Continuously variable transmission and motorcycle

Abstract

This utility model relates to the field of motorcycle transmissions, disclosing a continuously variable transmission (CVT) and a motorcycle, including a transmission mechanism and an external actuator. The transmission mechanism includes a pulley housing cover, on which an output component, a transmission component, and an input component are disposed. The transmission component transmits power between the output component and the input component. The external actuator includes an external housing, which is disposed on the side of the pulley housing cover away from the motorcycle body. Inside the external housing are a limiting part, a driving component, and a sequentially meshing drive gear, intermediate gear, and driven gear. The driven gear has a threaded portion, which is threadedly connected to an internal lead screw. The driving component drives the internal lead screw to move axially, thereby driving the primary pulley to move axially. This continuously variable transmission is reliable, efficient, and suitable for high torque.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model relates to the field of motorcycle transmissions, specifically to continuously variable transmissions (CVTs) and motorcycles. Background Technology

[0002] In the domestic motorcycle CVT field, centrifugal roller continuously variable transmission technology is mainly used. Its working principle relies on centrifugal rollers sliding radially on the gearshift plate to adjust the transmission ratio. This technology has the following significant drawbacks:

[0003] 1. Low transmission efficiency; Because the continuously variable transmission system relies on the friction transmission between the belt and the pulley, the transmission efficiency is relatively low, resulting in high fuel consumption.

[0004] 2. Low reliability and high maintenance cost: Although the structure is simple, components such as the pulley are prone to wear and tear and need to be replaced regularly.

[0005] 3. Limited application range: Due to its low transmission efficiency, the variator continuously variable transmission (CVT) is usually used in small-displacement vehicles and is not suitable for high-performance motorcycles with high torque output.

[0006] Although electromagnetic direct drive ECVT devices have been developed abroad, they are all built into the powertrain, with relatively complex structures, requiring an internal lubrication system for lubrication, mechanical displacement sensors, and a two-stage gear transmission system with a small speed ratio, mainly used in small-displacement motorcycles. Utility Model Content

[0007] The present invention aims to provide a continuously variable transmission (CVT) and a motorcycle, which is reliable, efficient and suitable for high torque.

[0008] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical solution: a continuously variable transmission and a motorcycle, including a transmission mechanism and an external actuator. The transmission mechanism includes a pulley housing cover, and the pulley housing cover is provided with an output component, a transmission component and an input component. The transmission component is used to transmit power between the output component and the input component.

[0009] The input component includes a primary pulley fixed pulley, a primary pulley moving pulley, and a main input shaft. Both the primary pulley fixed pulley and the primary pulley moving pulley are located on the main input shaft, with the primary pulley moving pulley located on the side away from the motorcycle body.

[0010] The external actuator includes an external housing, which is located on the side of the pulley cover away from the motorcycle body. Inside the external housing are a limiting part, a driving member, and a driving gear, an intermediate gear, and a driven gear that mesh in sequence. The driven gear has a threaded part, and the threaded part is threaded to an internal screw. The driving member drives the internal screw to move axially, thereby driving the primary pulley to move axially.

[0011] The beneficial effects of this plan are:

[0012] 1. By using an intermediate gear to reduce speed and increase torque in the drive components, and through a threaded connection with a lead screw, the rotational motion is converted into axial movement, thereby squeezing the moving pulley and changing the contact diameter between the moving and fixed pulleys and the belt. This achieves reliable, efficient, and high-torque continuously variable transmission (CVT).

[0013] 2. A traditional ECVT gearbox includes an actuator, pulley housing cover, primary pulley fixed pulley, primary pulley driven pulley, secondary pulley fixed pulley, secondary pulley driven pulley, output shaft, and main input shaft 20. The actuator is used to move the primary pulley driven pulley axially along the output shaft to perform gear shifting. Furthermore, the primary pulley fixed pulley is located near the pulley housing cover, meaning it's closer to the outside of the motorcycle, while the primary pulley driven pulley is closer to the inside. The gearbox's motor, intermediate shaft gears, and other actuator structures are also installed inside the motorcycle's pulley housing cover. Therefore, during motorcycle assembly, the motor and other components that make up the actuators must be installed one by one before the pulley housing cover and other structures can be installed, resulting in low overall motorcycle assembly efficiency.

[0014] To address the aforementioned issues, the applicant has developed a technology that mounts the actuator on the outside of the pulley housing cover. This allows for the priority installation of the pulley housing cover without the need for an actuator, thus prioritizing the completion of the motorcycle's overall assembly. Once the motorcycle is assembled, the external actuator can be quickly attached to the pulley housing cover to complete the installation of the gearbox actuator, effectively improving the motorcycle's assembly efficiency. Furthermore, the motorcycle assembly and actuator assembly can be performed simultaneously. After the motorcycle is assembled, the assembled actuator can be directly connected to the motorcycle, making actuator installation more convenient and further enhancing the motorcycle's assembly efficiency.

[0015] At the same time, the actuator, being independent of the motorcycle, can improve heat dissipation efficiency and can be equipped with an independent sealing and lubrication system. During motorcycle maintenance, the actuator and its lubrication system can be maintained separately without disassembling the motorcycle's powertrain, making maintenance more convenient.

[0016] In this design, the primary pulley drive wheel is closer to the outside of the motorcycle, that is, the side closer to the pulley housing cover. Therefore, when the primary pulley drive wheel is moved axially along the output shaft to achieve gear shifting, the structure that drives the primary pulley drive wheel is not blocked by the primary pulley stationary wheel, thus enabling the aforementioned external attachment technology to be realized.

[0017] Furthermore, the driving gear includes an external gear and an internal gear that are coaxially connected, the output shaft of the driving component meshes with the internal gear, and the external gear meshes with the intermediate gear.

[0018] Furthermore, the intermediate gear includes a small intermediate gear and a large intermediate gear that are coaxially connected. The large intermediate gear meshes with the external gear of the driving gear, and the small intermediate gear meshes with the driven gear.

[0019] Furthermore, a first sleeve is coaxially fixed to the primary pulley drive wheel, the first sleeve is sleeved on the main input shaft, and the first sleeve rotates with the main input shaft; the pulley housing cover is provided with an opening opposite to the first sleeve; the inner screw is sleeved outside the first sleeve, the first sleeve and the inner screw are rotatably engaged, and the inner screw can push the primary pulley drive wheel axially.

[0020] Furthermore, a displacement measuring unit is provided on the side of the inner lead screw. The displacement measuring unit includes a distance sensor and a signal block. The signal block is located on the inner lead screw and can move with the inner lead screw. The distance sensor is located on the side of the output shaft and can detect the moving distance of the signal block.

[0021] The signal block has an inclined surface on the side facing the distance sensor. The distance between one end of the inclined surface and the main input shaft is greater than or less than the distance between the other end and the main input shaft. In this scheme, the axial movement distance of the signal block is determined by the cooperation between the distance sensor and the inclined surface.

[0022] Alternatively, the signal block may include a permanent magnet block, and the distance sensor may be a Hall sensor. In this solution, the movement distance of the signal block can be accurately detected through the Hall effect between the Hall sensor and the permanent magnet block on the signal block.

[0023] Furthermore, the pulley housing cover has an outer shell on the side away from the motorcycle, and the displacement measuring unit is located inside the outer shell. The inner wall of the outer shell has a positioning groove that extends axially along the main input shaft. The end of the signal block away from the inner lead screw is located in the positioning groove and slides in cooperation with the positioning groove.

[0024] Furthermore, a first limiting part is provided circumferentially between the driven gear and the internal lead screw. Before the internal lead screw abuts against the driven gear, the first limiting part abuts against the signal block.

[0025] Furthermore, the driven gear has several arc-shaped grooves circumferentially arranged on the side near the internal lead screw, and the parts between the arc-shaped grooves protrude relative to each other to form a first limiting part; the signal block has a second limiting part on the side near the driven gear, and the rotation trajectory of the second limiting part is projected within the range of the arc-shaped grooves and the first limiting part. Before the internal lead screw abuts against the driven gear, the first limiting part and the second limiting part abut against each other.

[0026] Furthermore, the distance sensor is a travel sensor.

[0027] This utility model also adopts the following technical solution: a motorcycle, including the aforementioned continuously variable transmission.

[0028] This solution also has the following effects:

[0029] 1. Internal gears have the advantages of compact structure, smooth transmission, high precision and high overlap. Since they are in direct contact with the output shaft of the drive component, they can be removed and maintained together with the output shaft of the drive component, without the need for separate maintenance.

[0030] 2. To achieve a more symmetrical and regular overall appearance for easier installation on a motorcycle and maximize space utilization, this design places the motor output shaft as close as possible to the center of the overall structure. This facilitates the connection and fixation of the power input motor to the design, resulting in a compact structure, reasonable layout, and space-saving effect. Compared to a linear arrangement, this design forms a triangle with the centers of the driving gear, intermediate gear, and driven gear. With a constant gear radius, this minimizes the outer contour area of ​​the overall plane, further saving space.

[0031] 3. A traditional ECVT transmission includes an actuator, pulley housing cover, fixed plate, and drive pulley. The actuator moves the drive pulley axially, thus enabling continuously variable shifting. The fixed plate is located near the pulley housing cover, i.e., near the outside of the motorcycle, while the drive pulley is near the inside. The actuator structure is also installed inside the pulley housing cover. Therefore, during motorcycle assembly, the motor and other components that make up the actuator must be installed one by one before the pulley housing cover and other components can be installed. In other words, all the above parts need to be prepared and then installed at once. This process involves many and complex parts, resulting in low overall motorcycle assembly efficiency.

[0032] In this solution, the driving components, drive gear, intermediate gear, and driven gear of the actuator are first integrated onto the outer casing. The supplier can assemble the actuator in advance and sell it uniformly. The processing plant can first install the gearbox on the motorcycle body, and then fix the integrated actuator directly to the outside of the gearbox pulley cover. The internal lead screw of the actuator is connected to the drive wheel of the gearbox, thereby achieving rapid assembly. Finally, the pulley cover and the outer casing are connected by bolts and other parts.

[0033] At the same time, the actuator, being independent of the motorcycle, can improve heat dissipation efficiency and can be equipped with an independent sealing and lubrication system. During motorcycle maintenance, the actuator and its lubrication system can be maintained separately without disassembling the motorcycle's powertrain, making maintenance more convenient.

[0034] The gearbox that is paired with this solution has its drive wheel closer to the outside of the motorcycle, that is, the side closer to the pulley housing cover. Therefore, when the drive wheel is moved axially along the main input shaft to achieve gear shifting, the structure that drives the drive wheel to move will not be blocked by the fixed plate, thus enabling the above-mentioned external attachment technology to be realized.

[0035] 4. Due to the inclined surface of the signal block, there is a difference in the distance between the end of the inclined surface near the main input shaft and the distance sensor. When shifting gears, the signal block moves axially synchronously, and the inclined surface moves accordingly. The relative position of the inclined surface and the distance sensor changes, and the distance detected by the distance sensor changes. Therefore, this solution only needs to set up one distance sensor to accurately measure displacement. Compared with the current method of using both angle sensor and stroke sensor to achieve displacement measurement, this solution has a simpler structure and a lighter measuring mechanism.

[0036] In this scheme, the distance sensor is a Hall effect travel sensor, which can collect the magnetic field change signal of the travel displacement, thereby determining the position of the inclined plane more quickly and accurately, thus improving measurement efficiency and accuracy.

[0037] 5. After the external actuator is installed, the structure that drives the primary pulley to slide axially needs to be connected to the primary pulley. The opening in this solution provides space for the connection between the two.

[0038] 6. The stroke sensor can collect the magnetic field change signal of the stroke displacement, thereby determining the position of the inclined plane more quickly and accurately, thus improving measurement efficiency and accuracy.

[0039] 7. During gear shifting, since the signal block is eccentrically set on the inner lead screw, the inner lead screw can be guided by the cooperation between the positioning groove and the signal block, thereby preventing the inner lead screw from rotating. While simplifying the structure, it ensures that the inner lead screw can be adjusted axially, pushing the primary pulley along the axis, thus completing the continuously variable transmission. Attached Figure Description

[0040] Figure 1 This is a top view of Example 1;

[0041] Figure 2 for Figure 1 Sectional view along axis AA;

[0042] Figure 3 for Figure 1 BB-direction sectional view;

[0043] Figure 4 This is a top view of Example 1 installed on the gearbox;

[0044] Figure 5 for Figure 4 A sectional view along the AA direction. Detailed Implementation

[0045] The following detailed description illustrates the specific implementation method:

[0046] The reference numerals in the accompanying drawings include: outer housing 1, outer housing cover 11, pulley housing cover 2, main input shaft 20, primary pulley fixed pulley 21, primary pulley moving pulley 22, first sleeve 23, main output shaft 24, secondary pulley moving pulley 25, secondary pulley fixed pulley 26, limit ring 27, preload spring 28, motor 3, drive shaft 41, external gear 42, internal gear 43, intermediate shaft 51, small intermediate gear 52, large intermediate gear 53, driven gear 6, driven shaft 61, threaded part 62, internal lead screw 7, distance sensor 81, and signal block 82.

[0047] Example 1

[0048] Example 1 is basically as follows Figures 1-5 As shown: a continuously variable transmission (CVT) includes a transmission mechanism and an external actuator. The transmission mechanism includes a pulley housing cover 2. The pulley housing cover 2 has an output component, a transmission component, and an input component on the side near the motorcycle body. The transmission component is used to transmit power between the output component and the input component. The transmission component is a belt or a chain. In this embodiment, the transmission component is a belt.

[0049] The output assembly includes a main output shaft 24, a secondary pulley fixed pulley 26, and a secondary pulley moving pulley 25. A sleeve-shaped extension is coaxially fixed to the secondary pulley fixed pulley 26. The main output shaft 24 passes axially through the secondary pulley fixed pulley 26 and drives it to rotate synchronously. The secondary pulley moving pulley 25 is located below the secondary pulley fixed pulley 26 and is fitted onto the extension. A small clearance transition fit exists between the secondary pulley moving pulley 25 and the extension, allowing the secondary pulley moving pulley 25 to slide axially relative to the secondary pulley fixed pulley 26. A limit ring 27 is integrally formed at the lower end of the extension, and a preload spring 28 is fitted onto the extension. The two ends of the preload spring 28 abut against the secondary pulley moving pulley 25 and the limit ring 27, respectively.

[0050] The input component is located to the left of the output component. The input component includes a primary pulley fixed pulley 21, a primary pulley moving pulley 22, and a main input shaft 20. The main input shaft 20 is parallel to the main output shaft 24. The primary pulley fixed pulley 21 is sleeved on the lower end of the main input shaft 20 and splinedly connected to it. A first sleeve 23 is coaxially fixed to the primary pulley moving pulley 22. The first sleeve 23 is sleeved on the main input shaft 20 and has a small clearance transition fit, allowing the primary pulley moving pulley 22 to slide along the axial direction of the main input shaft 20. In this embodiment, the primary pulley moving pulley 22 is located above the primary pulley fixed pulley 21, meaning the primary pulley fixed pulley 21 is closer to the inside of the motorcycle, and the primary pulley moving pulley 22 is closer to the outside of the motorcycle. The motorcycle's pulley housing cover 2 has an opening, and the upper ends of the first sleeve 23 and the main input shaft 20 both extend from the snap-fit ​​to the outside of the pulley housing cover 2. The belt is tensioned between the output component and the input component. Specifically, the left end of the belt is tensioned between the primary pulley drive pulley 22 and the primary pulley stationary pulley 21; the right end of the belt is tensioned between the secondary pulley drive pulley 25 and the secondary pulley stationary pulley 26.

[0051] The external actuator includes an external housing 1, which is bolted to the pulley cover 2 on the side away from the motorcycle body. The primary pulley 22 of the gearbox is located on the side away from the motorcycle body. The external housing 1 houses a drive unit and a transmission mechanism. The drive unit is a motor 3, which is bolted to the motorcycle body.

[0052] The outer housing 1 is installed on the outer surface of the gearbox, and the corresponding primary belt pulley 22 of the gearbox is located on the side away from the main body of the motorcycle.

[0053] It also includes an outer casing cover 11, which cooperates with the outer casing 1 to protect the internal transmission mechanism, such as... Figure 3 As shown, the lower side is the side closest to the motorcycle body. The drive component is bolted to the outer shell 1. The transmission mechanism includes a drive shaft 41, an intermediate shaft 51, and a driven shaft 61. The upper end of the drive shaft 41 is assembled and rotatably connected to the outer shell cover 11 using a shoulder bushing. The lower end is assembled and rotatably connected to the outer shell 1 using a bearing. An external gear 42 and an internal gear 43 are integrally formed on the drive shaft 41. The drive shaft 41, external gear 42, and internal gear 43 form the drive gear. The output shaft of the drive component is eccentrically set relative to the internal gear 43. The drive shaft 41 passes through the external gear 42 and is rotatably connected to the external gear 42.

[0054] The upper and lower ends of the intermediate shaft 51 are rotatably connected to the outer cover 11 and the outer housing 1, respectively. Specifically, the two ends of the intermediate shaft 51 are directly fitted with the corresponding holes of the outer cover 11 and the outer housing 1 with a small clearance, or bushings and bearings are added to the ends of the intermediate shaft 51 or the corresponding holes for assembly. A small intermediate gear 52 and a large intermediate gear 53 are coaxially integrally formed on the intermediate shaft 51. The intermediate shaft 51, the small intermediate gear 52, and the large intermediate gear 53 form an intermediate gear. The small intermediate gear 52 is located below the large intermediate gear 53, and the large intermediate gear 53 meshes with the external gear 42.

[0055] The driven shaft 61 is rotatably connected to the outer cover 11 and the outer housing 1 at its upper and lower ends, respectively, in the same way as the intermediate shaft 51. A driven gear 6 is integrally formed on the driven shaft 61. A ball bearing is provided between the outer cover 11 and the driven shaft 61. The driven gear 6 meshes with the small intermediate gear 52. The lower surface of the driven gear 6 is provided with a threaded part 62. An inner screw 7 is threadedly connected to the threaded part 62. The inner screw 7 is a tubular object with threads on the inner side. The inner screw 7 is clearance-fitted with the primary pulley 22. The inner screw 7 is used to drive the primary pulley 22 to move axially.

[0056] like Figure 5 As shown, a displacement measuring unit is provided in one direction on the outer side of the inner lead screw 7. The displacement measuring unit includes a distance sensor 81 and a signal block 82. The signal block 82 is integrally formed on the outer side of the inner lead screw 7, and the distance sensor 81 is bolted to the inner side of the outer housing 1. The side of the signal block 82 facing the distance sensor 81 has an inclined surface. The distance between the end of the inclined surface near the output shaft and the output shaft is greater than or less than the distance between the other end and the output shaft. The distance sensor 81 is a stroke sensor that can collect the magnetic field change signal of the stroke displacement, thereby determining the position of the inclined surface more quickly and accurately.

[0057] The inner side of the housing 1 protrudes to form a channel (not shown in the figure), and the signal block 82 is slidably disposed in the channel. The channel is used to limit the rotation of the limit block and the lead screw 7.

[0058] Example 2

[0059] Example 2 is based on Example 1: Three first limiting parts are welded at equal angles around the driven gear 6 near the inner lead screw 7. The first limiting parts are pins. When the inner lead screw 7 rotates close to the driven gear 6 to the limit position, the signal block 82 on the inner lead screw 7 abuts against one of the pins, thereby preventing the inner lead screw 7 from directly hitting the driven gear 6, thus avoiding damage to the ball bearing between the outer cover 11 and the driven shaft 61.

[0060] Example 3

[0061] Example 3 is based on Example 1: As an improvement on Example 2, since the thickness of the driven gear 6 is usually not too thick, if the pin is directly welded to the driven gear 6, it will easily affect the mechanical properties of the driven gear 6.

[0062] Therefore, in this design, the driven gear 6 has three arc-shaped grooves circumferentially arranged on the side near the inner lead screw 7, with the portions between the arc-shaped grooves protruding relative to each other to form a first limiting part; the signal block 82 has a second limiting part on the side near the driven gear 6, and the rotation trajectory of the second limiting part is projected within the range of the arc-shaped grooves and the first limiting part. When the inner lead screw 7 rotates close to the driven gear 6 to its limit position, the second limiting part first rotates into the arc-shaped groove, and then the second limiting part continues to rotate until it abuts against the first limiting part.

[0063] Example 4

[0064] The difference between Example 4 and Example 1 is that the signal block 2 in Example 1 is elongated and extends axially along the inner lead screw 1. The signal block 2 includes a permanent magnet; specifically, in this example, the permanent magnet is a magnet, and the signal block 2 is formed by encapsulating a plastic shell around the magnet. The signal block 2 is bolted to the inner lead screw 1. Meanwhile, the distance sensor in this example uses a Hall effect sensor, with its detection end located behind and opposite the signal block 2. Compared to Example 1, the Hall effect sensor in this example uses the Hall effect to detect the movement distance of the signal block 2.

[0065] The above descriptions are merely embodiments of this utility model. Commonly known technical solutions and / or characteristics are not described in detail here. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make various modifications and improvements without departing from the technical solution of this utility model. These modifications and improvements should also be considered within the scope of protection of this utility model, and will not affect the effectiveness of the implementation of this utility model or the practicality of the patent. The scope of protection claimed in this application should be determined by the content of its claims, and the specific embodiments described in the specification can be used to interpret the content of the claims.

Claims

1. A continuously variable transmission, characterized in that: It includes a speed change mechanism and an external actuator. The speed change mechanism includes a pulley housing cover, on which an output component, a transmission component, and an input component are provided. The transmission component is used to transmit power between the output component and the input component. The input component includes a primary pulley fixed pulley, a primary pulley moving pulley, and a main input shaft. Both the primary pulley fixed pulley and the primary pulley moving pulley are located on the main input shaft, with the primary pulley moving pulley located on the side away from the motorcycle body. The external actuator includes an external housing, which is located on the side of the pulley cover away from the motorcycle body. Inside the external housing are a limiting part, a driving member, and a driving gear, an intermediate gear, and a driven gear that mesh in sequence. The driven gear has a threaded part, and the threaded part is threaded to an internal screw. The driving member drives the internal screw to move axially, thereby driving the primary pulley to move axially.

2. The continuously variable transmission according to claim 1, characterized in that: The driving gear includes an external gear and an internal gear that are coaxially connected. The output shaft of the driving component meshes with the internal gear, and the external gear meshes with the intermediate gear.

3. The continuously variable transmission according to claim 2, characterized in that: The intermediate gears include a small intermediate gear and a large intermediate gear that are coaxially connected. The large intermediate gear meshes with the external gear of the driving gear, and the small intermediate gear meshes with the driven gear.

4. The continuously variable transmission according to claim 1, characterized in that: The primary pulley is coaxially fixed with a first sleeve, which is sleeved on the main input shaft and rotates with the main input shaft. The pulley housing cover has an opening opposite to the first sleeve. An inner screw is sleeved outside the first sleeve, and the first sleeve and the inner screw are rotatably engaged. The inner screw can push the primary pulley along the axial direction.

5. The continuously variable transmission according to claim 4, characterized in that: The inner lead screw is provided with a displacement measuring unit on its side. The displacement measuring unit includes a distance sensor and a signal block. The signal block is located on the inner lead screw and can move with the inner lead screw. The distance sensor is located on the side of the output shaft and can detect the moving distance of the signal block. The signal block has an inclined surface on the side facing the distance sensor, and the distance between one end of the inclined surface and the main input shaft is greater than or less than the distance between the other end and the main input shaft. Alternatively, the signal block may include a permanent magnet block, and the distance sensor may be a Hall sensor.

6. The continuously variable transmission according to claim 5, characterized in that: The pulley housing cover has an outer shell on the side away from the motorcycle. The displacement measuring unit is located inside the outer shell. The inner wall of the outer shell has a positioning groove that extends axially along the main input shaft. The end of the signal block away from the inner lead screw is located in the positioning groove and slides in cooperation with the positioning groove.

7. The continuously variable transmission according to claim 5, characterized in that: The distance sensor is a travel sensor.

8. The continuously variable transmission according to claim 5, characterized in that: A first limiting part is provided circumferentially between the driven gear and the internal lead screw. Before the internal lead screw abuts against the driven gear, the first limiting part abuts against the signal block.

9. The continuously variable transmission according to claim 8, characterized in that: The driven gear has several arc-shaped grooves circumferentially on the side near the internal lead screw, and the parts between the arc-shaped grooves protrude relative to each other to form a first limiting part; the signal block has a second limiting part on the side near the driven gear, and the rotation trajectory of the second limiting part is projected within the range of the arc-shaped grooves and the first limiting part. Before the internal lead screw abuts against the driven gear, the first limiting part and the second limiting part abut against each other.

10. A motorcycle, characterized in that: Including the continuously variable transmission as described in any one of claims 1-8.

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