Slope ecological restoration suitable plant species configuration method in dry-hot valley region of upper reaches of Jinshajiang river

Abstract

The application provides a method for configuring suitable plant varieties for slope ecological restoration in a dry-hot valley region of an upper reaches of the Jinsha River, and according to the field investigation results of the natural slope soil vegetation in the dry-hot valley region of the upper reaches of the Jinsha River, the method adheres to the principle of giving priority to local varieties and complementing functions, selects local suitable plants as suitable shrub varieties, has commonness of drought and heat resistance and developed root system, and has complementary effects of deep-rooted water storage and expansion, deep-rooted soil fixation and nitrogen fixation and soil improvement, and jointly forms a shrub community structure with plant variety diversity, three-dimensional collocation and strong stress resistance; according to the principle of giving priority to suitable varieties and supplementing a small amount of foreign fast-growing varieties, a near-natural diversity plant seed component is formed, and especially for the slope ecological restoration in the dry-hot valley region of the upper reaches of the Jinsha River, a comprehensive technical scheme of scientific screening of super-hyper-arid suitable plant varieties, seed germination and cultivation pretreatment of multi-species differentiation, and reasonable configuration of functional plants is formed.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the fields of soil and water conservation, ecological restoration and plant cultivation, and in particular to a method for configuring suitable plant varieties for ecological restoration of slopes in the dry-hot valley area of ​​the upper reaches of the Jinsha River. Background Technology

[0002] my country's dry-hot valleys are mainly distributed in the Jinsha River basin in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces, the basins of the Yuanjiang, Nujiang, and Lancang Rivers and their tributaries in Yunnan, and the narrow riverbed area of ​​the upper reaches of the Pearl River, covering a total area of ​​approximately 80,000 square kilometers. Among them, the upper reaches of the Jinsha River dry-hot valley are particularly affected by the region's unique topography and atmospheric circulation. The valley region experiences a predominantly foehn wind effect, resulting in a highly arid and hot climate with scarce effective rainfall, sometimes as low as 200-400 mm per year. Evaporation is enormous, with a drought index exceeding 5, and prolonged drought periods, leading to severe water deficits. Simultaneously, the soil in this region is thin and low in organic matter, with extremely harsh site conditions. Natural xerophytic vegetation is sparse, with a natural vegetation cover of only 10%-20%, making the natural ecosystem extremely fragile. As a key and challenging area for ecological restoration in my country, the vegetation ecological restoration project in the upper reaches of the Jinsha River dry-hot valley has long faced enormous challenges.

[0003] Currently, the common approach to slope ecological restoration in the dry-hot valley of the Jinsha River is to directly transplant seedlings from other regions or sow or spray commercial grass seeds. However, these practices have revealed numerous problems in practical application. On the one hand, introduced plant species are poorly adapted to the extremely arid and hot climate and infertile soil environment of the dry-hot valley, and the selection of species is clearly indiscriminate, resulting in extremely low survival rates and poor growth of transplanted seedlings. On the other hand, the constructed plant communities have a simple structure, insufficient species diversity, and lack complementary species pairings, resulting in poor community stability. Often, after a dry season, large-scale degradation or even death occurs, making it impossible to form a stable vegetation ecosystem that can sustain itself. In addition, many native plants suitable for the dry-hot valley have hard seeds with dense and hard seed coats, resulting in extremely low germination rates under natural conditions. For example, the seeds of *Rhizoma Cirsium japonicum* have dense and hard seed coats, and the seeds of *Rumex japonicus*, although small, have a slight dormancy period, both with extremely low natural germination rates, which seriously restricts the progress of large-scale seedling cultivation and engineered slope restoration.

[0004] To address the aforementioned issues, some researchers have attempted to improve germination rates by treating seeds of single varieties. For example, the published paper "Method for Propagating Rumex acetosa on Dry and Warm River Valley Slopes" (CN120570172A) proposes a method for propagating Rumex acetosa on dry and warm river valley slopes. Another example is "A Method for Propagating Rumex acetosa Stem Segments by Cuttings" (CN104641896A), which uses cutting propagation. However, neither of these methods addresses the dormancy breaking and germination treatment of Rumex acetosa seeds, making it difficult to meet the seed requirements for large-scale seed spraying in slope restoration projects. To date, there have been no reports on improving the germination and survival rate of Rumex acetosa seeds under the harsh site conditions of the dry and hot river valleys in the upper reaches of the Jinsha River. Regarding *Rhizoma Cypripedium*, the published methods for treating seeds include: "A Method for Overcoming Seed Hardness and Improving Germination Rate" (CN109644615A) which proposes treating seeds with a mud suspension, methanol, and gibberellin; "A Method for Improving Seed Germination Rate" (CN104126346A) which proposes water-based purification, salt water soaking, and sand stratification; and "A Culture Medium for *Rhizoma Cypripedium* and its Cultivation Method and Application" (CN121488838A) which proposes obtaining sterile seedlings through fumigation with concentrated sulfuric acid and chlorine, followed by callus induction and proliferation culture. However, these methods only address the treatment of *Rhizoma Cypripedium* and do not address the synergistic treatment of other hard-seeded seeds native to arid and hot valleys, such as *Rumex japonicus*. These single-species treatment methods are independent and unsystematic, failing to meet the needs of simultaneous cultivation of multiple species in slope restoration projects and hindering the synergistic and efficient cultivation of multiple species seeds.

[0005] Existing technologies also have shortcomings in terms of plant species configuration for slope ecological restoration. The published "Seed Formula for Vegetation Restoration in Dry and Warm Valley Climate Zones" (CN107155566A) discloses a seed formula containing more than 20 plant species, including Rumex japonica and Rhizoma Sinensis. However, its seed treatment is limited to basic operations such as drying, washing, and grinding to remove the pericarp. It does not differentiate the germination of slightly dormant seeds such as Rumex japonica, nor does it conduct special treatments such as breaking the pericarp, using gibberellin, or high-temperature water to break dormancy of hard seeds such as Rhizoma Sinensis. Moreover, in terms of species configuration, the proportion of each species in this formula tends to be average, lacking emphasis on functional dominant species, making it difficult to form a structurally stable and functionally complementary self-sustaining vegetation community under the extreme dry and hot conditions of the Jinsha River dry and hot valley. The published "Three-Ten Combination Soil Spraying Method for Vegetation Restoration on Steep Slopes" (CN112913374A) selected 10 plant species to construct a vertical structure of trees, shrubs, and grasses, combining leguminous and non-leguminous plants. However, the specific tree species listed are mostly applicable to humid or semi-humid areas, and no specific screening or functional matching of native shrubs for the extremely arid climate of hot and dry valleys was conducted. The published "Vegetation Configuration Method for Preventing Soil and Water Loss in Mine Waste Dumps in Hot and Dry Valleys" (CN105103843A) proposed a vegetation configuration scheme for hot and dry valleys, but it focused on the combination of soil and water conservation engineering measures and vegetation measures, without involving the synergistic cultivation of seeds of multiple species or the differentiated combination of functional shrubs.

[0006] In summary, there is an urgent need in this field to develop an integrated method that can systematically address the selection of suitable plant varieties, multi-species differentiated seed germination and cultivation pretreatment, and rational allocation of functional plants in the ecological restoration of slopes in the dry-hot valley area of ​​the upper reaches of the Jinsha River. Summary of the Invention

[0007] The purpose of this invention is to provide a method for configuring suitable plant species for ecological restoration of slopes in the dry-hot valley area of ​​the upper reaches of the Jinsha River, so as to solve the problems existing in the prior art.

[0008] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following solution:

[0009] This invention provides a method for configuring suitable plant species for ecological restoration of slopes in the dry-hot valley area of ​​the upper reaches of the Jinsha River, comprising the following steps:

[0010] Conduct a field survey of natural slope soil and vegetation in the area where the slope to be restored is located, and select local native plants that are drought-resistant, heat-resistant, have well-developed root systems, are tolerant of poor soil, and have strong adaptability as suitable plant varieties based on the survey results.

[0011] The seeds of the selected suitable plant varieties were subjected to a series of pretreatments, including skin breaking, disinfection and sterilization, dormancy breaking, soaking, and moisturizing for germination.

[0012] Seeds of suitable dominant plant varieties that have undergone germination and cultivation pretreatment are mixed with seeds of fast-growing exotic varieties according to the principle of prioritizing local suitable plant varieties and supplementing them with fast-growing exotic varieties, to form a near-natural diversity plant seed configuration scheme.

[0013] Seeds of suitable dominant plant varieties that have undergone germination and cultivation pretreatment are mixed with seeds of fast-growing exotic varieties according to the principle of prioritizing local suitable plant varieties and supplementing them with fast-growing exotic varieties, to form a near-natural diversity plant seed configuration scheme.

[0014] Artificial maintenance is carried out on the slopes after spraying until the suitable plant species become lignified and form a near-natural ecological vegetation system.

[0015] Preferably, the dominant suitable plant species are selected from at least three of the following suitable species: Rumex japonicus, Rumex acetosa, Magnolia multiflora, Rumex japonicus, Bean pea, and Vitex negundo. Among them, Rumex japonicus, Rumex acetosa, and Magnolia multiflora are typical dominant shrub species for ecological restoration in the dry-hot valley area of ​​the upper reaches of the Jinsha River.

[0016] Preferably, in the near-natural diversity plant seed configuration scheme, local suitable varieties and introduced varieties are mixed at a weight ratio of 3:1, and the total seed usage per unit area is 50g / m². 2 ~80g / m 2 ;

[0017] The mixture was prepared by combining three typical suitable shrub species, namely Rumex japonicus, Rumex acetosa, and Magnolia multiflora, in a weight ratio of 1:3:2, with each species accounting for 50% to 60% of the total weight of the seed mixture.

[0018] Other suitable varieties should account for 10% to 20% of the weight in the seed mix;

[0019] The weight percentage of introduced varieties in the seed mix is ​​20% to 30%, and the introduced varieties are selected from any three or more varieties such as Amorpha fruticosa, Ephedra sinica, Artemisia argyi, Bahia grass, Leymus chinensis, and Alfalfa.

[0020] Preferably, the typical suitable shrub variety, Rumex halophila, is a deep-rooted, water-storing, and clump-forming shrub that is drought- and heat-resistant, with well-developed rhizomes, high water content, clump-forming growth, new branches sprouting from the base, and strong expansion ability. Before sowing, Rumex halophila seeds are disinfected with a 0.1%–0.3% potassium permanganate solution, soaked in a 500 mg / L–800 mg / L gibberellin solution, soaked in warm water at 40℃–50℃, soaked in room temperature water at 20℃–30℃ for 1–2 days, and finally germinated under moist conditions for 8–10 days.

[0021] Preferably, the typical suitable shrub variety, Rumex halophila, is a deep-rooted, water-storing, and clump-forming shrub that is drought- and heat-resistant, with well-developed rhizomes, high water content, clump-forming growth, new branches sprouting from the base, and strong expansion ability. Before sowing, Rumex halophila seeds are disinfected with a 0.1%–0.3% potassium permanganate solution, soaked in a 500 mg / L–800 mg / L gibberellin solution, soaked in warm water at 40℃–50℃, soaked in room temperature water at 20℃–30℃ for 1–2 days, and finally germinated under moist conditions for 8–10 days.

[0022] Preferably, the typical suitable shrub species, *Magnolia multiflora*, belongs to the genus *Indigofera* of the legume family. It is an upright shrub, 0.8m to 2m in height, with few branches, dense foliage, large coverage, and rapid growth. It is resistant to high temperatures and drought, has a well-developed root system, and has good soil stabilization and water retention effects. It is suitable for growth in red soil, yellow soil, and purplish-red soil with a pH of 4.5 to 7.0. Before sowing, the *Magnolia multiflora* seeds undergo a series of pre-treatments for germination, including disinfection and sterilization, mechanical friction treatment, soaking in concentrated sulfuric acid for 10 minutes, and washing away the acid solution, for about 2 days.

[0023] Preferably, the ecological substrate is made by mixing and stirring organic-rich materials, planting soil, wood fiber, organic compound fertilizer, adhesive, water-retaining agent and conditioner in a certain proportion, and the total organic matter content of the ecological substrate is not less than 30%.

[0024] Preferably, the artificial maintenance includes: covering the slope with straw mats for moisture retention after hydroseeding; using a micro-spraying system for watering, watering once in the morning and once in the evening for the first two weeks after hydroseeding, watering once a day from the second to the fourth week, and then entering the regular maintenance stage after the fourth week, watering 1-2 times a week, increasing the frequency of watering during the dry season and decreasing the frequency of watering during the rainy season; taking measures such as weeding, disease and pest control, topdressing, and replanting as needed depending on the growth of the seedlings; artificial maintenance continues for 2-3 years until the suitable shrub varieties become lignified.

[0025] Preferably, the lignification criteria for *Rumex japonicus* are a plant height ≥ 60cm and ≥ 15 branches, the lignification criteria for *Rumex acetosa* are a plant height ≥ 120cm and a ground diameter ≥ 2cm, and the lignification criteria for *Magnolia multiflora* are a plant height ≥ 80cm and a ground diameter ≥ 1.5cm. These criteria are used as markers for the survival and lignification of typical suitable shrub varieties, the formation of a vegetation ecosystem, and the cessation of artificial management.

[0026] Preferably, the method is applicable to ecological restoration projects of soil slopes, rock slopes and soil-rock slopes in the dry-hot valley area of ​​the upper reaches of the Jinsha River.

[0027] The present invention achieves the following beneficial technical effects compared to the prior art:

[0028] This invention provides a method for configuring suitable plant species for ecological restoration of slopes in the dry-hot valley area of ​​the upper reaches of the Jinsha River. Firstly, based on the results of a field survey of soil and vegetation on natural slopes in the dry-hot valley area of ​​the upper reaches of the Jinsha River, and following the principle of prioritizing native species and ensuring complementary functions, suitable local shrubs such as *Rumex japonicus*, *Rhizoma Cirsium japonicum*, *Magnolia multiflora*, *Cephalotaxus fortunei*, *Pistacia chinensis*, and *Vitex negundo* are selected as dominant species. Among them, *Rumex japonicus* is a deep-rooted water-storing and clump-forming shrub, *Rhizoma Cirsium japonicum* is a deep-rooted soil-fixing shrub, and *Magnolia multiflora* is a leguminous nitrogen-fixing and soil-improving shrub. These three species share the common characteristics of drought and heat tolerance and well-developed root systems, and also have complementary functions such as deep-rooted water storage and expansion, deep-rooted soil fixation, and nitrogen fixation and soil improvement, together forming a diverse and three-dimensional shrub structure. This invention involves pre-treating selected suitable plant varieties, particularly three typical suitable shrubs: Rumex japonicus, Rumex acetosa, and Magnolia multiflora, with differentiated germination and cultivation. These are then combined to create a near-natural diversity plant seed mix using a 3:1 weight ratio of local to introduced varieties. The three typical suitable shrubs are configured in a 1:3:2 weight ratio, comprising 50%–60% of the total shrub mix, with a total application rate of 50 g / m². 2 ~80g / m 2 The process involves mixing plant seeds with an ecological substrate containing no less than 30% total organic matter, then mechanically spraying the mixture onto the slope for planting. This is followed by 2-3 years of artificial maintenance until the suitable plant species become lignified. This comprehensive technical solution, integrating scientific selection of multiple suitable plant varieties, multi-species differentiated seed germination and cultivation pretreatment, and rational configuration of functional plants, enables rapid early revegetation of disturbed areas, prevents soil erosion, and facilitates the natural succession of introduced species to local native vegetation. It achieves full coverage of green vegetation throughout the entire growth cycle of the slope, ultimately forming a long-term stable near-natural ecosystem, possessing technical advantages unmatched by single-variety cultivation methods. Attached Figure Description

[0029] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0030] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of the pretreatment process for sprouting and cultivation of Rumex acetosa, Rhizoma Cypripedii, and Magnolia multiflora according to the present invention;

[0031] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the near-natural diversity of plant varieties and their configurations according to the present invention;

[0032] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the slope ecological restoration construction structure of the present invention;

[0033] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the effect of slope vegetation restoration community according to the present invention;

[0034] Figure 5 This is a comparison of the implementation effects of the present invention on the ecological restoration of a hydropower station slope in the dry-hot valley area of ​​the upper reaches of the Jinsha River. Detailed Implementation

[0035] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0036] The purpose of this invention is to provide a method for configuring suitable plant species for ecological restoration of slopes in the dry-hot valley area of ​​the upper reaches of the Jinsha River, so as to solve the problems existing in the prior art.

[0037] To make the above-mentioned objects, features and advantages of the present invention more apparent and understandable, the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0038] Example 1

[0039] This embodiment demonstrates the application of the method of the present invention on an exposed slope during the construction of a hydropower station in the dry-hot valley of the upper reaches of the Jinsha River. The selected test slope has an average slope height of 4.86m, an average slope angle of 38°, a slope length of 79m, and an eastward aspect of 98°. The soil type is mainly coarse skeletal soil and calcareous soil. The native plants are drought-resistant and barren-tolerant species such as Rumex japonicus and Rumex acetosa. The vegetation type is monotonous, with a very low natural vegetation coverage of only 10% to 15%. The ecosystem structure is simple, functionally fragile, and has poor stability.

[0040] Based on the results of the on-site survey of the natural slopes surrounding the experimental area before the implementation of hydroseeding, it was found that three shrubs, namely Rumex japonicus, Rumex acetosa, and Magnolia multiflora, appeared frequently, had a large number of plants, vigorous growth, well-developed root systems, and high survival rate in the dry season, and were identified as three typical suitable shrub varieties.

[0041] First, the designed seeding rate per unit area is 60g / m². 2 The seeds of three typical shrubs—Rumex japonica, Rumex acetosa, and Magnolia multiflora—were combined in a weight ratio of 1:3:2, resulting in a dosage of 36 g / m². 2The local varieties accounted for 60%; other suitable varieties such as *Prunus armeniaca* and *Pistacia chinensis* accounted for 15%; and introduced varieties accounted for 25%, including *Amorpha fruticosa* 5%, *Euphorbia hirta* 5%, *Artemisia argyi* 5%, *Bahia grass* 5%, *Leymus chinensis* 3%, and alfalfa 2%, totaling 100%. Among them, suitable varieties accounted for 75% and introduced varieties for 25%. The sowing amount of each species was calculated based on the unit usage of each species and the ecological slope protection area, and their dry weight was weighed. The final configuration formed a standard near-natural diversity plant seed combination with a weight ratio of 3:1 between local suitable varieties and introduced varieties.

[0042] For the three selected typical suitable shrub varieties, the following pretreatment methods were used for seed germination cultivation. For *Rumex acetosa* seeds, without mechanical cracking, they were disinfected by soaking in a 0.2% potassium permanganate solution for 12 minutes, then soaked in a 600 mg / L gibberellin solution at 23°C for 7 hours, followed by soaking in 45°C warm water for 1 minute, then soaking in room temperature water for 2 days, and finally germinating under moist conditions for 9 days. The germination rate of *Rumex acetosa* seeds after treatment reached 56%. For *Rumex lanceolata* seeds, they were mixed with coarse sand at a volume ratio of 1:4, stirred at 50 rpm for 22 minutes until the seed coat became slightly hairy, and then passed through a 25-mesh sieve; disinfected by soaking in a 0.3% potassium permanganate solution for 18 minutes; soaked in a 900 mg / L gibberellin solution at 25°C for 9 hours; soaked in 95°C hot water for 2 minutes and immediately cooled with room temperature water; then soaked in room temperature water for 7 days, changing the water twice a day; finally germinating under moist conditions. After treatment, the germination rate of *Rhizophora stylosa* seeds reached 72%. *Magnolia multiflora* seeds underwent disinfection, mechanical friction, 10-minute soaking in concentrated sulfuric acid, acid removal, and drying before spraying. The germination substrate was a 1:1 mixture of humus and river sand with a moisture content of 65%. The germination temperature was 25℃, with ventilation twice daily for 30 minutes each time. *Rhizophora stylosa* seeds germinated for 9 days, and *Rhizophora stylosa* seeds for 7 days. *Magnolia multiflora* seeds underwent disinfection, mechanical friction, 10-minute soaking in concentrated sulfuric acid, acid removal, and drying before spraying, with a 2-day pre-germination treatment.

[0043] Further, a multi-species combination of three typical suitable varieties, pre-treated by germination, and other untreated seeds were mixed evenly with an ecological substrate and sprayed onto the slope for planting using mechanical hydroseeding, with a spraying thickness of 8-10 cm. The substrate layer was constructed from March 25th to April 10th, 2025, and the seed layer was sprayed from April 20th to April 25th, 2025. After spraying, straw mats were used to retain moisture, and irrigation was carried out using a micro-sprinkler system. From day 1 to day 10 after spraying, spraying was done twice daily (morning and evening); from day 11 to day 30, spraying was done once daily. After 30 days, regular maintenance began, with 1-2 waterings per week, increasing the frequency during the dry season and decreasing it during the rainy season. During this period, regular weeding, pest and disease control, appropriate fertilization, thinning, and reseeding were carried out. Artificial maintenance ceased once the locally suitable shrubs reached the required height and lignified.

[0044] Example 2

[0045] The difference between this embodiment and Example 1 lies in the weight ratio of locally adapted varieties to introduced varieties in the near-natural diversity plant seed combination. In this embodiment, the seed composition ratio is: 7% *Rumex japonicus*, 15% *Rhizoma Cypripedii*, 15% *Magnolia denudata*, 7% *Citrus aurantium*, 6% *Pistacia chinensis*, 10% *Amorpha fruticosa*, 10% *Artemisia arenaria*, 10% *Artemisia arenaria*, 8% *Hemiberlesia lingua*, 7% *Leymus chinensis*, and 5% *Alfalfa*, totaling 100%. Locally adapted varieties and introduced varieties each account for approximately 50%. The remaining seed germination and cultivation pretreatment methods, hydroseeding substrate formula, hydroseeding thickness, and maintenance measures are the same as in Example 1.

[0046] Example 3

[0047] The difference between this embodiment and Example 1 lies in the weight ratio of locally adapted varieties to introduced varieties in the near-natural diversity plant seed combination. In this embodiment, the seed composition ratio is: 10% *Rumex japonicus*, 20% *Rhizoma Cypripedii*, 10% *Magnolia denudata*, 10% *Symplocos edulis*, 10% *Pistacia chinensis*, 5% *Amorpha fruticosa*, 10% *Artemisia arenaria*, 10% *Artemisia arenaria*, 5% *Hemiberlesia asiatica*, 5% *Leymus chinensis*, and 5% *Alfalfa*, totaling 100%. The proportion of locally adapted varieties is approximately 60%, and the proportion of introduced varieties is approximately 40%. The remaining seed germination and cultivation pretreatment methods, hydroseeding substrate formula, hydroseeding thickness, and maintenance measures are the same as in Example 1.

[0048] Example 4

[0049] The difference between this embodiment and Example 1 lies in the weight ratio of locally adapted varieties to introduced varieties in the near-natural diversity plant seed combination. In this embodiment, the seed composition ratio is: 10% *Rumex japonicus*, 30% *Rhizoma Cypripedii*, 20% *Magnolia denudata*, 10% *Citrus aurantium*, 5% *Pistacia chinensis*, 5% *Amorpha fruticosa*, 5% *Artemisia arenaria*, 5% *Hemiberlesia asiatica*, 5% *Artemisia arenaria*, 5% *Leymus chinensis*, 3% *Leymus chinensis*, and 2% *Alfalfa*, totaling 100%. The proportion of locally adapted varieties is approximately 75%, and the proportion of introduced varieties is approximately 25%. The remaining seed germination and cultivation pretreatment methods, hydroseeding substrate formula, hydroseeding thickness, and maintenance measures are the same as in Example 1.

[0050] Example 5

[0051] The difference between this embodiment and Example 1 lies in the weight ratio of locally adapted varieties to introduced varieties in the near-natural diversity plant seed combination. In this embodiment, the seed composition ratio is: 10% *Rumex japonicus*, 30% *Rhizoma Cypripedii*, 20% *Magnolia denudata*, 20% *Citrus aurantium*, 10% *Pistacia chinensis*, 2% *Amorpha fruticosa*, 2% *Artemisia arenaria*, 2% *Hemiberlesia asiatica*, 1% *Leymus chinensis*, and 1% *Alfalfa*, totaling 100%. The proportion of locally adapted varieties is approximately 90%, and the proportion of introduced varieties is approximately 10%. The remaining seed germination and cultivation pretreatment methods, hydroseeding substrate formula, hydroseeding thickness, and maintenance measures are the same as in Example 1.

[0052] Comparative Example 1

[0053] A control slope was set up in the same area as in Example 1, using the same seed composition ratio as in Example 4: 10% Rumex japonicus, 30% Rhizoma Cyathulae, 20% Magnolia multiflora, 10% Rhizoma Cyathulae, 5% Ziziphi Spica, 5% Amorpha fruticosa, 5% Eriocaulon buergerianum, 5% Artemisia annua, 5% Bahiagrass, 3% Leymus chinensis, and 2% Alfalfa, totaling 100%. Unlike the examples, in Comparative Example 1, all seeds were simply soaked in water for 24 hours, without mechanical peeling, gibberellin or high-temperature water dormancy breaking treatment, or moisturizing and germination-promoting treatments. The hydroseeding substrate, construction process, and maintenance measures were exactly the same as in Example 1.

[0054] Comparative Example 2

[0055] A control slope was set up in the same area as in Example 1, and a hydroseeding experiment was conducted using the seed formula disclosed in the prior art, "Seed Formula for Vegetation Restoration in Dry and Warm Valley Climate Zones" (CN107155566A). This formula has a relatively even distribution of species, lacks a dominant functional species, and seed treatment is limited to basic operations such as drying, washing, and grinding to remove the pericarp. The hydroseeding substrate, construction process, and maintenance measures were all the same as in Example 1. Effect verification

[0056] The spraying effects of each embodiment and comparative example were tracked and observed, and the results are as follows.

[0057] Table 1. Comparison of seed germination rates of three typical suitable shrubs in each embodiment and comparative example.

[0058] Example 1 43% 65% 72% Comparative Example 1 2% 23% 33%

[0059] As shown in Table 1, the seeds of the three typical suitable shrubs in Comparative Example 1, due to the lack of seed coat breaking and gibberellin treatment, retained their hard seed characteristics, resulting in extremely low germination rates. The germination rates of *Rumex japonicus* (43%), *Rumex acetosa* (65%), and *Magnolia multiflora* (72%) were significantly lower than those of *Rumex japonicus* (43%), *Rumex acetosa* (65%), and *Magnolia multiflora* (72%) after systematic pre-treatment in Example 1. This indicates that the differentiated pre-treatment method designed for different suitable plant varieties in this invention can effectively break the hard seed characteristics, break dormancy, and significantly improve seed germination rates.

[0060] Table 2 Comparison of vegetation cover at different time points after hydroseeding in each embodiment

[0061] Example 2 (50% of the varieties are locally adapted) Approximately 81% Herbaceous plants have significantly degenerated, and few shrubs have survived, with a coverage of approximately 30%. Example 3 (60% of the varieties are locally adapted) Approximately 77% Herbaceous plants have degenerated, while shrubs have gradually increased, but their coverage remains below 50%. Example 4 (75% of the varieties are locally adapted) Approximately 74% Shrubs became the dominant species, the community structure was stable, and the coverage was greater than 60% to 70%. Example 5 (90% of the varieties are locally adapted) Approximately 63% The shrub community is stable, but grows slowly, with a coverage of less than 60%.

[0062] As shown in Table 2, herbaceous seeds began to germinate 15 days after spraying, and shrub seeds began to germinate 30 days after spraying. Six months after spraying, the vegetation cover in each plot was as follows: Example 2: approximately 81% cover; Example 3: approximately 77% cover; Example 4: approximately 74% cover; Example 5: approximately 63% cover. The effects after one year of spraying were compared as follows: In Example 2, the proportion of introduced species was high, resulting in rapid initial coverage, but the introduced herbs degenerated significantly after the dry season, and the shrubs lacked dominance; in Examples 3 and 4, the ratio of shrubs to introduced species was moderate, the community structure was stable, and the main shrubs gradually became the dominant species, with shrub cover in Example 4 exceeding 60%; in Example 5, native shrubs were the absolute main species, resulting in good community stability, but the initial coverage speed was slow, and the shrub cover was lower than in Example 4. In summary, Example 4 (with approximately 75% of locally adapted varieties) performed best in terms of initial coverage speed and later shrub community stability and coverage, and is the recommended scheme. Example 3 (with approximately 60% locally adapted species) is suitable for slopes where initial landscape effects need to be considered. Example 5 (with approximately 90% locally adapted species) is suitable for extremely arid slopes with low short-term cover requirements, but the time for artificial maintenance until the shrubs lignify will be appropriately extended. Example 2 (with approximately 50% locally adapted species) is not recommended for use alone on hot and dry valley slopes due to the high proportion of introduced species and the greater risk of community degradation in the later stages.

[0063] Table 3 shows the survival rates of typical suitable varieties after hydroseeding in Example 4 and Comparative Example 1. It is evident that in Comparative Example 1, the shrub seeds, due to the lack of dehulling and gibberellin treatment, retained their hard seed characteristics, resulting in an extremely low germination rate. Herbaceous seeds germinated quickly after hydroseeding, achieving high early coverage. However, six months after hydroseeding, the herbaceous growth was vigorous, competing with the shrubs for water, fertilizer, and light, leading to slow shrub seedling growth. One year after hydroseeding, very few shrubs survived after herbaceous degradation, resulting in severe community degeneration. In contrast, Example 4, through systematic seed cultivation treatment, improved the germination rate and seedling vigor of hard-seed shrubs and constructed a dominant community with a high proportion of shrubs. This overcame the problems of low shrub seedling survival and community degradation caused by excessive competition from herbaceous plants in conventional methods, achieving primary succession from introduced varieties to local varieties.

[0064] Table 3 Comparison of survival rates of typical suitable varieties after hydroseeding in Example 4 and Comparative Example 1

[0065] Germination rate of Rumex acetosa 43% 2% White thorn flower budding rate 65% 23% Multiflora Magnolia budding rate 72% 33% Vegetation status 6 months after hydroseeding Shrub seedlings are evenly distributed, with a mixture of grasses and shrubs. Herbaceous plants grow vigorously and compete with shrubs for water and fertilizer. Vegetation status one year after hydroseeding Shrubs became the dominant species, the community structure was stable, and the coverage was high. After herbaceous plants degenerate, very few shrubs survive.

[0066] Furthermore, compared to Comparative Example 2, the plant community constructed in Example 4 features three typical adaptable shrubs—Rumex japonica, Rhus chinensis, and Magnolia multiflora—which are differentiated according to the principle of functional complementarity. Rumex japonica plays a role in deep root water storage and rhizome expansion, Rhus chinensis plays a role in deep root soil fixation, and Magnolia multiflora plays a role in nitrogen fixation and soil improvement. Together, they form a structurally stable and functionally complementary shrub community. After artificial management and lignification, it can form a long-term stable near-natural vegetation ecological community system dominated by local shrubs. In contrast, the plant community in Comparative Example 2 has a loose structure and a single function due to the average proportion of each species and the lack of functional dominant species. It is difficult to achieve self-sustaining under the extreme drought conditions of the hot and dry valley.

[0067] This invention has illustrated its principles and implementation methods using specific examples. The descriptions of these embodiments are merely illustrative of the method and its core ideas; furthermore, those skilled in the art will recognize that modifications may be made to the specific implementation methods and application scope based on the principles of this invention. Therefore, the content of this specification should not be construed as limiting the invention.

Claims

1. A method for configuring suitable plant species for ecological restoration of slopes in the dry-hot valley area of ​​the upper reaches of the Jinsha River, characterized in that... Includes the following steps: Conduct a field survey of natural slope soil and vegetation in the area where the slope to be restored is located, and select local native plants that are drought-resistant, heat-resistant, have well-developed root systems, are tolerant of poor soil, and have strong adaptability as suitable plant varieties based on the survey results. The seeds of the selected suitable plant varieties were subjected to a series of pretreatments, including skin breaking, disinfection and sterilization, dormancy breaking, soaking, and moisturizing for germination. Seeds of suitable dominant plant varieties that have undergone germination and cultivation pretreatment are mixed with seeds of fast-growing exotic varieties according to the principle of prioritizing local suitable plant varieties and supplementing them with fast-growing exotic varieties, to form a near-natural diversity plant seed configuration scheme. The plant seeds in the near-natural diversity plant seed configuration scheme are mixed and stirred evenly with the ecological substrate, and then sprayed onto the slope for vegetation restoration by mechanical spraying. After hydroseeding, the slope vegetation should be artificially maintained until the suitable plant species become lignified and form a near-natural ecological vegetation system.

2. The method for configuring suitable plant varieties for ecological restoration of slopes in the dry-hot valley area of ​​the upper reaches of the Jinsha River according to claim 1, characterized in that, The suitable plant varieties are selected from at least three of the suitable shrub varieties such as Rumex japonicus, Rhizoma Sinensis, Magnolia multiflora, Rhizoma Cyathulatum, Bean pea, and Vitex negundo. Among them, Rumex japonicus, Rhizoma Sinensis, and Magnolia multiflora are typical dominant shrub varieties for ecological restoration in the dry-hot valley area of ​​the upper reaches of the Jinsha River.

3. The method for configuring suitable plant varieties for ecological restoration of slopes in the dry-hot valley area of ​​the upper reaches of the Jinsha River according to claim 1, characterized in that, In the aforementioned near-natural diversity plant seed configuration scheme, local suitable varieties and introduced varieties are configured at a weight ratio of 3:1, with a total seed usage of 50g / m². 2 ~80g / m 2 ; The mixture was prepared by combining three typical suitable shrub species, namely Rumex japonicus, Rumex acetosa, and Magnolia multiflora, in a weight ratio of 1:3:

2. The total weight of the three typical suitable shrub species in the seed mixture accounted for 50% to 60%. Other suitable varieties should account for 10% to 20% of the weight in the seed mix; The weight percentage of introduced varieties in the seed mix is ​​20% to 30%, and the introduced varieties are selected from any three or more varieties such as Amorpha fruticosa, Ephedra sinica, Artemisia argyi, Bahia grass, Leymus chinensis, and Alfalfa.

4. The method for configuring suitable plant species for ecological restoration of slopes in the dry-hot valley area of ​​the upper reaches of the Jinsha River according to claim 2, characterized in that, The typical suitable shrub variety, Rumex halophila, is a deep-rooted, water-storing, clump-forming shrub that is drought- and heat-resistant. It has well-developed rhizomes with high water content, grows in clumps, produces new branches from the base, and has strong spreading ability. Before sowing, Rumex halophila seeds are disinfected with 0.1%–0.3% potassium permanganate solution, soaked in 500 mg / L–800 mg / L gibberellin solution, soaked in 40℃–50℃ warm water, and soaked in 20℃–30℃ room temperature water for 1–2 days. Finally, they are germinated under moist conditions for 8–10 days.

5. The method for configuring suitable plant varieties for ecological restoration of slopes in the dry-hot valley area of ​​the upper reaches of the Jinsha River according to claim 2, characterized in that, The typical suitable shrub variety, *Rhizoma Cyathea*, is a deep-rooted, soil-stabilizing shrub with a high survival rate during the dry season, rapid regrowth, deep taproot, well-developed lateral roots, and strong natural regeneration ability. Before sowing, *Rhizoma Cyathea* seeds are mixed with coarse sand at a volume ratio of 1:4 and mechanically broken until the seed coat is slightly hairy. Then, they are disinfected with 0.2%–0.4% potassium permanganate solution, soaked in 800 mg / L–1000 mg / L gibberellin solution, and then quickly soaked in 80℃–90℃ hot water for 2 minutes, followed by immediate soaking in 20℃–30℃ room temperature water for 6–8 days. Finally, they are germinated under moist conditions for 6–8 days.

6. The method for configuring suitable plant varieties for ecological restoration of slopes in the dry-hot valley area of ​​the upper reaches of the Jinsha River according to claim 2, characterized in that, The typical suitable shrub species, *Magnolia multiflora*, belongs to the genus *Indigofera* of the legume family. It is an upright shrub, 0.8m to 2.0m tall, with few branches, dense foliage, large coverage, and rapid growth. It is tolerant of high temperatures and drought, has a well-developed root system, and has good soil stabilization and water retention effects. It is suitable for growth in red soil, yellow soil, and purplish-red soil with a pH of 4.5 to 7.

0. Before sowing, *Magnolia multiflora* seeds are subjected to disinfection and sterilization treatment, mechanical friction treatment, soaking in concentrated sulfuric acid for 10 minutes, and washing off the acid solution for germination pretreatment for 2 days.

7. The method for configuring suitable plant varieties for ecological restoration of slopes in the dry-hot valley area of ​​the upper reaches of the Jinsha River according to claim 1, characterized in that, The ecological substrate is made by mixing and stirring organic materials, planting soil, wood fiber, organic compound fertilizer, adhesive, water-retaining agent and amendment in a certain proportion, and the total organic matter content of the ecological substrate is not less than 30%.

8. The method for configuring suitable plant varieties for ecological restoration of slopes in the dry-hot valley area of ​​the upper reaches of the Jinsha River according to claim 1, characterized in that, The artificial maintenance includes: covering the slope with straw mats after hydroseeding to maintain moisture; using a micro-sprinkler system for watering, watering once in the morning and once in the evening for the first two weeks after hydroseeding, watering once a day from the second to the fourth week, and then entering the regular maintenance stage after the fourth week, watering 1-2 times a week, increasing the frequency of watering during the dry season and decreasing the frequency of watering during the rainy season; in addition, taking measures such as weeding, disease and pest control, topdressing and replanting management from time to time according to the growth of seedlings; artificial maintenance continues for 2 to 3 years until the suitable shrub varieties become lignified.

9. The method for configuring suitable plant species for ecological restoration of slopes in the dry-hot valley area of ​​the upper reaches of the Jinsha River according to claim 3, characterized in that, The lignification criteria for *Rumex japonicus* are a plant height ≥ 60cm and ≥ 15 branches; for *Rhizophora stylosa*, a plant height ≥ 120cm and a ground diameter ≥ 2cm; and for *Magnolia multiflora*, a plant height ≥ 80cm and a ground diameter ≥ 1.5cm. These criteria are used as markers for the successful cultivation, lignification, and cessation of artificial cultivation of typical suitable shrub varieties.

10. The method for configuring suitable plant varieties for ecological restoration of slopes in the dry-hot valley area of ​​the upper reaches of the Jinsha River according to claim 1, characterized in that, The method is applicable to ecological restoration projects of soil slopes, rock slopes, and rock slopes in the dry-hot valley area of ​​the upper reaches of the Jinsha River.

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