Inductive power supply intelligent lock cylinder

By setting capacitors in the smart lock core and using NFC function mobile phone to power, the problem of the smart lock core battery exhaustion and inability to turn on is solved, and power-up unlocking without energy storage batteries is realized, improving user convenience.

CN222976591UActive Publication Date: 2025-06-13GUANGDONG MANSHEN INTELLIGENT TECH CO LTD
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Patent Information

Application Number
CN202421884833.4
Authority / Receiving Office
CN · China
Patent Type
Utility models(China)
Current Assignee / Owner
Filing Date
2024-08-05
Publication Date
2025-06-13
Estimated Expiration
2034-08-05

AI Technical Summary

Technical Problem

The existing smart lock cylinder needs to be powered by energy storage batteries. Once the battery dies, it cannot be turned on, especially in a wild or unattended place to replace or charge.

Method used

A smart lock core with induction power supply is designed. By setting capacitors in the lock core and using a mobile phone with NFC function to get close to the lock core, the NFC sends a radio frequency signal to charge the capacitor, and the capacitor is discharged and then supplied to the main control module and clutch motor to operate.

Benefits of technology

It realizes that power-up unlocking is achieved through the NFC function mobile phone without configuring energy storage batteries, which is convenient for users to use, especially the difficulty of replacing or charging in special places.

✦ Generated by Eureka AI based on patent content.

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    Figure CN222976591U_ABST
Patent Text Reader

Abstract

The utility model discloses an induction type power supply intelligent lock cylinder. The induction type power supply intelligent lock cylinder comprises a face shell module; the lock cylinder module is arranged on the rear side of the face shell module and is in transmission connection with the face shell module, and the lock cylinder module comprises a clutch motor; and the electronic assembly comprises an induction antenna, a capacitor and a main control module, the induction antenna and the capacitor are arranged in the face shell module, the induction antenna and the capacitor are electrically connected with the main control module through the wiring module, and the main control module is further electrically connected with the clutch motor. According to the above structure, the capacitor and other structures are arranged, the capacitor has an electricity storage function, when the mobile phone with the NFC function started is close to the face shell module, the NFC sends out a radio frequency signal to charge the capacitor, and the capacitor can be discharged after being charged so as to provide electric energy needed by operation of the main control module and the clutch motor. And the radio frequency signal sent by the NFC can also communicate with the communication chip to confirm the identity, so that unlocking can be realized under the condition that an energy storage battery is not configured, and convenience is brought to the use of a user.
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Description

Technical Field

[0001] The utility model relates to the technical field of intelligent locks, and in particular to an intelligent lock core. Background Art

[0002] Smart locks are usually equipped with clutch motors, microcontrollers, mechanical locks, and handles. When unlocking, the correct unlocking signal is input, the clutch motor is activated to link the lock cylinder with the mechanical lock, and the door can be opened by turning the handle. For smart locks, the usual unlocking signals are passwords, fingerprints, and door card sensors.

[0003] Most of the current smart lock cylinders require energy storage batteries such as dry batteries or lithium batteries as the power source to drive the clutch motor. Once the battery is dead, the smart lock will not be able to open, especially in special places such as outdoor places or unattended base stations. It is troublesome to replace the battery or find a power bank to charge, which brings inconvenience to users. Utility Model Content

[0004] The purpose of the utility model is to provide an inductively powered intelligent lock cylinder, which can unlock the lock without the need for power supply from an energy storage battery, thus making it convenient for users to use.

[0005] To achieve the above-mentioned purpose, an inductively powered smart lock core is provided, which includes: a face shell module; a lock core module, which is arranged on the rear side of the face shell module and is transmission-connected to the face shell module, and the lock core module includes a clutch motor; electronic components, including an inductive antenna, a capacitor and a main control module, the inductive antenna and the capacitor are arranged in the face shell module, and the inductive antenna and the capacitor are electrically connected to the main control module through a wiring module, and the main control module is also electrically connected to the clutch motor.

[0006] According to the inductively powered smart lock core, the inductive antenna is connected to a first flexible flat cable, the first flexible flat cable is connected to a first PCB board, and the first PCB board has a first contact; the capacitor is connected to a second flexible flat cable, the second flexible flat cable is connected to a second PCB board, and the second PCB board has a second contact; the wiring module includes a connecting cable connected to the main control module, and the connecting cable has a third contact and a fourth contact; the first contact is in contact with the third contact, and the second contact is in contact with the fourth contact.

[0007] According to the inductively powered smart lock cylinder, the face shell module includes: a handle face shell, the front of which is open, a base, a first mounting position and a second mounting position are arranged on the inner side, and a mounting port is arranged on the rear side, the induction antenna is arranged on the base, and the capacitor is arranged in the first mounting position; a handle cover is arranged at the front of the handle face shell; a handle bracket is inserted into the handle face shell and is provided with an end guide groove opposite to the mounting port, and the end guide groove is connected to the second mounting position.

[0008] According to the inductively powered intelligent lock core described above, the lock core module further includes a lock case, a mounting sleeve, and a connecting shaft. The mounting sleeve and the connecting shaft are both rotatably arranged in the lock case, and the connecting shaft passes through the mounting sleeve; the mounting sleeve is rotatably inserted into the mounting opening; the front end of the connecting shaft passes through the mounting opening and extends to be inserted into the end head guiding groove. The connecting cable is arranged at the front end of the connecting shaft, and both the third contact and the fourth contact are located in the end head guiding groove.

[0009] According to the inductively powered intelligent lock core described above, the connecting shaft is provided with a first mounting groove, and the connecting cable is arranged in the first mounting groove.

[0010] According to the inductively powered intelligent lock core described above, fastening screws are inserted into the side walls of the handle bracket and the handle face shell, and the fastening screws extend to be inserted into the side wall of the connecting shaft.

[0011] According to the inductively powered intelligent lock core described above, the lock core module further includes a lock case, a connecting shaft, a mounting sleeve, a support member, a first clutch sleeve, a second clutch sleeve, a tail end connecting sleeve, and a pressing sleeve; the mounting sleeve and the connecting shaft are both rotatably arranged in the lock case, the connecting shaft passes through the mounting sleeve, and the front end of the connecting shaft is inserted into the face shell module; the support member is fixedly arranged on the connecting shaft, and both the clutch motor and the main control module are arranged on the support member; a first guiding opening is formed at the rear end of the connecting shaft, the first clutch sleeve is rotatably arranged in the lock case, a first convex portion is arranged at the front part of the first clutch sleeve and is fitted in the first guiding opening, and a second guiding opening is formed at the rear part of the first clutch sleeve; the second clutch sleeve is arranged in the first clutch sleeve, a transmission structure is arranged between the second clutch sleeve and the clutch motor, a second convex portion is arranged on the outer side of the second clutch sleeve and is fitted in the second guiding opening, and a third convex portion is arranged at the rear part of the second clutch sleeve; the pressing sleeve is fixedly inserted into the rear end of the lock case, the tail end connecting sleeve is rotatably arranged in the pressing sleeve, and a concave hole matched with the third convex portion is arranged at the front part of the tail end connecting sleeve.

[0012] According to the inductively powered intelligent lock core described above, a second mounting groove is further arranged at the front part of the tail end connecting sleeve, and the rear end of the first clutch sleeve is rotatably inserted into the second mounting groove.

[0013] According to the inductively powered intelligent lock core described above, the transmission structure includes a screw rod, a nut, and a spring. The screw rod is fixedly connected to the output end of the clutch motor, the nut is sleeved on the screw rod in a matching manner, a first fixing groove is arranged on the outer side of the nut, a second fixing groove is arranged on the inner side of the second clutch sleeve, one end of the spring is fixedly clamped in the first fixing groove, and the other end is fixedly clamped in the second fixing groove.

[0014] According to the inductively powered intelligent lock core described above, a plurality of positioning protrusions are arranged on the support member, and the main control module includes a main control board which is arranged inside the plurality of positioning protrusions.

[0015] Beneficial effects: As described above, by providing structures such as capacitors, the capacitor has the function of storing electricity. When a mobile phone with NFC function approaches the front shell module, the NFC emits a radio frequency signal that can charge the capacitor. After the capacitor is charged, it can discharge to provide the electrical energy required for the operation of the main control module and the clutch motor, so that unlocking can be achieved without configuring a storage battery. That is, the above intelligent lock core does not need to be separately configured with a storage battery for power supply, and the mobile phone with NFC function can be used for power supply and unlocking, which is convenient for users.

[0016] Additional aspects and advantages of the present invention will be given in part in the following description, become apparent in part from the following description, or be understood through the practice of the present invention. Brief Description of the Drawings

[0017] The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the drawings and embodiments;

[0018] Figure 1 is a structural diagram of an embodiment of the present invention;

[0019] Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the present invention;

[0020] Figure 3 is a first exploded view of an embodiment of the present invention;

[0021] Figure 4 is a front view mating diagram of the front shell of the handle, the handle bracket and the connecting shaft;

[0022] Figure 5 is a second exploded view of an embodiment of the present invention;

[0023] Figure 6 is a structural schematic diagram of the electronic components;

[0024] Figure 7 is an exploded view of the lock core module;

[0025] Figure 8 is a structural diagram of the first clutch sleeve;

[0026] Figure 9 is a structural diagram of the second clutch sleeve;

[0027] Figure 10 is a structural diagram of the tail end connecting sleeve. Detailed Embodiments

[0028] This section will describe in detail the specific embodiments of the present utility model. The preferred embodiments of the present utility model are shown in the drawings. The role of the drawings is to supplement the description in the text part of the specification, enabling people to intuitively and vividly understand each technical feature and the overall technical solution of the present utility model. However, it should not be construed as a limitation on the protection scope of the present utility model.

[0029] In the description of the present utility model, it should be understood that for the orientation description, such as the upper, lower, front, rear, left, right, etc., the indicated orientation or positional relationship is based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings. It is only for the convenience of describing the present utility model and simplifying the description, rather than indicating or implying that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, it should not be construed as a limitation on the present utility model.

[0030] In the description of the present utility model, "greater than", "less than", "exceeding", etc. are understood as not including the number itself, and "above", "below", "within", etc. are understood as including the number itself. If there is a description of "first" and "second", it is only for the purpose of distinguishing technical features and cannot be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the quantity of the indicated technical features or implicitly indicating the sequence relationship of the indicated technical features.

[0031] In the description of the present utility model, unless otherwise clearly defined, terms such as "set", "installed", "connected", etc. should be understood in a broad sense. Those skilled in the art can reasonably determine the specific meanings of the above terms in the present utility model in combination with the specific content of the technical solution.

[0032] Refer to Figure 1-10 , an inductively powered intelligent lock core, which includes a face shell module 10, a lock core module 20 and an electronic component 30. The lock core module 20 is arranged at the rear side of the face shell module 10, and the lock core module 20 is in transmission connection with the face shell module 10. The lock core module 20 includes a clutch motor 21. The electronic component 30 includes an induction antenna 31, a capacitor 32 and a main control module 33. The induction antenna 31 and the capacitor 32 are arranged in the face shell module 10, and both the induction antenna 31 and the capacitor 32 are electrically connected to the main control module 33 through a wiring module 34. The main control module 33 is also electrically connected to the clutch motor 21.

[0033] Specifically, the sensing antenna 31 is connected to a first flexible flat cable 311, which is connected to a first PCB board 312, and the first PCB board 312 has a first contact 313; the capacitor 32 is connected to a second flexible flat cable 321, which is connected to a second PCB board 322, and the second PCB board 322 has a second contact 323; the wiring module 34 includes a connecting flat cable 341 connected to the main control module 33, and the connecting flat cable 341 has a third contact 342 and a fourth contact 343. The first contact 313 contacts the third contact 342, and the second contact 323 contacts the fourth contact 343.

[0034] The main control module 33 includes a main control board 331, on which a main control chip 332, a microcontroller and other structures are provided. When unlocking is required, a mobile phone with NFC function is placed close to the cover module 10, and NFC sends out a radio frequency signal. At this time, the induction antenna 31 receives the signal, and the signal is transmitted to the coil on the main control chip 332 via the first flexible flat cable 311, the first PCB board 312 and the connecting flat cable 341 to generate an induced voltage. The induced voltage is forwardly transmitted to the electric The capacitor 32 charges it; when the capacitor 32 is charged to a certain value, the capacitor 32 discharges to the conversion circuit on the main control board 331 through reverse conduction, and a part of the electricity is converted to a voltage value that can drive the clutch motor 21 to operate, and a part of the electricity is given to the microcontroller to communicate with the mobile phone through its own communication chip; after the communication confirms the identity, the microcontroller sends a control signal, and the clutch motor 21 runs to enable the lock core module 20 to be linked with the mechanical lock, and the rotating face shell module 10 can drive the mechanical lock to operate through the lock core module 20, thereby realizing unlocking.

[0035] As described above, by setting structures such as capacitor 32, capacitor 32 has the function of storing electricity. When a mobile phone with NFC function is close to the cover module 10, NFC sends out a radio frequency signal to charge capacitor 32. After charging, capacitor 32 can discharge to provide the power required for the operation of main control module 33 and clutch motor 21. In addition, NFC sends out a radio frequency signal to communicate with the communication chip of the microcontroller to confirm the identity, so that unlocking can be achieved without configuring an energy storage battery. That is, the above-mentioned smart lock core does not need to be equipped with a separate energy storage battery for power supply, and can be powered and unlocked using a mobile phone with NFC function, which is convenient for users.

[0036] In some embodiments, the front shell module 10 includes a handle front shell 11, a handle cover 12 and a handle bracket 13. The front of the handle front shell 11 is open. Inside the handle front shell 11, there are a bearing platform 111, a first mounting position 112 and a second mounting position 113. At the rear side, there is a mounting opening 114. The induction antenna 31 is arranged on the bearing platform 111, the capacitor 32 is arranged in the first mounting position 112. The handle cover 12 is arranged at the front of the handle front shell 11 to cover the opening. The handle bracket 13 is inserted into the handle front shell 11. On the handle bracket 13, there is an end guiding groove 131 opposite to the mounting opening 114, and the end guiding groove 131 communicates with the second mounting position 113.

[0037] In some embodiments, the lock core module 20 further includes a lock shell 22, a connecting shaft 231, a mounting sleeve 232, a bracket member 24, a first clutch sleeve 25, a second clutch sleeve 26, a tail-end connecting sleeve 27 and a pressing sleeve 28. Among them, both the mounting sleeve 232 and the connecting shaft 231 are rotatably arranged in the lock shell 22. The connecting shaft 231 passes through the mounting sleeve 232. The mounting sleeve 232 is rotatably inserted into the mounting opening 114, and a waterproof rubber ring 40 is arranged between the outer wall of the mounting sleeve 232 and the inner wall of the mounting opening 114. The bracket member 24 is fixedly arranged on the connecting shaft 231, and both the clutch motor 21 and the main control module 33 are fixedly arranged on the bracket member 24. The first clutch sleeve 25 is rotatably arranged in the lock shell 22. The connecting shaft 231, the first clutch sleeve 25 and the pressing sleeve 28 are arranged in sequence from front to back. At the rear end of the connecting shaft 231, there is a first guiding opening 2312. At the front of the first clutch sleeve 25, there is a first convex portion 251 which is arranged in the first guiding opening 2312 in a matching manner. At the rear of the first clutch sleeve 25, there is a second guiding opening 252. The second clutch sleeve 26 is arranged in the first clutch sleeve 25. There is a transmission structure between the second clutch sleeve 26 and the clutch motor 21. At the outer side of the second clutch sleeve 26, there is a second convex portion 261 which is arranged in the second guiding opening 252 in a matching manner, and at the rear of the second clutch sleeve 26, there is a third convex portion 262. The pressing sleeve 28 is fixedly inserted into the rear end of the lock shell 22. The tail-end connecting sleeve 27 is rotatably arranged in the pressing sleeve 28, and at the front of the tail-end connecting sleeve 27, there is a concave hole 271 which is matched with the third convex portion 262.

[0038] Among them, the outer wall of the pressing sleeve 28 is provided with external threads so that the pressing sleeve 28 is threadedly engaged with the lock housing 22; the first convex portion 251 can slide within the first guiding opening 2312, and the second convex portion 261 can slide within the second guiding opening 252; a tail lining sleeve 281 is provided between the outer wall of the tail end connecting sleeve 27 and the inner wall of the pressing sleeve 28; the connecting shaft 231 has a groove for accommodating the support member 24. The tail end connecting sleeve 27 has a notch for mating with a mechanical lock. When the clutch motor 21 operates, it drives the second clutch sleeve 26 to move backward through a transmission structure, inserts the third convex portion 262 into the concave hole 271, so that the lock core module 20 can be linked with the mechanical lock. Rotating the handle face shell 11 can drive the connecting shaft 231, the second clutch sleeve 26, the first clutch sleeve 25 and the tail end connecting sleeve 27 to rotate, thereby driving the mechanical lock to operate and unlock.

[0039] The front end of the connecting shaft 231 passes through the mounting opening 114 and extends to the insertion end head guiding groove 131, so that the face shell module 10 is in transmission connection with the lock core module 20. The connecting cable 341 is arranged at the front end of the connecting shaft 231, and both the third contact 342 and the fourth contact 343 are located inside the end head guiding groove 131. Among them, the connecting shaft 231 is provided with a first mounting groove 2311, and the connecting cable 341 is arranged in the first mounting groove 2311 to arrange the connecting cable 341. Specifically, both the first mounting groove 2311 and the connecting cable 341 are arranged in a U shape, so that the third contact 342 and the fourth contact 343 are respectively arranged on both sides of the connecting shaft 231; there are two second mounting positions 113 which are respectively arranged on both sides of the end head guiding groove 131, and the first PCB board 312 and the second PCB board 322 are respectively inserted and positioned in one second mounting position 113 so that the respective contacts are in corresponding contact.

[0040] A second mounting groove 272 is further provided at the front part of the tail end connecting sleeve 27, and the rear end of the first clutch sleeve 25 is rotatably inserted into the second mounting groove 272. Through this structure, the tail end connecting sleeve 27 is aligned with the first clutch sleeve 25 to ensure that the second clutch sleeve 26 moves accurately and inserts the third convex portion 262 into the concave hole 271. In addition, the outer wall of the first clutch sleeve 25 has a positioning step 254, and a nylon washer 253 is sleeved between the rear end of the first clutch sleeve 25 at the positioning step 254 and the tail end connecting sleeve 27.

[0041] The transmission structure includes a screw rod 291, a nut 292 and a spring. The screw rod 291 is fixedly connected to the output end of the clutch motor 21. The nut 292 is sleeved on the screw rod 291 in a matching manner, and a first fixing groove 2921 is provided on the outer side of the nut 292. A second fixing groove 263 is provided on the inner side of the second clutch sleeve 26. One end of the spring is fixedly clamped in the first fixing groove 2921, and the other end is fixedly clamped in the second fixing groove 263. When unlocking, the clutch motor 21 drives the screw rod 291 to rotate, driving the nut 292, the spring and the second clutch sleeve 26 to move backward, so as to insert the third convex part 262 into the concave hole 271.

[0042] In some embodiments, the bracket member 24 has a plurality of positioning protrusions 241, and the main control board 331 is arranged inside the plurality of positioning protrusions 241, so as to align and position the main control board 331 with the bracket member 24 during assembly.

[0043] In some embodiments, the handle bracket 13 is made of an alloy material to improve durability. To position the handle bracket 13 well, a plurality of positioning convex columns 115 are provided inside the handle face shell 11. The handle bracket 13 is sleeved on the positioning convex columns 115. Screws are also inserted in the rear walls of the handle bracket 13 and the handle face shell 11 to position the handle bracket 13. In addition, fastening screws 14 are inserted in the side walls of the handle bracket 13 and the handle face shell 11, and the fastening screws 14 extend to be inserted in the side wall of the connecting shaft 231. Through this structure, the handle bracket 13 and the handle face shell 11 can be further positioned, and the connecting shaft 231 can also be positioned on the handle bracket 13.

[0044] The embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments. Within the scope of knowledge possessed by those of ordinary skill in the art in the technical field, various changes can be made without departing from the purpose of the present invention.

Claims

1. An inductively powered smart lock cylinder, characterized in that: include: Face shell module; The lock core module is arranged at the rear side of the face shell module and is transmission-connected with the face shell module, and the lock core module includes a clutch motor; The electronic component includes an inductive antenna, a capacitor and a main control module. The inductive antenna and the capacitor are arranged in the face shell module, and the inductive antenna and the capacitor are electrically connected to the main control module through the wiring module. The main control module is also electrically connected to the clutch motor.

2. The inductively powered smart lock cylinder according to claim 1, characterized in that: The sensing antenna is connected to a first flexible flat cable, the first flexible flat cable is connected to a first PCB board, and the first PCB board has a first contact; the capacitor is connected to a second flexible flat cable, the second flexible flat cable is connected to a second PCB board, and the second PCB board has a second contact; the wiring module includes a connecting flat cable connected to the main control module, and the connecting flat cable has a third contact and a fourth contact; The first contact point is in contact with the third contact point, and the second contact point is in contact with the fourth contact point.

3. The inductively powered smart lock cylinder according to claim 2, characterized in that: The face shell module comprises: A handle shell, wherein the front of the handle shell is open, a support platform, a first mounting position and a second mounting position are arranged on the inner side, and a mounting opening is arranged on the rear side, the induction antenna is arranged on the support platform, and the capacitor is arranged in the first mounting position; A handle cover, arranged at the front of the handle surface shell; The handle bracket is inserted in the handle surface shell and is provided with an end guide groove opposite to the installation opening, and the end guide groove is communicated with the second installation position.

4. The inductively powered smart lock cylinder according to claim 3, characterized in that: The lock core module also includes a lock housing, a mounting sleeve and a connecting shaft, wherein the mounting sleeve and the connecting shaft are both rotatably arranged on the lock housing, and the connecting shaft is passed through the mounting sleeve; The installation sleeve is rotated and inserted into the installation opening; The front end of the connecting shaft extends through the installation opening to the insertion terminal guide groove, the connecting cable is arranged at the front end of the connecting shaft, and the third contact and the fourth contact are both located in the terminal guide groove.

5. The inductively powered smart lock cylinder according to claim 4, characterized in that: The connecting shaft is provided with a first installation groove, and the connecting cable is arranged in the first installation groove.

6. The inductively powered smart lock cylinder according to claim 4, characterized in that: The side walls of the handle bracket and the handle surface shell are inserted with fastening screws, and the fastening screws extend to the side walls inserted in the connecting shaft.

7. An inductively powered smart lock cylinder according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that: The lock core module also includes a lock housing, a connecting shaft, a mounting sleeve, a bracket, a first clutch sleeve, a second clutch sleeve, a tail end connecting sleeve and a compression sleeve; The installation sleeve and the connecting shaft are both rotatably arranged in the lock housing, the connecting shaft is passed through the installation sleeve, and the front end of the connecting shaft is inserted into the face shell module; The bracket is fixedly arranged on the connecting shaft, and the clutch motor and the main control module are both arranged on the bracket; The rear end of the connecting shaft is provided with a first guide opening, the first clutch sleeve is rotatably arranged in the lock housing, the front part of the first clutch sleeve has a first convex part matched and arranged in the first guide opening, and the rear part of the first clutch sleeve is provided with a second guide opening; The second clutch sleeve is arranged in the first clutch sleeve, a transmission structure is arranged between the second clutch sleeve and the clutch motor, the outer side of the second clutch sleeve has a second convex portion arranged in the second guide opening, and the rear part of the second clutch sleeve has a third convex portion; The compression sleeve is fixedly inserted at the rear end of the lock shell, the tail end connecting sleeve is rotatably arranged in the compression sleeve, and the front part of the tail end connecting sleeve is provided with a concave hole matched with the third convex part.

8. The inductively powered smart lock cylinder according to claim 7, characterized in that: The front part of the tail end connecting sleeve is also provided with a second installation groove, and the rear end of the first clutch sleeve is rotatably inserted in the second installation groove.

9. The inductively powered smart lock cylinder according to claim 7, characterized in that: The transmission structure includes a screw, a nut and a spring. The screw is fixedly connected to the output end of the clutch motor. The nut is fitted on the screw and has a first fixed groove on the outside of the nut. The inside of the second clutch sleeve has a second fixed groove. One end of the spring is fixedly clamped in the first fixed groove, and the other end is fixedly clamped in the second fixed groove.

10. The inductively powered smart lock cylinder according to claim 7, characterized in that: The support member is provided with a plurality of positioning protrusions, and the main control module comprises a main control board, which is arranged at the inner side of the plurality of positioning protrusions.