Device for a muscle-powered vehicle

Abstract

The invention relates to a device (1) for a muscle-powered vehicle (30), comprising an electric machine (2) with a stator (3) and a rotor (4), an eccentric gear (5) arranged coaxially to the electric machine (2), a pedal crank shaft (6) arranged on a common axis of rotation (7) with the electric machine (2) and the eccentric gear shaft (5), and a housing (8) for receiving the electric machine (2), the eccentric gear shaft (5) and essentially also the pedal crank shaft (6), wherein the eccentric gear shaft (5) comprises a planet carrier (9) with several carrier bolts (10) and at least one planetary roller (11.1, 11.2) rotatably arranged on the respective carrier bolt (10), and at least one eccentric wheel (12.1, 12.1).2) with several drive openings and a central eccentric receiving opening, a ring gear toothing (13) and an eccentric shaft (14), wherein a damper unit (15) with at least one spring (17) is arranged in the torque flow between the eccentric gear (5) and the electric machine (2).

Description

[0001] The invention relates to a device for a muscle-powered vehicle, wherein the device comprises an electric motor and an eccentric gear. The invention further relates to a muscle-powered vehicle with such a device. The muscle-powered vehicle is preferably an e-bike.

[0002] For example, DE 10 2021 119 145 A1 discloses a drive arrangement for a muscle-powered vehicle, comprising a generator module for generating electrical energy for a drive module. The generator module includes a generator driven by the vehicle user via pedaling and a transmission unit for translating the pedaling force to the generator. The drive module serves to generate electric drive torque and includes an electric motor that can be connected to a drive wheel of the vehicle and a further transmission unit for translating the electric drive torque to the drive wheel. The transmission unit of the generator module and the further transmission unit of the drive module are essentially identical in construction, each designed as an eccentric gear.The eccentric gear unit comprises an eccentric wheel carrier with multiple carrier bolts, at least one eccentric wheel with multiple drive openings and a central eccentric mounting opening, a ring gear section, and an eccentric shaft. Each carrier bolt engages in one of the drive openings, the eccentric shaft engages in the central eccentric mounting opening, and the eccentric wheel runs within the ring gear section.

[0003] The object of the present invention is to provide a device for a muscle-powered vehicle, wherein, in particular, vibrations and oscillations during the operation of the device are to be reduced. This object is achieved by the subject matter of claim 1. Preferred embodiments are described in the dependent claims.

[0004] An inventive device for a muscle-powered vehicle comprises an electric machine with a stator and a rotor, an eccentric gear arranged coaxially to the electric machine, a pedal crank shaft arranged on a common axis of rotation with the electric machine and the eccentric gear shaft, and a housing for receiving the electric machine, the eccentric gear shaft, and essentially also the pedal crank shaft, wherein the eccentric gear shaft has a planet carrier with several carrier bolts and at least one planet roller rotatably arranged on the respective carrier bolt, at least one eccentric wheel with several drive openings and a central eccentric receiving opening, a ring gear toothing, and an eccentric shaft, wherein a damper unit with at least one spring is arranged in the torque flow between the eccentric gear shaft and the electric machine.

[0005] This arrangement of the damping unit dampens reaction forces from the gearbox and supports them at the electric motor, thereby reducing vibration amplitudes. In particular, this reduces disruptive torque peaks that originate in the gearbox. Because the damping unit is positioned between the eccentric gearbox and the electric motor, torque peaks are no longer transmitted directly, especially rigidly, but are smoothed out by the damping unit. This significantly reduces vibrations felt by the user at the pedal.

[0006] Preferably, the damping unit is designed as a torsional damper and includes a single spring for damping vibrations and oscillations. For example, the device is designed as a generator module for a human-powered vehicle, wherein the human-powered vehicle is an e-bike. Preferably, the human-powered vehicle further includes an electric motor, wherein the electrical energy required for the electric motor's operation is generated at least partially by the user driving the generator module. Thus, during operation of the human-powered vehicle, the generator module is driven by the user, with the torque flowing from the crankshaft via the eccentric gear to the electric motor. The crankshaft is connected to pedals via cranks, with the user providing the output power via the pedals.The eccentric gear increases the input rotational speed of the pedal crank shaft and thus acts as a transmission. Specifically, the eccentric shaft of the eccentric gear is designed as an output shaft and is rotationally fixed to the rotor of the electric motor.

[0007] The respective carrier bolt of the eccentric gear is guided through a drive opening on the at least one eccentric wheel. The respective planetary roller, which is arranged on the respective carrier bolt, is configured to at least partially engage in the respective drive opening, with the eccentric shaft engaging in the respective eccentric receiving opening and the at least one eccentric wheel running in the ring gear teeth. According to a preferred embodiment, a first planetary roller and a second planetary roller are arranged on each carrier bolt, with a first eccentric wheel and a second eccentric wheel being arranged on eccentrics rotated 180° relative to each other on the eccentric shaft.The first planetary roller is configured to engage at least partially, and in particular temporarily, in the respective drive opening on the first eccentric wheel, while the second planetary roller is configured to engage at least partially, and in particular temporarily, in the respective drive opening on the second eccentric wheel. During operation of the eccentric drive, the eccentric wheels rotate, specifically offset by 180° relative to each other, with the first and second planetary rollers arranged to rotate and alternately bear the load. The respective drive opening is cylindrical and serves as a raceway for the respective planetary roller. Specifically, the eccentric shaft engages in the eccentric mounting opening of the respective eccentric wheel, with the respective eccentric wheel running in the ring gear teeth.

[0008] Eccentric gears inherently have play, particularly between the planetary rollers and the drive openings. This play within the gear can generate disruptive excitations and vibrations at the crank axle and thus at the respective pedal. The damping unit reduces these vibrations during operation. The damping unit's at least one spring, and in particular the only spring, is designed for vibration damping. A spring is defined as an elastic damping element capable of elastic deformation to dampen vibrations.

[0009] According to a preferred embodiment, the damper unit is arranged coaxially with the electric machine and radially between the eccentric shaft and the rotor of the electric machine. Arranging the damper unit radially within the electric machine, particularly radially within the rotor, results in a more compact device. Alternatively, the damper unit can be arranged axially alongside the electric machine.

[0010] According to a preferred embodiment, the damper unit is designed as a torsional damper and configured to effectively connect the eccentric shaft to the rotor of the electric machine. In particular, the spring in the damper unit is pre-tensioned to ensure that the eccentric shaft and the rotor are sufficiently rigidly connected. The damper unit damps vibrations after overcoming the pre-tension of the at least one spring, i.e., as soon as the spring has been at least partially elastically deformed, in particular twisted. The spring of the damper unit is effectively connected, at least indirectly or directly, to the eccentric shaft on the one hand and to the rotor on the other, so that a drive torque and a drive power can be transmitted between the eccentric shaft and the rotor via the damper unit, in particular via the spring of the damper unit.For example, the eccentric shaft or a shaft non-rotatably connected to it is designed as an input shaft for introducing drive power into the damper unit, wherein the rotor or a shaft non-rotatably connected to it is designed as an output shaft for expelling the drive power introduced into the damper unit.

[0011] According to a preferred embodiment, the spring is designed as a torsion spring and has at least two legs for connection, wherein the spring is connected radially inwards to the eccentric shaft and radially outwards to a rotor carrier, the rotor carrier being rotationally fixed to the rotor. Torsion spring is another term for torsion spring. The torsion spring can absorb and release rotational energy or torque, thereby deforming elastically about an axis. According to this embodiment, the damper unit is thus designed as a torsional damper. The spring is connected to the eccentric shaft and the rotor carrier via the legs of the spring. The rotor of the electric machine is arranged on a rotor carrier, with the spring being indirectly connected to the rotor via the rotor carrier.

[0012] For example, the torsion spring comprises a first leg that is bent substantially radially outward and a second leg that is bent substantially radially inward. Alternatively, the torsion spring comprises a first leg that is bent substantially radially outward and a second leg that is projecting substantially axially. Alternatively, the torsion spring comprises a first leg that is projecting substantially axially and a second leg that is projecting substantially axially. Alternatively, the torsion spring comprises two legs that are bent substantially radially inward.

[0013] According to a preferred embodiment, the spring has three legs for attachment, with a central leg arranged axially between two outer legs on the spring. The at least three legs allow for better fixation of the spring, with preferably two legs attaching the spring at the inlet end and one leg attaching it at the outlet end.

[0014] For example, the spring has at least two different spring sections. This can improve user comfort, especially if one spring section is soft and the other is stiffer. Preferably, the spring has exactly two differently shaped spring sections and three legs, with the middle leg arranged axially between the two spring sections. Thus, the spring is designed as a two-part spring. The spring sections differ, in particular, in their stiffness and can, for example, have different lengths, diameters, and / or pitches. In particular, the middle leg connects the two spring parts, with the other two legs arranged at the two free ends of the spring.Preferably, the middle leg is bent radially outwards and the two outer legs are bent radially inwards.

[0015] According to a preferred embodiment, the damper unit further comprises a sleeve arranged radially inside the spring and connected to the spring at least on one or both sides. The sleeve is preferably cylindrical and has a constant outer diameter and a constant inner diameter. The spring is centered on the sleeve and is thus arranged on an outer circumferential surface of the sleeve. Preferably, the sleeve has at least one receptacle for at least one radially inwardly bent leg of the spring. Alternatively, the sleeve can have multiple outer diameters, and in particular, be tapered such that the further the spring is twisted, the more coils are clamped onto the sleeve and thereby deactivated. This creates a progressive spring characteristic.

[0016] For example, the damper unit has a rotation angle of at least 90° and a maximum of 180°. Therefore, the maximum working range of the spring is at least 90° and a maximum of 180°. If the damper unit or the spring of the damper unit rotates by more than 180°, the spring is in a locked position, so that no damping effect occurs.

[0017] Preferably, the spring is designed for the maximum torque of the electric machine, in particular the generator torque. Alternatively, the spring can be designed for partial load only. In particular, the gear ratio of the eccentric drive is taken into account when designing the spring's stiffness. For example, with a pedal torque of 40 Nm and an eccentric drive ratio of i = 29, the spring can be designed for a torque of 1.4 Nm. The spring can be designed with single-stage or multi-stage damping, with the spring having several different spring sections in a multi-stage design. Single-stage damping means that the damping unit exhibits essentially a single damping effect across its entire operating range. Multi-stage damping means that the damping unit exhibits several different damping effects within its operating range.

[0018] For example, the spring characteristic can be designed to be relatively soft in a "comfort range" without causing the twist angle to become noticeably too large at high torques, by making the second spring section significantly stiffer. For example, the spring rate is less than 0.1 Nm per degree of twist, preferably less than 1 Nm per degree of twist. The torque can be measured using torque sensors or a torque transducer.

[0019] Preferably, the rotor carrier is rotatably mounted on the eccentric shaft via two bearings. In particular, the sleeve is arranged axially between the two bearings. Preferably, the two bearings are designed as rolling bearings, especially ball bearings.

[0020] A muscle-powered vehicle according to the invention comprises a device according to the invention. In particular, the muscle-powered vehicle is designed as an e-bike and additionally has a drive motor, wherein the device is configured as a generator module for the drive motor.

[0021] Further measures improving the invention are described in more detail below, together with a description of preferred embodiments of the invention, with reference to the figures. Fig. 1 a schematic sectional view to illustrate a device according to the invention in a first embodiment, Fig. 2 a section of a device according to the invention in a second embodiment, Fig. 3 a section of a device according to the invention in a third embodiment, Fig. 4 a schematic sectional view of a device according to the invention in a fourth embodiment, Fig. 5 a schematic sectional view of a device according to the invention in a fifth embodiment, and Fig. 6 a schematic representation of a muscle-powered vehicle with a device according to the invention.

[0022] Fig. Figure 1 shows a device 1 comprising an electric machine 2 with a stator 3 and a rotor 4, and an eccentric gear 5, which are arranged coaxially to each other in a common housing 8. The device 1 further comprises a pedal crank shaft 6, which is arranged on a common axis of rotation 7 with the electric machine 2 and the eccentric gear 5, and power electronics 19 for controlling the electric machine 2. The electric machine 2 and the eccentric gear 5 are arranged axially adjacent to each other, with the pedal crank shaft 6 passing axially through the electric machine 2 and the eccentric gear 5. This makes the design of the device 1 particularly compact. The electric machine 2 is arranged axially between the eccentric gear 5 and the power electronics 19 in the common housing 8.The housing 8 thus accommodates the electric machine 2 including power electronics 19, the eccentric gear 5, and the pedal crank shaft 6, with a pedal hub 18.1, 18.2 being arranged non-rotatably on each side of the pedal crank shaft 6. The first pedal hub 18.1 is rotatably mounted on the housing 8 via a bearing 20.4. The second pedal hub 18.2 is rotatably mounted on a housing cover 8.1 via a bearing 20.3. The device 1 is designed here as a generator module and is intended for a muscle-powered vehicle 30, which is located in . Fig. 6 is shown, provided.

[0023] The eccentric gear 5 comprises a planet carrier 9 with several carrier bolts 10, of which only two are shown here, and two planet rollers 11.1, 11.2 rotatably mounted on the respective carrier bolts 10. The planet rollers 11.1, 11.2 are rotatably mounted on the carrier bolts 10 via bearings and axially secured by a disc fixed to their end faces by means of a screw. Furthermore, the eccentric gear 5 comprises a ring gear 13 and two eccentric gears 12.1, 12.2, each with several circumferentially distributed drive openings and a central eccentric mounting opening. The eccentric shaft 14 engages in the respective central eccentric mounting opening and is effectively connected to the rotor 4 of the electric machine 2 via a damper unit 15. The eccentric shaft 14 is designed as a hollow shaft and is rotatably mounted on the pedal crank shaft 6.The electric machine 2 is intended as a generator for producing electrical energy.

[0024] The two eccentric gears 12.1, 12.2 are arranged on eccentrics rotated 180° relative to each other on the eccentric shaft 14 with respect to the axis of rotation 7. A first bearing is arranged radially between a first eccentric of the eccentric shaft 14 and the first eccentric gear 12.1, and a second bearing is arranged radially between a second eccentric of the eccentric shaft 14 and the second eccentric gear 12.2. The respective eccentric gears 12.1, 12.2 run in the ring gear teeth 13. The ring gear teeth 13 are fixedly mounted in the housing 8. A carrier bolt 10 is passed through a corresponding drive opening on the first eccentric gear 12.1 and a corresponding drive opening on the second eccentric gear 12.2. The respective first planetary roller 11.1 comes into contact with the respective drive opening on the first eccentric wheel 12.1 at least temporarily during operation of the eccentric gear 5. The respective second planetary roller 11.2 comes into contact, at least temporarily, with the respective drive opening on the second eccentric wheel 12.2 during operation of the eccentric gear 5. This can cause oscillations and vibrations during operation of the eccentric gear.

[0025] To reduce oscillations and vibrations during operation of the eccentric gear 15, a damper unit 15 is arranged in the torque flow between the eccentric gear 5 and the electric machine 2. In this configuration, the damper unit 15 is arranged coaxially with the electric machine 2 and radially between the eccentric shaft 14 and the rotor 4. The damper unit 15 is designed to effectively drive the eccentric shaft 14 to the rotor 4 of the electric machine 2 and to dampen reaction forces from the eccentric gear 15 by supporting them at the electric machine, thereby reducing vibration amplitudes. For this purpose, the damper unit 15 has a spring 17, which is designed as a torsion spring and is connected radially inwards to the eccentric shaft 14 and radially outwards to a rotor support 4.1. The rotor support 4.Damper unit 15 is non-rotatably connected to the rotor 4 of the electric machine 2 and rotatably mounted on the eccentric shaft 14 via two bearings 20.1, 20.2 designed as rolling bearings. This arrangement of the damper unit 15 reduces disruptive torque peaks that arise in the eccentric gear 5, as these peaks can no longer be transmitted directly, especially rigidly, but are smoothed by the spring 17 of the damper unit 15, which is positioned in the torque flow. This reduces vibrations perceptible to the user at the pedal.

[0026] Fig. Figure 2 shows a section of a second embodiment of the device 1 according to the invention, in which the damper unit 15 is in focus. In this embodiment as well, the damper unit 15 is arranged radially between the eccentric shaft 14 and the rotor 4. Compared to the first embodiment, the damper unit 15 further comprises a cylindrical sleeve 16 with a constant diameter, which is arranged radially inside the spring 17 and is rotationally fixed to the eccentric shaft 14. The spring 17 of the damper unit 15 is designed as a torsion spring and has two legs 17.1, 17.2 for connecting the spring 17 to the rotor carrier 4.1 and to the eccentric shaft 14. The sleeve is designed to facilitate the assembly of the damper unit 15, in particular the spring 17, because the spring 17 is internally centered by means of the sleeve. The first leg 17.1 is bent inwards in a radial direction and is connected on the input side to the sleeve 16 and the eccentric shaft 14.The second leg 17.2 is bent radially outwards and connected at its output to the rotor carrier 4.1, the rotor carrier 4.1 being rotationally fixed to the rotor 4. The rotor carrier 4.1 is rotatably mounted on the eccentric shaft 14 via two bearings 20.1, 20.2, the eccentric shaft 14 being rotatably mounted relative to the pedal crank axle 6.

[0027] Fig. Figure 3 shows a section of a third embodiment of the device 1 according to the invention, wherein, as in Fig. 2. The focus is on the damper unit 15. The damper unit 15 essentially corresponds to the damper unit according to... Fig. 2, with the difference that the sleeve 16 arranged radially inside the spring 17 is conical. In this embodiment, the sleeve 16 has an outer diameter that decreases in the axial direction from the first bearing 20.1 to the second bearing 20.2. The inner diameter is constant and is fixed to the eccentric shaft 14. Thus, the sleeve 16 tapers in the axial direction towards the second bearing 20.2. The further the torsion spring 17 is twisted, the more coils clamp onto the sleeve 16 and are thereby deactivated, so that the spring characteristic becomes progressive. Otherwise, this embodiment corresponds to the second embodiment.

[0028] Fig. Figure 4 shows a section of a fourth embodiment of the device 1 according to the invention, wherein, as in the Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 the damper unit 15 is focused. The damper unit 15 according to Fig. 4 essentially corresponds to the damper unit 15 according to Fig. 2, with the difference that the spring 17 has two spring sections and three legs 17.1, 17.2, 17.3 for connection to the eccentric shaft 14 and the rotor carrier 4.1. A middle leg 17.3 is arranged axially between two outer legs 17.1, 17.2 on the spring 17. The two outer legs 17.1, 17.2 are radially bent inwards and are connected to the sleeve 16 and the eccentric shaft 14. The middle leg 17.3 connects the two spring sections to each other and is radially bent outwards and is connected to the rotor carrier 4.1.

[0029] Fig. Figure 5 shows a section of a fifth embodiment of the device 1 according to the invention, wherein, as in the Fig. 2 to 4 the damper unit 15 is focused on. The damper unit 15 according to Fig. 5 essentially corresponds to the damper unit 15 according to Fig. 4, with the difference that the spring 17 has two differently shaped spring sections and three legs 17.1, 17.2, 17.3 for connection to the eccentric shaft 14 and to the rotor carrier 4.1. A middle leg 17.3 is arranged axially between two outer legs 17.1, 17.2 on the spring 17. The two outer legs 17.1, 17.2 are radially bent inwards and are connected to the sleeve 16 and the eccentric shaft 14. The middle leg 17.3 connects the two differently shaped spring sections and is radially bent outwards and is connected to the rotor carrier 4.1. The two spring sections have different diameters and stiffnesses.

[0030] Fig. Figure 6 shows a muscle-powered vehicle 30 with a device 1 according to the invention, which is part of a drive arrangement of the muscle-powered vehicle 30. The muscle-powered vehicle 30 is designed as an e-bike, which essentially consists of a frame 21, a front wheel 22, and a rear wheel 23. The drive arrangement serves to drive the rear wheel 23. The rear wheel 23 thus forms a drive wheel of the e-bike, while the front wheel 22 is unpowered. The drive arrangement comprises a generator module 24, a drive module 25, and an energy storage module 26. The generator module 26 is arranged in the area of ​​the bottom bracket and can be driven by a user by pedaling force to generate electrical energy for the drive module 25. For this purpose, the generator module 24 has two diametrically opposed pedal cranks 27, which are set in rotation by pedaling force in order to generate electrical power in the generator module 24.Only one of the two crank arms 27 is shown here. The bicycle has no mechanical drive connection between the crank arms 27 and the drive wheel 23. The generator module 24 is only electrically connected to the drive module 25 and the energy storage module 26 via an electrical line 28 to provide the electrical energy required for the drive module 25. The drive module 25 can, for example, be designed as a wheel hub motor integrated into the rear wheel 23, which transmits an electrical drive torque to the rear wheel 23. The drive module 25 can be supplied directly by the electrical energy generated by the generator module 24 or indirectly by the electrical energy stored in the energy storage module 26. The generator module 24 comprises the electric machine 2, designed as a generator, and the eccentric gear 5, which are together housed in a casing 8 arranged on the frame 21.The device 1 according to the invention is shown here in accordance with . Fig. 1 is arranged as generator module 24 in muscle-powered vehicle 30. For a detailed description of its operation, reference is made to the aforementioned document on the state of the art. Reference symbol list 1 Device 2 electric machine 3 Stator 4 Rotor 4.1 Rotor carrier 5 eccentric gears 6. Crankshaft 7. Axis of rotation 8 cases 8.1 Housing cover 9 10 Planetary carrier carrier bolts 11.1 first planetary role 11.2 second planetary role 12.1 first eccentric wheel 12.2 second eccentric wheel 13. Ring gear teeth 14 eccentric shaft 15 damper unit 16 Sleeve 17 spring 17.1 Leg on the spring 17.2 Leg on the spring 17.3 Leg on the spring 18.1 Pedal hub 18.2 Pedal hub 19 Power Electronics 20.1 Warehouse 20.2 Warehouse 20.3 Warehouse 20.4 Warehouse 21 frames 22 front wheel 23 rear wheel 24 Generator module 25 Drive module 26 Energy storage module 27 Crankset 28 Management 30 muscle-powered vehicles QUOTES INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION

[0000] This list of documents cited by the applicant was automatically generated and is included solely for the reader's convenience. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA accepts no liability for any errors or omissions. Cited patent literature

[0000] DE 10 2021 119 145 A1

[0002]

Claims

[1] Device (1) for a human-powered vehicle (30), comprising an electric machine (2) with a stator (3) and a rotor (4), an eccentric gear (5) arranged coaxially with the electric machine (2), a pedal crankshaft (6) arranged on a common axis of rotation (7) with the electric machine (2) and the eccentric gear (5), and a housing (8) for accommodating the electric machine (2), the eccentric gear (5) and essentially also the pedal crankshaft (6), wherein the eccentric gear (5) has a planetary carrier (9) with a plurality of carrier bolts (10) and at least one planetary roller (11.1, 11.2) rotatably arranged on the respective carrier bolt (10), at least one eccentric wheel (12.1, 12.2) with a plurality of driving openings and a central eccentric receiving opening, a ring gear toothing (13) and an eccentric shaft (14), characterized bythat a damper unit (15) with at least one spring (17) is arranged in the torque flow between the eccentric gear (5) and the electric machine (2). [2] Device (1) according to claim 1, characterized by that the damper unit (15) is arranged coaxially to the electric machine (2) and radially between the eccentric shaft (14) and the rotor (4). [3] Device (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by that the damper unit (15) is designed to drive-effectively connect the eccentric shaft (14) to the rotor (4) of the electric machine (2). [4] Device (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized bythat the spring (17) is designed as a torsion spring, has at least two legs (17.1, 17.2) for connection and is connected in the radially inward direction to the eccentric shaft (14) and in the radially outward direction to a rotor carrier (4.1), wherein the rotor carrier (4.1) is connected in a rotationally fixed manner to the rotor (4). [5] Device (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by that the spring (17) has three legs (17.1, 17.2, 17.3) for connection, wherein a middle leg (17.3) is arranged axially between two outer legs (17.1, 17.2) on the spring (17). [6] Device (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by that the spring (17) has at least two different spring sections. [7] Device (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized bythat the damper unit (15) further comprises a sleeve (16) which is arranged radially inside the spring (17) and is connected in a rotationally fixed manner to the eccentric shaft (14). [8] Device (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by that the damper unit (15) has a twist angle of at least 90° to a maximum of 180°. [9] Device (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by that the rotor carrier (4.1) is rotatably mounted on the eccentric shaft (14) via two bearings (20.1, 20.2). [10] Muscle-powered vehicle (30) with a device (1) according to one of the preceding claims.

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