Composition and method for influencing the location of wood-dwelling beetles

Abstract

Described are dispersions containing polymer particles or polymer-based nano- or microaggregates which are loaded with at least one messenger substance for attracting or repelling a predetermined wood-dwelling beetle species or for attracting a predator of this beetle species and optionally with further auxiliaries and additives, with the proviso that the polymer has at least one polymer-specific parameter selected from the group of the glass transition temperature, the crystallite melting temperature, the supramolecular interactions, the air humidity, the action of light or the targeted degradability, which changes in a predetermined temperature range and / or humidity range, so that the messenger substance contained in the particles is released or that the polymer or the polymer-based nano- or microaggregate is degraded enzymatically or hydrolytically, so that the messenger substance contained in the particles is released. The dispersions can be used in particular to combat bark beetles.

Description

The invention relates to the field of controlling the location of wood-resident beetles by means of messengers and compositions suitable therefor.Beetles (Coleoptera) form the world's largest order from the insect class with species known at present over 380,000. Beetles colonize most habitats on the earth, virtually any organic food source being exhausted by beetles.Beetles generally only enter the public's light if they affect human life. This is the case most frequently when they occur as pests, seedlings or else as beneficial pests.In the storage of foods or in the cultivation of crop plants in monocultures, good conditions are occasionally established for mass growths of certain beetle species. Examples of stored pests, especially in operational storage stores, are beetles for cereals and rice, while the larvae of the beetle for flour are frequently also found in households. Agricultural pests known are, inter alia, potato beetle, rapeseed beetle or western corn rootworm. Many beetles are present as plant pests. These affect a wide variety of plants, including trees including deadwood. The Einheimian housebock (Hylotrupes bajulus) can attack buildings. The larvae of the beetle live in installed conifer wood, for example in roof chairs. Also in dead wood, the common nole beetle known as woodworm (Anobium punctatum) lives. Examples of pest trees are Asian hardwood beetle ( Anoplophora glabripennis ). Major pests in living wood include bark beetles. This includes the book printer (Ips typographus) which can cause high damage, in particular in foreignly created people of the spruce. However, bark beetles are also dangerous in natural forests. Thus, the bergkie weevil (Dendroctonus poderosae) has a considerable destruction potential. Damage caused by beetle attack has considerable economic effects on agricultural and forest agriculture.Many beetles play an important role in natural balance. In addition, human beings profit from some types. Among the most important of these are herbalally living beetles, such as weevil beetles, short-wing beetles and especially maritime beetles. These species have a deleterious effect on agricultural and forest economics on insects, mites and snails. Certain maritime beetle species are mass bred for use against agricultural pests. Also in gardens, these aphid and deciduous beetles are useful.Many beetles communicate using messengers. These affect the behavior of individuals in a population. Messenger substances are chemical substances which serve for signal transmission or chemical communication. They can exhibit their effect within an organism, between individuals of one species or different species. Messenger substances belong to a wide variety of chemical compound classes. Many of these are peptides, steroids, amino acid derivatives, isoprene derivatives, terpene derivatives, aldehydes such as benzaldehyde or salicylaldehyde, or acids such as benzoic acid.The following description of the invention is based on the example of the bark beetle. However, the concept of this invention can be readily applied to beetles who are resident on other wood and communicate by means of messenger substances.The bark beetle (in Germany, above all in the case of infestation of spruce, known as a "book printer" (there are currently more than 6000 known bark beetle species, all subspecies of the weevil)) causes extreme losses of forest surface worldwide. Since the spruce was planted over a large area as a monoculture in Central Europe in particular for about 200 years, there is currently an intense infestation primarily in the resin, in the ore birge and in the Bayerian forest, but meanwhile also in Austria, Italy and Czechia. Due to climate conversion (heating, less precipitation, orcan with much wood damage), this development has grown almost exponentially in the last 20 years. Especially in areas with poorly accessible forest areas (e.g. in the steep positions of the blades), there is almost no possibility of removing the damaged wood in good time in order to prevent the further spread of the bark beetle. However, the forest in the alope has a decisive function as a guard forest (Banwald). Without forest, billion sums must be invested to avoid murches, avalanches or stone blows and to keep valleys accessible and to protect people living therein.One measure for controlling the bark beetle involves the raising of traps. However, traps are not suitable for significantly reducing a bark beetle population. Traps are used primarily for registering infestation. The use of kill traps is also serious for all beneficial species. The extensive use of insecticides, such as the approved agents fastac forest or karate forest), is prohibited since the fines of the bark beetle, such as the antsus beetle, are also killed therewith. Also, only a very small proportion of insecticides effectively acts against the bark beetle (<0.1%). Most of the chemicals are scattered during spraying, drips from the bark, is emitted as dust or released too early. The most currently successful way to combat cucumber beetle infestation is to remove all the wood of damage (compare https: / / www.rnd.de / know / bark beetle-2019 -how-we can fight and why-we is-so-dangerous-DKLHHCN4TI43Y3J7PSRR4B4YHA. html). If regional removal at safety distance is not completely possible, the deposits of beaten wood are watered or kept moist or treated with insecticides. Efficient removal is often not possible, however, in the case of massive infestation or after storm damage / snow break, above all not in steep positions or in areas with few access roads, such as in the middle mountains and above all in the alopes and other mountains.A further measure for controlling the cucumber beetle involves the use of messenger substances. The bark beetle (as a excavated example of other crustaceans, as well as the copper steger), here especially the "book printer", which falls the common spruce in central europe, works with a mixture of messenger substances (modified building blocks of the spruce, pheromones and other info-chemicals) which are used for attracting further bark beetles or for repelling further bark beetles. A healthy spruce can combat a bark beetle by using resin. If coats are weakened by dryness, heat, damage by storms / orcans or snow break, their repulsion forces are reduced. If the bark beetle has locally increased massively, he can also successfully attack healthy spruce. For this purpose, the messenger substance methodology, as frequently in nature, is used very intelligently. First infestations of a spruce emit mixtures of messenger substances which attract further bark beetles (e.g. verbenol, ipsenol or other terpenes). Even healthy coats can no longer resist attack by hundreds or more bark beetles. Thereafter, the "legends" of the spruce switch mode and send new mixtures of messengers, which signal that the tree is "full". Further bark beetles then attack surrounding spruce. Thus, "Nester" is formed. A new bark beetle population can then overcome distances of 500 meters and in part (in the case of favourable wind) also of several kilometers, so that whole forest pieces are killed in the immediate vicinity of the "miners", and at the same time also form widely removed new "miners". The outward flight of the bark beetles takes place from average air temperatures of 16.5° C.; however, with appropriate solar radiation, outward flight can already start locally earlier. In warm and dry years, up to three populations and thus bark beetle flights can arise, and as it were, create "atomic bombs" suspect damage and malnutrition. The classic forest business cannot remove the infested woods rapidly enough--quite to swerve middle eggs and the alpen regions even in readily accessible regions.The messenger substances of the bark beetle also attract fines (such as the antsbund beetle, brackts, twins; there are about 300 natural fines of the bark beetle). In the case of explosive multiplication, however, the fines do not arrive at the contrary.The messenger substances of the bark beetles can be used in traps. However, these have a much too punctiform effect. Thus, even the use of hundreds of thousands of traps in Norway / Sweden could only slow the Bark beetle explosion. Depending on the trap and the co-use of insecticides, the cucumber beetle fines are also killed. In addition, the messenger substances are very volatile and therefore evaporate rapidly. These must then be discharged repeatedly. Current works describe the suspension of "scent bags" in order to create a "fire wall" (compare (https: / / deutsch.radio.cz / -czech wissenschaftler-entwicklung-chemie-free impraegnung-ver-8746509). The authors even state that this will hardly be successful in extended forests.Thus, a wide variety of strategies and measures have already been used for controlling the cucumber beetle. However, these are complicated or only to a limited extent effective and therefore necessitate further improvements.It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and a composition suitable for this purpose in order to influence the location of beetles, in particular of bark beetles, in a targeted manner.From research on beetles, such as beetles, in particular bark beetles, there is knowledge of which messenger substances and combinations thereof have the effect in which development level of the larvae / beetle and for which beetle.This means that attracting or repelling of artgenous shoots or attracting of fines can be controlled targeted.From research on polymer-based systems, for example in the form of micelles, vesicles, lipid-solid nanoparticles, lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles, nanoparticles, nanospheres, microparticles, microspheres, films, sheets or moldings, it is known which polymers are suitable as carriers for active substances and can release these substances, for example as a function of temperature, humidity, pH, solar radiation, presence of enzymes or salts. These polymer-based systems can be coformulated with other polymeric auxiliaries, inorganic auxiliaries, organic substances such as oils or other low molecular weight substances and biobasic substances (such as lignin or cellulose).From nanomedicine and pharmacy, there is knowledge of how mixtures of active substances ("Cocktails") can be packaged. Furthermore, there is knowledge of when trapped substances are released and how slow release can take place ("retarded release").The present invention now combines knowledge, present in an inventive and novel manner, for a web-breaking novel method of the targeted control of the location of beetles including their larval stages and of the attraction of beetle fines. In this way, in particular bark beetles and related weevil beetles can be effectively controlled.The present invention relates to dispersions comprising water or biodegradable aprotic-polar solvents as dispersants and polymer particles or polymer-based nano- or microaggregates as dispersed phase, which are loaded with at least one messenger substance for attracting or distributing a beetle species belonging to predetermined wood or for attracting a feeding fines for this beetle species and optionally with further auxiliaries and additives, with the proviso that the polymer or the polymer-based nano- or microaggregate has at least one polymer-specific parameter selected from the group of the glass transition temperature, the crystallite melting temperature, the supramolecular interactions, the air humidity or the targeted degradation, which changes in a predetermined temperature range and / or humidity range and / or on exposure to light, such that the messenger substance contained in the particles is released, or that the polymer or the polymer-based nanoaggregate or microaggregate is broken down enzymatically or hydrolytically or photochemically, such that the messenger substance contained in the particles is released.Dispersions in the context of the present description are to be understood as heterogeneous mixtures of at least two substances which do not dissolve or scarcely dissolve in one another or chemically bond to one another. One of these substances is water or a biodegradable aprotic-polar solvent, such as cyrene. One or more substances are distributed therein as a so-called disperse phase. Water or the biodegradable aprotic-polar solvent thereby form a continuous phase, the so-called dispersion medium. Depending on the state of aggregation of the dispersant and the disperse phase, the dispersions according to the invention can occur as emulsions (liquid / liquid) or as suspensions (liquid / solid). The disperse phase may be polymer particles or polymer-based nano- or microparticles. The latter are polymer-based micelles, polymer-based vesicles, lipid-solid nanoparticles, lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles, polymer-based nanospheres or nanocapsules and polymer-based microspheres or microcapsules.Targeted degradable in the context of the present description is understood to mean that the polymer or the polymer-based nano- or microaggregate is enzymatically or hydrolytically degradable, so that the messenger substance contained in the particles or aggregates is released. However, release can also take place when the Tg / Tm is exceeded or when the LCST (lower critical solution temperature) is adequately swollen or exceeded.After application and evaporation of the dispersant, the dispersions according to the invention are generally present as films or dried polymer particles or dried polymer-based nanoaggregates or microaggregates on plant parts or on the soil.In the context of the present description, beetles are understood to mean the adult animals (imago) including their larvae and pupae. The dispersion according to the invention preferably influences the location of the system.In the context of the present description, beetles are understood to mean the adult animals (imago) including their larvae and pupae. The dispersion according to the invention is preferably used to influence the location of the adult beetles and / or their feeding fines.The dispersions according to the invention can in principle be applied to all types of beetles which are resident on wood and which communicate via messenger substances (i.e. are thereby attracted or sold) or whose feeding fines are attracted with the aid of messenger substances.The dispersions according to the invention are preferably used for attracting wood-borne beetles which are beneficial species or pests or for attracting feeding fines of the beetle pests. It is likewise preferred to use the dispersions according to the invention for distributing wood-borne beetles which are pests. These are thereby specifically driven to collecting points or "fire snow" is produced which the beetle cannot overcome.The dispersions according to the invention can contain a plurality of messenger substances which attract, for example, beetle pests and at the same time their feeding fines. In addition to the messenger substances, the dispersions according to the invention can also contain further ingredients with which, for example, beetle pests can be destroyed, for example insecticides.The dispersions according to the invention are preferably used to influence the location of beetles living on, on or in trees or on or in the soil region of trees.Tree-resident beetles are preferably crustaceans, particularly preferably bark beetles and very particularly preferably book printers (Ips typographus), copper stechers (Pityogenes chalcographus), large and small forest gardener, oak-pit beetles, striped timber bark beetles (Trypodendron lineatum) or black timber bark beetles (Xyleneborus germany)The dispersions of the invention may be in the form of suspensions (solid particles or aggregates dispersed in aqueous dispersion medium) or emulsions (liquid particles or aggregates dispersed in aqueous dispersion medium). The particles of polymer or the polymer-based aggregates are generally present as nano- or microparticles or aggregates. These are thus particles or aggregates which are composed of finely dispersed polymers or of finely dispersed components, in particular of finely dispersed polymeric solids or of finely dispersed polymeric hydrogels. The dispersions of the invention may also be contained in "green" solvents, e.g. cyrene made from cellulose.The dispersions according to the invention can be prepared by precipitation of the polymers, preferably by nanoprecipitation. For this purpose, the polymers can be dissolved in a water-miscible solvent, such as acetone. This solution is dropped into a hydrophilic dispersing medium, preferably with vigorous stirring. This can promote the production of smaller particles. The polymer is deposited in the dispersion medium in finely divided form.Alternatively, the dispersions of the invention can also be produced by suspending or emulsifying polymer particles. For this purpose, the polymers can be dissolved in a water-immiscible solvent, such as dichloromethane or ethyl acetate. This solution is combined with a hydrophilic dispersing medium, whereby preferably two liquid phases form. This mixture is then suspended or emulsified by application of energy, preferably by sonicating with ultrasound.In addition to the polymer, one or more messenger substances and / or one or more auxiliaries and additives can be present in the dispersion medium during its precipitation or dispersion. Alternatively, these messengers and / or auxiliary and additive may be added after the precipitation or dispersion of the polymer in the hydrophilic liquid.Within the scope of the present description, nanoparticles or nanoaggregates are to be understood as meaning particles or aggregates which have diameters (z average) of less than 1000 nm determined by means of dynamic light scattering.Preferred particle diameters (z average) for nanoparticles or nanoaggregates are in the range of less than or equal to 500 nm, particularly preferably between 30 and 500 nm, very particularly preferably between 40 and 250 nm and in particular between 50 and 200 nm.Microparticles or microaggregates are understood within the scope of the present description to mean particles or aggregates which have diameters (z average) of at least 1 μm determined by means of dynamic light scattering.Preferred particle diameters (z average) for microparticles or microaggregates are in the range of greater than or equal to 5 μm, particularly preferably between 10 and 200 μm, and very particularly preferably between 20 and 50 μm.Particle diameters up to 10 μm are determined for purposes of the present specification by dynamic light scattering (DLS) using a Malvern Zetasizer Nano-ZS (Malvern Instruments, Worcesterhire, United Kingdom). The intensity-weighted average diameter (z average) was determined by cumulant analysis of the correlation function (ISO13321, ISO22412).Larger particles with diameters of more than 10 μm can be determined by means of visual methods, for example by microscopy. For particle sizes in the nano range, light scattering or electron microscopy can be used. The shape of the polymer particles or aggregate particles can be any desired shape, for example spherical, ellipsoidal or irrgular. The polymer particles may also form aggregates of a plurality of primary particles. Preferably, the particles or aggregates in the dispersions according to the invention are in the form of nanoparticles or nanoaggregates.The dispersions according to the invention can furthermore be characterized by their polydispersity index (or PDI TG). The polydispersity index of the particle size distribution PDI TG indicates the breadth of the particle size distribution of particles. Values between 0 (monodisperse) and 1 (polydisperse) can be assumed here. The PDI TG- value is determined for purposes of the present specification by dynamic light scattering (DLS) using a Malvern Zetasizer Ultra (Malvern Instruments, Worcesterhire, United Kingdom). The PDI TG was determined by cumulant analysis of the correlation function.The PDI TG- value of the particle size distribution of the nano- and microparticles or nano- or microaggregates used according to the invention typically ranges between 0.05 and 0.8, preferably between 0.1 and 0.7 and particularly preferably between 0.05 and 0.6.Particular preference is given to using nanoparticles or nanoaggregates according to the invention. These have diameters (z average) determined in particular by means of DLS of between 40 and 250 nm, very particularly preferably between 50 and 200 nm, and a PDI TG of between 0.05 and 0.2.The dispersions according to the invention may contain stabilizers which prevent or retard sedimentation of the disperse phase. Surfactants and / or protective colloids can be used as stabilizers. Such measures are known to the skilled person.The dispersions according to the invention may contain oils as additives. Examples thereof are olive oil, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil or other vegetable or animal oils. Such measures are known to the skilled person.In the dispersions according to the invention, polymers are used as carriers for the messenger substances. In this case, the messenger substance should be released from the microparticle or nanoparticle only from a temperature and / or ambient moisture selected by the user and / or when exposed to light. The release can be controlled by selecting the polymer, its degree of crosslinking, the molecular structure or the additives. This has at least one temperature-dependent or liquid-sensitive parameter which has an influence on the rate of release of the messenger substance or messenger substance cocktail combined with the polymer. The temperature-dependent parameter can be adjusted, for example, by preparing specific adjusted copolymers having a tailored glass transition temperature, melting temperature, crystallinity or hydrophobic / hydrophilic balance, or by the additives used or the method of preparation.Preferably, the polymer should be biodegradable at the site of use, for example in the (forest) soil. However, it is also possible to use polymers which are stable for a relatively long time under the conditions of the site of use.Within the scope of the present description, biodegradable polymers are understood to mean polymers which can be composted under the conditions of the site of use (temperature, moisture, UV-VIS radiation exposure, enzymes, bacteria). This means that the polymers must be degraded to at least 60% by weight within 180 days (compare. ASTM D-6400).The polymers used as carriers in the dispersions according to the invention can belong to a wide variety of compound classes. The polymers used according to the invention are basically macromolecules which are constructed from one or more structural units, the so-called repeat units. In many cases, a polymer consists of non-identical macromolecules; as a rule, the type and number of repeat units and the molecular weight vary.The polymers used according to the invention can be synthetic or semisynthetic in nature or they can also be polymers (biopolymers) produced by living organisms.Biopolymers used according to the invention include proteins or polysaccharides, such as cellulose, starch or chitin, for example.The synthetic polymers used according to the invention include polycondensates, such as polyesters or polyamides, or proteins, or polymers produced from ethylenically unsaturated monomers, such as poly(meth)acrylic acid or poly(meth)acrylates.The semisynthetic polymers used according to the invention include polymers which have been produced by the further processing of biopolymers, for example starch derivatives.Polymers used according to the invention can be used in a single type or in the form of polymer blends. The latter include in particular supramolecular polymers, i.e. polymers whose building blocks are not held together by covalent bonds but by comparatively weak intermolecular bonds. These bonds include hydrogen bonds, ion bonds, metal-ligand interactions, van der Waals interactions, or hydrophobic interactions. These intermolecular bonds can easily be broken up at elevated temperature and can also rapidly recover on cooling. The temperature at which intermolecular bonds break can be adjusted by selecting the type and amount of these bonds.In general, the polymers used according to the invention are organic polymers, i.e. polymers composed of monomers containing carbon atoms.The polymers used according to the invention can be thermopaste, thermosetting plastics, elastomers or thermoplastic elastomers. The polymers can be linear, branched or crosslinked. Thermoplastics are preferably used.Atactic polymers can be used. These are polymers having a high degree of branching or random copolymers. In the solid state, these form amorphous, glassy structures with a frozen conformation of the molecules. Entanglements and entanglements of the polymer chain molecules with each other result in a "mechanical bond" between the chains. Intermolecular and intramolecular minor valence bonds occur only at a few sites.Linear polymers of regular structure, with low branching and with stereoregularity can also be used. Such polymers have a (partially) partially crystalline structure in the solid state as a result of regions of dense chain packings. The crystallites formed are formed by more or less regular folds of one or more molecular chains. Amorphous structures are present therebetween. Several crystallites can form an overstructure, e.g. spheroidothe. The type and arrangement of (functional) residues of the repeat units influence or determine the crystallinity and the strength of the minor valence bonds. Particularly strong intermolecular interactions occur if the residues of the repeat units permit the formation of hydrogen bonds.Finally, the polymers used according to the invention can be wide mesh crosslinked polymers (elastomers) including hydrogels. These are not fusible without decomposition or they are reversibly fusible as thermoplastic elastomers.The polymers preferably used include biodegradable polymers. These include polymers which can be decomposed by microorganisms, such as fungi or bacteria, or by enzymes under the conditions prevailing at the site of use. The degradation takes place essentially by oxidation and hydrolysis to the cleavage products water and carbon dioxide, or to methane and biomass.Biodegradable polymers usable according to the invention can be biopolymers or can be petrochemical in origin.Polymers preferably used are polyesters, polyamides or starches.Polymers used with particular preference are permitted for applications in the environment. These may be polylactides, dextrans, alginates, starches, modified starches, polyhydroxyalkanoates or biodegradable polyesters or polyamides.Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) include naturally occurring water insoluble and linear biopolyesters. PHAs can be thermoplastics or elastomers. The melting point of these materials generally ranges from 40 to 180° C., but can also be adjusted outside these limits, for example by incorporation of comonomers. PHA can be synthesized as short-chain PHA having 3 to 5 carbon atoms, medium-chain PHA having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, or long-chain PHA having 15 or more carbon atoms. Depending on the microorganism and the culture conditions, homo- or copolyesters with a wide variety of hydroxycarboxylic acids can be produced.PHAs preferably used in the context of the present invention include poly(3-hydroxypropionate), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), poly(3-hydroxyvalerate), poly(3-hydroxyhexanoate), poly(3-hydroxyheptanoate), poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate), poly(3-hydroxynonanoate), poly(3-hydroxydecanoate), poly(3-hydroxyundecanoate), poly(3-hydroxydodecanoate), poly(3-hydroxytetradecanoate), poly(3-hydroxypentadecanoate), poly(3-hydroxypropionate-co-3-hydroxybutyrate), poly(3-hydroxypropionate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate).Polylactides (PLA) include polymers made up of chemically bound lactic acid monomers. PLAs are thermoplastics. Preferably, PLAs are tailored by compounding for the particular application. The "PLA blends" obtained generally consist of PLA, other biodegradable plastics and additives. PLAs can also be modified by copolymerization with other monomers, for example in order to establish a desired glass transition temperature.The dextrans used according to the invention are high molecular weight, branched, neutral biopolysaccharides. Dextrans consist mainly of glucose units. Natural dextrans have molecular weights between 10,000 and 50,000,000 Da. Dextrans can also be modified by copolymerization with other monomers, for example in order to set a desired glass transition temperature.The alginic acids used according to the invention are biopolymers which are formed by brown algae or bacteria. The salts of alginic acid are referred to as alginates. These are polysaccharides consisting of the uronic acids α-L-guluronic acid (GulA) and β-D-mannuronic acid (ManA). These are linked 1,4-glycosidically in alternating proportion to linear chains in which homopolymeric regions are formed, in which mannuronic acid or guluronic acid are present as blocks. Alginates tend to form gels by divalent ions such as calcium ions being incorporated into the blocks of the copolymer.The starches used according to the invention are polysaccharides which consist of α-D-glucose units. Starch can be cleaved by enzymes such as α- or β-amylases. This produces dextrins or disaccharides. Starch can physically bind a multiple of its own weight to water under the action of heat, swell and degrease. Starches may be linear or branched. Modified starches may also be used in the scope of the present invention. These are starch products obtained by physical, enzymatic or chemical processes.These include natural or degraded starches which have been converted into the respective derivatives by polymer-analogous reactions. Examples thereof are acid-treated starches, alkali-modified starches, enzymatically-modified starches, oxidized starches, acetalized starches or hydroxypropyl starches.Further polymers preferably used according to the invention include polyesters, polyesteramides or polyamides.Preferred polyesters are derived from aliphatic dicarboxylic acids and alkylene glycols or are copolyesters derived from aromatic and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids and alkylene glycols. Examples thereof are poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), polybutylene succinate (PBS), poly(ethylene adipate-co-terephthalate) and polyethylene succinate.Preferred polyesteramides are derived from aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, alkylene glycols and aliphatic diamines or aliphatic lactams. An example thereof is a polyesteramide derived from ε-caprolactam, adipic acid and 1,4-butanediol.Preferred polyamides are derived from aliphatic dicarboxylic acids and aliphatic diamines or from aliphatic aminocarboxylic acids or from aliphatic lactams.Polymers preferably used according to the invention have a glass transition temperature which is adjusted in a targeted manner. This can be effected by selecting the type and amount of monomers used in the polymerization. Thus, glass transition temperatures of copolymers can be estimated with the aid of the Fox equation. This is an equation for describing the glass transition temperature of mixtures having a plurality of components as a function of the respective mass fractions of these components. This procedure is known to the skilled person.Polymer blends preferably used according to the invention are characterized in that their polymeric constituents are held together by intermolecular bonds which dissolve at a predetermined temperature. These polymer blends include those which have polymers capable of forming hydrogen bonds, ion bonds or metal-ligand interactions.Further polymers preferably used according to the invention can be broken down enzymatically or hydrolytically or photochemically. This degradation brings about release of the messenger present in the polymer particle. The enzymes required for enzymatic degradation can already be added to the dispersion according to the invention, be present already at the application site of the dispersion (e.g. fungal enzymes) or be applied together with the dispersion at the application site. Hydrolytic degradation can be effected by adjusting the necessary hydrolysis conditions, for example by adjusting a certain pH. Thus, the dispersions of the invention may contain additives which release an acid or a base. These additives may already be present in the dispersion according to the invention or may be applied together with the dispersion at the application site.As a result of the slow degradation, the messenger present in the polymer particles can be released over a relatively long period of time. Temperature control of the degradation or triggering of the degradation from a specific temperature is not necessary in this variant, although it is not excluded.The polymer blends can be provided with inorganic fillers, for example with silica, calcium or magnesium compounds, with organic fillers, such as oils, for example olive oil, and with biobased components, such as lignin or cellulose.In accordance with the invention, messenger substances are combined with polymers as carriers. The carrier substance is selected in such a way that the messenger substance is released only from a temperature and / or ambient humidity selected by the user or at a corresponding solar radiation intensity, or is released in a manner distributed over a relatively long period of time.In the context of the present description, messenger substance is understood to mean a chemical compound which serves for communication between organisms (semiochemical). In semiochemicals, a distinction is generally made between pheromones and allelochemicals: pheromones serve for communication between organisms of one type (intraspecific), while allelochemicals transmit information between organisms of at least two types (interspecific).Alllochemicals distinguish between allomonens which benefit the recipient, kairomonens which benefit the recipient, and synomonens which benefit both.Semiochemicals can be classified according to their effect on the recipient. Thus, for example, pheromones which only trigger a behavioral response at the recipient are referred to as releaser pheromones. Pheromones which cause a considerable physiological change in the recipient are referred to as primer pheromones.A further classification can be made by the function of the pheromone. Thus, there are aggregation pheromones which lead to the accumulation of, for example, bark beetles in order to attack a tree. Sex pheromones serve to attract sex partners. Aphrodisiakapheromone serve for sexual stimulation and may also act as feeding poisons. Alarm pheromones serve to warn against feeding fines and marking and tracking pheromones of the marking of territories and paths.All these messenger substances can be used within the scope of the present invention depending on the intended control of the location.According to the invention, systems based on preferably biodegradable polymer systems can be used which release suitable messenger substances in a delayed manner in order to lock forest pests, such as weed beetles, in particular cucumber beetles, into curlwood in order to destroy them there, for example by the attraction of natural fines, and / or by coformulation of the messenger substances with insecticides, and / or by removal of the bark.It is also possible according to the invention to use systems based on preferably biodegradable polymer systems which release suitable messenger substances in a delayed manner in order to lock forest pests, such as weed beetles, in particular cucumber beetles, into curlwood, so that these can be rendered harmless by spatial removal of the curlwood.Furthermore, according to the invention, systems based on preferably biodegradable polymer systems can be used which release suitable messenger substances in a delayed manner in order to keep forest pests, such as weevils, in particular bark beetles, away from certain habitates. Thus, by releasing defense pheromones, "firefly" can be produced which retard or prevent the spread of forest pests, or forest pests can be produced by releasing defense pheromones to curlwood, to traps or to feeding fines.Accordingly, systems based on preferably biodegradable polymer systems can be used according to the invention which release suitable messenger substances in a delayed manner in order to lock beneficial species, such as marien beetles, to a desired location in order to be able to use these there in a targeted manner.The delayed release of the messenger is useful in providing an effective means of controlling beetle location throughout the season. By controlling the temperature or simultaneously utilizing a moisture sensitivity or exposure to light during the release of the messenger substance, the activation can be limited to those times in which the use of a messenger substance is also expedient. Thus, it is known from bark beetle that this only becomes active starting from an average air temperature of 16.5° C. (beetle flight); however, it can also take place locally even earlier in the case of strong sun irradiation.The behaviour in the release of the messenger substance can be regulated by selection of the polymer, preparation of specific matched copolymers with a tailored glass transition temperature, melting temperature, crystallinity, hydrophobic / hydrophilic balance, or (bio)acrylic polymers, such as enzymatic decomposition or hydrolysis. This can be supported by the appropriate addition of inorganic auxiliaries, synthetic or biobased auxiliaries or oils.According to the invention, a respectively specifically adaptable "messenger cocktail" can be applied. The messenger substances can be adapted regionally or to variations for the various infestation times (larvae, small beetles, adult beetles, sex) and to rounds of infestation (spring, summer, autumn).The messenger substances can each be specifically adapted to the corresponding habit, for example to different tree species, such as spruce, pine or larch.The messenger substances can also be adapted in each case to the regional or attractable beetle pests, for example to antsweed beetle, brackts or twins.If appropriate, the messenger substances can also be additionally combined with essential oils.The messengers can be used to stimulate beetle pests to infestation with curlwood or to erect fire-blight to block against beetle infestation. The use of curl wood is particularly expedient when it is an early stage of beetle attack. The use of fire-blights is particularly expedient when the beetle infestation has already reached an acute stage and spatial further spreading must in any case be prevented.The invention also relates to a method for influencing the location of beetles who are in the presence of wood by using messenger substances, wherein the method comprises the following measures:i) The preparation of the above-described dispersions which contain messenger substances which attract beetles and / or their feeding fines or which distribute beetles, wherein the dispersions contain polymer particles which release the messenger substances from a predetermined temperature or which are broken down enzymatically or hydrolytically or by exposure to light to release the messenger substances, andApplication of the dispersions to a habitat in which the beetles are to be located or from which the beetles are to be kept away.The messenger substances are preferably introduced into nano / microparticles, these particles having been prepared by nano- or microprecipitation or inverse nano- or microprecipitation or by microfluidics or by emulsification processes. However, other methods known to the skilled person can also be used for the production of suspensions or emulsions.The dispersions are preferably present as aqueous suspensions of nano- or microparticles or micelles or vesicles or nanocapsules / nanospheres or microcapsules / microspheres and are stabilized in particular by surfactants and / or protective colloids.The delayed release of the messenger substance (cocktail) can be brought about by adjusting the polymer matrix or the inorganic, bio-based or oil-based additives. The release from dry particles, films or aggregates thereof or hydrogels is preferably effected from air temperatures or local temperatures on the bark or at the bottom of 17 °C, preferably from 20 °C, in particular in the range from 25 °C to 30 °C, or between 30 and 45 °C in areas particularly exposed to solar radiation.It is also possible to use mixtures of particles with different release temperatures.The dispersions can be applied to the habitates by spraying; alternatively, they can also be applied by placing traps, containers, dispensers, shaped bodies, 3D-printed parts, films or sheets which contain the dispersions in the habitat.The application may be by treatment of selected areas of a habitate or potential habitate for beetles. Extended forest or parking areas can also be treated, however.In a selected variant of the method according to the invention, those locations ("nests") are first identified in which beetle attack has already taken place and in which the beetle is still active. At these locations, the dispersion according to the invention is then discharged. Such locations can be identified, for example, by aerial image evaluation.Dispersions applied by spraying form films or aggregates / powders of polymer particles after application to the desired habitat after evaporation of the dispersion medium. These may be continuous films or limited areas of surface on which films or isolated deposits of polymer particles have deposited. These polymer films preferably adhere to barks and / or leaves and / or these are located in the bottom area of trees.The dispersions are preferably applied to the habitates by spraying, for example manually or mechanically by means of spraying devices. The mechanical use can be effected by aircraft equipped with spraying devices, such as aircraft, helicopter or drones. The machine may also be implemented by land-based machines equipped with sprayers, such as automobiles, tracked vehicles, or tractors.Stable dispersions prepared in water or in biodegradable aprotic-polar solvents, such as suspensions or emulsions of nano- or microparticles or hydrogels, can be sprayed directly. Such dispersions are preferably storage-stable for at least one week, preferably one month, in particular for at least three months, ideally up to six months. The storage stability can be optimized by positive or negative surface charges of the polymer particles and by the use of additives or stabilizers. Alternatively, redispersing can be effected by shaking, shaking or stirring.The method according to the invention is particularly suitable for controlling bark beetles. For this purpose, those messenger substances are selected which attract bark beetles and / or their feeding fines or distribute the bark beetles.The invention also relates to the use of the above-described dispersions for attracting wood-borne beetles and / or their feeding fines into a habitat or for distributing wood-borne beetles from a habitat.The following examples are provided to illustrate the invention. A limitation is not thereby intended.MaterialsAll chemicals and solvents were purchased from commercial suppliers and used without purification unless otherwise indicated. Ethyl acetate and acetone (99+% extra pure) were purchased from Acros Chemicals, dichloromethane (99.5%) from Chemsolute, and poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA, Resomer® RG 502 H, M w7,000-17,000), poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) (PHB), average M n10,000), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, Mowiol 4-88), (+)-α-pinene (≥ 99%), (-)-β-pinene (99%) and (1S)-(-)-verbenone (94%) from Sigma Aldrich. Dulbecco's PBS 1x (phosphate buffer containing 137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 10 mM Na 2 HPO 4, and 1.8 mM KH 2 PO 4) was manufactured by Capricorn Scientific. For HPLC analysis, acetonitrile and water were used in HPLC grade from VWR International, and phosphoric acid in HPLC grade from Merck and dimethyl sulfoxide HPLC grade from Thermo Scientific. Olive oil (Ph.Eur. native) from Roth was used.Performing measurementsDynamic light scattering (DLS) and electrophoretic light scattering (ELS) were carried out for particle size determination and determination of the zeta potential on a Zetasizer Ultra from Malvern Panalytic applied at 25° C. and 30 s of equilibration time. The zetasizers operate with a laser wavelength of 633 nm. DLS was measured in polystyrene micro-cells (brand) at 25° C. and a back scattering angle of 174.7° (particles before purification: 100 μL undiluted in ZEN0040 cell; particles after purification: 10 μL particle suspension in 990 μL Milli-Q water or PBS 1x in DTS0012 cell). In addition, DTS1070 capillary cuvettes (Malvern Analytical) were used for ELS investigations, 10 μL of the particle suspension being diluted 1x with 990 μL of Milli-Q or PBS. DSC / TGA and STA measurements were carried out on 449 F1 Jupiter® (Netzsch). Mass spectrometry was performed on QMS 403 D Aëolos® from Netzsch. The FTIR measurements were carried out on the TENSOR 27 (Bruker). The IKA T10 basic from Ultra Turrax was used for the formulations. The Sonorex utrasonic bath of bandelin was used for resuspension.A Sigma VP field emission scanning electron microscope (Carl-Zeiss) was used to visualize the nanoparticles. The microscopy images were recorded with the InLens detector at acceleration voltages of 3 kV to 8 kV. For this, 10 μL of a 1 mg / mL suspension on mica were added and dried for 1 h.Performance of HPLC AnalysisQuantification of the cargo was performed on a HPLC Dionex Ultimate 3000 from Thermo Scientific. The following column was used for this: Chromolith ® High Resolution RP-18 end-capped, LC Column 100 x 4.6 mm, macropore size: 1.5 μM, mesopore size: 15 nm.For sample preparation, solid phase extraction (SPE) was performed. The SPE cartridge (Strata C18-E, surface area (m 2 / g): 500, pore size: 70, particle size: 55) is first rinsed with 1 ml of methanol and then equilibrated with 2 ml of water. 100 μL (α-pinene and β-pinene) or 50 μL (verbenone) of the suspensions are dissolved in 500 μL DMSO. 500 μL of the sample is eluted through the SPE cartridge into an HPLC vial. 1 ml of the stock solution is eluted through the SPE cartridge into the same HPLC vial and the charge (Verbenone) is quantified according to the method. In the case of α-pinene and β-pinene, this first 1.5 mL aliquot is discarded. 3.5 mL of the stock solution is then eluted through the cartridge and collected in a single vial. 1.5 ml of this aliquot is transferred to an HPLC vial and the charge quantified according to the method. Calibration is performed by preparing 0.3 mg / mL solutions of the cargos in a 10 mL volumetric flask from the appropriate stock solutions. 1:2 multiple dilutions are prepared from 0.6 μg / ml to 19 μg / ml. Stock solution for α-pinene and β-pinene: 1:1 DMSO: (70% CH 3 CN, 30% H 2 O, 0.1% H 3 PO 4) Stock solution for verbenone: 1:1 DMSO: (30% CH 3 CN, 70% H 2 O, 0.1% H 3 PO 4) Elution conditions for α-pinene and β-pinene: 70% CH 3 CN, 30% H 2 O H3PO40.1%, 10 min Elution conditions for verbenones: 30% CH3CN, 70% H 2 O H 3 PO 40.1%, 10 min. Eluents: CH 3 CN, H 2 O and H 3 PO 40.1% Autosampler: 20° C., Sample injection volume: 20 μL, Injection volume blank: 40 μL Oven temperature: 40° C. Elution conditions: Isocratic detector: Diode array detector (DAD), Dionex UltiMate 3000General Formulation ProtocolsIn a typical formulation, PLGA or PHB are used as the polymer. Typical solvents are ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, chloroform, acetone, dihydrolevoglucosenones (cyrene), olive oil, sunflower oil and / or rapeseed oil. The capsules are purified by centrifugation or dialysis. The messenger substances (cargo) are dissolved with the polymer or stock solutions are used in olive oil at a concentration of 37 mg / ml of α-pinene, β-pinene or verbenone (referred to below as cargo).Protocol for Preparing PLGA Capsules by Emulsion:20 mg of PLGA are weighed into a 15 mL falcon and dissolved in 945 μL of ethyl acetate. 55 μL of the stock solution of the cargo is added and dissolved, and then 3% water (Milli-Q) is added and dissolved. A 2% PVA solution saturated with 8.3% ethyl acetate is prepared. The PVA solution (5 ml) is added to the organic phase via the falcon wall, so that the phases are still clearly separated. The Ultra-Turrax is adjusted for 5 minutes to step 6 (30,000 U / min) to emulsify the solution. The resulting emulsion is rapidly poured into 24 mL of water (the volume is 4 times the emulsion). The solvent is evaporated overnight at 800 U / min in an open vessel at room temperature. An undiluted sample is then measured with DLS. The suspension is purified to separate unencapsulated cargo by centrifugation at 11,000 rpm in 60 min at 20°C. The supernatant is discarded and the pellet is resuspended in 2 mL water (Milli-Q), treated in the ultrasonic bath for 30 min and allowed to stand overnight at 4°C. Finally, the particle size and distribution and zeta potential are determined in water (Milli-Q) and PBS buffer (1x), respectively. Aliquots are freeze dried to determine the concentration of the final suspension and for quantification of the cargo by HPLC.Protocol for the preparation of PLGA capsules by inverse nanoprecipitation:20 mg of PLGA are weighed into a 15 mL polyalkene and dissolved in 945 μL acetone. 55 μL of the stock solution of the cargo is added and dissolved. The solution is transferred to a 10 mL vessel and stirred at 800 U / min. 8 ml of a 2% PVA solution are introduced into a syringe. The aqueous phase is injected into the organic phase with the aid of a syringe pump at a rate of 2 ml / min. The solvent is evaporated for 2 hours with stirring (800 U / min) at room temperature. An undiluted sample is then measured with DLS. The suspension is purified to remove unencapsulated cargo by centrifugation (5804R from Eppendorf) at 11,000 rpm in 60 min at 20°C. The supernatant is discarded and the pellet is resuspended in 2 mL water (Milli-Q), treated in the ultrasonic bath for 30 min and allowed to stand overnight at 4°C. Finally, the particle size and distribution and zeta potential are determined in water (Milli-Q) and PBS buffer (1x), respectively. Aliquots are freeze dried to determine the concentration of the final suspension and for quantification of the cargo by HPLC.Protocol for the preparation of PLGA capsules by nanoprecipitation:20 mg of PLGA are weighed into a 15 mL polyalkene and dissolved in 945 μL acetone. 55 μL of the stock solution of the cargo is added and dissolved. The solution is introduced into a syringe. 8 ml of a 2% PVA solution are stirred in a 10 ml vessel at 800 U / min. The organic phase is injected into the organic phase with the aid of a syringe pump at a rate of 2 ml / min. The solvent is evaporated for 2 hours with stirring (800 U / min) at room temperature. An undiluted sample is then measured with DLS. The suspension is purified to remove unencapsulated cargo by centrifugation at 11,000 rpm in 60 min at 20°C. The supernatant is discarded and the pellet is resuspended in 2 mL water (Milli-Q) in xx, treated in the ultrasonic bath for 30 min and allowed to stand at 4°C overnight. Finally, the particle size and distribution and zeta potential are determined in water (Milli-Q) and PBS buffer (1x), respectively. Aliquots are freeze dried to determine the concentration of the final suspension and for quantification of the cargo by HPLC.Protocol for the preparation of PHB capsules by emulsion:20 mg of PLGA are weighed into a 15 ml Falcon and dissolved in 945 μL of dichloromethane. 55 μL of the stock solution of the cargo is added and dissolved, and then 3% water (Milli-Q) is added and dissolved. A 2% PVA solution saturated with 8.3% dichloromethane is prepared. The PVA solution (5 ml) is added to the organic phase via the falcon wall, so that the phases are still clearly separated. The Ultra-Turrax is adjusted for 5 minutes to step 6 (30,000 U / min) to emulsify the solution. The resulting emulsion is rapidly poured into 24 mL of water (the volume is 4 times the emulsion). The solvent is evaporated overnight at 800 U / min in an open vessel at room temperature. An undiluted sample is then measured with DLS. The suspension is purified to separate unencapsulated cargo by centrifugation at 11,000 rpm in 60 min at 20°C. The supernatant is discarded and the pellet is resuspended in 2 mL water (Milli-Q), treated in the ultrasonic bath for 30 min and allowed to stand overnight at 4°C. Finally, the particle size and distribution and zeta potential are determined in water (Milli-Q) and PBS buffer (1x), respectively. Aliquots are freeze dried to determine the concentration of the final suspension and for quantification of the cargo by HPLC. Table 1: Overview of preparation methods, resulting particle size distribution (PDI: polydispersity index) and the zeta potential of the capsules, which was determined by means of DLS in water, and the loading of the capsules determined by HPLC. Table 1: Overview of preparation methods, resulting particle size distribution (PDI: polydispersity index) and the zeta potential of the capsules, which was determined by means of DLS in water, and the loading of the capsules determined by HPLC.PLGAEmulsionEthyl acetate / olive oilα-pinene (10%)3640,21-632,81PLGAEmulsionEthyl acetate / olive oilβ-pinene (10%)3470,18-450,94PLGAEmulsionEthyl acetate / olive oilVerbenone7040,33-220,13PHBEmulsionDichloromethane / olive oilα-pinene (10%)28710,2501,98PHBEmulsionDichloromethane / olive oilβ-pinene (10%)18730,09-42Loading, not quantitatively determinedPHBEmulsionDichloromethane / olive oilVerbenone (10%)17410,16-2Loading, not quantitatively determinedPLGAEmulsionChloroformα-pinene (3%)6380,25-3Loading, not quantitatively determinedPLGAEmulsionChloroformβ-pinene (3%)5830,23-25Loading, not quantitatively determinedPLGAEmulsionChloroformVerbenone (3%)6250,21-29Loading, not quantitatively determinedPLGAEmulsionEthyl acetateα-pinene (3%)2520,09-55Loading, not quantitatively determinedPLGAEmulsionEthyl acetateβ-pinene (3%)2770,04-42Loading, not quantitatively determinedPLGAEmulsionEthyl acetateVerbenone (3%)2240,04-32Loading, not quantitatively determinedPLGAEmulsionCyreneVerbenone (3%)2460,071Loading, not quantitatively determinedPHBEmulsionChloroformα-pinene (3%)10300,6-46Loading, not quantitatively determinedPHBEmulsionChloroformβ-pinene (3%)7200,12-7Loading, not quantitatively determinedPHBEmulsionChloroformVerbenone (3%)13050,11-46Loading, not quantitatively determinedPHBEmulsionDichloromethane Dichloromethaneα-pinene (3%)7260,12-7Loading, not quantitatively determinedPHBEmulsionDichloromethane Dichloromethaneβ-pinene (3%)7340,16-40Loading, not quantitatively determinedPHBEmulsionDichloromethane DichloromethaneVerbenone (3%)7010,15-13Loading, not quantitatively determinedPLGANanoprecipitation NanoprecipitationAcetone Acetoneα-pinene (10%)2170,07-130,58PLGANanoprecipitation NanoprecipitationAcetone Acetoneβ-pinene (10%)2260,09-24Loading, not quantitatively determinedPLGANanoprecipitation NanoprecipitationAcetone AcetoneVerbenone (10%)2160,06-130,46PLGAInverse nanoprecipitationAcetone Acetoneα-pinene (3%)8890,27-20Loading, not quantitatively determinedPLGAInverse nanoprecipitationAcetone Acetoneβ-pinene (3%)5340,23-21Loading, not Loading,In the quantitative determination, the quantitative determination is determinedPLGAInverse nanoprecipitationAcetone AcetoneVerbenone (3%)7020,21-38Loading, not quantitatively determinedPLGAInverse nanoprecipitationAcetone Acetoneα-pinene (10%)2910.07-7Loading, not quantitatively determinedPLGAInverse nanoprecipitationAcetone Acetoneβ-pinene (10%)6190,27-343,07PLGAInverse nanoprecipitationAcetone AcetoneVerbenone (10%)5300,16-340,8Figure 1 shows a scanning electron micrograph of α-pinene-loaded PLGA capsules prepared by emulsion.Figure 2 shows a scanning electron micrograph of α-pinene-loaded PHB capsules prepared by emulsion.FIG. 3 shows a scanning electron micrograph of PLGA capsules loaded with α-pinene, which were produced by inverse nanoprecipitation.FIG. 4 shows a scanning electron micrograph of PLGA capsules loaded with α-pinene, which were produced by inverse nanoprecipitation.In Figure 5, the release of α-pinene detected via mass spectrometry in a STA is shown.In Figure 6, a STA / TGA measurement of α-pinene loaded PHB capsules prepared via emulsion is shown.References included in the specificationThis list of documents cited by the applicant has been produced in an automated manner and is only included for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent application or utility model application. The DPMA does not take any adhesion for any faults or omissions.Cited Non-Patent Literaturehttps: / / www.rnd.de / -weis / barkkafer-2019

[0009] -Hazardous-DKLHCN4TI43Y3J7PSRR4B4YHA.

[0009]

Claims

Dispersions comprising water or biodegradable aprotic-polar solvents as dispersing agents and polymer particles or polymer-based nano- or microaggregates as dispersed phase, which are loaded with at least one messenger substance for attracting or distributing a beetle species present in predetermined wood or for attracting a feeding fines for this beetle species and optionally with further auxiliaries and additives, with the proviso that the polymer or the polymer-based nano- or microaggregate has at least one polymer-specific parameter selected from the group of the glass transition temperature, the crystallite melting temperature, the supramolecular interactions, the atmospheric humidity or the targeted degradation, which changes in a predetermined temperature range and / or humidity range, so that the messenger material contained in the particles is released, or that the polymer or the polymer-based nanoaggregate or microaggregate is broken down enzymatically or hydrolytically, so that the messenger material contained in the particles is released.Dispersions according to Claim 1, characterized in that they are present as emulsions or as suspensions.Dispersions according to Claim 1, characterized in that these comprise polymer particles or comprise polymer-based nano- or microparticles selected from the group of the polymer-based micelles, polymer-based vesicles, lipid-solid nanoparticles, lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles, polymer-based nanospheres or nanocapsules and also the polymer-based microspheres or microcapsules.Dispersions according to at least one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that these are used for attracting wood-borne beetles which are beneficial species or pests or for attracting feeding fines of the beetle pests or in that these are used for distributing wood-borne beetle pests.Dispersions according to at least one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that these contain a plurality of messenger substances which attract beetle pests which are present in wood and at the same time attract their feeding fines, or in that these contain, in addition to the messenger substances, further constituents with which the beetle pests can be destroyed.Dispersions according to at least one of Claims 1 to 5, characterized in that they are used to influence the location of beetles living on, on or in trees or on or in the floor region of trees.Dispersions according to Claim 6, characterized in that the beetles are weevils, preferably cucumber beetles, and particularly preferably book printers (Ips typographus), copper steger (Pityogenes chalcographus), large and small forest gardener, oak blade beetles, striped hardwood bark beetles (Trypodendron lineatum) or black hardwood bark beetles (Xyleneborus germany).Dispersions according to at least one of Claims 1 to 7, characterized in that these comprise nanoparticles or nanoaggregates having particle diameters (z average) in the range of less than or equal to 1000 nm, preferably between 30 and 500 nm, particularly preferably between 40 and 250 nm and in particular between 50 and 200 nm.Dispersions according to at least one of Claims 1 to 7, characterized in that these comprise microparticles or microaggregates having particle diameters (z average) in the range of greater than or equal to 1 μm, preferably between 1 and 200 μm, and particularly preferably between 1 and 100 μm.Dispersions according to at least one of Claims 1 to 8, characterized in that these comprise nanoparticles or nanoaggregates which have diameters (z average) determined by means of DLS of between 40 and 250 nm, preferably between 50 and 200 nm, and a polydispersity index of the particle diameters of between 0.1 and 0.3.Dispersions according to at least one of Claims 1 to 10da, characterized in that the particles or aggregates of polymer are composed of biodegradable polymers or of biobased polymers.Dispersions according to at least one of Claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the particles or aggregates of polymer are composed of polyesters, polyamides or starches, in particular of polylactides, dextrans, alginates, starches, modified starches, polyhydroxyalkanoates or biodegradable polyesters or polyamides.Dispersions according to at least one of Claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the polymers have a glass transition temperature which is adjusted in a targeted manner.Dispersions according to at least one of Claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the polymers are biodegradable or hydrolytically degradable, in particular in that the polymers are subject to enzymatic or hydrolytic degradation from a selected temperature.Dispersions according to at least one of Claims 1 to 14, characterized in that polymer blends are used whose polymeric constituents are held together by intermolecular bonds which dissolve at a predetermined temperature.Dispersions according to at least one of Claims 1 to 15, characterized in that these comprise oils, in particular olive oil, sunflower oil or rapeseed oilA method for influencing the location of beetles who are living wood by the use of messenger substances, wherein the method comprises the following measures: i) Initial storage of the dispersions according to claim 1, which contain messenger substances which attract the beetles and / or their feeding fines or which distribute the beetles, wherein the dispersions comprise polymer particles which, starting from a predetermined temperature, release the messenger substances or which are broken down enzymatically or hydrolytically or by exposure to light to release the messenger substances, and ii) Application of the dispersions into a habitat in which the beetles are to be located or from which the beetles are to be kept away.Method according to claim 17, characterised in that the dispersions are applied to the habitates by spraying, in particular manually or mechanically by means of spraying devices.Method according to at least one of claims 17 or 18, characterised in that the messenger substances attract bark beetles and / or their feeding fines or in that the messenger substances distribute bark beetlesUse of the dispersions according to claim 1 for attracting wood-borne beetles and / or their feeding fines into a habitat or for expelling wood-borne beetles from a habitat.

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