Pollution treatment equipment

Abstract

A pollution treatment apparatus includes: a gas chamber; an inlet conduit configured to flow flue gas into the plenum chamber; a first gas inlet, a second gas inlet, and a third gas inlet, the first gas inlet, the second gas inlet, and the third gas inlet configured to flow gas into the plenum chamber; a reagent injection port configured to flow a reagent into the plenum chamber; and an outlet conduit configured to flow a fluid out of the plenum chamber.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to an exhaust gas treatment apparatus, and more particularly, to an apparatus for reducing NOx x in an exhaust gas. BACKGROUND

[0002] In manufacturing processes, such as in the production of glass articles, there is an increasing need to reduce the emission of environmental pollutants, such as oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) into the atmosphere. Such reductions can include pollution abatement apparatuses and methods that introduce reagents into the flue gas. There is an ever increasing need to improve the efficacy and efficiency of these apparatuses and methods. SUMMARY

[0003] Embodiments disclosed herein include a pollution abatement apparatus comprising a plenum chamber, an inlet conduit configured to flow a flue gas into the plenum chamber, a first gas inlet, a second gas inlet, and a third gas inlet configured to flow a gas into the plenum chamber, a reagent injection port configured to flow a reagent into the plenum chamber, and an outlet conduit configured to flow a fluid out of the plenum chamber. In one embodiment, the first gas inlet is configured to mix the gas with the flue gas as the flue gas is introduced into the plenum chamber.

[0004] Additional features and advantages of the embodiments disclosed herein will be set forth in the detailed description which follows, and in part will be apparent from the description or can be learned by practice of the disclosed embodiments as described in the detailed description, including the claims, and the accompanying drawings.

[0005] It is to be understood that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the claimed embodiments. The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding, and are incorporated into and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate various embodiments of the present disclosure and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles and operations of the present disclosure. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0006] Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of a glass making apparatus and process;

[0007] Figure 2 is a schematic perspective front view of a pollution abatement apparatus according to embodiments disclosed herein;

[0008] Figure 3 is Figure 2a schematic perspective side view of a pollution abatement apparatus;

[0009] Figure 4 is a schematic perspective view of an upper flow channel and a lower flow channel according to embodiments disclosed herein; and

[0010] Figure 5 is a schematic perspective front view of a portion of a pollution abatement apparatus according to embodiments disclosed herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0011] Reference will now be made in detail to the presently preferred embodiments of the present disclosure, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. The present disclosure may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein.

[0012] Ranges can be expressed herein as from "about" one particular value, and / or to "about" another particular value. When such ranges are expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and / or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent "about," it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. It will be further understood that the endpoints of the ranges are significant, both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint.

[0013] Directional terms as used herein - for example up, down, right, left, front, back, top, bottom - are made only with reference to the figures as drawn and are not intended to imply absolute orientation.

[0014] Unless explicitly stated otherwise, no method recited herein is intended to be construed as requiring its steps to be performed in a particular order, nor requiring any device-specific orientation. Thus, to the extent that a method claim does not recite a specific order for its steps, or that any device claim does not recite a specific order or orientation for its components, or that the appended claims or description do not otherwise explicitly recite a step limitation to a particular order, or a component limitation to a particular order or orientation, no such order or orientation is intended in any way. This holds true for any possible non-mechanical basis of construing order or orientation, including: logical problems with respect to step arrangement, operational flow, component order, or component orientation; ordinary meaning derived from grammatical organization or punctuation; and the number or type of embodiments described in the specification.

[0015] As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to "a" component includes aspects with two or more such components, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0016] Figure 1 An exemplary glass manufacturing apparatus 10 is shown in FIG. 1. In some examples, the glass manufacturing apparatus 10 can include a glass melting furnace 12, which can include a melting vessel 14. In addition to the melting vessel 14, the glass melting furnace 12 includes one or more additional components, such as heating elements (as will be described in greater detail herein, the heating elements heat raw materials and convert the raw materials into molten glass. In further examples, the glass melting furnace 12 can include thermal management devices (e.g., insulation components) that reduce heat loss from the melting vessel adjacent. In still further examples, the glass melting furnace 12 can include electronic devices and / or electromechanical devices that facilitate the melting into the glass melt. Still further, the glass melting furnace 12 can include support structures (e.g., support floor, support members, etc.) or other components.

[0017] The glass melting vessel 14 is generally composed of a refractory material, such as a refractory ceramic material, for example, including alumina or zirconia. In some examples, the glass melting vessel 14 can be constructed of refractory ceramic bricks. Particular embodiments of the glass melting vessel 14 will be described in greater detail below.

[0018] In some examples, the glass melting furnace can be incorporated as a component of a glass manufacturing apparatus to manufacture a glass substrate, for example, a continuous length of glass ribbon. In some examples, the glass melting furnace of the present disclosure can be incorporated as a component of a glass manufacturing apparatus that includes a slot draw apparatus, a float bath apparatus, a down-draw apparatus such as a fusion process, an up-draw apparatus, a press roll apparatus, a tube draw apparatus, or any other glass manufacturing apparatus that would benefit from the aspects disclosed herein.

[0019] The glass manufacturing apparatus 10 can optionally include an upstream glass manufacturing apparatus 16 that is located upstream relative to the glass melting vessel 14. In some examples, a portion of the upstream glass manufacturing apparatus 16 or the entire upstream glass manufacturing apparatus 16 can be incorporated as part of the glass melting furnace 12.

[0020] As shown in the example shown, upstream glass manufacturing apparatus 16 can include a batch hopper 18, a raw material delivery device 20, and a motor 22 connected to the raw material delivery device. Batch hopper 18 can be configured to store a quantity of raw material batch 24 that can be fed into a melting vessel 14 of a glass melting furnace 12, as indicated by arrow 26. Raw material batch 24 typically includes one or more glass-forming metal oxides and one or more modifiers. In some examples, raw material delivery device 20 can be powered by motor 22 such that raw material delivery device 20 delivers a predetermined amount of raw material batch 24 from batch hopper 18 to melting vessel 14. In another example, motor 22 can power raw material delivery device 20 to introduce raw material batch 24 at a controlled rate based on a level of molten glass sensed downstream from melting vessel 14. Raw material batch 24 within melting vessel 14 can then be heated to form molten glass 28.

[0021] Glass manufacturing apparatus 10 can also optionally include a downstream glass manufacturing apparatus 30 located downstream relative to glass melting furnace 12. In some examples, a portion of downstream glass manufacturing apparatus 30 can be incorporated as part of glass melting furnace 12. In some examples, first connecting conduit 32, discussed below, or other portions of downstream glass manufacturing apparatus 30 can be incorporated as part of glass melting furnace 12. Elements of the downstream glass manufacturing apparatus, including first connecting conduit 32, can be formed from a noble metal. Suitable noble metals include platinum group metals selected from the group of metals consisting of platinum, iridium, rhodium, osmium, ruthenium, and palladium, or alloys thereof. For example, downstream components of the glass manufacturing apparatus can be formed from a platinum-rhodium alloy including from about 100% to about 60% by weight of platinum and about 0% to about 40% by weight of rhodium. However, other suitable metals can include molybdenum, rhenium, tantalum, titanium, tungsten, and alloys thereof. Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) noble metal alloys are also possible.

[0022] Downstream glass manufacturing apparatus 30 can include a first conditioning (i.e., processing) vessel, such as a fining vessel 34, located downstream from melting vessel 14 and coupled to melting vessel 14 by way of first connecting conduit 32, mentioned above. In some examples, molten glass 28 can be gravity fed from melting vessel 14 to fining vessel 34 by way of first connecting conduit 32. For example, gravity can cause molten glass 28 to pass through an interior passageway of first connecting conduit 32 from melting vessel 14 to fining vessel 34. However, it should be understood that other conditioning vessels can be located downstream from melting vessel 14, for example, between melting vessel 14 and fining vessel 34. In some embodiments, conditioning vessels can be deployed between the melting vessel and the fining vessel, where the molten glass from the primary melting vessel is further heated to continue the melting process, or the molten glass is cooled to a temperature lower than the temperature of the molten glass in the melting vessel before entering the fining vessel.

[0023] Bubbles can be removed from the molten glass 28 within the fining vessel 34 by various techniques. For example, the raw batch material 24 can include a multivalent compound (i.e., a fining agent), such as tin oxide, which undergoes a chemical reduction reaction and releases oxygen gas when heated. Other suitable fining agents include, but are not limited to, arsenic, antimony, iron, and cerium. The fining vessel 34 is heated to a temperature greater than the temperature of the melting vessel, thereby heating the molten glass and the fining agent. Oxygen bubbles generated by the chemical reduction of the fining agent due to its temperature rise through the molten glass within the fining vessel, where gases in the molten glass produced in the melting furnace can diffuse or accumulate into the oxygen bubbles produced by the fining agent. The expanding bubbles can then rise to the free surface of the molten glass in the fining vessel and thereafter exit the fining vessel. The oxygen bubbles can further cause mechanical mixing of the molten glass in the fining vessel.

[0024] The downstream glass manufacturing apparatus 30 can further include another conditioning vessel, such as a mixing vessel 36 for mixing the molten glass. The mixing vessel 36 can be located downstream of the fining vessel 34. The mixing vessel 36 can be used to provide a homogeneous glass melt composition, thereby reducing chemical or thermal inhomogeneity streaks that can otherwise exist within the fined molten glass coming out of the fining vessel. As shown, the fining vessel 34 can be coupled to the mixing vessel 36 by way of a second connecting conduit 38. In some examples, the molten glass 28 can be gravity fed from the fining vessel 34 to the mixing vessel 36 by way of the second connecting conduit 38. For example, gravity can cause the molten glass 28 to pass through an internal passageway of the second connecting conduit 38, from the fining vessel 34 to the mixing vessel 36. It should be noted that while the mixing vessel 36 is shown as being downstream of the fining vessel, the mixing vessel 36 can be located upstream of the fining vessel 34. In some embodiments, the downstream glass manufacturing apparatus 30 can include multiple mixing vessels, for example, a mixing vessel upstream of the fining vessel 34, and a mixing vessel downstream of the fining vessel 34. These multiple mixing vessels can have the same design, or they can have different designs.

[0025] The downstream glass manufacturing apparatus 30 can further include another conditioning vessel, such as a delivery vessel 40, which can be located downstream of the mixing vessel 36. The delivery vessel 40 can condition the molten glass 28 to be fed into a downstream forming device. For example, the delivery vessel 40 can act as an accumulator and / or a flow rate controller to regulate a consistent flow of the molten glass 28 and / or provide the consistent flow to a forming body 42 by way of an outlet conduit 44. As shown, the mixing vessel 36 can be coupled to the delivery vessel 40 by way of a third connecting conduit 46. In some examples, the molten glass 28 can be gravity fed from the mixing vessel 36 to the delivery vessel 40 by way of the third connecting conduit 46. For example, gravity can drive the molten glass 28 through an internal passageway of the third connecting conduit 46, from the mixing vessel 36 to the delivery vessel 40.

[0026] Downstream glass manufacturing apparatus 30 can further include a forming apparatus 48 including the above-mentioned forming body 42 and an inlet conduit 50. Outlet conduit 44 can be positioned to deliver molten glass 28 from delivery vessel 40 to inlet conduit 50 of forming apparatus 48. For example, outlet conduit 44 can be nested within and spaced apart from an inner surface of inlet conduit 50, thereby providing a free surface of molten glass between an outer surface of outlet conduit 44 and the inner surface of inlet conduit 50. Forming body 42 in a fusion down-draw glass making apparatus can include a trough 52 in an upper surface of the forming body, and a converging forming surface 54 that converges in the drawing direction along a bottom edge 56 of forming body 42. Molten glass delivered to the forming body trough via delivery vessel 40, outlet conduit 44, and inlet conduit 50 spreads out over the side walls of the trough and descends along converging forming surface 54 as separate streams of molten glass. The separate streams of molten glass join beneath and along bottom edge 56 to produce a single glass ribbon 58 that is drawn from bottom edge 56 in a draw or flow direction 60 by applying tension to the glass ribbon, such as by gravity, edge roll 72, and pull roll 82, to control the dimensions of the glass ribbon as the glass cools and the viscosity of the glass increases. As a result, glass ribbon 58 undergoes a viscoelastic transition and acquires mechanical properties that impart stable dimensional characteristics to glass ribbon 58. In some embodiments, glass ribbon 58 can be separated into individual glass sheets 62 by a glass separation apparatus 100 in an elastic region of the glass ribbon. Mechanical arms 64 can then use gripping tools 65 to transfer the individual glass sheets 62 to a conveyor system, which can then be further processed.

[0027] Exhaust or flue gas can be emitted from various components of glass manufacturing apparatus 10, such as glass melting furnace 12, fining tank 34, mixing tank 36, and / or delivery vessel 40. The emitted exhaust or flue gas can then be sent to a pollution abatement system (not shown in FIG. 1). However, adequate treatment of the exhaust or flue gas first requires that the temperature of such gas be controlled within a specified range, which can be achieved via a pollution abatement apparatus as described herein. Figure 2

[0028] Figure 2 ​A schematic perspective front view of a pollution control device 200 according to an embodiment disclosed herein is shown. The pollution control device 200 includes a gas chamber 202 and an inlet conduit 204 configured to allow flue gas (e.g., from at least one of a glass melting furnace 12, a clarification tank 34, a mixing tank 36, or a delivery tank 40) to flow into the gas chamber 202. The pollution control device 200 also includes a first gas inlet 206, a second gas inlet 208, and a third gas inlet 210 configured to allow gas to flow into the gas chamber 202. Additionally, the pollution control device 200 includes an outlet conduit 212 configured to allow fluid to flow out of the gas chamber 202. The pollution control device 200 further includes: a first upper flow channel 216A and a second upper flow channel 216B, the first upper flow channel 216A and the second upper flow channel 216B being in fluid communication with the gas chamber 202; and a first lower flow channel 218A and a second lower flow channel 218B, the first lower flow channel 218A and the second lower flow channel 218B being in fluid communication with the gas chamber 202. A second gas inlet 208 is configured to allow gas to flow into the first upper flow channel 216A and the second upper flow channel 216B, and a third gas inlet 210 is configured to allow gas to flow into the first lower flow channel 218A and the second lower flow channel 218B. Simultaneously, a first gas inlet 204 is configured to mix the gas with the flue gas when the flue gas is introduced into the gas chamber 202 via the inlet conduit 214.

[0029] Figure 3 Show Figure 2 A schematic perspective side view of a pollution control device 200. (As shown in...) Figure 3 As can be seen, the second upper flow channel 216B includes a plurality of side holes 220 configured to allow gas to flow into the gas chamber 202, and the second lower flow channel 218B includes a plurality of side holes 222 configured to allow gas to flow into the gas chamber 202. Additionally, the first upper flow channel 216A includes a plurality of side holes 220 configured to allow gas to flow into the gas chamber 202, and the first lower flow channel 218A includes a plurality of side holes 222 configured to allow gas to flow into the gas chamber 202. Figure 3 (Not shown in the image).

[0030] Figure 4 A schematic perspective view of a first upper flow channel 216A and a first lower flow channel 218A according to embodiments disclosed herein is shown. Figure 4As can be seen, the first upper flow channel 216A includes a plurality of side holes 220 configured to allow gas to flow into the gas chamber 202, and the first lower flow channel 218A includes a plurality of side holes 222 configured to allow gas to flow into the gas chamber 202. The first lower flow channel 218A also includes a plurality of top holes 224 configured to allow gas to flow into the gas chamber 202. Additionally, the second lower flow channel 218B includes a plurality of top holes 224 configured to allow gas to flow into the gas chamber 202. Figure 4 (Not shown in the image). Each of the plurality of side holes 220, 222 is both closable and openable, wherein in the open position, the side hole is configured to allow gas to flow into the gas chamber 202 (in the image). Figure 4 (Seen as 220, 222 without shadow), and wherein, in the closed position, the side orifice is configured to impede gas flow into the gas chamber 202. Figure 4 (220A is shown in shaded area).

[0031] Figure 5 A schematic perspective front view of a portion of a pollution control device 200 according to an embodiment disclosed herein is shown. Figure 5 As shown, the pollution control device 200 includes a reagent injection port 226 configured to allow reagent to flow into the gas chamber 202. The pollution control device 200 also includes a temperature sensor 228, such as a thermocouple, located near the reagent injection port 226. The reagent injection port 226 is positioned relative to the introduction of flue gas into the gas chamber 202; specifically, the reagent injection port 226 is located above the upper right edge of the inlet conduit 214. The position of the reagent injection port 226 in this region allows the reagent temperature to be within the range of approximately 950°C to approximately 1125°C throughout the residence time of the reagent in the gas chamber 202.

[0032] The embodiments disclosed herein include those in which the gas chamber 202 is configured to be maintained in a range from about 950°C to about 1125°C, such as from about 1000°C to about 1075°C, and further from about 1025°C to about 1050°C. In some exemplary embodiments, the flue gas flowing through the inlet duct 204 has a temperature in the range of about 1500°C to about 1700°C, such that the flue gas is substantially cooled in the gas chamber 202 and then further cooled after exiting the gas chamber 202 through the outlet duct 212. Such a cooling effect can be achieved by gas flowing into the gas chamber 202 through a first gas inlet, a second gas inlet, and a third gas inlet 206, 208, 210, wherein the first gas inlet 206, the second gas inlet 208, and the third gas inlet 210 are configured to allow gas having a temperature lower than that of the flue gas to flow.

[0033] For example, by applying the principles of conservation of mass and energy, the gas flowing through the first, second, and third gas inlets 206, 208, 210 can mix with the flue gas and effectively reduce the temperature of the gas according to the following equations:

[0034] m1c p1 T1+m2c p2 T2= (m1+m2)c p3 T3

[0035] where m1, c p1 , T1are the mass flow rate, heat capacity, and temperature of the flue gas, m2, c p2 , T2are the mass flow rate, heat capacity, and temperature of the gas flowing through any of the first, second, and third gas inlets 206, 208, 210, and c p3 , T3is the heat capacity and temperature of the gas mixture inside the plenum chamber 202 or the heat capacity and temperature of the gas mixture flowing through the outlet conduit 212.

[0036] In certain example embodiments, the gas flowing into the plenum chamber 202 through the first, second, and third gas inlets 206, 208, 210 can have approximately the same or different temperatures, where, for example, the temperature of the gas is in a range from about 0 °C to about 500 °C, such as from about 10 °C to about 100 °C, and further such as from about 20 °C to about 50 °C, such as about 30 °C.

[0037] In certain example embodiments, the outlet conduit 212 is configured to flow a fluid having a temperature in a range from about 500 °C to about 600 °C, such as from about 525 °C to about 575 °C, including about 550 °C.

[0038] In certain example embodiments, the third gas inlet 210 is configured to flow a gas at a lower flow rate than the flow rate of the gas flowing through the first and second gas inlets 206, 208, and in certain example embodiments, the second gas inlet 208 is configured to flow a gas at a higher flow rate than the flow rate of the gas flowing through the first gas inlet 206.

[0039] For example, embodiments disclosed herein include embodiments in which the flow rate ratio of the gas flowing through the second gas inlet 208 to the gas flowing through the third gas inlet 210 is in a range from about 500: 1 to about 50: 1, such as from about 250: 1 to about 100: 1. Additionally, embodiments disclosed herein include embodiments in which the flow rate ratio of the gas flowing through the second gas inlet 208 to the gas flowing through the first gas inlet 206 is in a range from about 5: 1 to about 2: 1, such as from about 4: 1 to about 3: 1.

[0040] Such embodiments include the following: flue gas flowing through inlet duct 204 has a temperature in the range of about 1500°C to about 1700°C; gas flowing into gas chamber 202 through first gas inlet, second gas inlet and third gas inlet 206, 208, 210 has a temperature in the range of about 20°C to about 50°C; fluid and / or gas in gas chamber 202 has a temperature in the range of about 950°C to about 1125°C; and fluid and / or gas flowing through outlet duct 212 has a temperature in the range of about 500°C to about 600°C.

[0041] The embodiments disclosed herein include the following embodiments: Flue gas having a temperature in the range of about 1500°C to about 1700°C is immediately and initially cooled to a temperature in the range of about 950°C to about 1125°C upon introduction into the gas chamber 202, wherein such initial cooling is primarily achieved by mixing the flue gas with gas flowing into the gas chamber 202 through the first gas inlet 206. The embodiments disclosed herein also include the following embodiments: Fluid inside the gas chamber 202 having a temperature in the range of about 950°C to about 1125°C is immediately and further cooled to a temperature in the range of about 500°C to about 600°C upon introduction into the outlet conduit 212, wherein such further cooling is primarily achieved by mixing the fluid inside the gas chamber 202 with gas flowing into the gas chamber 202 through the second gas inlet 208. Simultaneously, gas flowing into the gas chamber 202 through the third gas inlet 210 primarily serves as a heat insulation layer.

[0042] In some exemplary embodiments, heat transfer between the fluid inside the gas chamber 202 and the gas flowing into the gas chamber 202 through the second gas inlet 208 can be enhanced by increasing the velocity of the airflow flowing into the gas chamber 202 through the second gas inlet 208. For example, this can be achieved by closing one or more of the plurality of side holes 220 of the first upper flow channel 216A and / or the second upper flow channel 216B, such as, for example... Figure 4 As shown in the figure. By closing one or more of the multiple side holes 220, the velocity of the gas flowing into the gas chamber 202 through the remaining open side holes 220 can be increased, thereby increasing the heat transfer between the fluid inside the gas chamber 202 and the gas flowing into the gas chamber 202 through the second gas inlet 208.

[0043] Maintaining the temperature of the fluid and / or gas inside chamber 202 within a range of approximately 950°C to approximately 1125°C can be achieved by, on the one hand, by controlling the temperature of pollutants (e.g., NO) in the flue gas. xsufficient rate of chemical reactions (e.g., selective non-catalytic reduction reactions) between the reagents flowing into the plenum chamber 202 via the injection ports 226, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, minimizing the oxidation of such reagents (e.g., NOx) to unwanted byproducts (e.g., N2O and / or N2). x Such reagents can for example include at least one of ammonia or urea.

[0044] Reducing the temperature of the fluid and / or gas coming out of the plenum chamber 202 via the outlet conduit 212 to a range between about 500°C to about 600°C can in turn enable additional pollution abatement via downstream pollution abatement equipment and / or systems.

[0045] As known to those skilled in the art, control mechanisms such as feedback or feedforward control can be used to control or maintain the temperature of the fluid flowing within the various zones of the pollution abatement equipment 200. For example, at least one temperature sensor, such as the temperature sensor 228, can be configured to measure the temperature within the plenum chamber 202, which in turn can help determine and control the flow rate of the gas flowing into the plenum chamber 202 through at least one of the first gas inlet 206, the second gas inlet 208, and / or the third gas inlet 210, in order to maintain the temperature within the plenum chamber 202 within a predetermined range, such as from about 950°C to about 1125°C.

[0046] The embodiments disclosed herein can use a variety of glass compositions to achieve production of glass articles, such as thin glass sheets for use in electronic devices, including, but not limited to: a glass composition including 58 to 65 weight percent (wt%) Si02, 14 to 20 wt% Al203, 8 to 12 wt% B203, 1 to 3 wt% MgO, 5 to 10 wt% CaO, and 0.5 to 2 wt% SrO; an alkali-free glass composition including 58 to 65 wt% Si02, 16 to 22 wt% Al203, 1 to 5 wt% B203, 1 to 4 wt% MgO, 2 to 6 wt% CaO, 1 to 4 wt% SrO, and 5 to 10 wt% BaO; an alkali-free glass composition including 57 to 61 wt% Si02, 17 to 21 wt% Al203, 5 to 8 wt% B203, 1 to 5 wt% MgO, 3 to 9 wt% CaO, 0 to 6 wt% SrO, and 0 to 7 wt% BaO; or an alkali-containing glass composition including 55 to 72 wt% Si02, 12 to 24 wt% Al203, 10 to 18 wt% Na20, 0 to 10 wt% B203, 0 to 5 wt% K20, 0 to 5 wt% MgO, and 0 to 5 wt% CaO, in certain embodiments, also including 1 to 5 wt% K20 and 1 to 5 wt% MgO.

[0047] While the above embodiments have been described with reference to a fusion draw process, it will be understood that such embodiments are also applicable to other glass forming processes, such as slot draw processes, float processes, up-draw processes, tube-pulling processes, and press-roll processes.

[0048] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications and variations can be made to the embodiments of the disclosure without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Thus, it is intended that the disclosure cover the modifications and variations of this disclosure provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A pollution abatement apparatus characterized by, The pollution abatement apparatus comprises: a plenum chamber; an inlet conduit configured to flow flue gas into the plenum chamber; a first gas inlet, a second gas inlet, and a third gas inlet configured to flow gas into the plenum chamber; a reagent injection port configured to flow reagent into the plenum chamber; and an outlet conduit configured to flow fluid out of the plenum chamber.

2. The pollution abatement apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first gas inlet is configured to mix gas with the flue gas as the flue gas is introduced into the plenum chamber.

3. The pollution abatement apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second gas inlet is configured to flow gas into a first upper flow channel and a second upper flow channel in fluid communication with the plenum chamber, and the third gas inlet is configured to flow gas into a first lower flow channel and a second lower flow channel in fluid communication with the plenum chamber.

4. The pollution abatement apparatus of claim 3, wherein the first upper flow channel and the second upper flow channel and the first lower flow channel and the second lower flow channel comprise a plurality of side holes configured to flow gas into the plenum chamber.

5. The pollution abatement apparatus of claim 4, wherein the first lower flow channel and the second lower flow channel comprise a plurality of top holes configured to flow gas into the plenum chamber.

6. The pollution abatement apparatus of claim 4, wherein the plurality of side holes are closable and openable, wherein in an open position the side holes are configured to flow gas into the plenum chamber, and in a closed position the side holes are configured to block the flow of gas into the plenum chamber.

7. The pollution abatement apparatus of claim 1, wherein the reagent injection port is located above a location where flue gas is introduced into the plenum chamber.

8. The pollution abatement apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plenum chamber is configured to be maintained at a temperature in a range from about 950 °C to about 1125 °C.

9. The pollution abatement apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first gas inlet, the second gas inlet, and the third gas inlet are configured to flow gas having a temperature lower than a temperature of the flue gas.

10. The pollution abatement apparatus of claim 7, wherein the third gas inlet is configured to flow gas at a lower flow rate than a flow rate of gas flowing through the first gas inlet and the second gas inlet.

11. The pollution abatement apparatus of claim 10, wherein the second gas inlet is configured to flow gas at a higher flow rate than the flow rate of gas flowing through the first gas inlet.

12. The pollution abatement apparatus of claim 11, wherein the outlet conduit is configured to flow fluid having a temperature in a range from about 500 °C to about 600 °C.

13. The contamination mitigation device of claim 1, wherein the contamination mitigation device further comprises a temperature sensor configured to measure a temperature within the plenum chamber.

14. The contamination mitigation device of claim 13, wherein the contamination mitigation device further comprises a feedback or feedforward control mechanism configured to control a flow rate of gas flowing into the plenum chamber through at least one of the first gas inlet, the second gas inlet, and the third gas inlet.

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