A positioning mechanism for polishing the surface of a stainless steel product

By introducing a dust extraction system and a drive rotation mechanism into the stainless steel product polishing device, the problem of debris accumulation on the surface of the clamping plate is solved, achieving clean and stable clamping of the clamping plate, ensuring the smooth progress of the polishing process and the long-term use of the equipment.

CN224310366UActive Publication Date: 2026-06-02PANAN YONGHENG METAL PRODUCTS CO LTD

Patent Information

Authority / Receiving Office
CN · China
Patent Type
Utility models(China)
Current Assignee / Owner
PANAN YONGHENG METAL PRODUCTS CO LTD
Filing Date
2025-05-15
Publication Date
2026-06-02

AI Technical Summary

Technical Problem

In existing stainless steel polishing equipment, metal debris easily accumulates on the surface of the clamping plate during the clamping process, affecting the clamping accuracy and firmness, resulting in unstable polishing quality.

Method used

A polishing positioning mechanism was designed, which includes a worktable, a shelf, a storage slot, and a clamping plate. Metal debris on the surface of the clamping plate is extracted through a dust extraction slot and a dust extraction hole, and the circumferential rotation of the clamping plate is achieved through a drive plate and a linkage shaft, ensuring clamping stability and cleanliness.

Benefits of technology

It achieves clean collection of the clamping plate surface, ensures close contact between the clamping plate and the workpiece to be processed, maintains positional stability during the polishing process, and improves the smoothness of the polishing operation and the service life of the equipment.

✦ Generated by Eureka AI based on patent content.

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Abstract

The utility model relates to a polishing equipment technical field, specifically is a kind of stainless steel product surface polishing positioning mechanism, including workbench, article plate and storage groove, the workbench upper end outer wall is provided with article plate, the article plate lower end outer wall is equipped with rectangular array distribution's dust absorption groove, the dust absorption groove inner wall is equipped with equidistance parallel distribution's dust absorption hole, the workbench upper end outer wall both sides are equipped with storage groove, the storage groove inside is provided with clamping plate, the storage groove inner wall lower end both sides are equipped with sliding slot, the sliding slot inside sliding installation has driving plate, driving plate one end outer wall is installed with assembly rod, the metal scrap on the surface of clamping plate can be carried and extracted, reaches the purpose that the surface scrap of clamping plate is collected in concentration, guarantees the relative cleanness of the surface of clamping plate, provides the basis for the contact surface tightness of subsequent clamping plate and the product to be processed, ensures the clamping firmness of subsequent clamping plate to the workpiece to be processed.
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Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model relates to the field of polishing equipment technology, specifically to a stainless steel product surface polishing positioning mechanism. Background Technology

[0002] Stainless steel products refer to various items made of stainless steel materials, such as kitchenware, household goods, building decoration materials, and industrial equipment. Stainless steel sheets are commonly used in building decoration materials, typically for interior decorative panels or exterior curtain walls. To maintain the smoothness and aesthetics of the decorative panel surface, the stainless steel sheet surface needs to be polished using polishing equipment. Before polishing, the stainless steel sheet must first be positioned and clamped to maintain its positional stability during the polishing process. The stainless steel product surface polishing positioning mechanism is a key piece of equipment to ensure polishing quality and efficiency. Its core function is to achieve precise positioning and stable clamping of the product, while adapting to different specifications and process requirements.

[0003] CN217413570U discloses a positioning and polishing device for stainless steel products, relating to the field of stainless steel products. The device includes a processing table with a threaded rod mounted on its upper end, and an operating table screwed to the upper end of the threaded rod. Movable shafts are mounted on the left and right ends of the operating table, and transparent covers are movably connected to the upper ends of the movable shafts. A fixing groove is formed on the upper end of the transparent cover. Clamping blocks are mounted on the left and right sides of the upper end of the processing table, and support frames are engaged with the upper ends of the clamping blocks. This invention, through its clamping mechanism, operating table, and support frame, allows the clamping mechanism to be supported by the support frame. Simultaneously, the second hydraulic cylinder in the symmetrically installed clamping mechanism operates, fixing the stainless steel product to be polished in position during operation, thus achieving a positioning function. Additionally, rubber pads are attached to prevent the stainless steel from slipping.

[0004] While the existing technology CN217413570U has many advantages in use, it still has the following problems: the cleaning of the clamping plate is not perfect. After the clamping plate clamps the metal products, the metal debris generated by polishing will adhere to the surface of the clamping plate, causing the surface of the clamping plate to be contaminated. The attached metal debris will affect the clamping and fixing accuracy in the next clamping, thus affecting the clamping firmness and clamping accuracy of the metal products. Utility Model Content

[0005] To address the problems in the existing technology, this utility model provides a stainless steel product surface polishing and positioning mechanism.

[0006] The technical solution adopted by this utility model to solve its technical problem is a stainless steel product surface polishing positioning mechanism, including a worktable, a shelf, and a storage slot. The upper outer wall of the worktable is provided with a shelf, and the lower outer wall of the shelf is provided with a rectangular array of dust collection slots. The inner wall of the dust collection slots is provided with equally spaced parallel dust collection holes. The upper outer wall of the worktable is provided with storage slots on both sides. The storage slots are provided with clamping plates. The lower inner wall of the storage slots is provided with sliding grooves on both sides. A drive plate is slidably installed in the sliding grooves. An assembly rod is installed on the outer wall of one end of the drive plate.

[0007] By adopting the above technical solution, the external vacuum cleaner's pipes can be connected to the pipe connector, thereby extracting air from the inside of the storage tank through the suction pipes, suction tank, and suction holes. During the air extraction process, metal debris on the surface of the clamping plate can be carried away and extracted, achieving the purpose of centralized collection of debris from the surface of the clamping plate, ensuring the relative cleanliness of the clamping plate surface, providing a foundation for the tight contact between the clamping plate and the workpiece to be processed, and ensuring the clamping plate's firmness in clamping the workpiece to be processed. The workpiece to be processed can be placed on the upper part of the placement plate, and during the movement of the drive plate, it can drive the clamping plate to rotate around the limiting shaft through the connecting shaft and the linkage shaft until the clamping plate is in a vertical state inside the storage tank. Thus, the workpiece to be processed can be clamped and fixed between the two clamping plates, maintaining the positional stability of the workpiece to be processed on the upper part of the placement plate, and ensuring the positional stability of the workpiece to be processed during the polishing process, ensuring the smooth progress of the polishing operation.

[0008] Specifically, the outer walls of both the workbench and the shelf are fitted with fasteners arranged in a rectangular array, and the workbench and the shelf are connected by fastener screws.

[0009] By adopting the above technical solution, the fasteners can ensure the tightness of the connection between the workbench and the shelf, and facilitate the disassembly and maintenance of the shelf by the staff.

[0010] Specifically, a suction pipe is provided on the inner wall of the suction groove away from the suction hole, and a pipe connector is threaded on one side of the inner wall of the suction pipe, and the pipe connector is located on the outside of the shelf.

[0011] By adopting the above technical solution, the air extraction pipe of the external vacuum cleaner can be connected to the pipe connector, thereby extracting air from the inside of the vacuum chamber through the vacuum pipe and forming a complete vacuuming channel.

[0012] Specifically, the dust suction hole corresponds to the storage slot, and the dust suction hole is positioned higher than the upper surface of the clamping plate. A first sealing gasket is bonded to the lower outer wall of the dust suction slot, and the first sealing gasket is in contact with the upper surface of the workbench.

[0013] By adopting the above technical solution, the dust suction hole and the collection groove are set in a corresponding manner, and the height is higher than the upper surface of the clamping plate, so that the debris can be smoothly sucked into the dust suction hole and the dust suction groove, ensuring that the clamping surface of the clamping plate is thoroughly dusted. The suction airflow can collect the metal debris attached to the surface of the clamping plate, ensuring the cleanliness of the surface of the clamping plate.

[0014] Specifically, a limiting shaft runs through one side of the inner wall of the storage slot, and nuts are threaded through both ends of the outer wall of the worktable, with the nuts in contact with the outer wall of the worktable. The clamping plate is rotatably mounted on the outside of the limiting shaft.

[0015] By adopting the above technical solution, the clamping plate is rotatably installed in the storage groove through the limiting shaft. The limiting shaft maintains the rotational position of the clamping plate, and the clamping plate can be disassembled and maintained by removing the nut and the limiting shaft.

[0016] Specifically, the drive plate and the clamping plate are both connected by a connecting shaft on opposite outer walls with pins, and a linkage shaft is threaded between the two connecting shafts. The drive plate has a second sealing gasket bonded to both outer walls to provide a seal. The second sealing gasket is in contact with the inner wall of the storage groove. The clamping plate has an arc-shaped sealing ring bonded to one outer wall to block the trajectory of falling debris. The arc-shaped sealing ring is in contact with the inner wall of the storage groove.

[0017] By adopting the above technical solution, when the push rod of the electric push rod pulls the drive plate horizontally inside the collection slot via the connecting plate, the clamping plate can be driven to rotate circumferentially via the connecting shaft and the linkage shaft. This allows the clamping plate to be adjusted in both horizontal and vertical states. When the clamping plate is in a horizontal state, the drive plate disengages from the position of the dust suction hole, thereby removing the second sealing gasket from blocking the dust suction hole. This allows the negative pressure inside the dust suction slot to perform dust suction on the clamping surface of the clamping plate. When the clamping plate is driven to a vertical state, the drive plate is located between the two dust suction holes, and the second sealing gasket blocks the dust suction hole, ensuring that the dust suction hole controls the suction of debris. This ensures suction pressure and avoids energy waste. The arc-shaped sealing ring can block the gap between the clamping plate and the collection slot, preventing debris from entering and ensuring the smooth rotation of the clamping plate inside the collection slot, thus extending the service life of the equipment.

[0018] Specifically, electric push rods are screwed to both sides of the lower outer wall of the workbench. A connecting plate is screwed to the outer wall of one end of the electric push rod, and the other end of the connecting plate is screwed to the end of the assembly rod.

[0019] By adopting the above technical solution, the electric push rod can provide a stable and controllable driving force. By controlling the extension and retraction of the electric push rod through an external controller, the position of the drive plate can be precisely adjusted, thereby achieving precise adjustment of the clamping position of the clamping plate and ensuring the clamping stability of the workpiece to be processed on the upper part of the placement plate.

[0020] The beneficial effects of this utility model are:

[0021] (1) The stainless steel product surface polishing positioning mechanism of this utility model can carry away and extract metal debris on the surface of the clamping plate during the air extraction process, thereby achieving the purpose of collecting the debris on the surface of the clamping plate in a concentrated manner, ensuring the relative cleanliness of the surface of the clamping plate, providing a basis for the tightness of the contact surface between the clamping plate and the product to be processed, and ensuring the clamping firmness of the clamping plate on the product to be processed.

[0022] (2) The stainless steel product surface polishing positioning mechanism of this utility model can clamp and fix the product to be processed between two clamping plates, maintain the position stability of the product to be processed on the upper surface of the placement plate, and ensure the position stability of the product to be processed in the polishing process, thus ensuring the smooth progress of the polishing operation. Attached Figure Description

[0023] The present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0024] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the main structure of the workbench of this utility model;

[0025] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the flip-up structure of the shelf of this utility model;

[0026] Figure 3 This is a partially exploded view of the workbench structure of this utility model;

[0027] Figure 4 This is an enlarged schematic diagram of the clamping plate structure of this utility model;

[0028] Figure 5 For the present utility model Figure 2 Enlarged schematic diagram of structure A in the middle.

[0029] In the diagram: 1. Workbench; 11. Fastener; 12. Electric push rod; 13. Connecting plate; 2. Shelf; 21. Pipe connector; 22. Dust collection trough; 23. Dust collection hole; 24. Dust collection pipe; 25. First sealing gasket; 3. Storage slot; 31. Limiting shaft; 32. Slide groove; 33. Clamping plate; 34. Connecting shaft; 35. Linkage shaft; 36. Drive plate; 37. Second sealing gasket; 38. Assembly rod; 39. Arc-shaped sealing ring. Detailed Implementation

[0030] To make the technical means, creative features, objectives and effects of this utility model easier to understand, the present utility model will be further described below in conjunction with specific embodiments.

[0031] To save manpower and improve efficiency, as one embodiment of this utility model, such as Figure 1 , Figure 2 , Figure 3 , Figure 4 , Figure 5 As shown, the stainless steel product surface polishing positioning mechanism of this utility model includes a worktable 1, a shelf 2, and a storage groove 3. The shelf 2 is provided on the upper outer wall of the worktable 1. The lower outer wall of the shelf 2 is provided with a rectangular array of dust collection grooves 22. The inner wall of the dust collection grooves 22 is provided with equally spaced parallel dust collection holes 23. The upper outer wall of the worktable 1 is provided with storage grooves 3 on both sides. The storage grooves 3 are provided with clamping plates 33 inside. The lower inner wall of the storage grooves 3 is provided with sliding grooves 32 on both sides. The sliding grooves 32 are slidably installed with drive plates 36 inside. An assembly rod 38 is installed on the outer wall of one end of the drive plate 36.

[0032] In use, the external vacuum cleaner's hose can be connected to hose connector 21, thereby extracting air from the storage tank 3 through the suction hose 24, suction tank 22, and suction port 23. During the air extraction process, metal debris on the surface of the clamping plate 33 can be carried away and extracted, achieving the purpose of centralized collection of debris on the surface of the clamping plate 33, ensuring the relative cleanliness of the surface of the clamping plate 33, and providing a basis for the tight contact between the clamping plate 33 and the workpiece to be processed, ensuring the clamping of the workpiece by the clamping plate 33. The product to be processed can be placed on the upper end of the shelf 2. During the movement of the drive plate 36, the clamping plate 33 can be driven to rotate around the limiting shaft 31 through the connecting shaft 34 and the linkage shaft 35 until the clamping plate 33 is in a vertical state inside the storage groove 3. Thus, the product to be processed can be clamped and fixed between the two clamping plates 33, maintaining the positional stability of the product to be processed on the upper end of the shelf 2, and ensuring the positional stability of the product to be processed during the polishing process, thus ensuring the smooth progress of the polishing operation.

[0033] For a stable connection, for example, such as Figure 1 As shown, both the workbench 1 and the shelf 2 are equipped with fasteners 11 arranged in a rectangular array on their outer walls, and the workbench 1 and the shelf 2 are connected by screws of the fasteners 11.

[0034] During use, the fastener 11 ensures the tightness of the connection between the workbench 1 and the shelf 2, and facilitates the disassembly and maintenance of the shelf 2 by the staff.

[0035] For vacuuming, for example, such as Figure 5As shown, a suction pipe 24 is provided on the inner wall of the suction groove 22 away from the suction hole 23. A pipe connector 21 is threaded on one side of the inner wall of the suction pipe 24, and the pipe connector 21 is located on the outside of the shelf 2.

[0036] When in use, the external vacuum cleaner's suction pipe can be connected to the pipe connector 21, so that the air inside the suction tank 22 can be extracted through the suction pipe 24, forming a complete suction channel.

[0037] For example, regarding suction pressure, such as... Figure 5 As shown, the dust suction hole 23 corresponds to the storage groove 3, and the height of the dust suction hole 23 is higher than the upper end surface of the clamping plate 33. The lower end outer wall of the dust suction groove 22 is bonded and fixed with a first sealing gasket 25, and the first sealing gasket 25 is in contact with the upper end surface of the workbench 1.

[0038] In use, the suction hole 23 is set to correspond to the storage groove 3 and is higher than the upper surface of the clamping plate 33, so that the debris can be smoothly sucked into the suction hole 23 and the suction groove 22, ensuring that the clamping surface of the clamping plate 33 is thoroughly vacuumed. The suction airflow can collect the metal debris attached to the surface of the clamping plate 33, ensuring the cleanliness of the surface of the clamping plate 33.

[0039] To limit the rotational position, for example, such as Figure 3 As shown, a limiting shaft 31 runs through one side of the inner wall of the storage groove 3. The limiting shaft 31 runs through the outer walls of both ends of the worktable 1 and is threaded with nuts. The nuts are in contact with the outer walls of the worktable 1. The clamping plate 33 is rotatably installed on the outside of the limiting shaft 31.

[0040] In use, the clamping plate 33 is rotatably installed in the storage groove 3 via the limiting shaft 31. The limiting shaft 31 maintains the rotational position of the clamping plate 33, and the clamping plate 33 can be disassembled and maintained by removing the nut and the limiting shaft 31.

[0041] To drive rotation, for example, such as Figure 4 As shown, the drive plate 36 and the clamping plate 33 are both connected by a connecting shaft 34 on opposite outer walls. A linkage shaft 35 is threaded between the two connecting shafts 34. The drive plate 36 has a second sealing gasket 37 for providing a seal on both outer walls. The second sealing gasket 37 is in contact with the inner wall of the storage groove 3. The clamping plate 33 has an arc-shaped sealing ring 39 for blocking the trajectory of falling debris on one outer wall. The arc-shaped sealing ring 39 is in contact with the inner wall of the storage groove 3.

[0042] In use, when the push rod of the electric push rod 12 pulls the drive plate 36 horizontally within the storage groove 3 via the connecting plate 13, the clamping plate 33 can be driven to rotate circumferentially via the connecting shaft 34 and the linkage shaft 35, allowing the clamping plate 33 to be adjusted in both horizontal and vertical states. When the clamping plate 33 is in a horizontal state, the drive plate 36 disengages from the position of the suction hole 23, thereby removing the second sealing gasket 37 from obstructing the suction hole 23, allowing the negative pressure inside the suction groove 22 to clamp the clamping plate 33. When the clamping plate 33 is driven to a vertical position, the drive plate 36 is located between the two suction holes 23 and the suction holes 23 are blocked by the second sealing gasket 37. This ensures that the suction holes 23 can control the suction of debris, thereby ensuring the suction pressure and avoiding energy waste. The arc-shaped sealing ring 39 can block the gap between the clamping plate 33 and the storage groove 3, preventing debris from entering it. This ensures the smooth rotation of the clamping plate 33 inside the storage groove 3 and extends the service life of the equipment.

[0043] To drive movement, for example, such as Figure 4 As shown, electric push rods 12 are screwed to both sides of the lower outer wall of the workbench 1. A connecting plate 13 is screwed to the outer wall of one end of the electric push rod 12, and the other end of the connecting plate 13 is screwed to the end of the assembly rod 38.

[0044] When in use, the electric push rod 12 can provide a stable and controllable driving force. The extension and retraction of the electric push rod 12 can be controlled by an external controller, which can precisely adjust the position of the drive plate 36, thereby achieving precise adjustment of the clamping position of the clamping plate 33 and ensuring the clamping stability of the workpiece to be processed on the upper end of the placement plate 2.

[0045] When this utility model is in use, the pipe of the external vacuum cleaner is connected to the pipe connector 21 on the outside of the storage plate 2 to form a complete vacuuming channel. The stainless steel product to be processed is placed on the upper end of the storage plate 2. At this time, the clamping plate 33 is in a horizontal state in the storage groove 3, the driving plate 36 is located away from the vacuuming hole 23, and the second sealing gasket 37 does not block the vacuuming hole 23.

[0046] When the external vacuum cleaner is turned on, the vacuum cleaner draws air from the vacuum tank 22 through the pipe connector 21 and the vacuum pipe 24, creating a negative pressure at the vacuum tank 22 and the vacuum hole 23. Since the vacuum hole 23 corresponds to the position of the storage tank 3 and is higher than the upper surface of the clamping plate 33, the airflow will carry the metal debris on the surface of the clamping plate 33 into the vacuum tank 22 through the vacuum hole 23, thereby achieving centralized collection of debris on the surface of the clamping plate 33 and ensuring the cleanliness of the surface of the clamping plate 33.

[0047] The electric push rods 12 on both sides of the lower end of the workbench 1 are activated by the external controller. The push rod part of the electric push rod 12 retracts and pulls the drive plate 36 to move horizontally in the slide groove 32 on the inner wall of the storage groove 3 through the connecting plate 13. When the drive plate 36 moves, it drives the clamping plate 33 to rotate around the limit shaft 31 through the connecting shaft 34 and the linkage shaft 35 until the clamping plate 33 is in a vertical state inside the storage groove 3. The clamping plates 33 on both sides clamp and fix the product to be processed on the placement plate 2.

[0048] When the clamping plate 33 rotates to a vertical position to clamp the product, the drive plate 36 moves between the two dust suction holes 23. The second sealing gaskets 37 on both sides of the drive plate 36 block the dust suction holes 23, controlling the dust suction holes 23 to stop dust suction, ensuring the suction pressure of the dust suction system and avoiding energy waste.

[0049] After the product to be processed is firmly clamped, the matching polishing equipment is started, so that the stainless steel product can be polished.

[0050] After the polishing operation is completed, the electric push rod 12 is extended by the controller, and the drive plate 36 drives the clamping plate 33 to rotate in the opposite direction to return to the horizontal state, releasing the clamping of the product. At this time, the dust suction hole 23 is exposed again, and dust can be suctioned from the surface of the clamping plate 33.

[0051] It should be noted that this utility model is a stainless steel product surface polishing positioning mechanism. All components in this utility model are known to those skilled in the art, and their structure and principle can be learned by those skilled in the art through technical manuals or conventional experimental methods.

[0052] The foregoing has shown and described the basic principles, main features, and advantages of this utility model. Those skilled in the art should understand that this utility model is not limited to the above embodiments. The descriptions of the above embodiments and specifications are merely illustrative of the principles of this utility model. Various changes and modifications can be made to this utility model without departing from its spirit and scope, and all such changes and modifications fall within the scope of protection claimed by this utility model. The scope of protection of this utility model is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A positioning mechanism for polishing the surface of a stainless steel article, characterized by, The workbench (1), shelf (2), and storage slot (3) are provided. The shelf (2) is provided on the upper outer wall of the workbench (1). The shelf (2) is provided on the lower outer wall of the shelf (2). The vacuuming slots (22) are arranged in a rectangular array. The vacuuming slots (22) are provided on the inner wall of the vacuuming slots (22). The vacuuming holes (23) are arranged in parallel at equal intervals. The storage slots (3) are provided on both sides of the upper outer wall of the workbench (1). The storage slots (3) are provided with clamping plates (33) inside. The storage slots (3) are provided with sliding grooves (32) on both sides of the lower inner wall of the storage slots (3). The drive plate (36) is slidably installed inside the sliding grooves (32). The assembly rod (38) is installed on the outer wall of one end of the drive plate (36).

2. The stainless steel product surface polishing positioning mechanism according to claim 1, characterized in that, The outer walls of the workbench (1) and the shelf (2) are both equipped with fasteners (11) arranged in a rectangular array, and the workbench (1) and the shelf (2) are connected by fasteners (11) screws.

3. The stainless steel product surface polishing positioning mechanism according to claim 1, characterized in that, The dust collection groove (22) has a dust collection pipe (24) on the inner wall opposite to the dust collection hole (23). The inner wall of the dust collection pipe (24) is threaded with a pipe connector (21), and the pipe connector (21) is located outside the shelf (2).

4. The stainless steel product surface polishing positioning mechanism according to claim 1, characterized in that, The dust suction hole (23) corresponds to the storage groove (3) and the dust suction hole (23) is arranged at a height higher than the upper surface of the clamping plate (33). The lower outer wall of the dust suction groove (22) is bonded with a first sealing gasket (25) and the first sealing gasket (25) is in contact with the upper surface of the workbench (1).

5. The stainless steel product surface polishing positioning mechanism according to claim 1, characterized in that, A limiting shaft (31) runs through one side of the inner wall of the storage groove (3). The limiting shaft (31) runs through the outer walls of both ends of the workbench (1) and is threaded with nuts. The nuts are in contact with the outer walls of the workbench (1). The clamping plate (33) is rotatably installed on the outside of the limiting shaft (31).

6. The stainless steel product surface polishing positioning mechanism according to claim 1, characterized in that, The drive plate (36) and the clamping plate (33) are connected by a connecting shaft (34) on opposite outer walls. A linkage shaft (35) is threaded between the two connecting shafts (34). A second sealing gasket (37) for providing a seal is bonded to both outer walls of the drive plate (36). The second sealing gasket (37) is in contact with the inner wall of the storage groove (3). An arc-shaped sealing ring (39) for blocking the trajectory of falling debris is bonded to one outer wall of the clamping plate (33). The arc-shaped sealing ring (39) is in contact with the inner wall of the storage groove (3).

7. The stainless steel product surface polishing positioning mechanism according to claim 1, characterized in that, Electric push rods (12) are screwed to both sides of the lower outer wall of the workbench (1). A connecting plate (13) is screwed to the outer wall of one end of the electric push rod (12). The other end of the connecting plate (13) is screwed to the end of the assembly rod (38).