Soft elastic keyboard

Abstract

The utility model provides a soft bounce keyboard, including upper shell, locating plate, circuit board, lower shell and elastic structure, elastic structure includes first elastic piece, elastic rod and two second elastic piece, the periphery of locating plate protrudes and is equipped with overhanging arm, the first elastic piece is equipped with the first jack corresponding to overhanging arm of locating plate periphery, and the second elastic piece is equipped with the second jack corresponding to the overhanging arm of locating plate periphery. The overhanging arm is inserted into the first inserting hole, the first elastic piece elastically abuts against the position between the upper end plate and the elastic rod in the normal direction of the upper end plate, and the two second elastic pieces are symmetrically arranged relative to the first elastic piece in the length direction of the elastic rod. And each second elastic piece is elastically pressed between the elastic rod and the supporting part of the lower shell in the normal direction of the upper end plate. According to the soft elastic keyboard, the elastic stroke can be increased, so that the soft hand feeling for knocking the keys is tough and elastic, the influence on the touch feeling of a user due to the fact that the soft hand feeling for knocking the keys is too soft or rigid is avoided, the comfort of the soft hand feeling for knocking the keys is improved, and the use experience of the user is further improved.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The utility model relates to the technical field of peripheral electronic input device, especially to a soft elastic keyboard. BACKGROUND

[0002] The keyboard is combined by different key technology and electronic switch system as a kind of peripheral electronic input device, and the main function is input data, and it can be used to operate other machines or devices in computer system.

[0003] In order to meet the needs of soft elastic feeling of part of the population when pressing the keys, the existing keyboard is provided with an elastic structure on the circuit board module, so that the circuit board module has elastic movement function in the up-down direction of the keycap knocking, so that the user has soft elastic feeling when knocking the keys.

[0004] However, the elastic structure provided on the circuit board module of the existing keyboard is relatively single, which either leads to soft elastic feeling when knocking the keys, or leads to hard elastic feeling when knocking the keys, so that the soft elastic feeling of the keyboard when pressing the keys is not comfortable enough, affecting the user experience. And, the elastic structure provided on the circuit board module of the existing keyboard has the problem of short elastic stroke, which further affects the comfort of the soft elastic feeling of the keys. SUMMARY

[0005] In order to realize the main purpose of the utility model, the utility model provides a soft elastic keyboard capable of increasing elastic stroke, which has soft elastic feeling when pressing the keys, that is, it is both tough and elastic, so as to improve the comfort of the soft elastic feeling of the keys when pressing, and further improve the user experience.

[0006] In order to realize the main purpose of the utility model, the utility model provides a soft elastic keyboard, which comprises an upper shell, a positioning plate, a circuit board, a lower shell and an elastic structure. The upper shell and the lower shell are combined to form a limiting cavity. The positioning plate is movably arranged in the limiting cavity in the normal direction of the upper end plate of the upper shell. The circuit board is arranged on the lower side of the positioning plate away from the upper end plate in the normal direction of the upper end plate, and a plurality of keys are arranged on the circuit board. The knocking end of the key is arranged through the positioning plate and the upper end plate in the normal direction of the upper end plate, and the knocking end of the key is provided with a keycap. The elastic structure comprises a first elastic member, an elastic rod and two second elastic members. The first elastic member is elastically pressed between the upper end plate and the elastic rod in the normal direction of the upper end plate. The outer periphery of the positioning plate is provided with an outward arm. The first elastic member is provided with a first plug-in hole, and the outward arm is plugged into the first plug-in hole. The two second elastic members are symmetrically arranged about the first elastic member in the length direction of the elastic rod. Each second elastic member is elastically pressed between the elastic rod and the supporting part of the lower shell in the normal direction of the upper end plate.

[0007] From the above scheme can be seen, the utility model discloses the positioning plate of soft elastic keyboard is movably arranged between the upper shell and lower shell cover formation restriction cavity in the normal direction of the upper end plate of upper shell, the circuit board is arranged in the lower side of positioning plate away from the upper end plate in the normal direction of the upper end plate, so that the positioning plate can drive the circuit board synchronous in the normal direction of the upper end plate moves. Because the utility model discloses the soft elastic keyboard is provided with elastic structure, the elastic structure includes first elastic piece, elastic rod and two second elastic pieces, first elastic piece is elastically pressed between the upper end plate and elastic rod in the normal direction of the upper end plate, the outer periphery of positioning plate is provided with the arm that protrudes outward, first elastic piece is provided with the first plug-in hole, the arm is inserted in the first plug-in hole, two second elastic pieces are arranged about first elastic piece in the length direction of elastic rod, and each second elastic piece is elastically pressed between elastic rod and the support portion of lower shell in the normal direction of the upper end plate. So, in the process of pressing the key cap downward in the normal direction of the upper end plate to force the key on the circuit board to move downward, the key transmits the impact force of pressing downward to the circuit board, so as to drive the positioning plate to move downward in the normal direction of the upper end plate, then the arm of the positioning plate forces the lower end of first elastic piece to move downward in the normal direction of the upper end plate to force the elastic rod to elastically deform downward, and the elastic deformation of the elastic rod downward can force two second elastic pieces to elastically compress and deform. Since the first elastic piece and the second elastic piece have soft elastic performance, and the elastic rod has both toughness and elastic characteristics, the elastic structure composed of the first elastic piece, the elastic rod and the two second elastic pieces can increase the elastic stroke amount, while avoiding the soft elastic feeling of the key being too soft or too hard to affect the user's touch feeling, making the soft elastic feeling of the key tapping tough and elastic, thereby improving the comfort of the soft elastic feeling of the key tapping, and further improving the user's experience.

[0008] Therefore, the soft elastic keyboard of the utility model is provided with the elastic structure composed of the first elastic piece, the elastic rod and the two second elastic pieces, the first elastic piece and the second elastic piece have soft elastic characteristics, the elastic rod has both toughness and elastic characteristics, so that the elastic structure composed of the first elastic piece, the elastic rod and the two second elastic pieces can increase the elastic stroke amount, while avoiding the soft elastic feeling of the key being too soft or too hard to affect the user's touch feeling, making the soft elastic feeling of the key tapping tough and elastic, thereby improving the comfort of the soft elastic feeling of the key tapping, and further improving the user's experience.

[0009] Further, the first insertion hole is provided with elastic ribs on opposite sides in the length direction of the elastic rod, and the two elastic ribs are elastically pressed against opposite sides of the outer arm in the length direction of the elastic rod; and / or, the upper end face of the first elastic member is provided with an upper elastic rib, and the upper elastic rib is elastically pressed against the upper end plate; and / or, the lower end face of the first elastic member is provided with two lower elastic ribs, and the two lower elastic ribs form an elastic groove, and the elastic rod passes through the elastic groove.

[0010] Further, the upper end plate is provided with two limiting plates on the inner side close to the first elastic member, and the two limiting plates form a limiting groove, and the end of the first elastic member away from the elastic rod is located in the limiting groove.

[0011] Further, the support portion is provided with a positioning groove extending in the length direction of the elastic rod, and each second elastic member is provided with a sliding portion on the lower end away from the elastic rod, and the sliding portion is slidably located in the positioning groove in the length direction of the elastic rod, so as to adjust the distance between the second elastic member and the first elastic member in the length direction of the elastic rod.

[0012] Further, the groove side of the positioning groove is provided with a plurality of limiting grooves arranged at equal intervals in the length direction of the elastic rod, and the side of the sliding portion is provided with a limiting rib, and the limiting rib is inserted into one limiting groove.

[0013] Further, the second elastic member is provided with a second insertion hole, and the elastic rod is inserted into the second insertion hole.

[0014] Further, the first elastic member and / or the second elastic member is made of one of silicone and rubber; and / or, the elastic rod is made of one of spring steel, glass steel, beryllium copper and carbon fiber.

[0015] Further, the outer periphery of the upper end plate is provided with an upper peripheral wall plate protruding towards the lower end plate of the lower shell, the outer periphery of the lower end plate of the lower shell is provided with a lower peripheral wall plate protruding towards the upper end plate, the upper peripheral wall plate is sleeved on the outer periphery of the lower peripheral wall plate and abuts against the lower end plate, and the inner periphery of the upper peripheral wall plate is provided with a buckle, and the outer periphery of the lower peripheral wall plate is provided with a clamping groove, and the buckle is hooked in the clamping groove.

[0016] Further, the number of the elastic structure, the outer arm and the support portion is multiple, one elastic structure, one outer arm and one support portion are matched with each other, and the multiple elastic structures are arranged in the circumferential direction of the positioning plate.

[0017] A further embodiment is that the soft-touch keyboard also includes a first sound-absorbing pad, which is located between the suspension plate and the circuit board; and / or, the soft-touch keyboard also includes a second sound-absorbing pad, which is positioned on the side of the circuit board away from the suspension plate in the normal direction of the upper plate. Attached Figure Description

[0018] Figure 1 This is a structural diagram of an embodiment of the soft-touch keyboard of this utility model.

[0019] Figure 2 This is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the soft-touch keyboard of this utility model.

[0020] Figure 3 This is an exploded view of an embodiment of the soft-touch keyboard of this utility model.

[0021] Figure 4 This is a structural diagram of the upper shell in an embodiment of the soft-touch keyboard of this utility model.

[0022] Figure 5 This is a structural diagram of the key control component in an embodiment of the soft-touch keyboard of this utility model.

[0023] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the positioning plate's extended arm cooperating with the first elastic element in an embodiment of the soft-touch keyboard of this utility model.

[0024] Figure 7 This is a structural diagram of the first elastic element in an embodiment of the soft-touch keyboard of this utility model.

[0025] Figure 8 This is a structural diagram of the lower shell in an embodiment of the soft-touch keyboard of this utility model.

[0026] Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the support part of the lower shell and the second elastic element in an embodiment of the soft-touch keyboard of this utility model.

[0027] Figure 10 This is a structural diagram of the elastic structure in an embodiment of the soft-touch keyboard of this utility model.

[0028] Figure 11 This is a structural diagram of the second elastic element in an embodiment of the soft-touch keyboard of this utility model.

[0029] The present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. Detailed Implementation

[0030] See Figures 1 to 11The embodiment discloses a soft elastic keyboard 10, which comprises an upper shell 11, a positioning plate 14, a circuit board 15, a lower shell 18 and an elastic structure 13. The upper shell 11 and the lower shell 18 are combined to form a limiting cavity (not marked). The positioning plate 14 is movably arranged in the limiting cavity in the normal direction of an upper end plate 111 of the upper shell 11. The circuit board 15 is arranged on the lower side of the positioning plate 14 away from the upper end plate 111 in the normal direction of the upper end plate 111. A plurality of keys 151 are arranged on the circuit board 15. The knock end of the key 151 is arranged to pass through the positioning plate 14 and the upper end plate 111 in the normal direction of the upper end plate 111, and the knock end of the key 151 is provided with a key cap 12. The elastic structure 13 comprises a first elastic piece 131, an elastic rod 132 and two second elastic pieces 133. The first elastic piece 131 is elastically pressed between the upper end plate 111 and the elastic rod 132 in the normal direction of the upper end plate 111. The outer periphery of the positioning plate 14 is provided with an outward arm 141. The first elastic piece 131 is provided with a first plug hole 1312. The outward arm 141 is plugged into the first plug hole 1312. The two second elastic pieces 133 are symmetrically arranged about the first elastic piece 131 in the length direction of the elastic rod 132. Each second elastic piece 133 is elastically pressed between the elastic rod 132 and a supporting part 183 of the lower shell 18 in the normal direction of the upper end plate 111.

[0031] The positioning plate 14 of the soft elastic keyboard 10 in the embodiment is movably arranged between the upper shell 11 and the lower shell 18 in a restricted cavity formed by the upper end plate 111 of the upper shell 11 and the lower shell 18 in the normal direction of the upper end plate 111, and the circuit board 15 is arranged below the positioning plate 14 in the normal direction of the upper end plate 111, so that the positioning plate 14 can drive the circuit board 15 to move synchronously in the normal direction of the upper end plate 111. Since the soft elastic keyboard 10 in the embodiment is provided with the elastic structure 13, the elastic structure 13 includes the first elastic member 131, the elastic rod 132, and two second elastic members 133, the first elastic member 131 is elastically pressed between the upper end plate 111 and the elastic rod 132 in the normal direction of the upper end plate 111, the outer extension arm 141 of the positioning plate 14 is protrusively arranged, the first elastic member 131 is provided with the first plug-in hole 1312, the outer extension arm 141 is plugged into the first plug-in hole 1312, and the two second elastic members 133 are symmetrically arranged about the first elastic member 131 in the length direction of the elastic rod 132, and each second elastic member 133 is elastically pressed between the elastic rod 132 and the support part 183 of the lower shell 18 in the normal direction of the upper end plate 111. Therefore, during the process of pressing the key cap 12 downward in the normal direction of the upper end plate 111 to force the keys 151 on the circuit board 15 to move downward, the keys 151 transmit the impact force of the pressing downward to the circuit board 15, so as to drive the positioning plate 14 to move downward in the normal direction of the upper end plate 111, and then the outer extension arm 141 of the positioning plate 14 forces the lower end of the first elastic member 131 to move downward in the normal direction of the upper end plate 111 to force the elastic rod 132 to elastically deform downward, and the elastic deformation of the elastic rod 132 downward can force the two second elastic members 133 to elastically compress and deform. Since the first elastic member 131 and the second elastic member 133 in the embodiment have the soft elastic performance, and the elastic rod 132 has the characteristics of both toughness and elasticity, the elastic structure 13 composed of the first elastic member 131, the elastic rod 132, and the two second elastic members 133 can increase the elastic stroke amount, and at the same time, avoid the soft elastic feeling of the keys 151 being too soft or too hard to affect the user's touch feeling, so that the soft elastic feeling of the keys 151 is tough and elastic, thereby improving the comfort of the soft elastic feeling of the keys 151, and further improving the user's experience. During the process of releasing the key cap 12 to reset the keys 151, the second elastic member 133, the elastic rod 132, and the first elastic member 131 are elastically reset, so that the positioning plate 14 drives the circuit board 15 to move upward in the normal direction of the upper end plate 111 synchronously, and the outer extension arm 141 of the positioning plate 14 forces the upper end of the first elastic member 131 to press against the upper end plate 111 of the upper shell 11, so as to play an elastic buffering role in resetting the positioning plate 14, thereby ensuring the stable and reliable elastic resetting performance of the positioning plate 14 driving the circuit board 15.

[0032] Therefore, the soft elastic keyboard 10 in the embodiment is provided with the elastic structure 13 composed of the first elastic member 131, the elastic rod 132 and the two second elastic members 133, the first elastic member 131 and the second elastic member 133 have the soft elastic characteristics, the elastic rod 132 has the characteristics of both toughness and soft elasticity, and thus the elastic structure 13 composed of the first elastic member 131, the elastic rod 132 and the two second elastic members 133 can increase the elastic stroke amount, avoid the soft elastic feeling of the knock key 151 being too soft or too hard to affect the user's touch feeling, make the soft elastic feeling of the knock key 151 more tough and soft, improve the comfort of the soft elastic feeling of the knock key 151, and further improve the user's experience.

[0033] In order to ensure the soft elastic characteristics of the first elastic member 131 and the second elastic member 133, the first elastic member 131 and / or the second elastic member 133 in the embodiment is made of soft elastic materials such as silica gel and rubber. In order to ensure the characteristics of both toughness and soft elasticity of the elastic rod 132, the elastic rod 132 in the embodiment is made of spring steel (65Mn), glass steel, beryllium copper, carbon fiber and the like, which has both elastic deformation ability and toughness.

[0034] In order to ensure that the extending arm 141 of the positioning plate 14 is stably inserted into the first insertion hole 1312 of the first elastic member 131, the first insertion hole 1312 of the first elastic member 131 in the embodiment is provided with elastic ribs 1313 on the opposite sides in the length direction of the elastic rod 132, and the two elastic ribs 1313 are elastically pressed against the opposite sides of the extending arm 141 of the positioning plate 14 in the length direction of the elastic rod 132.

[0035] In order to improve the elastic deformation ability of the upper end surface of the first elastic member 131, the upper end surface of the first elastic member 131 in the embodiment is provided with an upper elastic rib 1311, which is elastically pressed against the upper end plate 111 of the upper shell 11, so that when the positioning plate 14 drives the circuit board 15 to move upward and reset in the normal direction of the upper end plate 111, the positioning plate 14 can be elastically buffered to reset, thereby improving the stability and reliability of the elastic reset performance of the positioning plate 14 driving the circuit board 15. In order to improve the stability and reliability of the cooperation between the first elastic member 131 and the elastic rod 132, the lower end surface of the first elastic member 131 in the embodiment is provided with two lower elastic ribs 1314, and an elastic groove 1315 is formed between the two lower elastic ribs 1314, and the elastic rod 132 passes through the elastic groove 1315. Preferably, the two lower elastic ribs 1314 in the embodiment can be elastically clamped on the opposite sides of the elastic rod 132.

[0036] In order to position the first elastic member 131 to improve the working stability and reliability of the first elastic member 131, the upper end plate 111 of the upper shell 11 is provided with two limiting plates 113 protruding towards the inner side of the first elastic member 131, and a limiting groove (not marked) is formed between the two limiting plates 113, and the end of the first elastic member 131 away from the elastic rod 132 is located in the limiting groove, thereby limiting the first elastic member 131.

[0037] In the embodiment, the support portion 183 of the lower shell 18 is provided with a positioning groove 1831 extending in the length direction of the elastic rod 132, each second elastic member 133 is provided with a sliding portion 1332 protruding away from the lower end of the elastic rod 132, and the sliding portion 1332 is slidably located in the positioning groove 1831 in the length direction of the elastic rod 132, so as to adjust the distance between the second elastic member 133 and the first elastic member 131 in the length direction of the elastic rod 132, thereby adjusting the elastic feedback force of the elastic rod 132, achieving the purpose of overall elastic adjustment, and further adjusting the softness of the soft elastic hand feeling to meet the needs of different users.

[0038] In order to position the second elastic member 133 to improve the working stability and reliability of the second elastic member 133, the groove side of the positioning groove 1831 is provided with a plurality of limiting grooves 1832 arranged at equal intervals in the length direction of the elastic rod 132, and the side of the sliding portion 1332 is provided with a limiting rib 1333 inserted in one limiting groove 1832, thereby limiting the second elastic member 133 at a specific position.

[0039] In order to ensure the cooperation stability and reliability of the elastic rod 132 and the second elastic member 133, the second elastic member 133 is provided with a second insertion hole 1331, and the elastic rod 132 is inserted in the second insertion hole 1331.

[0040] In addition, the outer periphery of the upper end plate 111 of the upper shell 11 protrudes towards the lower end plate of the lower shell 18 and is provided with an upper peripheral wall plate 112, the outer periphery of the lower end plate 181 of the lower shell 18 protrudes towards the upper end plate 111 and is provided with a lower peripheral wall plate 182, the upper peripheral wall plate 112 is sleeved on the outer periphery of the lower peripheral wall plate 182 and abuts on the lower end plate 181, and the inner periphery of the upper peripheral wall plate 112 is provided with a buckle 1121, the outer periphery of the lower peripheral wall plate 182 is provided with a clamping groove 1821, and the buckle 1121 is hooked in the clamping groove 1821, thereby stably covering the upper shell 11 and the lower shell 18 to form a stable limiting cavity.

[0041] In order to achieve the purpose of silence, the soft elastic keyboard 10 further comprises a first sound-absorbing cotton pad 16 located between the positioning plate 14 and the circuit board 15, and the soft elastic keyboard 10 further comprises a second sound-absorbing cotton pad 17 arranged on the side of the circuit board 15 away from the positioning plate 14 in the normal direction of the upper end plate 111. Specifically, the positioning plate 14, the circuit board 15, the first sound-absorbing cotton pad 16 and the second sound-absorbing cotton pad 17 constitute a key control assembly.

[0042] In addition, the number of the elastic structures 13, the overhanging arms 141 and the support portions 183 is multiple, one elastic structure 13, one overhanging arm 141 and one support portion 183 are matched with each other, and the multiple elastic structures 13 are arranged in the circumferential direction of the positioning plate 14, thereby ensuring that the positioning plate 14 drives the circuit board 15 to move stably as a whole in the normal direction of the upper end plate 111 of the upper shell 11.

[0043] The above embodiments are only preferred examples of the present application, and do not limit the scope of the present application, so equivalent changes or modifications made in accordance with the structure, features and principles of the present application patent application scope should be included in the scope of the present application patent application.

Claims

1. A soft elastic keyboard, comprising an upper shell, a positioning plate, a circuit board and a lower shell, the upper shell and the lower shell being combined to form a limiting cavity, the positioning plate being movably arranged in the limiting cavity in the normal direction of an upper end plate of the upper shell, the circuit board being arranged on the lower side of the positioning plate in the normal direction of the upper end plate, and a plurality of keys being arranged on the circuit board, the knock end of each key penetrating the positioning plate and the upper end plate in the normal direction of the upper end plate, and the knock end of each key being provided with a key cap, characterized in that: the soft elastic keyboard further comprises an elastic structure, the elastic structure comprising a first elastic member, an elastic rod and two second elastic members, the first elastic member being elastically pressed between the upper end plate and the elastic rod in the normal direction of the upper end plate, the outer periphery of the positioning plate being provided with an outward arm, the first elastic member being provided with a first insertion hole, and the outward arm being inserted into the first insertion hole, the two second elastic members being symmetrically arranged about the first elastic member in the length direction of the elastic rod, and each second elastic member being elastically pressed between the elastic rod and a supporting portion of the lower shell in the normal direction of the upper end plate. 2.The soft elastic keyboard according to claim 1, characterized in that: the opposite sides of the first insertion hole in the length direction of the elastic rod are respectively provided with elastic ribs, and the two elastic ribs are respectively elastically pressed on the opposite sides of the outward arm in the length direction of the elastic rod; and / or the upper end surface of the first elastic member is provided with an upper elastic rib, and the upper elastic rib is elastically pressed on the upper end plate; and / or the lower end surface of the first elastic member is provided with two lower elastic ribs, and an elastic groove is formed between the two lower elastic ribs, and the elastic rod penetrates the elastic groove. 3.The soft elastic keyboard according to claim 1, characterized in that: the inner side of the upper end plate close to the first elastic member is provided with two limiting plates, and a limiting groove is formed between the two limiting plates, and the end of the first elastic member away from the elastic rod is located in the limiting groove. 4.The soft elastic keyboard according to claim 1, characterized in that: the supporting portion is provided with a positioning groove, the positioning groove extends in the length direction of the elastic rod, the lower end of each second elastic member away from the elastic rod is provided with a sliding portion, and the sliding portion is slidably located in the positioning groove in the length direction of the elastic rod, so as to adjust the distance between the second elastic member and the first elastic member in the length direction of the elastic rod. 5.The soft elastic keyboard according to claim 4, characterized in that: the groove side of the positioning groove is provided with a plurality of limiting grooves, the plurality of limiting grooves are equidistantly arranged in the length direction of the elastic rod, the side of the sliding portion is provided with a limiting rib, and the limiting rib is inserted into one limiting groove. 6.The soft elastic keyboard according to claim 1, characterized in that: the second elastic member is provided with a second insertion hole, and the elastic rod is inserted into the second insertion hole. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 7. The soft keypad according to claim 1, wherein: the first elastic member and / or the second elastic member is made of one of silicone, rubber; and / or the elastic rod is made of one of spring steel, glass fiber reinforced plastic, beryllium copper, carbon fiber.

8. The soft keypad according to claim 1, wherein: the upper end plate is provided with an upper peripheral wall plate protruding towards the lower end plate of the lower housing, the lower end plate of the lower housing is provided with a lower peripheral wall plate protruding towards the upper end plate, the upper peripheral wall plate is sleeved on the outer periphery of the lower peripheral wall plate and abuts against the lower end plate, an inner peripheral surface of the upper peripheral wall plate is provided with a buckle, and an outer peripheral surface of the lower peripheral wall plate is provided with a clamping groove, the buckle being hooked in the clamping groove.

9. The soft keypad according to claim 1, wherein: the number of the elastic structures, the outer arms and the support portions is plural, one elastic structure, one outer arm and one support portion are matched with each other, and the plurality of elastic structures are arranged in the circumferential direction of the positioning plate.

10. The soft keypad according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein: the soft keypad further comprises a first sound-absorbing cotton pad, the first sound-absorbing cotton pad being located between the suspension plate and the circuit board; and / or the soft keypad further comprises a second sound-absorbing cotton pad, the second sound-absorbing cotton pad being arranged on the side of the circuit board away from the suspension plate in the normal direction of the upper end plate. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

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