a smart response material. The transition connector is located on the side of the independent response chamber facing the biomimetic contact inner layer, between the bulging output area of ​​the independent response chamber and the corresponding biomimetic flexible papilla. One side of the transition connector is tightly fixed to the flexible cavity wall or bulging output connection area of ​​the independent response chamber, and the other side is fixedly connected to the corresponding biomimetic flexible papilla, used for positioning and fixing the biomimetic flexible papilla and transmitting the local micro-displacement generated by the independent response chamber to the corresponding biomimetic flexible papilla. Each independent response chamber is provided with at least one pair of conductive electrodes, which are electrically connected to a control unit. The control unit applies independent electrical signals to the conductive electrodes of the target independent response chamber, causing the smart response material within the independent response chamber to undergo reversible volume expansion or contraction, thereby driving the cavity wall of the independent response chamber to generate micro-displacement towards the biomimetic contact inner layer.

[0008] Preferably, the smart response material is an electro-adsorption-osmosis coupled functional solution, comprising, by mass parts: 60-75 parts deionized water, 10-20 parts glycerol, 1-6 parts betaine, 0.05-1.0 parts sodium sulfate, 0.1-2.0 parts polyvinylpyrrolidone, and 10-25 parts lightly cross-linked anionic microgel powder; The lightly cross-linked anionic microgel powder is a microgel powder formed by copolymerization of acrylic acid and 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, with a particle size of 1-20 μm and a cross-linking degree of 0.15-0.35 mol.

[0009] Preferably, the control unit applies a pulsed DC signal of 0.8-1.4 V to the conductive electrode to cause the smart response material to reversibly expand or contract.

[0010] Preferably, the biomimetic contact inner layer includes an inner flexible substrate, biomimetic flexible papillae, and sensor supports; the biomimetic flexible papillae are distributed in an array on the inner flexible substrate, facing the enclosed space, and multiple sensor supports are spaced apart between adjacent biomimetic flexible papillae.

[0011] Preferably, the biomimetic flexible mastoid includes: Papillary flexible shell; An internal elastic support is located inside the flexible outer shell of the mastoid process to adjust the overall flexibility and support stiffness of the biomimetic flexible mastoid.

[0012] Preferably, a liquid phase sensor is detachably mounted on the sensor support, and the detection end of the liquid phase sensor extends into the sealed space; a gas phase sensor is installed at the connection point between the intake and exhaust assembly and the sealed space, and the detection end of the gas phase sensor is placed in the gas channel of the intake and exhaust assembly.

[0013] This invention also provides an adaptive control method for the above-mentioned biomimetic rumen fermentation mechanism, comprising the following steps: Step (1) Obtain the liquid phase state information collected by the liquid phase sensor and the gas phase state information collected by the gas phase sensor; Step (2) fuses and analyzes the liquid phase state information and gas phase state information to identify the current fermentation material state as a high solids stagnant flow state, a mixed exhaust state, or a homogeneous maintenance state. Among them, the high solids stagnant flow state is a material state characterized by solid phase accumulation, high viscosity, low fluidity, and reduced liquid content. The mixed exhaust state is a material state characterized by enhanced solid-liquid mixing, increased gas production rate, and a demand for exhaust. The homogeneous state is the material state in which the liquid phase ratio increases, the system tends to be homogeneous, and the gas production rate decreases. Step (3) Based on the identified state of the fermentation material, adaptively adjust the working modes of the biomimetic driving outer layer and the responsive deformation middle layer: When in a high solid flow state, the large peristalsis generated by the biomimetic drive outer layer and the micro peristalsis generated by the response deformation middle layer work together, and the intensity or frequency of both is higher than the corresponding value in the homogeneous maintenance state. When in a mixed exhaust state, the driving proportion of large peristalsis is higher than that of micro peristalsis; When in a homogeneous state, the driving force of micro-peristalsis is higher than that of large-peristalsis.

[0014] Preferably, in step (2), the control unit uses the liquid phase state information and gas phase state information collected within a preset time period after fermentation starts as the initial reference value, or uses the preset process threshold of the corresponding fermentation material type as the judgment reference, and compares the liquid content or solid phase ratio, viscosity and gas production rate in the current time window with the judgment reference, and combines the changing trend of the above parameters in adjacent time windows to jointly determine the current state of the fermentation material. When at least two of the following conditions are met: decrease in liquid content, increase in solid content, and increase in viscosity, and the gas production rate is lower than the first gas production threshold or lower than the initial gas production rate, the state is determined to be a high solid stagnant flow state. When at least two of the following conditions are met: viscosity decreases, liquid content increases, and gas production rate increases, and the gas production rate reaches the second gas production threshold or is higher than the initial gas production rate, the mixture is determined to be in a mixed exhaust state. When at least two of the following conditions are met: the liquid content increases or tends to stabilize, the solid phase ratio decreases or tends to stabilize, or the viscosity decreases and tends to stabilize, and the gas production rate drops or the fluctuation amplitude is lower than the preset fluctuation threshold, the homogeneity is maintained.

[0015] Therefore, the present invention, employing the above-described biomimetic rumen fermentation mechanism and adaptive control method, possesses the following beneficial effects: 1. The present invention adopts a three-layer composite flexible cavity formed by sequentially covering the outer layer of biomimetic drive, the middle layer of responsive deformation and the inner layer of biomimetic contact from the outside to the inside. It can simultaneously output large-scale overall peristalsis and small-scale local micro-peristalsis. Compared with the traditional single rigid stirring method, it is more conducive to the flexible turning, kneading, squeezing and dynamic disturbance of fermentation materials.

[0016] 2. This invention, through the combination of biomimetic flexible papillae and replaceable internal elastic support, allows the flexibility and support characteristics of the contact interface to be adjusted according to different material states, which is beneficial to improving the adaptability to fibrous materials, semi-fluid materials and fermentation materials in different states.

[0017] 3. This invention constructs a gas-liquid two-phase joint monitoring system, which uses the fusion analysis of liquid phase parameters and gas phase parameters to identify the state of fermentation materials and adaptively switch the driving mode accordingly. Compared with the method of relying on the control of a single parameter, it is more conducive to improving the pertinence, timeliness and precision of fermentation control.

[0018] 4. The present invention can match enhanced crushing and wetting mode, transport and degassing mode and mild maintenance mode according to the high solids stagnant flow state, mixed degassing state and homogeneous maintenance state of the fermentation material, respectively. It is beneficial to crushing, wetting and mixing of high solids materials, as well as to material transport, degassing and interface renewal during fermentation. It can also reduce the adverse effects of excessive mechanical action on the microbial community after the material tends to be homogeneous.

[0019] 5. This invention can be used to construct a stand-alone biomimetic fermentation mechanism or as a flexible liner to be integrated with existing fermentation equipment, thus having good structural compatibility and application scalability. Attached Figure Description

[0020] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the biomimetic rumen fermentation mechanism of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the layered structure of the biomimetic rumen fermentation mechanism of the present invention; Figure 3This is a schematic diagram of the biomimetic driving outer layer structure of the present invention; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the mid-layer structure in response to deformation of the present invention; Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the independent response chamber deformation of the present invention; Figure 6 The graph shows the relative deformation-time response of the independent response chambers under on / off electrical stimulation. Figure 7 A graph showing the retention rate of peak relative deformation of the independent response chamber as a function of the number of cycles; Figure 8 The graphs show the relative deformation-time curves of the independent response chambers during the 1st, 10th, and 50th cycles. Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of the biomimetic contact inner layer structure of the present invention; Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of the biomimetic flexible papillary structure of the present invention; Figure 11 This is an adaptive control flowchart of the biomimetic rumen fermentation mechanism of the present invention; Figure label: 1. Bionic driving outer layer; 2. Intake and exhaust components; 3. Responsive deformation middle layer; 4. Bionic contact inner layer; 5. Support frame; 6. Control unit; 101. Outer flexible substrate; 102. Shape memory alloy driving warp; 103. Shape memory alloy driving weft; 301. Mid-layer support substrate; 302. Independent response chamber; 303. Transition connection seat; 401. Bionic flexible papilla; 402. Sensor support; 403. Inner flexible substrate; 401-1, Papillary flexible outer shell; 401-2, Internal elastic support. Detailed Implementation

[0021] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the following description will be provided in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of the embodiments of the present invention. Figures 1 to 11 The technical solutions of the present invention have been clearly and completely described. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some, not all, of the embodiments of the present invention. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0022] In the description of this invention, it should be understood that the terms "center", "around", "lateral", "longitudinal", "length", "thickness", "angle", "up", "down", "left", "right", etc., which indicate the orientation or location, are limited to simplifying the description of this invention and are not specific locations or orientations. The above terms are not intended to limit this invention.

[0023] like Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, this embodiment of the invention provides a biomimetic rumen fermentation mechanism with adaptive control function. The fermentation mechanism mainly includes: a biomimetic driving outer layer 1, an air intake and exhaust assembly 2, a responsive deformation middle layer 3, a biomimetic contact inner layer 4, a support frame 5, and a control unit 6. The core of the fermentation mechanism of this invention is a three-layer composite flexible cavity that is sequentially wrapped from the outside to the inside.

[0024] Furthermore, the three-layer composite flexible cavity is also equipped with a material inlet and a material outlet communicating with the sealed space. The material inlet can be located at the top or upper side of the three-layer composite flexible cavity for adding plant fibers, straw fragments, or other materials to be fermented into the sealed space; the material outlet can be located at the bottom or lower side of the three-layer composite flexible cavity for discharging fermentation products after fermentation. Sealing caps, quick-connect fittings, or on / off valves are respectively provided at the material inlet and material outlet to maintain the sealed state of the sealed space after feeding and discharging.

[0025] Specifically, the biomimetic contact inner layer 4 is located on the innermost side, forming a sealed space to contain the fermentation material; the responsive deformation middle layer 3 is tightly attached to and covers the outer surface of the biomimetic contact inner layer 4; and the biomimetic driving outer layer 1 is tightly attached to and covers the outer surface of the responsive deformation middle layer 3. This sequentially tightly wrapped layered structure not only ensures the overall sealing and structural stability of the fermentation chamber, but also constructs a mechanical force transmission path from the outside to the inside. During operation, the outermost biomimetic driving outer layer 1 is responsible for generating large-scale contraction forces to simulate the large peristalsis of the rumen; the middle responsive deformation middle layer 3 outputs reversible expansion and contraction displacements through the volume changes of the internal intelligent responsive material under electrical signal stimulation to simulate micro-peristalsis. These two different scales of mechanical deformation forces are directly transmitted to the innermost biomimetic contact inner layer 4 through the tightly attached structure between the layers, driving the papillary array on its surface to perform multi-scale agitation and kneading of the internal fermentation material. An air intake and exhaust assembly 2 is installed at the top opening of this three-layer flexible chamber for gas exchange during the fermentation process. The control unit 6 is electrically connected to the biomimetic driving outer layer 1, the responsive deformation middle layer 3, and the liquid phase sensor and gas phase sensor, respectively, to receive fermentation state signals and adaptively adjust the working modes of large peristalsis and micro peristalsis accordingly.

[0026] Furthermore, the biomimetic driving outer layer 1, the responsive deformation middle layer 3, and the biomimetic contact inner layer 4 are not independently arranged, but form a multi-layered composite structure with flexible coupling characteristics. The overall contraction, bending, or covering deformation generated by the outer layer can be transmitted inward along the thickness direction. The middle layer further compensates, enhances, or rhythmically regulates this deformation, and finally, the inner layer applies the composite deformation to the fermentation material, thereby producing agitation, disturbance, compression, buffering, and mass transfer promotion effects on the fermentation material to simulate the mechanical behavior of the natural rumen wall during fermentation. Based on the above structure, this flexible fermentation body can be used independently in conjunction with the support frame 5 to form an independent fermentation mechanism, or it can be made into a sheet-like, liner-like, or modular structure by utilizing its flexible features of being bendable and attachable. It can also be used as a flexible liner for fermentation equipment, directly nested and installed inside existing traditional rigid fermenters, conforming to and fitting the inner wall of the external container, thereby adding an adaptive peristaltic stirring biomimetic function to traditional fermentation equipment in situ.

[0027] A schematic diagram of the structure of the biomimetic driving outer layer 1 of this invention is shown below. Figure 3 As shown, the biomimetic driving outer layer 1 includes an outer flexible substrate 101, shape memory alloy driving warp yarns 102, and shape memory alloy driving weft yarns 103. The outer flexible substrate 101 serves as the main load-bearing structure of the biomimetic driving outer layer 1, covering, limiting, and flexibly supporting the shape memory alloy driving warp yarns 102 and shape memory alloy driving weft yarns 103 to ensure good integrity and resilience during repeated deformation. The shape memory alloy driving warp yarns 102 and shape memory alloy driving weft yarns 103 are both located in the inner layer of the outer flexible substrate 101 and are staggered in different directions, forming a driving network structure similar to warp and weft weaving. The control unit 6 is electrically connected to each shape memory alloy driven warp 102 and each shape memory alloy driven weft 103, thereby enabling individual energization control of the warp and weft at different positions, causing them to contract and deform in a preset sequence or combination, thereby driving the outer flexible substrate 101 to form directional contraction, bending and covering, or peristaltic propulsion actions locally or as a whole, to simulate the large peristaltic behavior of the rumen wall.

[0028] In some embodiments, the shape memory alloy driving warp 102 and shape memory alloy driving weft 103 can be made of nickel-titanium-based shape memory alloy wire, copper-zinc-aluminum-based shape memory alloy wire, or copper-aluminum-nickel-based shape memory alloy wire, preferably nickel-titanium-based shape memory alloy wire. The driving mechanism is as follows: when the control unit 6 applies current to the target shape memory alloy driving warp 102 or the target shape memory alloy driving weft 103, the driving wire generates Joule heating due to its own resistance. After the temperature rises to the phase transformation temperature range of the shape memory alloy, it transforms from a martensitic state to an austenitic state and recovers its preset contraction shape, thereby generating a contraction force along the length of the driving wire. When the power supply is stopped or the power supply duty cycle is reduced, the temperature of the driving wire decreases and, under the elastic recovery effect of the outer flexible substrate 101 or the synergistic traction effect of adjacent driving wires, returns to its initial or near-initial state. Thus, the control unit 6 can adjust the energized object, energizing time, energizing sequence or pulse duty cycle to cause the shape memory alloy driven warp 102 and shape memory alloy driven weft 103 at different positions to produce partitioned, time-division or phase-staggered contraction actions, thereby driving the outer flexible substrate 101 to form directional contraction, bending wrapping or creeping propulsion.

[0029] like Figure 4 and Figure 5 As shown, Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the middle layer 3 in response to deformation according to the present invention. Figure 5This is a schematic diagram of the intelligent deformation of the independent response chamber 302 of the present invention. The responsive deformation middle layer 3 includes a middle layer support base 301, independent response chambers 302, and a transition connecting seat 303. The middle layer support base 301 is used to support and position the multiple independent response chambers 302 in an array; the independent response chambers 302 are disposed on the middle layer support base 301 and constitute a flexible sealed cavity structure, which is encapsulated with intelligent response material. The transition connector 303 is disposed on the side of the independent response chamber 302 facing the biomimetic contact inner layer 4, and is located between the bulging output area of ​​the independent response chamber 302 and the corresponding biomimetic flexible protrusion 401. The transition connector 303 can be configured as a disc, a boss, a snap-fit ​​disc, or other flexible connection structure capable of surface contact force transmission. One side of it is tightly fixedly connected to the flexible cavity wall or bulging output connection area of ​​the independent response chamber 302, and the other side is fixedly connected to the corresponding biomimetic flexible protrusion 401, thereby forming a stable deformation transmission interface between the independent response chamber 302 and the biomimetic flexible protrusion 401. The transition connector 303 and the biomimetic flexible protrusion 401 can be fixedly connected by one or more of the following methods: snap-fit ​​connection, button-on connection, bonding, hot-press composite, interlocking and limiting, or integral molding. The transition connector 303 and the independent response chamber 302 can be tightly connected by bonding, hot-press composite, vulcanization molding, embedded coating, or integral molding. Through the above structure, the transition connector 303 can position, prevent detachment support and guide local displacement of the bionic flexible mastoid 401, and stably transmit the local bulging displacement generated by the independent response chamber 302 to the corresponding bionic flexible mastoid 401.

[0030] During operation, the control unit 6 applies electrical signals to the independent response chambers 302 in different regions. In the unpowered state, the flexible cavity wall of the independent response chamber 302 facing the biomimetic contact inner layer 4 is in its initial state, which can be a straight state or a pre-bent state with a small curvature. Upon power-up, the smart response material expands in volume, pushing the flexible cavity wall of the independent response chamber 302 towards the biomimetic contact inner layer 4 to form an outward bulging state. This outward bulging displacement is transmitted to the corresponding biomimetic flexible papilla 401 via the transition connector 303, causing the biomimetic flexible papilla 401 to undergo local displacement towards the enclosed space, thereby creating local pushing, flexible kneading, and interface disturbance on the fermentation material. Upon power-off, the smart response material contracts, and the independent response chamber 302 causes the corresponding biomimetic flexible papilla 401 to return to its initial position.

[0031] By controlling multiple independent response chambers 302 in a partitioned, time-divided and phase-staggered manner, a continuously propagating bulging wave or retraction wave can be formed on the middle layer 3 of the response deformation, so as to output the dynamic mechanical action that simulates the micro-peristalsis of the rumen, and cooperate with the large peristalsis generated by the biomimetic drive outer layer 1 to jointly achieve the flexible disturbance, local compression and mixing of fermentation materials.

[0032] The smart response material encapsulated within the independent response chamber 302 is an electroadsorption-osmosis coupled functional solution, which can be prepared according to the following steps: S1. Weigh out 60-75 parts by weight of deionized water, 10-20 parts by weight of glycerol, 1-6 parts by weight of betaine, 0.05-1.0 parts by weight of sodium sulfate, and 0.1-2.0 parts by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone. Add them to a clean reaction vessel and stir at 400-600 rpm for 10-20 min at 20-30°C to obtain a homogeneous basic solvent system. In some embodiments, the mass parts of deionized water, glycerol, betaine, sodium sulfate, and polyvinylpyrrolidone can be 66.3 parts, 15.0 parts, 3.0 parts, 0.2 parts, and 0.5 parts, respectively.

[0033] S2. Slowly add 10-25 parts of the lightly crosslinked anionic microgel powder to the basic solvent system while continuously stirring to avoid local agglomeration, thus obtaining an initial mixed system; wherein, the lightly crosslinked anionic microgel powder is a microgel formed by copolymerization of acrylic acid (AA) and 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS). Its particle size is 1-20 μm, and its degree of crosslinking is 0.15-0.35 mol%; in some embodiments, the amount of the lightly crosslinked anionic microgel powder added may be 15.0 parts.

[0034] S3. Increase the stirring speed to 1200 ~ 2500 rpm and continue to disperse for 5 ~ 10 min to make the microgel particles evenly distributed in the continuous phase and form the initial dispersion.

[0035] S4. Allow the initial dispersion to stand for 6 to 12 hours, or perform pre-hydration treatment using a low-speed rolling mixing method, so that the microgel can fully absorb liquid and reach an initial osmotic equilibrium state, thereby improving the consistency and reversibility of the subsequent electro-induced swelling response.

[0036] S5. Vacuum degassing is performed on the pre-hydrated dispersion at a vacuum degree of -0.06 ~ -0.09 MPa for 15 ~ 30 min to remove air bubbles introduced during the mixing process.

[0037] S6. The deaerated dispersion is filtered through a 100-300 mesh filter to remove undispersed agglomerated particles, thus obtaining the electroadsorption-osmosis coupled functional solution. The functional solution is encapsulated in a flexible sealed cavity formed by an independent response chamber 302 and is used in conjunction with conductive electrodes disposed on both sides of the chamber to output reversible expansion-contraction displacement under low-voltage electrical signal stimulation.

[0038] In some embodiments, the functional solution belongs to an electro-adsorption-osmosis coupled reversible expansion-contraction material system. Unlike schemes that rely on external magnetic fields or complex rheological switching, this embodiment uses the functional solution itself as the main actuation unit, achieving reversible changes in ionic strength under relatively low driving voltage conditions, and further inducing the microgel particles to undergo liquid absorption expansion and liquid loss contraction. This material system features low driving voltage, good flexibility, high encapsulation adaptability, good cycle reversibility, and easy integration with flexible cavity structures, making it suitable for forming functions such as local expansion, periodic contraction, flexible extrusion, low-frequency creep propulsion, and interfacial disturbance mixing.

[0039] During control, porous carbon electrodes or flexible conductive electrodes can be placed on both sides of the independent response chamber 302, and the control unit 6 applies a pulsed DC signal of 0.8~1.4 V to the electrodes, preferably with an operating voltage of 1.0~1.3 V. During the energizing phase, the electrodes reversibly electroadsorb migratable ions in the solution, leading to a decrease in the concentration of free ions in the continuous phase and an increase in the osmotic pressure difference between the inside and outside of the microgel. This causes the microgel to absorb liquid and expand, causing the independent response chamber 302 to bulge outwards. During the de-energizing phase, or when a weak reverse voltage is applied, the electrodes release the adsorbed ions, the ionic strength of the continuous phase recovers, and the microgel shrinks due to liquid loss, thereby causing the independent response chamber 302 to retract. Preferably, a voltage of 1.2 V is applied for 3~10 s during the expansion phase, and 0 V is applied for 2~6 s during the retraction phase, or an alternating switching between +1.2 V and -0.4~-0.8 V can be used to improve the retraction speed and cycle stability. Furthermore, by implementing time-sharing control, zone control, or phase-staggered control on the independent response chambers 302 in different regions, the middle layer 3 of the response deformation can form a continuously propagating bulging wave or contraction wave along a predetermined direction, thereby achieving controllable micro-peristaltic output.

[0040] In some embodiments, an electroadsorption-osmosis coupled functional solution is prepared using 66.3 parts of deionized water, 15.0 parts of glycerol, 3.0 parts of betaine, 0.2 parts of sodium sulfate, 0.5 parts of polyvinylpyrrolidone, and 15.0 parts of lightly cross-linked anionic microgel powder, and is encapsulated in an independent response chamber 302 to test its on / off electrical drive response and cycle stability.

[0041] In the aforementioned power-on / off drive response and cycle stability tests, flexible conductive electrodes are disposed on both sides of the independent response chamber 302, and a periodic pulsed DC signal is applied to the flexible conductive electrodes by the control unit 6. A single drive cycle includes an energized expansion phase and a power-off retraction phase. During the energized expansion phase, a +1.2 V pulsed DC voltage is applied, causing the smart response material to absorb liquid and expand, driving the independent response chamber 302 to form an outwardly bulging state. During the power-off retraction phase, 0 V is applied, causing the smart response material to lose liquid and retract, leading the independent response chamber 302 back to its initial state or near its initial state. In some embodiments, the energized expansion phase lasts 3–10 s, and the power-off retraction phase lasts 2–6 s; Figures 6 to 8 In the test shown, it is preferable to use a periodic power-on and power-off condition with the power-on expansion phase lasting 10 s and the power-off contraction phase lasting 5 s.

[0042] like Figure 6 As shown, when periodic on-off electrical stimulation is applied to the independent response chamber 302 encapsulated with smart response material, its relative deformation exhibits a significant periodic reversible change with the driving signal. Specifically, after energization, the deformation of the independent response chamber 302 increases rapidly and can stably reach a peak level of approximately 10.8% to 11.2%; after de-energization, its deformation gradually decreases and recovers to a low residual deformation level of approximately 0.5% to 1.0% before the start of the next cycle. Under multiple consecutive driving cycles, the overall morphology of the response curve is basically consistent, indicating that the electro-adsorption-osmosis coupled functional solution formed based on the current formulation can drive the independent response chamber 302 to achieve a relatively stable expansion-contraction response under low voltage stimulation, thereby providing a basis for the output micro-peristalsis of the middle layer 3 in the response deformation.

[0043] like Figure 7 As shown, under repeated on-off cycling conditions, the peak relative deformation retention rate of the independent response chamber 302 remained at a high level overall, with an initial retention rate close to 100%, and still approximately 96.0% to 96.5% by the 50th cycle, with a total attenuation of approximately 3.5% to 4.0%. No abrupt attenuation or significant instability occurred throughout the entire cycle, indicating that the smart response material and the flexible sealed cavity structure have good synergistic matching and cyclic consistency, meeting the stability requirements of continuous micro-peristalsis output in the response deformation middle layer 3.

[0044] like Figure 8As shown, the deformation response curves of the independent response chamber 302 exhibit a generally consistent trend after the 1st, 10th, and 50th power-on / off cycles, all showing a reversible response characteristic of rapid rise after power-on and gradual decline after power-off. Combining the curves, the peak relative deformation values ​​for the 1st, 10th, and 50th cycles are approximately 10.8% ~ 11.0%, 10.2% ~ 10.5%, and 9.7% ~ 10.0%, respectively. The main difference lies in the slight decrease in peak response and slight lengthening of the shrinkage tail as the number of cycles increases, but overall, good repeatability and regularity are maintained. This result further demonstrates that the independent response chamber 302 formed based on the current formulation has good reversible expansion and contraction performance and cyclic working capability under low-voltage pulse drive.

[0045] like Figure 9 and Figure 10 As shown, Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of the biomimetic contact inner layer 4 structure of the present invention. Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of the biomimetic flexible papilla 401 structure of the present invention. The biomimetic contact inner layer 4, as the working surface that directly contacts the fermentation material, mainly consists of the biomimetic flexible papilla 401, the sensor support 402, and the inner flexible substrate 403. Figure 9 As can be seen, a large number of biomimetic flexible papillae 401 are densely distributed in an array on the inner flexible substrate 403, serving to highly replicate the rough contact surface of the real rumen wall. Multiple sensor supports 402 are spaced between adjacent biomimetic flexible papillae 401. These sensor supports 402 employ a standardized sensor mounting interface. During installation, simply push the sensor end into the interface to achieve mechanical fixation and sealing; during disassembly, press to release. This standard interface structure is similar to a socket, enabling plug-and-play sensor use and facilitating flexible replacement of different types of liquid phase sensors according to monitoring needs. In actual operation, not all sensor supports 402 require sensor installation. Operators or automated systems can selectively and rationally insert and remove liquid phase sensors from some sensor supports 402 based on the actual material filling volume, liquid level, and monitoring blind spots in a single fermentation task.

[0046] Combination Figure 10It is understood that the biomimetic flexible papilla 401 adopts a composite structure design, specifically including a flexible papilla shell 401-1 and an internal elastic support 401-2 disposed therein. The internal elastic support 401-2 is a detachable and replaceable structure. When dealing with different types or states of fermentation materials, such as high-solids fibrous materials and nearly homogeneous semi-fluid materials, the overall flexibility and support stiffness of the flexible papilla shell 401-1 can be changed by replacing the internal elastic support 401-2 with one of different elastic moduli or materials. Preferably, the internal elastic support 401-2 can be replaced with elastic materials or support components of different flexibility, modulus, or structural forms as needed to adjust the overall flexibility, compression rebound characteristics, and contact compliance of the flexible papilla shell 401-1. In other words, by selecting internal elastic supports 401-2 with different material types, hardness grades, support densities, or structural forms before fermentation, the softness, hardness, and deformation range of the biomimetic flexible papillae 401 can be preset and adjusted, thereby adapting to the differences in initial fiber length, moisture content, adhesion, and packing density of different materials to be treated. Specifically, the internal elastic support 401-2 may include one of a low-modulus flexible support, a medium-modulus elastic support, and a high-resilience support elastic support. The low-modulus flexible support can be made of foamed silicone, low-hardness silicone rubber, or low-hardness TPU elastomer to improve the ability of the biomimetic flexible papilla 401 to contain and move loose fibrous materials, straw fragments, or granular biomass. The medium-modulus elastic support can be made of silicone rubber, polyurethane elastomer, or thermoplastic elastomer to balance the contact compliance and resilience of the flexible outer shell 401-1. The high-resilience support can be made of high-hardness polyurethane elastomer, fluororubber, or a composite elastic support with embedded elastic sheets and ribs to improve the ability of the biomimetic flexible papilla 401 to locally compress and disturb the interface of materials with high adhesion, local compaction, or poor flowability. Therefore, the biomimetic flexible papilla 401 is not a fixed stiffness structure, but rather the internal elastic support 401-2 of the appropriate type can be selected before fermentation according to the fiber length, moisture content, adhesion, and packing state of the material to be treated, in order to adapt to the contact disturbance requirements of different fermentation materials.

[0047] In some embodiments, the internal elastic support 401-2 can be selected before fermentation based on the initial physical morphology, moisture content, adhesiveness, packing density, and expected disturbance intensity of the material to be treated, rather than being frequently replaced during the same batch of fermentation. Specifically, when the material to be treated is a loose fibrous or granular material, such as mainly plant fiber, straw fragments, or granular biomass, and the initial packing of the material is relatively loose, a low-modulus flexible support can be selected to improve the ability of the papillary flexible shell 401-1 to contain, move, and flexibly contact the loose material. The low-modulus flexible support can be made of foamed silicone, low-hardness silicone rubber, or low-hardness TPU elastomer. When the material to be treated is a high-moisture adhesive material or a semi-fluid adhesive material, a medium-modulus elastic support can be selected. To balance the contact compliance and resilience of the flexible papillary shell 401-1, a medium-modulus elastic support can be made of silicone rubber, polyurethane elastomer, or thermoplastic elastomer. When the material to be treated is easily agglomerated, easily compacted, or has a high density, a high-resilience elastic support can be selected to improve the local compression, rebound, and interface disturbance capabilities of the flexible papillary shell 401-1. This high-resilience elastic support can be made of high-hardness polyurethane elastomer, fluororubber, or a composite elastic support with embedded elastic sheets and ribs. Thus, the compliance characteristics of the biomimetic flexible papilla 401 can be pre-selected according to the initial characteristics of the material to be treated before fermentation, thereby improving its adaptability to different material types and avoiding the need to disassemble and replace the internal elastic support 401-2 midway through fermentation due to changes in material state. To achieve adaptive and precise control of the biomimetic rumen fermentation process, this invention constructs a gas-liquid two-phase joint monitoring system. Specifically, liquid phase sensors, such as pH sensors, viscosity sensors, and volatile fatty acid concentration sensors, can be detachably installed on the sensor support 402 of the biomimetic contact inner layer 4 according to the material filling situation, to obtain the physicochemical parameters and material rheological state of the fermentation liquid phase in real time; at the same time, gas phase sensors, such as methane and carbon dioxide concentration sensors and gas flow meters, are installed on the inlet and outlet assembly 2 to dynamically monitor the composition of gas phase products and gas production rate during the fermentation process.

[0048] For ease of description, this invention divides the state of fermentation materials into three categories: high-solids stagnant flow state, mixed gas exhalation state, and homogeneous maintenance state. These three states are not determined solely by a single instantaneous parameter, but rather by a joint determination by the control unit 6 based on liquid-phase and gas-phase state information. Specifically, the control unit 6 uses liquid-phase and gas-phase state information collected within a preset time period after fermentation start as initial reference values, or uses a preset process threshold for the corresponding fermentation material type as the determination benchmark. The preset time period can be 5-60 minutes after fermentation start, and the process threshold can be preset based on the type of material to be processed, initial moisture content, solid content, inoculum size, and target fermentation process. The control unit 6 compares the liquid content or solid percentage, viscosity, and gas production rate within the current time window with the initial reference value or process threshold, and combines this with the changing trends of these parameters within adjacent time windows to identify the current state of the fermentation material. The current time window and adjacent time windows can be rolling statistical intervals formed by continuously collected data, for example, 5-30 minutes.

[0049] Among them, the liquid content in the liquid phase state information can be directly obtained by a liquid content sensor or a dielectric constant sensor, and the viscosity can be directly obtained by a viscosity sensor or a torque sensor; the gas production rate can be directly measured by a gas flow meter or a gas pressure change rate sensor at the inlet and outlet assembly, or calculated by a gas concentration sensor combined with time difference.

[0050] When at least two of the following conditions are met: decreased liquid content, increased solid content, and increased viscosity, and the gas production rate is lower than the first gas production threshold or lower than the initial gas production rate, the control unit 6 determines that the current fermentation material is in a high solids stagnant flow state. The high solids stagnant flow state corresponds to a stage where the material has a high solids content, insufficient liquid wetting, poor fluidity, and insufficient fermentation gas production. In this state, the control unit 6 matches an enhanced crushing and wetting mode to improve the synergistic driving strength of the biomimetic driving outer layer 1 and the responsive deformation middle layer 3.

[0051] When at least two of the following conditions are met—viscosity decrease, liquid content increase, and gas production rate increase—and the gas production rate reaches the second gas production threshold or exceeds the initial gas production rate, the control unit 6 determines that the current fermentation material is in a mixed gas production state. This mixed gas production state corresponds to a stage where solid-liquid mixing is enhanced, interface renewal is accelerated, and the demand for gas generation or release increases. In this state, the control unit 6 matches the transport and gas production mode to increase the proportion of large peristalsis in the drive and coordinates with micro-peristalsis to maintain local disturbance.

[0052] When at least two of the following conditions are met: the liquid content increases or tends to stabilize; the solid phase ratio decreases or tends to stabilize; or the viscosity decreases and tends to stabilize, and the gas production rate decreases or the fluctuation amplitude is lower than the preset fluctuation threshold, the control unit 6 determines that the current fermentation material is in a homogeneous maintenance state. The homogeneous maintenance state corresponds to the stage where the material system tends to be uniform, the flow resistance decreases, and the gas production rate decreases or the fluctuation weakens. In this state, the control unit 6 matches a mild maintenance mode to reduce the amplitude or frequency of large peristalsis and increase the proportion of micro-peristalsis in local maintenance disturbances.

[0053] In some implementations, the first gas production threshold can be set to 0.5 to 0.9 times the initial gas production rate or the lower limit of the preset gas production rate for the corresponding fermentation material type; the second gas production threshold can be set to 1.1 to 2.0 times the initial gas production rate or the preset gas production rate baseline value for the corresponding fermentation material type; and the preset fluctuation threshold can be set to 5% to 20% of the average gas production rate within the current time window. The corresponding judgment conditions for liquid content, solid phase ratio, and viscosity can be set using the change ratio relative to the initial baseline value, for example, a decrease or increase in liquid content of 5% to 20%, an increase or decrease in solid phase ratio of 5% to 20%, or an increase or decrease in viscosity of 10% to 50%; alternatively, absolute thresholds preset for specific material types can be used. The aforementioned change ratios, absolute thresholds, and gas production thresholds can be adaptively adjusted according to the initial moisture content, solid phase content, inoculum amount, and target fermentation process of different fermentation materials.

[0054] In some implementations, after determining that the current fermentation material has entered a homogenization maintenance state, the control unit 6 can automatically record the stable interval data of the liquid phase state information and gas phase state information during the duration of this state, calculate its average value, and replace the current reference value with the average value to adapt to the gradual changes in the background properties of the material during the fermentation process.

[0055] After the system starts, it first performs initialization, checking the operating status of the bionic driving outer layer 1, the response deformation middle layer 3, the intake and exhaust components 2, and each sensor; after confirming that all components are connected normally, the material type, initial filling amount, and preset process parameters are input. The preset process parameters include one or more of the following: liquid content threshold, solid phase ratio threshold, viscosity threshold, first gas generation threshold, second gas generation threshold, preset fluctuation threshold, and time window length for the corresponding material type.

[0056] Subsequently, a liquid phase sensor installed at sensor support 402 collects liquid phase information of the fermentation system, including one or more of the following: pH value, liquid level, conductivity, turbidity, local flow state, liquid content, viscosity, or volatile fatty acid concentration; a gas phase sensor installed at inlet and outlet assembly 2 collects gas phase information of the fermentation system, including one or more of the following: gas concentration, gas pressure, humidity, gas production rate, or gas composition change trend.

[0057] The control unit 6 performs fusion analysis on the collected liquid phase information and gas phase information, and forms the current state criteria of the fermentation material according to the aforementioned initial reference value, preset process threshold, current time window and adjacent time window change trend, thereby identifying the material state as high solids stagnant flow state, mixed exhaust state or homogeneous maintenance state.

[0058] When the high solids stagnation state is identified, the control unit 6 enters the enhanced crushing and wetting mode, controlling the bionic driving outer layer 1 and the response deformation middle layer 3 to work together, so that the shape memory alloy driving warp 102 and / or shape memory alloy driving weft 103 will produce a large-amplitude contraction, and cooperate with the high-frequency electro-induced expansion and contraction of the independent response chamber 302 to output high-intensity large peristalsis and high-frequency micro peristalsis, so as to enhance the material turning, squeezing, kneading and liquid phase wetting.

[0059] When the mixed exhaust state is identified, the control unit 6 enters the transport exhaust mode, appropriately increases the proportion of large peristalsis in the drive, and cooperates with the micro peristalsis generated by the middle layer 3 in response to deformation to maintain local disturbance, so as to promote macroscopic tumbling, gas release and interface renewal of the fermentation system.

[0060] When the homogeneous maintenance state is identified, the control unit 6 enters the mild maintenance mode, which reduces the amplitude or frequency of large peristalsis generated by the biomimetic driving outer layer 1 and increases the proportion of micro-peristalsis generated by the middle layer 3 in the local maintenance disturbance, so as to maintain the uniform renewal of the temperature field, concentration field and gas-liquid-solid interface, while reducing the adverse effects of excessive mechanical action on the fermentation system.

[0061] In the specific control implementation, the control unit 6 regulates large and micro peristalsis in the following ways: For intensity regulation, the contraction force is controlled by adjusting the amplitude or pulse width of the current flowing through the shape memory alloy driving warp 102 and / or shape memory alloy driving weft 103; for frequency and proportion regulation, the frequency of large peristalsis and the proportion of large and micro peristalsis working time in a working cycle are controlled by adjusting the duty cycle, period, and phase of the driving signal. For example, in the transport and exhaust mode, the duty cycle of the large peristalsis driving signal can be set to 60%~80%, with micro peristalsis occurring for the remaining time; in the mild maintenance mode, the duty cycle of the large peristalsis driving signal can be reduced to 10%~30%. The frequency of micro peristalsis can be achieved by adjusting the period of the pulsed DC signal applied by the control unit 6 to the electrode of the independent response chamber 302, for example, 0.1~2 Hz.

[0062] In some implementations, such as when processing high-solids-content straw materials, preset process thresholds can be set based on the initial moisture content, solids ratio, inoculum amount, and target fermentation process of the material. For example, when the apparent viscosity of the system is greater than a set high threshold and the gas production rate is lower than a first gas production threshold and continues for more than a preset time, it can be determined as a high-solids stagnant state; when the system viscosity decreases and the gas production rate increases to above a second gas production threshold, it can be determined as a mixed gas production state; when the system viscosity decreases and tends to stabilize, and the gas production rate falls back or the fluctuation amplitude is lower than a preset fluctuation threshold, it can be determined as a homogeneous maintenance state. Those skilled in the art can adaptively adjust the above thresholds and time window lengths according to different fermentation materials and process requirements.

Claims

1. A biomimetic rumen fermentation mechanism, characterized in that, It includes a three-layer composite flexible cavity, an air intake and exhaust assembly installed on the top of the three-layer composite flexible cavity, a support frame for supporting the three-layer composite flexible cavity, a gas phase sensor, a liquid phase sensor installed inside the three-layer composite flexible cavity, and a control unit that is electrically connected to the three-layer composite flexible cavity. The three-layer composite flexible cavity, from the inside out, includes: The biomimetic inner layer encloses and forms a sealed space to contain the fermentation material, and the material status sensor is located inside it. The responsive deformation middle layer is tightly attached to and covers the outer surface of the biomimetic contact inner layer; The biomimetic driving outer layer is closely attached to and encapsulated on the outer surface of the responsive deformation middle layer; The biomimetic driving outer layer is used to generate a first contraction deformation that reduces the volume of the sealed space under the control of the control unit, so as to achieve a large biomimetic macroscopic creep with an amplitude greater than the displacement generated by the middle layer in response deformation. The responsive deformation middle layer contains a smart responsive material that undergoes volume change under the stimulation of an electrical signal provided by the control unit, and applies local micro-displacement to the biomimetic contact inner layer through this volume change to form micro-peristalsis; The intake and exhaust components are connected to the enclosed space for gas exchange; The control unit receives liquid phase state information collected by the liquid phase sensor and gas phase state information collected by the gas phase sensor. Based on the liquid phase state information and gas phase state information, it generates a first driving signal for driving the outer layer of the bionic drive and a second driving signal for driving the middle layer of the response deformation, so as to control the start and stop, frequency and amplitude combination of large and micro peristalsis.

2. A biomimetic rumen fermentation mechanism according to claim 1, characterized in that, The biomimetic actuation outer layer includes an outer flexible matrix and an actuation network embedded within the outer flexible matrix. The actuation network includes: The shape memory alloy driving warp is provided with several strands that extend along the first direction and are arranged in parallel at intervals. The shape memory alloy drives the weft threads, which are provided in several directions and extend along a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, and are arranged in parallel at intervals. The control unit has multiple independently controlled output channels, which are electrically connected to both ends of each shape memory alloy driving warp and each shape memory alloy driving weft, so as to independently energize a single shape memory alloy driving warp or a single shape memory alloy driving weft. An insulating isolation structure is provided at the intersection of the shape memory alloy driven warp and the shape memory alloy driven weft to prevent electrical connection at the intersection. The control unit is configured to selectively supply power to the target shape memory alloy driving warp and / or target shape memory alloy driving weft, causing the energized target shape memory alloy driving warp and / or target shape memory alloy driving weft to contract, thereby driving the outer flexible substrate to produce at least one deformation among directional contraction, bending wrapping, or creeping propulsion.

3. A biomimetic rumen fermentation mechanism according to claim 1, characterized in that, The responsive deformation middle layer includes a middle layer support substrate, independent response chambers, and a transition connector. Multiple independent response chambers are arrayed on the middle layer support substrate near the biomimetic contact inner layer, each encapsulating a smart response material. The transition connector is located on the side of the independent response chamber facing the biomimetic contact inner layer, between the bulging output area of ​​the independent response chamber and the corresponding biomimetic flexible papilla. One side of the transition connector is tightly fixed to the flexible cavity wall or bulging output connection area of ​​the independent response chamber, and the other side is fixedly connected to the corresponding biomimetic flexible papilla, used for positioning and fixing the biomimetic flexible papilla and transmitting the local micro-displacement generated by the independent response chamber to the corresponding biomimetic flexible papilla. Each independent response chamber is provided with at least one pair of conductive electrodes, which are electrically connected to a control unit. The control unit applies independent electrical signals to the conductive electrodes of the target independent response chamber, causing the smart response material within the independent response chamber to undergo reversible volume expansion or contraction, thereby driving the cavity wall of the independent response chamber to generate micro-displacement towards the biomimetic contact inner layer.

4. A biomimetic rumen fermentation mechanism according to claim 1, characterized in that, The smart response material is an electro-adsorption-osmosis coupled functional solution, which, by mass, includes: 60-75 parts deionized water, 10-20 parts glycerol, 1-6 parts betaine, 0.05-1.0 parts sodium sulfate, 0.1-2.0 parts polyvinylpyrrolidone, and 10-25 parts lightly cross-linked anionic microgel powder. The lightly cross-linked anionic microgel powder is a microgel powder formed by copolymerization of acrylic acid and 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, with a particle size of 1-20 μm and a cross-linking degree of 0.15-0.35 mol.

5. A biomimetic rumen fermentation mechanism according to claim 3, characterized in that, The control unit applies a pulsed DC signal of 0.8-1.4 V to the conductive electrode to cause the smart response material to expand or contract reversibly.

6. A biomimetic rumen fermentation mechanism according to claim 1, characterized in that, The biomimetic contact inner layer includes an inner flexible substrate, biomimetic flexible papillae, and sensor supports; the biomimetic flexible papillae are distributed in an array on the inner flexible substrate, facing the enclosed space, and multiple sensor supports are spaced apart between adjacent biomimetic flexible papillae.

7. A biomimetic rumen fermentation mechanism according to claim 6, characterized in that, Bionic flexible mastoids include: Papillary flexible shell; An internal elastic support is located inside the flexible outer shell of the mastoid process to adjust the overall flexibility and support stiffness of the biomimetic flexible mastoid.

8. A biomimetic rumen fermentation mechanism according to claim 6, characterized in that, A liquid phase sensor is detachably mounted on the sensor support, with the detection end of the liquid phase sensor extending into the sealed space; a gas phase sensor is installed at the connection point between the intake and exhaust assembly and the sealed space, with the detection end of the gas phase sensor placed in the gas channel of the intake and exhaust assembly.

9. An adaptive control method for a biomimetic rumen fermentation mechanism as described in any one of claims 1-8, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Step (1) Obtain the liquid phase state information collected by the liquid phase sensor and the gas phase state information collected by the gas phase sensor; Step (2) fuses and analyzes the liquid phase state information and gas phase state information to identify the current fermentation material state as a high solids stagnant flow state, a mixed exhaust state, or a homogeneous maintenance state. Among them, the high solids stagnant flow state is a material state characterized by solid phase accumulation, high viscosity, low fluidity, and reduced liquid content. The mixed exhaust state is a material state characterized by enhanced solid-liquid mixing, increased gas production rate, and a demand for exhaust. The homogeneous state is the material state in which the liquid phase ratio increases, the system tends to be homogeneous, and the gas production rate decreases. Step (3) Based on the identified state of the fermentation material, adaptively adjust the working modes of the biomimetic driving outer layer and the responsive deformation middle layer: When in a high solid flow state, the large peristalsis generated by the biomimetic driving outer layer and the micro peristalsis generated by the response deformation middle layer work together, and the intensity or frequency of both is higher than the corresponding value in the homogeneous maintenance state. When in a mixed exhaust state, the driving proportion of large peristalsis is higher than that of micro peristalsis; When in a homogeneous state, the driving force of micro-peristalsis is higher than that of large-peristalsis.

10. The adaptive control method for the biomimetic rumen fermentation mechanism according to claim 9, characterized in that, In step (2), the control unit uses the liquid phase state information and gas phase state information collected within a preset time period after fermentation starts as the initial reference value, or uses the preset process threshold of the corresponding fermentation material type as the judgment reference, and compares the liquid content or solid phase ratio, viscosity and gas production rate in the current time window with the judgment reference, and combines the changing trend of the above parameters in adjacent time windows to jointly determine the current state of the fermentation material. When at least two of the following conditions are met: decrease in liquid content, increase in solid content, and increase in viscosity, and the gas production rate is lower than the first gas production threshold or lower than the initial gas production rate, the state is determined to be a high solid stagnant flow state. When at least two of the following conditions are met: viscosity decreases, liquid content increases, and gas production rate increases, and the gas production rate reaches the second gas production threshold or is higher than the initial gas production rate, the mixture is determined to be in a mixed exhaust state. When at least two of the following conditions are met: the liquid content increases or tends to stabilize, the solid phase ratio decreases or tends to stabilize, and the viscosity decreases and tends to stabilize, and the gas production rate drops or the fluctuation amplitude is lower than the preset fluctuation threshold, the homogeneity is maintained.

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