A photovoltaic array fault location device and method

Abstract

The present application relates to photovoltaic power generation system detection technical field, specifically relates to a kind of photovoltaic array fault location device and method, positioning device includes box and mobile terminal.Box is installed in single photovoltaic panel in photovoltaic array, circuit board is installed inside box, positive pole passage and negative pole passage are integrated on circuit board, positive pole passage and negative pole passage are connected with electric signal acquisition module, environmental signal acquisition module, local control module, protection execution module and local prompt module.Mobile terminal is wirelessly connected with local control module on all photovoltaic panels in photovoltaic array.Positioning method includes data real-time acquisition, environment compensation and benchmark generation, state feature extraction, multi-criterion fusion fault diagnosis, fault reporting and positioning, protection action execution, local alarm indication.The present application realizes the real-time, accurate, automatic positioning and isolation of single photovoltaic panel fault in photovoltaic array.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of photovoltaic power generation system testing technology, specifically to a photovoltaic array fault location device and method. Background Technology

[0002] In a photovoltaic power generation system, a photovoltaic array is composed of multiple photovoltaic panels connected in series and parallel. During long-term operation, it is susceptible to faults such as hot spot effect, diode failure, loose wiring, microcracks or shading, which can lead to a decrease in the overall efficiency of the array or even safety hazards.

[0003] Currently, fault location methods mostly rely on manual inspection, centralized inverter data monitoring, or infrared thermal imaging, which have problems such as low location accuracy, slow response, large environmental interference, and inability to isolate faults in real time, making it difficult to meet the intelligent operation and maintenance needs of large-scale distributed photovoltaic power plants.

[0004] Therefore, how to achieve real-time, accurate, and automated location and isolation of faults in individual photovoltaic panels in a photovoltaic array is a problem that urgently needs to be solved by those skilled in the art. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In order to overcome the problems of low fault location accuracy, slow response, reliance on manual labor and inability to dynamically isolate faults in the existing photovoltaic array technology, this application provides a photovoltaic array fault location device and method.

[0006] The photovoltaic array fault location device and method provided in this application adopts the following technical solution: Part One A photovoltaic array fault location device includes several housings, each housing fixedly mounted on a single photovoltaic panel within the photovoltaic array. A circuit board is fixedly mounted inside each housing, and the circuit board integrates a positive electrode path and a negative electrode path. The input terminals of the positive and negative electrode paths are connected to the output terminals of the photovoltaic panels, and the output terminals of the positive and negative electrode paths are connected to other photovoltaic panels and a load in the photovoltaic array. An electrical signal acquisition module is integrated on the circuit board and connected to the positive and negative electrode paths. An environmental signal acquisition module is installed outside each housing. The circuit board integrates a local control module, the power supply terminal of which is electrically connected to the output terminals of the positive and negative paths; the local control module is electrically connected to the electrical signal acquisition module and the environmental signal acquisition module; the circuit board integrates a protection execution module electrically connected to the positive and negative paths, which is also electrically connected to the local control module; a local prompting module is fixedly installed on the housing, which is electrically connected to the local control module; and a mobile terminal is wirelessly connected to the local control modules on all photovoltaic panels in the same photovoltaic array.

[0007] By adopting the above technical solution, each photovoltaic panel is independently configured with a box integrating sensing, analysis, execution, and communication functions, enabling refined monitoring of the working status of each photovoltaic panel in the array. The local control module performs fault diagnosis based on multi-source data fusion, and achieves rapid localized fault isolation and indication through the protection execution module and local prompting module. At the same time, information is reported to mobile terminals via wireless communication, thereby constructing a collaborative intelligent operation and maintenance system. This system enables real-time, accurate, and automated location and isolation of faults in individual photovoltaic panels in the photovoltaic array, significantly improving the accuracy and speed of fault location and the convenience of operation and maintenance.

[0008] Furthermore, the electrical signal acquisition module includes a current detection unit connected in series in the positive and / or negative paths; and a voltage detection unit connected in parallel between the positive and negative paths. Both the current detection unit and the voltage detection unit are electrically connected to the local control module.

[0009] By adopting the above technical solution, the electrical signal acquisition module achieves high-precision, synchronous, and direct measurement of the most critical electrical parameters of the photovoltaic panel, such as current (I) and voltage (V), through a series current detection unit and a parallel voltage detection unit. This provides a reliable and real-time first-hand data foundation for subsequent accurate fault diagnosis.

[0010] Furthermore, the environmental signal acquisition module includes an ambient light sensor installed outside the housing for sensing ambient light intensity; and an onboard temperature sensor installed on the back of the photovoltaic panel for measuring the panel temperature. Both the ambient light sensor and the onboard temperature sensor are electrically connected to the local control module.

[0011] By adopting the above technical solution, the environmental signal acquisition module simultaneously collects key environmental parameters affecting photovoltaic output, such as irradiance (S) and panel temperature (T), through ambient light sensors and onboard temperature sensors. By fusing and analyzing environmental and electrical signals, fault diagnosis can effectively isolate the impact of environmental fluctuations, focusing on abnormal photovoltaic panel performance. This significantly reduces false alarms caused by weather changes and provides crucial evidence for identifying environment-related faults such as hot spots.

[0012] Furthermore, the local control module includes a microcontroller, which is electrically connected to the electrical signal acquisition module and the environmental signal acquisition module, as well as the protection execution module and the local prompting module; the microcontroller integrates a wireless communication unit, which is wirelessly connected to the mobile terminal.

[0013] By adopting the above technical solution, the local control module, with a microcontroller at its core, integrates data acquisition, intelligent analysis, logic control, and wireless communication functions. It pushes computing and analysis capabilities to the edge of the device, enabling rapid localized fault diagnosis and decision-making, reducing reliance on remote control centers, and providing a faster response. The internally integrated wireless communication unit ensures stable data interaction with mobile terminals, serving as a bridge for remote centralized monitoring.

[0014] Furthermore, the protection execution module includes a mounting base fixedly mounted on the circuit board. An insulating disk is rotatably connected inside the mounting base. Two conductive posts are fixedly embedded inside the insulating disk, with both ends of the conductive posts penetrating the outer side of the insulating disk. Four conductive seats are fixedly disposed outside the mounting base. The conductive seats are electrically connected to the input terminal of the positive electrode path, the input terminal of the negative electrode path, the output terminal of the positive electrode path, and the output terminal of the negative electrode path, respectively. Each conductive seat is electrically connected to a brush rod penetrating the mounting base. A driving component is fixedly mounted on the mounting base. The output shaft of the driving component is fixedly connected to the insulating disk. The driving component is electrically connected to the local control module. One end of the brush rod penetrating inside the mounting base coincides with the movement trajectory of the conductive post.

[0015] By adopting the above technical solution, the protection execution module employs a mechanical linkage design. Through precise angle control of a single driving component, the electrical connection between the input and output terminals of the photovoltaic panel can be synchronously and reliably switched on and off, achieving complete physical isolation of the faulty photovoltaic panel. Its structure is compact, has a strong current-carrying capacity, and mechanical disconnection is safer and more reliable than electronic switches.

[0016] Furthermore, the local notification module includes a buzzer and a warning light fixedly installed on the housing, and the buzzer and the warning light are electrically connected to the local control module.

[0017] By adopting the above technical solution, the local alert module uses an audible and visual alarm method combining a buzzer and a warning light. When a fault occurs, it can immediately generate a strong audible and visual warning signal at the fault location, allowing maintenance personnel to quickly and intuitively locate the faulty photovoltaic panel, significantly shortening on-site troubleshooting time and serving as an effective on-site supplement to remote positioning.

[0018] Part Two A photovoltaic array fault location method, employing the photovoltaic array fault location device described in Part 1, includes the following steps: S1. Real-time data acquisition: The electrical signal acquisition module and the environmental signal acquisition module acquire the output current of the photovoltaic panel in real time. Output voltage Ambient light intensity and plate temperature and will , , , The signal is transmitted to the local control module. S2. Environmental Compensation and Baseline Generation: The local control module is based on the data collected in step S1. and It calls the pre-stored performance parameters and calculates the theoretical expected operating point parameters under the current environmental conditions, including the theoretical expected current. and theoretical expected voltage ; S3. State Feature Extraction: The local control module will collect data in real time. , respectively with , Compare and calculate the current deviation rate. Voltage deviation rate and normalized power ratio At the same time, , Analyze the waveform and extract its abnormal features; S4. Multi-criteria fusion fault diagnosis: The local control module will use the results obtained in step S3... , , The abnormal waveform characteristics are compared with preset thresholds, and the combinational logic is used to determine whether the photovoltaic panel has a fault and to determine the fault type. S5. Fault Reporting and Location: If a fault is diagnosed, the local control module generates structured alarm information and sends it to the mobile terminal via a wireless network; the mobile terminal accurately locates the faulty photovoltaic panel based on the identification in the alarm information. S6. Protection Action Execution: The local control module automatically triggers protection actions that match the fault type and topology according to the preset photovoltaic array topology logic, so as to achieve fault isolation or array bypass. S7. Local alarm indication: The local control module synchronously controls the local prompting module located on the faulty photovoltaic panel to issue an alarm indication.

[0019] By adopting the above technical solution, the photovoltaic array fault location method provided in this application constructs a complete intelligent closed loop of "perception-analysis-decision-execution". This method innovatively combines environmental compensation benchmark calculation, multi-dimensional state feature extraction, multi-criteria fusion diagnosis, and topology-sensing intelligent protection.

[0020] By establishing a dynamic theoretical expected operating point to isolate environmental interference, using multi-dimensional feature combination logic to accurately distinguish fault types, and performing the most suitable protection actions, such as short-circuit bypass or open-circuit isolation, based on the topological relationship of the photovoltaic panels in the array.

[0021] This method achieves a leap from simple alarms to accurate diagnosis, and from one-size-fits-all protection to intelligent adaptation, comprehensively improving the intelligence level and reliability of photovoltaic array operation and maintenance.

[0022] Furthermore, in step S2, the calculation of the theoretically expected operating point parameters specifically includes: S21. Obtain the parameters of the photovoltaic panel under standard test conditions: maximum power point current. Maximum power point voltage Temperature coefficient of short-circuit current Open-circuit voltage temperature coefficient ; S22. Calculate the theoretically expected maximum power point current. :

[0023] in, , ; S23. Calculate the theoretical expected maximum power point voltage. :

[0024] in, The light influence coefficient is... , .

[0025] By adopting the above technical solution, in step S2, an environmental compensation model based on the physical characteristics of photovoltaic cells is used to calculate the theoretical expected current. and voltage .

[0026] This model not only considers the linear dominance of light on current, but also meticulously incorporates the correction for current by temperature and the nonlinear combined effects of temperature and light on voltage. Replacing the simple fixed threshold method, it establishes a dynamic and precise health benchmark for each photovoltaic panel at different times and under different environments, making subsequent deviation analysis more scientific and significantly improving the adaptability and accuracy of fault diagnosis.

[0027] Furthermore, the fault types in S4 include at least: Open circuit fault, short circuit fault, severe performance degradation, hot spot fault; The logic for the multi-criteria fusion fault diagnosis is as follows: like near ,and If it remains normal, it is determined to be an open circuit fault; like near ,and An abnormally high value indicates a short circuit fault. like consistently significantly lower than ,and and If it remains normal, it is judged as a severe performance degradation; If the current waveform shows periodic drops or the voltage waveform has harmonic distortion, it is determined to be a hot spot fault.

[0028] By adopting the above technical solution, in step S4, a current deviation rate is defined. Voltage deviation rate Normalized power ratio It also incorporates multi-criteria fusion logic for waveform anomalies. By associating different feature combinations with the physical nature of specific faults, it achieves refined identification and differentiation of various typical faults. This not only indicates the presence of a fault but also clarifies its specific type, providing crucial decision-making support for subsequent differentiated maintenance.

[0029] Furthermore, the protection action execution logic in S6 is configured to be bound to the topology of the photovoltaic array as follows: For photovoltaic panels in a series string, when a fault is diagnosed, short-circuit protection is activated, and the current path is maintained by other normal photovoltaic panels in the string. When a fault is diagnosed in a photovoltaic panel in a parallel branch, the circuit breaker is activated to completely disconnect the faulty photovoltaic panel from the parallel circuit, preventing it from affecting the normal branch.

[0030] By adopting the above technical solution, in step S6, the protection execution logic is bound to the series-parallel topology of the photovoltaic array.

[0031] For series strings, short-circuit protection is implemented for serious faults that prevent them from outputting power, in order to maintain the string current path and maximize the protection of the string's power generation capacity. For parallel branches, circuit breaking protection is implemented for faults to completely isolate the fault point and prevent it from having a negative impact on healthy branches.

[0032] This intelligent protection strategy based on topology not only isolates faults but also optimizes the power generation efficiency of the remaining part of the array, reflecting a system-level design optimization mindset.

[0033] Beneficial effects achieved: This application, by configuring an independent intelligent unit for each photovoltaic panel and combining environmental compensation algorithms with multi-criteria fusion diagnosis, can quickly and accurately locate specific faulty panels and identify the fault type, thus elevating operation and maintenance from the "string level" to the "photovoltaic panel level." At the same time, by utilizing localized rapid diagnosis and reliable mechanical protection isolation actions, it can promptly cut off faults, prevent fault escalation, and ensure the safe and stable operation of the entire photovoltaic array and grid-connected equipment; it achieves real-time, accurate, and automated location and isolation of faults in individual photovoltaic panels within the photovoltaic array.

[0034] This application combines on-site audible and visual alarms with remote precise positioning, enabling maintenance personnel to quickly reach the fault location, significantly reducing troubleshooting time and manpower costs. Early detection and isolation of faults also prevent further loss of power generation and potential secondary damage.

[0035] This application adopts a dynamic environmental compensation benchmark and topology protection strategy, enabling the system to adapt to different environmental conditions and array structures, making diagnosis and protection actions more scientific and reasonable, and reducing malfunctions.

[0036] This application adopts a modular design, which is easy to install and requires no modification to the existing array main circuit. The architecture, with microcontrollers and wireless communication at its core, facilitates the addition of new functions through software upgrades and can better adapt to future operation and maintenance needs. Attached Figure Description

[0037] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of Embodiment 1 of this application.

[0038] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the back structure of Embodiment 1 of this application.

[0039] Figure 3 This is an exploded view of the structure of Embodiment 1 of this application.

[0040] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of Embodiment 1 of this application.

[0041] Figure 5 This is a structural exploded view of the protection execution module in Embodiment 1 of this application.

[0042] Figure 6 This is a structural exploded view of the local prompt module in Embodiment 1 of this application.

[0043] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the working state of the protection execution module in Embodiment 1 of this application.

[0044] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the steps in Embodiment 2 of this application.

[0045] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached drawings: 100, housing; 101, circuit board; 102, positive electrode path; 103, negative electrode path; 200, electrical signal acquisition module; 201, current detection unit; 202, voltage detection unit; 300, environmental signal acquisition module; 301, ambient light sensor; 302, onboard temperature sensor; 400, local control module; 401, microcontroller; 500, protection execution module; 501, mounting base; 502, insulating disk; 503, conductive post; 504, conductive base; 505, brush rod; 506, socket; 507, driving component; 508, elastic component; 600, local prompting module; 601, buzzer; 602, warning light; 800, photovoltaic panel; 900, mobile terminal. Detailed Implementation

[0046] The following is in conjunction with the appendix Figure 1-8 This application will be described in further detail.

[0047] In the description of this application, it should be noted that the terms "center," "upper," "lower," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "inner," and "outer," etc., indicating orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings, are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation of the present invention. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," and "third" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.

[0048] In the description of this application, it should be noted that, unless otherwise expressly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," and "joining" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; and they can refer to the internal connection between two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this application based on the specific circumstances.

[0049] This application discloses a photovoltaic array fault location device and method.

[0050] Example 1

[0051] Please refer to the above as well. Figures 1 to 7In one embodiment of this application, a photovoltaic array fault location device includes several housings 100 and at least one mobile terminal 900. Each housing 100 is fixedly mounted on a single photovoltaic panel 800 in the photovoltaic array. A circuit board 101 is fixedly mounted inside each housing 100. The circuit board 101 integrates a positive electrode path 102 and a negative electrode path 103. The input terminals of the positive electrode path 102 and the negative electrode path 103 are connected to the output terminals of the photovoltaic panel 800, and the output terminals of the positive electrode path 102 and the negative electrode path 103 are connected to other photovoltaic panels 800 in the photovoltaic array and a load. An electrical signal acquisition module 200 is integrated on the circuit board 101 and is connected to the positive electrode path 102 and the negative electrode path 103 for real-time acquisition of electrical signals from the photovoltaic panel 800. An environmental signal acquisition device is installed outside each housing 100. Module 300 is used to collect environmental signals from photovoltaic panels 800 in real time; a local control module 400 is integrated on circuit board 101, and the power supply terminal of the local control module 400 is electrically connected to the output terminals of the positive path 102 and the negative path 103; the local control module 400 is electrically connected to the electrical signal acquisition module 200 and the environmental signal acquisition module 300, and is used to receive and process electrical signals and environmental signals; a protection execution module 500 is integrated on circuit board 101 and is electrically connected to the positive path 102 and the negative path 103, and is electrically connected to the local control module 400; a local prompt module 600 is fixedly installed on the housing 100, and is electrically connected to the local control module 400; a mobile terminal 900 is wirelessly connected to the local control modules 400 on all photovoltaic panels 800 in the same photovoltaic array.

[0052] During operation, each box 100 is fixedly installed on a single photovoltaic panel 800 in the photovoltaic array. The internal electrical signal acquisition module 200 collects electrical signals such as voltage and current on the positive electrode path 102 and negative electrode path 103 of the photovoltaic panel 800 in real time. At the same time, the environmental signal acquisition module 300 collects signals such as temperature and light intensity of the environment in which the photovoltaic panel 800 is located in real time.

[0053] The local control module 400 receives and processes these signals. By analyzing the correlation between electrical signals and environmental signals, it determines whether the photovoltaic panel 800 has experienced faults such as abnormal output or hot spot effects. If a fault is detected, the local control module 400 can control the protection execution module 500 to perform protection operations on the positive electrode path 102 and the negative electrode path 103, and simultaneously drive the local prompting module 600 to issue a local alarm prompt.

[0054] In addition, the local control module 400 on all photovoltaic panels 800 in the same photovoltaic array is wirelessly connected to the mobile terminal 900, so that fault information and location data can be uploaded in real time. Users can remotely monitor the status of the entire photovoltaic array and accurately locate the faulty photovoltaic panel 800 through the mobile terminal 900.

[0055] Please refer to the above as well. Figures 1 to 7 In one specific embodiment of this application, the electrical signal acquisition module 200 includes a current detection unit 201 connected in series in the positive path 102 and the negative path 103; and a voltage detection unit 202 connected in parallel between the positive path 102 and the negative path 103. Both the current detection unit 201 and the voltage detection unit 202 are electrically connected to the local control module 400.

[0056] During operation, the electrical signal acquisition module 200 works collaboratively through its internal current detection unit 201 and voltage detection unit 202. The current detection unit 201 is connected in series in the positive electrode path 102 and the negative electrode path 103, directly measuring the current flowing through the photovoltaic panel 800 circuit; the voltage detection unit 202 is connected in parallel between the positive electrode path 102 and the negative electrode path 103, directly measuring the voltage across the photovoltaic panel 800. The high-precision analog signals acquired by these two units are transmitted in real-time and synchronously to the local control module 400 for processing.

[0057] The local control module 400 calculates the received current and voltage data and analyzes them in conjunction with preset thresholds and models. By comparing the real-time values ​​of current and voltage and their changing relationships, the module can accurately identify various fault types. Abnormally low current may indicate that the photovoltaic panel is dirty, obstructed, or internally damaged; abnormal voltage may indicate an open circuit, wiring fault, or MPPT malfunction.

[0058] It is understood that in other specific embodiments of this application, the electrical signal acquisition module 200 includes a current detection unit 201 connected in series in the positive path 102 or the negative path 103; and a voltage detection unit 202 connected in parallel between the positive path 102 and the negative path 103. Both the current detection unit 201 and the voltage detection unit 202 are electrically connected to the local control module 400.

[0059] Please refer to the above as well. Figures 1 to 7 In one specific embodiment of this application, the current detection unit 201 is configured as a closed-loop current sensor based on the Hall effect. The primary winding of the closed-loop current sensor is connected in series in the positive terminal path 102 and the negative terminal path 103, and the secondary winding of the closed-loop current sensor is connected to the local control module 400.

[0060] During operation, the current detection unit 201 employs a closed-loop current sensor based on the Hall effect. Its primary winding is connected in series in the positive terminal path 102 and the negative terminal path 103 of the photovoltaic panel 800, and all the output current flowing through the photovoltaic panel 800 will directly pass through this primary winding. This current will generate a magnetic field in the sensor core that is proportional to the measured current.

[0061] The Hall element inside the sensor detects this magnetic field and outputs a corresponding tiny voltage signal. After being amplified and processed by the internal circuitry, this signal drives the secondary winding to generate a reverse compensation current. This compensation current causes the magnetic field in the core to approach zero, forming a dynamically balanced closed-loop system.

[0062] Finally, the sensor outputs this compensation current signal from the secondary winding to the local control module 400. Based on this compensation current signal and the sensor's preset conversion ratio, the module 400 can accurately calculate the real-time current value flowing through the primary winding.

[0063] Please refer to the above as well. Figures 1 to 7 In one specific embodiment of this application, the voltage detection unit 202 includes a high-precision resistor voltage divider network and an isolation operational amplifier. The resistor voltage divider network is connected between the positive terminal path 102 and the negative terminal path 103, and its voltage division point is connected to the input terminal of the isolation operational amplifier. The output terminal of the isolation operational amplifier is connected to the local control module 400.

[0064] During operation, the voltage detection unit 202 is used to accurately measure the voltage across the photovoltaic panel 800. A high-precision resistor voltage divider network is directly connected in parallel between the positive terminal path 102 and the negative terminal path 103, attenuating the higher voltage output by the photovoltaic panel 800 to a lower, safer signal at a fixed ratio. The low-voltage analog signal at this voltage divider point is sent to the input of an isolation operational amplifier.

[0065] The isolation operational amplifier plays a crucial role here: on the one hand, it amplifies or buffers the low-voltage input signal, adjusting it to a level suitable for sampling by the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) of the local control module 400; on the other hand, and more importantly, it achieves complete electrical isolation. Signal transmission between its input and output sides is achieved through internal optocouplers, magnetic couplers, or capacitive coupling techniques, without a direct electrical connection.

[0066] Finally, the isolated and conditioned voltage signal is accurately and safely transmitted to the local control module 400 for A / D conversion and calculation analysis.

[0067] Please refer to the above as well. Figures 1 to 7 In one specific embodiment of this application, the environmental signal acquisition module 300 includes an ambient light sensor 301 installed outside the housing 100 for sensing the intensity of ambient light; and an onboard temperature sensor 302 installed on the back of the photovoltaic panel 800 for measuring the panel temperature. Both the ambient light sensor 301 and the onboard temperature sensor 302 are electrically connected to the local control module 400.

[0068] During operation, the environmental signal acquisition module 300 synchronously collects key environmental parameters through its two independent sensors. The ambient light sensor 301 is installed outside the housing 100 to sense and measure the ambient light intensity at the location of the photovoltaic panel 800 in real time. The onboard temperature sensor 302 is directly installed on the back of the photovoltaic panel 800 to accurately measure the actual operating temperature of the photovoltaic panel 800. These two sensors transmit the collected analog or digital signals to the local control module 400 in real time.

[0069] The local control module 400 comprehensively analyzes and cross-verifies the received environmental signals and the current and voltage data provided by the electrical signal acquisition module 200. Its core logic lies in using ambient light intensity as a benchmark input for theoretical power generation capacity, combined with the impact of the photovoltaic panel 800's real-time temperature on power generation efficiency, to calculate the theoretical output current, voltage, or power range that the photovoltaic panel 800 should have under specific light and temperature conditions. Subsequently, this theoretical range is compared with the actually measured electrical signals to make a more intelligent and accurate fault diagnosis.

[0070] Please refer to the above as well. Figures 1 to 7 In one specific embodiment of this application, the protection execution module 500 includes a mounting base 501 fixedly mounted on a circuit board 101. An insulating disk 502 is rotatably connected inside the mounting base 501. Two symmetrically arranged conductive posts 503 are fixedly embedded inside the insulating disk 502, with both ends of the conductive posts 503 penetrating the outer side of the insulating disk 502. Four conductive seats 504 are symmetrically arranged outside the mounting base 501 and fixedly mounted on the circuit board 101. The conductive seats 504 are electrically connected to the input terminal of the positive electrode path 102, the input terminal of the negative electrode path 103, the output terminal of the positive electrode path 102, and the output terminal of the negative electrode path 103, respectively. A brush rod 505 is slidably connected to the mounting base 501. The mounting base 501 has a corresponding insertion hole 506 for the brush rod 505. The end of the brush rod 505 away from the conductive base 504 is inserted into the insertion hole 506. The shapes of both ends of the conductive post 503 and the inner end of the brush rod 505 inserted into the insertion hole 506 are both set as cylindrical surfaces. A drive component 507 is fixedly installed on the mounting base 501. The output shaft of the drive component 507 is fixedly connected to the insulating disk 502. The drive component 507 is electrically connected to the local control module 400. The end of the brush rod 505 that penetrates into the mounting base 501 coincides with the movement trajectory of the conductive post 503.

[0071] During operation, the protection execution module 500, as the final executor of the instructions from the local control module 400, is responsible for physically switching the connection between the photovoltaic panel 800 and the array. Its core operation is driven by the drive unit 507, which is controlled by the local control module 400.

[0072] like Figure 7 As shown in section a, under normal operating conditions, the drive unit 507 rotates the insulating disk 502 to a specific angle, positioning the two conductive posts 503 fixedly embedded within it in a specific position. At this time, the two ends of the conductive posts 503 are respectively attached to the inner ends of the brush rod 505, connecting the input and output ends of the positive electrode path 102, and connecting the input and output ends of the negative electrode path 103, thus connecting both the positive and negative electrode paths 102 to form a complete electrical circuit.

[0073] like Figure 7 As shown in section b, when the local control module 400 issues a disconnect command based on the fault diagnosis result, it sends a control signal to the drive unit 507. The drive unit 507 then drives the insulating disk 502 to rotate 45°. The rotation of the insulating disk 502 causes the conductive post 503 inside it to rotate as well, thereby separating the contact surface between the end of the brush rod 505 and the conductive post 503, physically and completely cutting off the electrical connection between the positive electrode path 102 and the negative electrode path 103. This achieves reliable isolation between the photovoltaic panel 800 and the photovoltaic array in the series string.

[0074] like Figure 7 As shown in section c, when the local control module 400 issues a disconnect command based on the fault diagnosis result, it sends a control signal to the drive unit 507. The drive unit 507 then drives the insulating disk 502 to rotate 90°. The rotation of the insulating disk 502 causes the conductive post 503 inside it to rotate as well, thereby switching the contact surface between the end of the brush rod 505 and the conductive post 503 to connect the input end of the positive path 102 and the input end of the negative path 103; the output end of the positive path 102 is connected to the output end of the negative path 103, which physically and completely realizes the short-circuit connection between the positive path 102 and the negative path 103, thus achieving reliable isolation between the photovoltaic panel 800 and the photovoltaic array in the parallel branch.

[0075] Please refer to the above as well. Figures 1 to 7 In one specific embodiment of this application, an elastic element 508 is provided between the conductive base 504 and the brush rod 505, and the elastic element 508 pushes the brush rod 505 to move towards the insulating disk 502.

[0076] Specifically, the elastic element 508 is configured as a spring fitted on the brush rod 505, and a limiting flange is fixedly connected to the brush rod 505. The two ends of the spring abut against the limiting flange and the conductive seat 504.

[0077] During operation, the elastic element 508 is crucial for safety reset and elastic assistance. It is positioned between the conductive base 504 and the brush rod 505, and its elastic force constantly pushes the brush rod 505 towards the insulating disk 502, ensuring that the brush rod 505 always abuts against the outer side of the insulating disk 502 or the outer end of the conductive post 503. This ensures the stability of the electrical connection and also helps to reduce contact resistance.

[0078] Please refer to the above as well. Figures 1 to 7 In one specific embodiment of this application, the drive element 507 is configured as a stepper motor.

[0079] During operation, when the local control module 400 needs to operate the protection execution module 500 based on the fault diagnosis results, it sends a series of digital pulse control signals to the stepper motor 507, which acts as the drive component. Each pulse signal drives the output shaft of the stepper motor to rotate by a fixed angle. The output shaft is directly and fixedly connected to the insulating disk 502, thereby precisely controlling the rotation of the insulating disk 502 and the conductive posts 503 embedded inside it to a predetermined position.

[0080] It is understood that in other embodiments of this application, the drive unit 507 may also be configured as a servo motor or other device capable of driving the insulating disk 502 to rotate.

[0081] During operation, if the drive component 507 is configured as a servo motor, its core working principle is closed-loop position control.

[0082] When the local control module 400 needs to operate the protection execution module 500, it sends a position command signal to the drive unit 507. The encoder inside the servo motor provides real-time and accurate feedback on the actual rotation angle of the output shaft, forming a closed-loop control.

[0083] The control circuit compares this feedback position with the command position in real time and makes dynamic adjustments based on the comparison result, driving the motor output shaft to rotate precisely and quickly to the angle required by the command. Since the output shaft is fixedly connected to the insulating disk 502, high-precision and high-dynamic-response control of the rotational position of the insulating disk 502 and its internal conductive pillars 503 is achieved.

[0084] Please refer to the above as well. Figures 1 to 7 In one specific embodiment of this application, the local prompting module 600 includes a buzzer 601 and a warning light 602 fixedly installed on the housing 100, and the buzzer 601 and the warning light 602 are electrically connected to the local control module 400.

[0085] During operation, when the local control module 400 determines that a fault has occurred in the photovoltaic panel 800 it monitors based on a comprehensive analysis of electrical and environmental signals, it will immediately activate the alarm program of the local notification module 600. The local control module 400 will simultaneously send drive signals to the buzzer 601 and the warning light 602.

[0086] Upon receiving the signal, buzzer 601 emits a continuous or high-pitched sound at a specific frequency, which can effectively propagate to the surrounding area. Simultaneously, warning light 602 begins to flash at a high frequency, emitting a conspicuous light. This synchronized sound and light alarm mode continues until the fault is confirmed and reset by maintenance personnel.

[0087] Please refer to the above as well. Figures 1 to 7 In one specific embodiment of this application, the local control module 400 includes a microcontroller 401, which is electrically connected to the current detection unit 201 and voltage detection unit 202 in the electrical signal acquisition module 200, the ambient light sensor 301 and onboard temperature sensor 302 in the environmental signal acquisition module 300, the driver 507 in the protection execution module 500, and the buzzer 601 and warning light 602 in the local prompting module 600; the microcontroller 401 integrates a wireless communication unit, which is wirelessly connected to the mobile terminal 900.

[0088] During operation, the microcontroller 401, as the intelligent core of the entire housing 100, first receives real-time current data from the current detection unit 201, voltage data from the voltage detection unit 202, light intensity data from the ambient light sensor 301, and photovoltaic panel temperature data from the onboard temperature sensor 302. The algorithm running within the microcontroller 401 analyzes the received data based on a built-in photovoltaic panel characteristic model and fault diagnosis logic. The microcontroller 401 compares the measured current and voltage with the theoretical expected values ​​under the current light and temperature conditions. By analyzing the deviations, it can intelligently diagnose whether a fault has occurred and its type. Simultaneously, through its integrated wireless communication unit, the microcontroller 401 periodically uploads the status data, operating parameters, and any fault alarm information of the monitored photovoltaic panel 800 to the mobile terminal 900. It also receives query, setting, or reset commands from the mobile terminal 900, enabling remote interaction.

[0089] When a serious fault requiring isolation is detected, the microcontroller 401 immediately sends a control command to the drive unit 507 to drive it to rotate, causing the protection execution module 500 to activate and physically disconnect the positive electrode path 102 and the negative electrode path 103, thus safely isolating the faulty photovoltaic panel 800 from the array.

[0090] Furthermore, when a fault occurs, the microcontroller 401 will simultaneously drive the buzzer 601 to sound and the warning light 602 to flash, issuing an audible and visual alarm to achieve precise on-site location of the fault point.

[0091] In one specific embodiment of this application, the wireless communication unit employs a LoRa unit.

[0092] During operation, the microcontroller 401 acts as the data processing and control center. After completing the real-time acquisition and local intelligent analysis of information from the current detection unit 201, voltage detection unit 202, ambient light sensor 301, and onboard temperature sensor 302, it encapsulates the operating status, electrical parameters, environmental parameters, and fault diagnosis results of the photovoltaic panel 800 into a data package.

[0093] Subsequently, the microcontroller 401 transmits this data as a LoRa wireless signal via its integrated LoRa unit. This signal utilizes LoRa's unique linear spread spectrum modulation technology, providing strong anti-interference capabilities and link budget. Even in vast and complex photovoltaic array environments, the signal can effectively penetrate obstructions, achieving long-distance transmission with low power consumption and stably reaching the mobile terminal 900. This enables remote, real-time, and centralized monitoring of the status of each photovoltaic panel 800 in the entire photovoltaic array. Simultaneously, the microcontroller 401 continuously monitors the network via the LoRa unit, receiving remote commands from the mobile terminal 900 and executing corresponding operations, completing two-way interaction.

[0094] It is understood that in other specific embodiments of this application, the wireless communication unit may also employ a communication unit based on low-power wide area network technology, such as an NB-IoT unit or a Sigfox unit.

[0095] Example 2

[0096] Please refer to Figure 8 In one embodiment of this application, a photovoltaic array fault location method is provided. This method achieves accurate and intelligent location and handling of 800 faults in photovoltaic panels through a closed-loop process of environmental compensation benchmark calculation, multi-dimensional feature extraction, multi-criteria fusion diagnosis, and topology-aware intelligent protection. The main steps include: S1. Real-time Data Acquisition: The electrical signal acquisition module 200 and the environmental signal acquisition module 300 acquire the output current of the photovoltaic panel 800 in real time. Output voltage Ambient light intensity and plate temperature and will , , , Transmitted to local control module 400; S2. Environmental Compensation and Baseline Generation: The local control module 400 is based on the data collected in step S1. and It calls the pre-stored performance parameters and calculates the theoretical expected operating point parameters under the current environmental conditions, including the theoretical expected current. and theoretical expected voltage ; S3. Status Feature Extraction: The local control module 400 will collect data in real time. , respectively with , Compare and calculate the current deviation rate. Voltage deviation rate and normalized power ratio At the same time, , Analyze the waveform and extract its abnormal features; S4. Multi-criteria fusion fault diagnosis: The local control module 400 will use the results obtained in step S3... , , The abnormal waveform characteristics are compared with preset thresholds, and the combinational logic is used to determine whether the photovoltaic panel 800 has a fault and to determine the fault type. S5. Fault Reporting and Location: If a fault is diagnosed, the local control module 400 generates structured alarm information and sends it to the mobile terminal 900 via wireless network; the mobile terminal 900 accurately locates the faulty photovoltaic panel 800 based on the identification in the alarm information. S6. Protection Action Execution: The local control module 400 automatically triggers protection actions that match the fault type and topology according to the preset photovoltaic array topology logic, so as to achieve fault isolation or array bypass. S7. Local alarm indication: The local control module 400 synchronously controls the local prompt module 600 located on the faulty photovoltaic panel 800 to issue an alarm indication.

[0097] This method uses real-time electrical signals , With environmental signals , For deep integration, the theoretical expected current under the current operating conditions is first calculated in step S2 based on environmental parameters and the inherent parameters of the photovoltaic panel. and theoretical expected voltage This establishes a dynamic and personalized health benchmark. Subsequently, in steps S3 and S4, the measured values ​​are compared with the theoretical benchmark and multidimensional features are extracted. Finally, a comprehensive judgment is made through a preset combination logic.

[0098] This process effectively isolates the impact of environmental fluctuations on output characteristics, focusing on the performance anomalies of the photovoltaic panel itself. Combined with waveform analysis, it can identify a variety of typical faults, including open circuits, short circuits, performance degradation, and hot spots, with high accuracy and low false alarms.

[0099] After diagnosis, the system automatically performs remote reporting and location, intelligent protection and isolation, and local audible and visual alarms, forming a complete automated closed loop from perception, analysis, decision-making to execution, which greatly improves operation and maintenance efficiency and system security.

[0100] In one specific embodiment of this application, step S2, the calculation of the theoretically expected operating point parameters, specifically includes: S21. Obtain the parameters of the photovoltaic panel 800 under standard test conditions: maximum power point current. Maximum power point voltage Temperature coefficient of short-circuit current Open-circuit voltage temperature coefficient ; S22. Calculate the theoretically expected maximum power point current. :

[0101] in, , ; S23. Calculate the theoretical expected maximum power point voltage. :

[0102] in, The light influence coefficient is... , .

[0103] This method calculates the theoretically expected operating point by introducing an environmental compensation model based on physical characteristics.

[0104] In step S22, the theoretically expected current The calculation takes into account both light intensity and light intensity. Linear dominant influence and temperature Corrections.

[0105] In step S23, the theoretically expected voltage The calculations take into account the dual nonlinear effects of temperature and light more precisely.

[0106] This method abandons the simple fixed threshold comparison and establishes a dynamic and accurate reference benchmark for fault diagnosis by simulating the ideal output characteristics of the photovoltaic panel 800 under the current specific environment. It significantly improves the accuracy and adaptability of fault identification under different weather and temperature conditions and avoids false alarms caused by environmental changes.

[0107] In one specific embodiment of this application, the fault types in step S4 include at least: Open circuit fault, short circuit fault, severe performance degradation, hot spot fault; The logic of multi-criteria fusion fault diagnosis is as follows: like near ,and If it remains normal, it is determined to be an open circuit fault; like near ,and An abnormally high value indicates a short circuit fault. like consistently significantly lower than ,and and If it remains normal, it is judged as a severe performance degradation; If the current waveform shows periodic drops or the voltage waveform has harmonic distortion, it is determined to be a hot spot fault.

[0108] This method achieves refined differentiation of various fault types by constructing a multi-criteria fusion logic based on electrical and waveform characteristics. Its core logic lies in the correlation analysis of current deviation rate. Voltage deviation rate Normalized power ratio The correspondence between different combinations of waveform characteristics and the physical nature of specific faults.

[0109] For example, an open-circuit fault manifests as an interruption of the current path, but the voltage remains; a short-circuit fault manifests as a voltage collapse, but the current is abnormal; performance degradation manifests as a persistently low power output while the theoretical value after environmental compensation is normal; and hot spot faults are caused by localized shading. Distortions in the characteristic curve need to be captured through waveform analysis.

[0110] This method, through its multi-dimensional and combined diagnostic logic, achieves a leap from simply judging whether a fault exists to accurately identifying what kind of fault it is, providing crucial information for subsequent refined operation and maintenance.

[0111] In one specific embodiment of this application, the protection action execution logic in step S6 is configured to be bound to the topology of the photovoltaic array as follows: For photovoltaic panel 800 in a series string, when a fault is diagnosed, short-circuit protection is performed, and the current path is maintained by other normal photovoltaic panels 800 in the string. When a fault is detected in the photovoltaic panel 800 in the parallel branch, the circuit breaker protection action is executed to completely disconnect the faulty photovoltaic panel 800 from the parallel circuit to prevent it from affecting the normal branch.

[0112] This method achieves intelligent and adaptive fault isolation by binding the protection execution logic to the physical topology of the photovoltaic array, maximizing the overall power generation capacity of the array. Its logic does not execute the same protection action uniformly, but rather makes decisions based on the position and role of the faulty photovoltaic panel 800 in the series-parallel circuit and the impact of the fault type on the system.

[0113] In the event of a fault in a series-connected photovoltaic panel, if the fault prevents the panel from outputting current, the protection execution module 500 will be controlled to perform a short-circuit protection action, allowing the current to bypass the faulty photovoltaic panel 800, thereby maintaining the integrity of the current path of the entire string and ensuring the power generation output of other normal panels in the string.

[0114] For faults in parallel branches, any fault may cause backflow or affect other branches due to voltage mismatch. Therefore, circuit breaker protection is executed to completely isolate the fault from the parallel circuit and prevent fault propagation. This method, through this topology-aware intelligent protection strategy, optimizes the power generation efficiency of the remaining part of the array while isolating the fault point, thereby improving the system's resilience and reliability.

[0115] The above are all preferred embodiments of this application and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of this application. Therefore, all equivalent changes made in accordance with the structure, shape and principle of this application should be covered within the scope of protection of this application.

Claims

1. A photovoltaic array fault location device, characterized in that, The system includes several housings (100), each housing (100) being fixedly mounted on a single photovoltaic panel (800) in a photovoltaic array. Each housing (100) has a circuit board (101) fixedly mounted inside. The circuit board (101) integrates a positive electrode path (102) and a negative electrode path (103). The input terminals of the positive electrode path (102) and the negative electrode path (103) are connected to the output terminals of the photovoltaic panel (800), and the output terminals of the positive electrode path (102) and the negative electrode path (103) are connected to other photovoltaic panels and loads in the photovoltaic array. An electrical signal acquisition module (200) is integrated on the circuit board (101), and the electrical signal acquisition module (200) is connected to the positive electrode path (102) and the negative electrode path (103). An environmental signal acquisition module (300) is installed outside each housing (100). The circuit board (101) integrates... The system includes a local control module (400), whose power supply terminal is electrically connected to the output terminals of the positive path (102) and the negative path (103); the local control module (400) is electrically connected to the electrical signal acquisition module (200) and the environmental signal acquisition module (300); a protection execution module (500) electrically connected to the positive path (102) and the negative path (103) is integrated on the circuit board (101), and the protection execution module (500) is electrically connected to the local control module (400); a local prompt module (600) is fixedly installed on the housing (100), and the local prompt module (600) is electrically connected to the local control module (400); and a mobile terminal (900) is wirelessly connected to the local control modules (400) on all photovoltaic panels in the same photovoltaic array.

2. The photovoltaic array fault location device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The electrical signal acquisition module (200) includes a current detection unit (201) connected in series in the positive path (102) and / or the negative path (103); and a voltage detection unit (202) connected in parallel between the positive path (102) and the negative path (103). Both the current detection unit (201) and the voltage detection unit (202) are electrically connected to the local control module (400).

3. The photovoltaic array fault location device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The environmental signal acquisition module (300) includes an ambient light sensor (301) installed outside the housing (100) for sensing ambient light intensity; and an onboard temperature sensor (302) installed on the back of the photovoltaic panel (800) for measuring the panel temperature. Both the ambient light sensor (301) and the onboard temperature sensor (302) are electrically connected to the local control module (400).

4. The photovoltaic array fault location device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The local control module (400) includes a microcontroller (401), which is electrically connected to the electrical signal acquisition module (200) and the environmental signal acquisition module (300), as well as the protection execution module (500) and the local prompt module (600); the microcontroller (401) integrates a wireless communication unit, which is wirelessly connected to the mobile terminal (900).

5. The photovoltaic array fault location device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The protection execution module (500) includes a mounting base (501) fixedly mounted on the circuit board (101). An insulating disk (502) is rotatably connected inside the mounting base (501). Two conductive posts (503) are fixedly embedded inside the insulating disk (502), and the two ends of the conductive posts (503) penetrate through the outside of the insulating disk (502). Four conductive seats (504) are fixedly disposed outside the mounting base (501). The conductive seats (504) are respectively connected to the input terminal of the positive electrode path (102), the input terminal of the negative electrode path (103), and the... The output end of the positive electrode path (102) and the output end of the negative electrode path (103) are electrically connected. A brush rod (505) penetrating the mounting base (501) is electrically connected to the conductive base (504). A driving component (507) is fixedly installed on the mounting base (501). The output shaft of the driving component (507) is fixedly connected to the insulating disk (502). The driving component (507) is electrically connected to the local control module (400). One end of the brush rod (505) that penetrates into the mounting base (501) coincides with the movement trajectory of the conductive post (503).

6. The photovoltaic array fault location device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The local notification module (600) includes a buzzer (601) and a warning light (602) fixedly installed on the housing (100), and the buzzer (601) and the warning light (602) are electrically connected to the local control module (400).

7. A method for locating photovoltaic array faults, employing the photovoltaic array fault location device according to any one of claims 1-6, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1. Real-time data acquisition: The electrical signal acquisition module and the environmental signal acquisition module acquire the output current of the photovoltaic panel in real time. Output voltage Ambient light intensity and plate temperature and will , , , The signal is transmitted to the local control module. S2. Environmental Compensation and Baseline Generation: The local control module is based on the data collected in step S1. and It calls the pre-stored performance parameters and calculates the theoretical expected operating point parameters under the current environmental conditions, including the theoretical expected current. and theoretical expected voltage ; S3. State Feature Extraction: The local control module will collect data in real time. , respectively with , Compare and calculate the current deviation rate. Voltage deviation rate and normalized power ratio At the same time, , Analyze the waveform and extract its abnormal features; S4. Multi-criteria fusion fault diagnosis: The local control module will use the results obtained in step S3... , , The abnormal waveform characteristics are compared with preset thresholds, and the combinational logic is used to determine whether the photovoltaic panel has a fault and to determine the fault type. S5. Fault Reporting and Location: If a fault is diagnosed, the local control module generates structured alarm information and sends it to the mobile terminal via a wireless network; the mobile terminal accurately locates the faulty photovoltaic panel based on the identification in the alarm information. S6. Protection Action Execution: The local control module automatically triggers protection actions that match the fault type and topology according to the preset photovoltaic array topology logic, so as to achieve fault isolation or array bypass. S7. Local alarm indication: The local control module synchronously controls the local prompting module located on the faulty photovoltaic panel to issue an alarm indication.

8. A photovoltaic array fault location method according to claim 7, characterized in that, In step S2, the calculation of the theoretically expected operating point parameters specifically includes: S21. Obtain the parameters of the photovoltaic panel under standard test conditions: maximum power point current. Maximum power point voltage Temperature coefficient of short-circuit current Open-circuit voltage temperature coefficient ; S22. Calculate the theoretically expected maximum power point current. : in, , ; S23. Calculate the theoretical expected maximum power point voltage. : in, The light influence coefficient is... , .

9. A photovoltaic array fault location method according to claim 7, characterized in that, The fault types in S4 include at least the following: Open circuit fault, short circuit fault, severe performance degradation, hot spot fault; The logic for the multi-criteria fusion fault diagnosis is as follows: like near ,and If it remains normal, it is determined to be an open circuit fault; like near ,and An abnormally high value indicates a short circuit fault. like consistently significantly lower than ,and and If it remains normal, it is judged as a severe performance degradation; If the current waveform shows periodic drops or the voltage waveform has harmonic distortion, it is determined to be a hot spot fault.

10. A photovoltaic array fault location method according to claim 7, characterized in that, The protection action execution logic in S6 is configured to be bound to the topology of the photovoltaic array as follows: For photovoltaic panels in a series string, when a fault is diagnosed, short-circuit protection is activated, and the current path is maintained by other normal photovoltaic panels in the string. When a fault is diagnosed in a photovoltaic panel in a parallel branch, the circuit breaker is activated to completely disconnect the faulty photovoltaic panel from the parallel circuit, preventing it from affecting the normal branch.

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