Isotope battery with dual radioactive source and method of manufacturing the same

Abstract

This invention discloses an isotope battery with dual radioactive sources and its fabrication method, belonging to the field of nuclear energy micro-power sources. The isotope battery with dual radioactive sources of this invention includes: a first electrode integrating a first radioactive source; a transducer layer integrating a second radioactive source, the transducer layer being formed on a first surface of the first electrode; a radioluminescent layer disposed within and / or on the surface of the transducer layer; a photoelectric conversion unit layer disposed around the transducer layer, the photoelectric conversion unit layer absorbing photons and generating a second carrier pair; an optical coupling layer disposed between the photoelectric conversion unit layer and the transducer layer; and a second electrode disposed above the transducer layer and electrically connected to both the transducer layer and the photoelectric conversion unit layer. This invention, through the integration of dual radioactive sources with a three-dimensional structure and combined with dual-path synergistic transducer technology, improves decay energy utilization and output stability, and can be applied to long-term power supply scenarios such as deep space exploration, extreme environment sensing, and implantable medical devices.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of nuclear energy micro-power source and semiconductor energy conversion technology, specifically to an isotope battery with dual radioactive sources and its preparation method. Background Technology

[0002] Isotope batteries, with their ultra-long lifespan, maintenance-free operation, and miniaturization capabilities, hold promise for applications in deep space exploration, long-term deep-sea monitoring, implantable medical devices, and extreme environment sensing. Existing isotope batteries are mainly classified into two categories: direct-transduction types (such as radiation volts / beta volts) and indirect-transduction types (such as radioluminescence-photovoltaics, i.e., radioluminescent photovoltaics / radiative photovoltaics).

[0003] Direct transducers (radiation volts) typically utilize the energy deposited by β particles in a semiconductor to generate electron-hole pairs, which are then separated and collected under the influence of a junction or electric field. These devices are often limited by: energy loss due to a layer / gap between the radiation source and the transducer material; limited effective interaction volume due to planar structures; and low charge collection efficiency due to surface defects and interface recombination.

[0004] Indirect transduction type (radiative photovoltaic) typically converts the energy from a radiation source into visible / near-infrared light, which is then absorbed by a photoelectric conversion device to generate electrical energy. This type of device is also limited by issues such as insufficient coupling efficiency between the radiative emission layer and the photoelectric conversion layer, photon escape, spectral mismatch, and optical losses caused by the packaging structure.

[0005] In addition, in traditional structures, radioactive sources are often set up in the form of independent thin layers or coatings, which have disadvantages such as insufficient interface contact, complex processes, and increased packaging volume. At the same time, the energy spectrum of a single isotope source is singular, making it difficult to achieve synergistic optimization of different energy deposition depths and energy utilization paths.

[0006] Therefore, it is necessary to propose a new isotope battery and its preparation method. Summary of the Invention

[0007] To address the aforementioned problems in existing technologies, the present invention aims to provide an isotope battery with dual radioactive sources. This battery simultaneously achieves, within the same device: a radiation voltage path where β particles directly ionize in a semiconductor transducer to generate charge carriers; and a radiation photovoltaic path where β particles excite the radioluminescent layer to emit light, which is then absorbed secondary by the photoelectric conversion layer. This improves energy utilization efficiency and reduces energy loss and packaging complexity caused by independent radioactive source layers.

[0008] To solve the above problems, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is as follows: In a first aspect, the present invention provides an isotope battery with dual radioactive sources, comprising: The first electrode of the integrated first radiation source; A transducer layer integrating a second radioactive source is formed on a first surface of the first electrode; the first radioactive source and / or the second radioactive source release β particles within the transducer layer to generate ionization and form a first carrier pair; A radioluminescent layer is disposed within the transducer layer and / or on the surface of the transducer layer; the radioluminescent layer emits photons under irradiation by β particles emitted from the first radiation source and / or the second radiation source; A photoelectric conversion unit layer is disposed around the transducer layer, wherein the photoelectric conversion unit layer absorbs the photons and generates a second carrier pair; An optical coupling layer is disposed between the photoelectric conversion unit layer and the transducer layer to reduce interface reflection and improve photon coupling efficiency. The second electrode is disposed above the transducer layer and is electrically connected to the transducer layer and the photoelectric conversion unit layer.

[0009] In some embodiments, the first electrode includes: Titanium substrate; The first surface of the titanium substrate is formed into titanium tritide through a tritium storage process, wherein the titanium tritide serves as the first radiation source.

[0010] In some embodiments, the transducer layer includes: A titanium dioxide nanotube array is formed on the first surface of the titanium substrate, and nickel-63 is added during the growth of the titanium dioxide nanotube array by at least one of doping, solid solution, ion implantation, co-deposition or coating, wherein nickel-63 serves as the second radiation source.

[0011] In some embodiments, the titanium dioxide nanotube array is grown on the first surface of the titanium substrate using anodizing.

[0012] In some embodiments, the length of the nanotubes in the titanium dioxide nanotube array is 100 nm to 50 μm, and the diameter is 10 nm to 500 nm.

[0013] In some embodiments, the radioluminescent layer is disposed within the pores of the nanotubes in the titanium dioxide nanotube array and / or on the surface of the nanotubes.

[0014] In some embodiments, the radioluminescent layer is made of fluorescent quantum dot luminescent material, scintillator material, or a composite material of both.

[0015] In some embodiments, the fluorescent quantum dot luminescent material is any one or more of CdSe, InP, CsPbX3 or their surface ligand modification systems, wherein X is a halogen; wherein the fluorescent quantum dot luminescent material has p-type semiconductor properties and is in contact with the nanotubes in the titanium dioxide nanotube array to jointly form a pn junction for separating the first charge carrier pair.

[0016] In some embodiments, the photoelectric conversion unit layer adopts a photovoltaic structure formed by any one or more of silicon, GaAs, InGaP, perovskite, CIGS, organic photovoltaic, or dye-sensitive photovoltaic, and its absorption spectrum at least partially overlaps or matches the emission spectrum of the radioluminescent layer.

[0017] In some embodiments, the optical coupling layer includes a refractive index matching layer and / or a transparent conductive layer and / or a waveguide layer.

[0018] In some embodiments, a reflective layer is provided on the side of the second electrode facing the transducer layer. The reflective layer includes a highly reflective metal layer and / or a dielectric reflective layer, which is used to realize the reflection and recovery of photons and secondary absorption.

[0019] In some embodiments, it also includes: An external encapsulation shielding layer at least partially encapsulates the isotope battery. The external encapsulation shielding layer includes a tritium blocking layer and / or a β shielding layer. The tritium blocking layer includes a metal thin film, a nitride thin film, an oxide thin film, or a multilayer composite blocking layer to suppress tritium diffusion and leakage.

[0020] Secondly, the present invention also provides a method for preparing an isotope battery with dual radioactive sources, comprising: A titanium substrate is provided, and a titanium tritide is formed on its first surface by a tritium storage process to serve as a first radiation source, thereby forming a first electrode that integrates the first radiation source. A titanium dioxide nanotube array is grown on the first surface of the titanium substrate by anodizing, and nickel-63 is introduced during the growth process to form a transducer layer that integrates a second radiation source. A radioluminescent layer is disposed within the pores of the nanotubes and / or on the surface of the nanotubes in the titanium dioxide nanotube array; An optical coupling layer and a photoelectric conversion unit layer are disposed around the transducer layer, so that the photoelectric conversion unit layer is optically coupled to the radioluminescent layer; A second electrode is disposed on the top of the transducer layer, and the second electrode is electrically connected to the transducer layer and the photoelectric conversion unit layer.

[0021] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has at least the following beneficial effects: (1) The dual radiation sources (tritium source + nickel-63 source) are integrated with the three-dimensional transducer layer to reduce energy loss caused by the gap between the independent source layer / radiation source layer and the transducer unit layer; (2) Titanium dioxide nanotube arrays provide high specific surface area and three-dimensional interaction volume, which improves the β particle deposition probability and shortens the carrier transport path; (3) The simultaneous use of both the radiation photovoltaic effect and the radiation photovoltaic effect within the same device improves the overall energy utilization rate and helps to reduce the impact of composite losses. (4) The reflective layer / optical coupling layer improves photon recovery and reabsorption, and reduces photon escape loss; (5) Long-term stable and reliable encapsulation can be achieved through the external device encapsulation shielding layer (including tritium blocking layer and β shielding layer). Attached Figure Description

[0022] Figure 1 This is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of an isotope battery according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a top view schematic diagram of an isotope battery according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic flowchart of a method for preparing an isotope battery according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 4 This is a schematic flowchart of an isotope battery preparation method according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0023] In the picture: 1- Peripheral encapsulation shielding layer; 2-Second electrode; 3-Photoelectric conversion unit layer; 4-Optical coupling layer; 5-Radioluminescent layer; 6- Transducer layer integrating a second radioactive source; 7-The first electrode of the integrated first radiation source. Detailed Implementation

[0024] The present invention will be further described below with reference to specific embodiments.

[0025] The following further elaborates on an isotope battery with a dual radioactive source and its preparation method proposed by the present invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. According to the following description, the advantages and features of the present invention will be clearer. It should be noted that the accompanying drawings are in a very simplified form and use non-precise scales, only for conveniently and clearly assisting in explaining the purpose of the embodiments of the present invention. In order to make the purpose, features, and advantages of the present invention more obvious and understandable, please refer to the accompanying drawings. It should be known that the structures, scales, sizes, etc. shown in the drawings of this specification are only used to cooperate with the content disclosed in the specification for those skilled in this technology to understand and read, and are not used to limit the limiting conditions for the implementation of the present invention. Therefore, they do not have any technical substance. Any modification of the structure, change in the proportional relationship, or adjustment of the size, without affecting the efficacy that the present invention can produce and the purpose that can be achieved, should still fall within the scope covered by the technical content disclosed by the present invention.

[0026] An embodiment of the present invention provides an isotope battery with a dual radioactive source. Please refer to Figure 1 and Figure 2 , the isotope battery includes: a first electrode 7 integrated with a first radioactive source, a transducer layer 6 integrated with a second radioactive source, a radioluminescent layer 5, an optical coupling layer 4, a photoelectric conversion unit layer 3, a second electrode 2, and an external packaging shielding layer 1.

[0027] The first electrode 7 integrated with the first radioactive source includes a titanium substrate. The titanium substrate serves both as a mechanical support substrate and as a carrier for the first radioactive source. Specifically, the upper surface (i.e., the first surface) of the titanium substrate is subjected to a tritium storage process to form titanium tritide (TiTx, 0 < x ≤ 2) on its surface. Among them, titanium tritide is the first radioactive source, and its radioactive isotope is tritium. The titanium substrate itself has good electrical conductivity and can be used as the bottom electrode (the first electrode) of the battery.

[0028] The integrated second radiation source transducer layer 6 is formed on the upper surface of the titanium substrate. In a preferred embodiment, the transducer layer is an array of titanium dioxide nanotubes grown in situ on the surface of the titanium substrate by anodizing. The length of the nanotubes can range from 100 nm to 50 μm, and the diameter can range from 10 nm to 500 nm. During the growth of the titanium dioxide nanotube array, nickel-63 is introduced through at least one process such as doping, solid solution, ion implantation, co-deposition, or coating. Nickel-63 serves as the second radiation source and is uniformly distributed within the three-dimensional nanostructure. The first radiation source (tritium, located in the lower layer) and the second radiation source (nickel-63, distributed in the nanotubes in the upper layer) constitute a layered dual radiation source system. The low-energy β particles released by the tritium source mainly deposit energy in the near-surface region of the transducer layer 6 (i.e., near the bottom of the nanotubes on the titanium substrate); while the higher-energy β particles released by the nickel-63 can penetrate deeper and deposit energy in a larger volume of the transducer layer 6 or even within the entire depth of the nanotubes. This design enables energy-level deposition of β particles with different energy spectra, optimizing the depth distribution of energy absorption. Titanium dioxide nanotube arrays, as wide-bandgap semiconductors, are the primary site for the photovoltaic effect. β particles from the dual radiation sources ionize within them, generating electron-hole pairs (i.e., the first carrier pairs). Specifically, nickel-63 doping introduces impurity energy levels into the band structure of titanium dioxide. These intermediate energy levels act as "stepping stones," reducing the energy required for carriers to transition from the valence band to the conduction band, thereby enhancing the photovoltaic effect.

[0029] The radioluminescent layer 5 is disposed within and / or on the surface of the transducer layer 6. Specifically, fluorescent quantum dot luminescent materials, scintillator materials, or composites thereof can be filled into the channels of the titanium dioxide nanotube array and / or modified on the outer surface of the nanotubes. When the radioluminescent layer 5 is irradiated by β particles emitted from the first and / or second radiation sources, it will be excited to emit photons. In a preferred embodiment, the radioluminescent layer 5 uses fluorescent quantum dot materials with p-type semiconductor properties, such as CdSe, InP, CsPbX3 (X being halogens such as Cl, Br, I, etc.) or systems modified with specific ligands. These p-type quantum dots are in close contact with the n-type titanium dioxide nanotubes, forming a pn junction at the interface, providing a built-in electric field for the subsequent separation of the first carrier pair.

[0030] The optical coupling layer 4 is disposed around the transducer layer 6 (and the radiative emission layer 5 on its surface). The optical coupling layer 4 can be a single layer or multiple layers, and its function is to reduce light reflection loss at the interface and improve the light transmission efficiency from the radiative emission layer 5 to the photoelectric conversion unit layer 3. It includes one or more combinations of refractive index matching layer, transparent conductive layer or waveguide layer, wherein the transparent conductive layer (such as ITO / FTO) can also serve as a coupling layer in addition to conducting electricity.

[0031] The photoelectric conversion unit layer 3 is disposed around the optical coupling layer 4 and is optically coupled to the radiative emission layer 5 through the optical coupling layer 4. The photoelectric conversion unit layer 3 absorbs photons emitted from the radiative emission layer 5, generating electron-hole pairs (i.e., second carrier pairs). Its material can be a thin film or junction photovoltaic structure formed from crystalline silicon, GaAs, InGaP, perovskite, CIGS, organic photovoltaic materials, or dye-sensitized solar cell materials, etc., and its absorption spectrum has good overlap or matching with the emission spectrum of the radiative emission layer 5 to ensure high photon absorption efficiency.

[0032] The second electrode 2 is located at the top of the device and can be made of a metal with high work function and high reflectivity. The second electrode 2 forms an electrical connection with the underlying transducer layer 6 and the surrounding photoelectric conversion unit layer 3 for current collection. In an important improvement, a reflective layer can be provided on the side of the second electrode 2 facing inwards (i.e., the lower side). The reflective layer can be a high-reflectivity metal thin film or a dielectric reflective layer. Its function is to reflect photons that are transmitted from the photoelectric conversion unit layer 3 or directly upwards from the radioluminescent layer 5 but not absorbed back, allowing them to be reabsorbed within the device (especially in the photoelectric conversion unit layer and the light-emitting layer region), achieving secondary utilization of photons and significantly improving energy extraction efficiency.

[0033] The external encapsulation shielding layer 1 is used to encapsulate and protect the entire battery core structure. It includes at least a tritium barrier layer to prevent the first radiation source (tritium) from diffusing and leaking outwards from the titanium tritide. The tritium barrier layer can be a dense metal thin film, nitride, oxide, or multilayer composite thin film. If necessary, the encapsulation layer may also include a β shielding layer to reduce β radiation leaking to the outside and improve safety.

[0034] The working principle of the isotope battery described in this invention includes two parallel paths: β particles released from the first radioactive source (tritium) and the second radioactive source (nickel-63) lose energy in the titanium dioxide nanotube semiconductor (transducer layer 6), generating a large number of electron-hole pairs (first carrier pairs) through ionization. Under the influence of the Schottky barrier of the titanium dioxide / metal electrode (first electrode 7) or the built-in electric field of the pn junction of titanium dioxide / p-type quantum dots (if present), these carriers are separated, and the electrons and holes are collected by the first electrode 7 and the second electrode 2, respectively, forming a current.

[0035] β particles released from the first and / or second radiation sources simultaneously excite the radioluminescent layer 5 (such as fluorescent quantum dots), causing it to emit low-energy photons. These photons are absorbed by the outer photoelectric conversion unit layer 3, generating new electron-hole pairs (second carrier pairs). These photogenerated carriers are effectively separated and collected, outputting current. The optical coupling layer 4 and the reflective layer disposed below the second electrode 2 work together to maximize the photon utilization efficiency of this path.

[0036] Please see Figure 3 The diagram illustrates a preparation method for the aforementioned isotope battery, comprising: Step S1: Provide a titanium substrate, and form a titanium tritide on its first surface as a first radiation source by a tritium storage process, and form a first electrode integrating the first radiation source; Step S2: A titanium dioxide nanotube array is grown on the first surface of the titanium substrate by anodizing, and nickel-63 is introduced during the growth process to form a transducer layer integrating a second radiation source; Step S3: A radioluminescent layer is formed within the pores of the nanotubes and / or on the surface of the nanotubes in the titanium dioxide nanotube array; Step S4: An optical coupling layer and a photoelectric conversion unit layer are disposed around the transducer layer, so that the photoelectric conversion unit layer is optically coupled to the radioluminescent layer; Step S5: A second electrode is disposed on the top of the transducer layer, and the second electrode is electrically connected to the transducer layer and the photoelectric conversion unit layer.

[0037] Specifically, please refer to Figure 4 The preparation method is specifically as follows: A titanium substrate is provided as the base. First, the titanium substrate is degreased and cleaned to remove surface contaminants, and then dried to prepare a clean and active surface for subsequent processes.

[0038] A tritium storage process is performed on the surface of a clean titanium substrate. Typically, the titanium substrate is placed in a tritium-containing environment, and under specific temperature and pressure conditions, tritium atoms diffuse into the titanium lattice, forming a stable titanium tritide (TiTx) layer. This titanium tritide layer serves as the first radiation source. The treated titanium substrate serves both as a mechanical support and as the first electrode integrating the first radiation source.

[0039] A titanium dioxide nanotube array is grown in situ on the surface of a titanium substrate (i.e., the first electrode) that has already stored tritium, using anodizing. Ni-63 radioactive isotopes are introduced through doping and co-deposition, allowing them to integrate into the nanotube lattice or adhere to the nanotube walls during growth. The resulting titanium dioxide nanotube array constitutes a transducer layer that simultaneously serves as a semiconductor transducer material and a carrier for the second radioactive source (Ni-63).

[0040] Radioluminescent materials are introduced into the formed titanium dioxide nanotube array. Fluorescent quantum dots (such as p-type CdSe quantum dots), scintillator nanomaterials, or composites thereof can be filled into the pores of the nanotubes and / or modified on the outer surface of the nanotubes to form a radioluminescent layer.

[0041] An optical coupling layer is placed around the nanotube array structure with the pre-constructed radioluminescent layer. Subsequently, a photoelectric conversion unit layer (such as a perovskite thin film or an amorphous silicon thin film) is formed outside the optical coupling layer to ensure that its absorption spectrum matches the emission spectrum of the internal radioluminescent layer.

[0042] A second electrode is fabricated at the top of the transducer layer (i.e., the titanium dioxide nanotube array) and at the corresponding lead-out position of the photoelectric conversion unit layer, ensuring good electrical connection between the second electrode and both the underlying transducer layer and the peripheral photoelectric conversion unit layer. Preferably, a high-reflectivity layer is pre-fabricated or simultaneously fabricated on the side of the second electrode facing inwards towards the device.

[0043] Finally, the entire battery structure was encapsulated using a packaging material containing a tritium blocking layer and a beta-ray shielding layer, resulting in a complete isotopic battery with dual radioactive sources. This battery simultaneously utilizes both radiation-voltaic and radiation-induced photovoltaic energy conversion pathways. The encapsulation structure provides physical protection while effectively suppressing radioactive source leakage and shielding against harmful radiation.

[0044] It should be noted that, in this document, relational terms such as "first" and "second" are used only to distinguish one entity or operation from another, and do not necessarily require or imply any such actual relationship or order between these entities or operations. Furthermore, the terms "comprising," "including," or any other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements includes not only those elements but also other elements not expressly listed, or elements inherent to such a process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitations, an element defined by the phrase "comprising one..." does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that includes said element.

[0045] Although the present invention has been described in detail through the preferred embodiments above, it should be understood that the above description should not be considered as a limitation of the present invention. Various modifications and substitutions to the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art after reading the above description. Therefore, the scope of protection of the present invention should be defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. An isotope battery with dual radioactive sources, characterized in that, include: The first electrode of the integrated first radiation source; A transducer layer integrating a second radiation source is formed on a first surface of the first electrode; The first and / or the second radiation source releases β particles within the transducer layer, which ionize to form a first carrier pair. A radioluminescent layer is disposed within the transducer layer and / or on the surface of the transducer layer; the radioluminescent layer emits photons under irradiation by β particles emitted from the first radiation source and / or the second radiation source; A photoelectric conversion unit layer is disposed around the transducer layer, wherein the photoelectric conversion unit layer absorbs the photons and generates a second carrier pair; An optical coupling layer is disposed between the photoelectric conversion unit layer and the transducer layer to reduce interface reflection and improve photon coupling efficiency. The second electrode is disposed above the transducer layer and is electrically connected to the transducer layer and the photoelectric conversion unit layer.

2. The isotope battery with dual radioactive sources as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The first electrode includes: Titanium substrate; The first surface of the titanium substrate is formed into titanium tritide through a tritium storage process, wherein the titanium tritide serves as the first radiation source.

3. The isotope battery with dual radioactive sources as described in claim 2, characterized in that, The transducer layer includes: A titanium dioxide nanotube array is formed on the first surface of the titanium substrate, and nickel-63 is added during the growth of the titanium dioxide nanotube array by at least one of doping, solid solution, ion implantation, co-deposition or coating, wherein nickel-63 serves as the second radiation source.

4. The isotope battery with dual radioactive sources as described in claim 3, characterized in that, The titanium dioxide nanotube array is grown on the first surface of the titanium substrate using anodizing.

5. The isotope battery with dual radioactive sources as described in claim 3, characterized in that, The titanium dioxide nanotube array has nanotubes with a length of 100 nm to 50 μm and a diameter of 10 nm to 500 nm.

6. The isotope battery with dual radioactive sources as described in claim 3, characterized in that, The radioluminescent layer is disposed within the pores of the nanotubes and / or on the surface of the nanotubes in the titanium dioxide nanotube array.

7. The isotope battery with dual radioactive sources as described in claim 6, characterized in that, The radioluminescent layer is made of fluorescent quantum dot luminescent material, scintillator material, or a composite material of both.

8. The isotope battery with dual radioactive sources as described in claim 7, characterized in that, The fluorescent quantum dot luminescent material is any one or more of CdSe, InP, CsPbX3 or their surface ligand modification systems, wherein X is a halogen; wherein the fluorescent quantum dot luminescent material has p-type semiconductor characteristics and is in contact with the nanotubes in the titanium dioxide nanotube array to jointly form a pn junction for separating the first charge carrier pair.

9. The isotope battery with dual radioactive sources as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The photoelectric conversion unit layer adopts a photovoltaic structure formed by any one or more of silicon, GaAs, InGaP, perovskite, CIGS, organic photovoltaic or dye-sensitive photovoltaic, and its absorption spectrum at least partially overlaps or matches the emission spectrum of the radioluminescent layer.

10. The isotope battery with dual radioactive sources as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The optical coupling layer includes a refractive index matching layer and / or a transparent conductive layer and / or a waveguide layer.

11. The isotope battery with dual radioactive sources as described in claim 1, characterized in that, A reflective layer is provided on the side of the second electrode facing the transducer layer. The reflective layer includes a highly reflective metal layer and / or a dielectric reflective layer, which is used to realize the reflection and recovery of photons and secondary absorption.

12. The isotope battery with dual radioactive sources as described in claim 1, characterized in that, Also includes: An external encapsulation shielding layer at least partially encapsulates the isotope battery. The external encapsulation shielding layer includes a tritium blocking layer and / or a β shielding layer. The tritium blocking layer includes a metal thin film, a nitride thin film, an oxide thin film, or a multilayer composite blocking layer to suppress tritium diffusion and leakage.

13. A method for preparing an isotope battery with dual radioactive sources, characterized in that, include: A titanium substrate is provided, and a titanium tritide is formed on its first surface by a tritium storage process to serve as a first radiation source, thereby forming a first electrode that integrates the first radiation source. A titanium dioxide nanotube array is grown on the first surface of the titanium substrate by anodizing, and nickel-63 is introduced during the growth process to form a transducer layer that integrates a second radiation source. A radioluminescent layer is disposed within the pores of the nanotubes and / or on the surface of the nanotubes in the titanium dioxide nanotube array; An optical coupling layer and a photoelectric conversion unit layer are disposed around the transducer layer, so that the photoelectric conversion unit layer is optically coupled to the radioluminescent layer; A second electrode is disposed on the top of the transducer layer, and the second electrode is electrically connected to the transducer layer and the photoelectric conversion unit layer.

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