Network with decentralized distributed systems and methods for operating such a network

Abstract

The invention relates to a network (2000) and a method for operating a network (2000) with decentrally distributed local systems (1100), wherein at least two of the systems (1100) each have at least one local storage device (300) and at least one local power grid (1000), wherein the at least one storage device (300) in total provides, via the respective local system (1100), an electrical power critical for the energy supply of an order of magnitude of at least 100 MW, as well as a corresponding capacity of at least 100 MWh, and wherein the at least two systems (1100) are at least temporarily coupled to each other.to transfer, exchange and / or control at least a portion of the electrical energy and / or electrical power and / or full or empty storage capacity directly or indirectly available in the respective system (1100) from the at least one storage device (300) in the respective system (1100) according to the respective requirements and / or forecasts for the respective system and / or the network (2000) and / or a general power supply.

Description

State of the art

[0001] The invention relates to a network of decentrally distributed local systems with system-side storage facilities and a method for operating such a network.

[0002] It is well known that the number and capacity of installed renewable energy generation plants are increasing as part of the energy transition, that Germany currently has only limited electricity storage capacity, and that this is leading to a significant increase in the dynamics of electricity supply and, consequently, electricity prices, the utilization of electricity distribution and transmission grid capacities, and the storage of surplus energy in other European countries, such as Norway, Austria, and Switzerland. Regionally, electricity supply often differs considerably from electricity demand, so that, in addition to renewable energy generation plants, the electricity transmission and distribution grids, as well as reserve power plant capacities, must be significantly expanded during the energy transition to continue ensuring the usual high level of security of electricity supply.To counteract a temporary oversupply of renewable electricity generation and the sometimes lacking or lengthy expansion of the electricity grid, renewable energy generation plants are increasingly being temporarily limited in output during peak generation periods, switched off completely, or only connected to the electricity grid years later.

[0003] It is also known that electricity storage facilities, especially electrochemical storage facilities, are developing very dynamically and that the first large-scale electrochemical storage facilities with a system-critical size, i.e. 104 MW according to the Ordinance on the Determination of Critical Infrastructures under the BSI Act (BSI-KritisV) of 2016, among other things for facilities for storing electrical energy, are in the planning stages or have already been implemented at a few individual locations outside of Germany in order to use these individual locations for so-called grid services, such as the provision of primary control reserve, or for free electricity trading.

[0004] It is known that there are already initial individual electrochemical storage facilities with a capacity of up to approximately 10 MW at large wind and solar parks in order to reduce grid fees and dynamically achieve better electricity revenues for locally generated renewable energy.

[0005] Furthermore, it is known that data centers generally require an operational power supply via the general supply network, that this power supply is usually only implemented ecologically as an energy balance or only partially locally with renewable energies, if at all, and that, for example, significant energy losses and significant energy consumption occur when transporting electricity and data over longer distances.

[0006] It is also known that data centers often require rapid response times in the event of disruptions. For example, during power outages in the general utility grid, local emergency power is typically provided by diesel generators for several hours, but these require additional fuel for extended operation. This, in turn, necessitates the availability of fuel, transportation routes, and a regular presence of personnel at the data center location, even during crises or disasters.

[0007] Finally, it is known that there are initial individual electrochemical storage facilities with a size of up to approximately 30 MWh located locally at data centers, in order to achieve better energy prices at these data center locations and to create local synergies with grid services. Disclosure of the invention

[0008] One objective of the invention is to create a network with decentrally distributed, locally based systems with system-side storage facilities that can be operated efficiently.

[0009] Another objective of the invention is to create a method for operating such a system with improved efficiency.

[0010] The objects are achieved by the features of the independent claims. Advantageous embodiments and advantages of the invention emerge from the further claims, the description, and the drawings.

[0011] A network is proposed with decentralized, locally distributed systems, in particular with supra-regional or transnational distribution, wherein at least two of the systems each have at least one local storage facility, in particular of a size critical for the energy supply, and each have at least one local power grid, in particular each have at least one local storage facility, each have at least one local power grid and each have at least one local substation with a respective connection to an external electrical supply network, in particular an external electrical supply network at high or extra-high voltage level.

[0012] In the respective system, the at least one storage device, in the sum of the storage devices, has an electrical power critical for the energy supply, in particular in the sense of the BSI-KritisV according to Annex 1 Part 3 for a plant for the generation and storage of electrical energy of currently at least 104 MW, rounded in the sense of this invention to an order of magnitude of at least 100 MW, as well as a corresponding capacity of the same order of magnitude of at least 100 MWh.

[0013] The at least two systems are coupled at least temporarily in order to transfer, exchange and / or control at least a portion of the electrical energy and / or electrical power and / or full or empty storage capacity available directly or indirectly from the at least one storage device in the respective system, either locally and / or temporally, according to the respective requirements and / or forecasts for the respective system and / or the network and / or for a general power supply, for example via so-called grid services and / or free electricity or capacity trading.

[0014] This is the result of an optimization based on two approaches: on the one hand, a robust approach with a distribution maximization, i.e., in the extreme, an approach with the widest possible distribution of small-scale storage systems in the range of several hundred kW, 100 kWh with each low-voltage grid connection and, if necessary, medium-voltage grid connection, for example, mobile phone batteries, home storage systems, radio antennas and / or mobile car batteries, with their specific technical, control-related and regulatory challenges in the mass approach as well as corresponding opportunities regarding redundancy and high flexibility for the storage operator and storage marketer; and on the other hand, a medium approach of distributed storage systems in the range of several tens of MW, 10 MWh with medium-voltage grid connection and, if necessary,High-voltage grid connection, for the local support of small and medium-sized industrial and energy parks with local synergies, and on the other hand an approach to grid-connected large storage facilities in the order of 100 MW, 100 MWh, and considerably larger, with the highest possible scaling of the storage facility at the site as well as directly with high-voltage and especially extra-high-voltage grid connection, with dedicated use for the energy industry, such as classic reservoir hydropower plants.

[0015] Ideally, a combination of sufficient site-compatible scaling and robust distribution of system-critical energy loads is present, especially with local synergies, for example electrochemical storage facilities at existing power plant sites, so that the classic electricity grid architecture is supported as well as possible regionally and system-critical energy loads can be controlled.

[0016] Advantageously, at least one storage device of the chosen power output or capacity can be constructed and operated cost-effectively due to local scaling effects. Depending on the location and grid connection, such system-critical systems can be advantageously used for future security reserve capacities of high- and extra-high-voltage grids. For the local acceptance of at least one such storage device, particularly an electrochemical storage device in the form of a large battery, a switch from lithium-based battery technology to a potentially more environmentally and supply-chain-wise attractive sodium-based battery technology is expected in the medium term.

[0017] Further advantages for local acceptance can include, for example, local participation in the plants and their income, as well as the technical integration of existing plants as system components or as potential local consumers into the local systems.

[0018] At least one storage device can also comprise a combination of storage elements. For example, in a first expansion stage of the system, a storage device in the form of a battery may be implemented, while a second expansion stage could utilize, for example, a hydrogen chain consisting typically of an electrolyzer, storage, and fuel cell and / or gas turbine, and / or a hydroelectric power plant with a water reservoir and / or a geological storage facility.

[0019] The respective local power grid of the system components at each location within the network is advantageously separated from at least one electrical supply network, in particular at least one high-voltage or extra-high-voltage electrical supply network, by means of at least one local substation. This substation can serve as a network transfer point between several network operators. Typical voltage levels for a high-voltage network are 60 kV to 150 kV, and for an extra-high-voltage network, 230 kV to 400 kV. These values ​​can vary depending on the country. High-voltage and extra-high-voltage networks are used to distribute electrical energy over long distances, sometimes well over 100 km. Optionally, a supply network at the low or medium voltage level can be connected. Typical voltage levels for a low-voltage network are 400 kV to 1 kV, and for a medium-voltage network, 10 kV to 30 kV.

[0020] The values ​​may vary depending on the country. Low-voltage networks are used to distribute electrical energy over distances of up to a few kilometers, medium-voltage networks over distances of up to 100 km. It is advantageous that the network operator's additional grid connection is adequately designed for the charging, discharging, or other operating processes of the system components, i.e., at least for one and a half times the total rated power input and / or output via at least one storage device.

[0021] Advantageously, at least one storage facility is located locally in the immediate vicinity of an existing or new substation to efficiently utilize the necessary site infrastructure, particularly regarding grid connection, energy systems, transport routes, telecommunications, security, etc., and / or to ensure at least short cabling distances. Since the cable runs, which enable good coupling between the system's storage facilities and the supply grid, have a relatively large cross-section when appropriately designed, cost advantages are possible when placed adjacent to a local substation of the system. Implementation can also be advantageously carried out at former power plant sites, which in the best-case scenario can even prevent any grid expansion in the vicinity of the at least one storage facility.

[0022] The terms "system" and "local system" are intended to refer to the respective local electricity grid up to the respective substation and the local system components at the respective location as a whole. These systems can have a spatial extent of, for example, 10 km. This applies, for instance, if, in addition to at least one storage facility, other installations such as a power generation plant using renewable energy sources, such as a locally distributed wind turbine, a locally distributed solar power plant, or several interconnected hydroelectric power plant dams, are connected to or part of the local system at a given location. In the case of offshore wind farms with long coastal connections and even inland connections, the extent can be considerably greater. If several such local systems are located in close proximity within this 10 km radius, they are generally considered to be a single local system.

[0023] At each individual site, electrical energy, electrical power, and / or the full or empty storage capacity of at least one storage facility can be used, in whole or in part, for local or regional purposes. At a second level, the system components of these individual sites can be used in conjunction with other systems, for example, via transfer, exchange, or optimized control. At a third level, the system components of these individual sites can be contributed and / or procured for the general power supply in an economically and / or prudently optimized manner, particularly via so-called grid services.

[0024] Grid services generally refer to the provision of power by the storage facility on the primary and secondary control reserve markets to stabilize, in particular, the frequency of the electricity grids, as well as the provision of energy capacity by the storage facility on the intraday and day-ahead markets. Furthermore, the system components can be used for free trading of energy on the various electricity markets. In the medium term, additional capacity and security capacity markets may also emerge, such as dynamic full or empty security reserve capacities for network operators at the transmission and / or distribution network level.

[0025] In this interconnected system, at least two of these systems, each with at least one storage device, are at least temporarily coupled to transfer and / or exchange at least a portion of the electrical energy, electrical power, and / or full or empty storage capacity directly or indirectly available in each system from the at least one storage device, either locally and / or temporally. This allows for the optimal control of this energy for the respective system, the interconnected system, and / or the general power supply, for example, via grid services and / or free electricity or capacity trading, according to specific requirements and / or including a wide range of conceivable forecasts. This interconnected system enables the creation of so-called "virtual lines" or virtual power transmission lines between at least two locations, or even virtual power grids between multiple locations.

[0026] For example, two or more such systems distributed across regions, with integrated storage facilities, can simultaneously charge at one location and discharge at another, particularly during periods outside of grid congestion in the general electricity supply. This creates a virtual power line or virtual power grid controllable by a single operator. In this way, at least one storage facility at a given location can be discharged significantly early on, for example, when a low-pressure system is forecast to move across Germany, in order to then, even with temporarily limited grid capacity during the regional peak production phase, utilize the locally surplus or otherwise potentially available power.to be able to absorb the curtailed peak generation of local wind energy, while another distant location of the network, where the low-pressure area only passes through 6 hours later, absorbs the electricity of the first location at the same time as it is being discharged, i.e. before a grid overload can occur.

[0027] This is possible even if underlying network levels have failed regionally, and can therefore contribute significantly to stabilizing the general electricity grids.

[0028] Even in other locally or regionally stressful power grid situations, such as with regard to electromobility or dynamic local feed-in of renewable energy, or even in the event of a short-term power outage of higher-level power grids, such systems according to the invention with system-side storage facilities can provide regional added value and / or even bridge this outage, especially in combination.

[0029] In contrast to conventional reserve or peak load power plants, for example based on gas, oil or coal, a storage device, especially an electrochemical storage device such as a battery, is significantly more versatile, among other things because it can also store already produced energy, especially renewable energy, and the number of charging and discharging cycles per unit of time can be optimized depending on the so-called "state of health" or aging state of the storage device.

[0030] As the transition to dynamically generated renewable energies progresses, short- and medium-term storage, ranging from a few minutes to several days, is becoming increasingly important. Currently, upward fluctuations are limited by curtailing renewable energy producers when necessary or by transporting and storing energy at foreign storage facilities, sometimes even at negative electricity prices. Downward fluctuations are compensated for by expensive reserve power plants (coal, gas, oil, etc.) that are typically only active for a few hours per year. Furthermore, expensive and complex new high-voltage transmission networks, particularly those based on direct current (DC), are required.

[0031] These requirements can be reduced by a system-wide network of systems with integrated storage facilities according to the invention. Such a network of distributed large-scale storage facilities according to the invention, particularly in this power plant size range and in the immediate vicinity of relevant substations at the high and extra-high voltage levels, can thus reduce the costs for all three key aspects of the energy transition. Specifically, firstly, it can prevent an unnecessarily high expansion of renewable energy plants, among other things through more efficient local utilization of such plants, for example, directly in the local power grid of each storage facility, be it during periods of expensively exported surplus electricity or as a way to avoid economically motivated and / or formally mandated partial loads or shutdowns due to grid congestion;

[0032] Secondly, it can prevent an unnecessarily large expansion of electricity grids, especially of sometimes controversial high-voltage and extra-high-voltage grids, among other things by better temporal utilization of free grid capacities for system-relevant energy and capacity shifts directly at the high grid level, as well as by potentially higher local use of locally produced renewable energy;

[0033] Thirdly, it can prevent an unnecessarily high expansion of reserve power plant capacities and peak power plant capacities, especially based on fossil fuels or expensively synthetically produced fuels, by slightly smoothing the increasingly dynamic power peaks.

[0034] With the increasing number and distribution of these systems with integrated storage facilities, suddenly very locally identified needs can be met both on the generation side (for gaps or additional production of renewable energies) and on the demand side (e.g., high local charging demand for electric vehicles during periods of low wind and solar radiation). This can be done by storing energy locally before a foreseeable grid bottleneck occurs and fossil fuel power plants would be needed. All these aspects can lead to lower rising grid fees and greater use of renewable energy, which is beneficial for the general public, if storage service providers efficiently and profitably assume this role.

[0035] With a favorable configuration of the system, at least one of the systems can, in addition to at least one storage facility, also have at least one local power generation plant with a total peak output of at least 10 MW across all power generation plants in the respective local system. This allows the at least one storage facility to be charged locally, and potential additional local system components and any other local consumers to be supplied with locally generated energy.

[0036] Advantageously, at least one energy generation plant can also contain several identical or different individual plants with the same or different generation capacities. It is also advantageous for a combination of different energy generation plants to be located at one site and / or distributed across the network.

[0037] Advantageously, in this combination, the site infrastructure described above can be optimized directly for the entire local system, provided the local systems include at least one local storage facility and at least one local energy generation facility, as well as any other local consumers, and used jointly over the similar lifespan of the system components. This means shared costs for the individual subsystems and potentially further synergies in planning and construction.

[0038] Furthermore, with a similar system component lifespan of, for example, 20 years with regard to the generation and further use of locally generated energy, the mutual risk reduction of electricity production by the energy generation plant and electricity consumption by the system components and any other local consumers is due to the long-term nature of the local electricity contracts.

[0039] The storage facility can advantageously support energy generation in its economic efficiency, for example through so-called peak shaving, i.e. the time-shifted feed-in of locally produced energy into the electricity grid to optimize profits and grid fees, and / or by maintaining local self-consumption for system components.

[0040] Particularly when the system component operators and possibly other local consumers are the same person, local electricity procurement and / or self-consumption can be advantageously enabled with potentially avoided or reduced network charges, fees, levies and / or electricity taxes.

[0041] Advantageously, the design of the system components at the respective location can be chosen such that the at least one storage device, in particular an electrochemical storage device in the form of a battery, has a capacity sufficient to supply the system components and any other local consumers, especially under full load, with electrical power locally for at least six hours and / or at least a capacity sufficient to reliably bridge a maximum foreseeable interruption of the local power supply due to planned and foreseeable non-availability and / or partial availability of the at least one energy generation plant with regard to the system components' own requirements and any other local consumers until this at least one energy generation plant again produces sufficient electricity for the system components' own requirements, any other consumers and at least partial recharging of the storage device.

[0042] Advantageously, at least two systems with at least one storage facility and at least one energy generation plant can be coupled at least temporarily in order to transfer, exchange and / or optimally control at least a part of the electrical energy, electrical power and / or full or empty storage capacity that is directly or indirectly available in the respective system from the at least one energy generation plant and / or the at least one storage facility for one of the locations and / or the network.

[0043] According to a favorable design of the network, at least one energy generation plant of the at least one system can use at least one renewable energy source as a renewable energy generation plant, in particular at least one intermittent renewable energy source such as wind energy and / or solar energy, and can in particular be in the form of a wind farm and / or solar park.

[0044] Renewable energy generation plants can utilize renewable energy sources such as wind power, solar energy, hydropower (including run-of-river energy, reservoir energy, pumped storage energy, tidal energy, or wave energy), as well as geothermal energy, biogas, or similar sources. In particular, a renewable energy generation plant in the form of a wind farm or solar park can, in turn, consist of several individual plants.

[0045] The systems are advantageous for the network if they are widely distributed, especially across regions and / or transnationally, in order to achieve a better distribution of regional site conditions, particularly of weather-dependent peak loads of local renewable energies.

[0046] A combination of different types of energy generation plants or different types of energy sources, especially different renewable energy sources, particularly different intermittent renewable energy sources, within the respective system and across the network, or even a different design of these energy generation plants, can be advantageous for a single site and / or the network, since their respective characteristics allow them to mutually compensate for the natural fluctuations of individual energy generation types and plant types, so that at least one storage facility needs to provide less storage capacity, for example for the local needs of the system components, or can be dimensioned smaller, even across several expansion stages of the respective system.

[0047] It is particularly advantageous if at least one energy generation plant includes one or more renewable energy sources or even exclusively renewable energy sources, since these in turn each have their own natural and, if necessary, seasonally and / or dynamically predictable energy storage via solar radiation, weather and / or inflow of water, from which the respective system can draw energy permanently and automatically in a largely predictable manner and within the framework of considerable natural fluctuations.

[0048] For example, in summer, with long days and stable high pressure systems lasting for weeks, it can be assumed that in a wind-solar hybrid park, even during periods of prolonged calm, a 12-hour capacity of at least one storage device is sufficient to ensure a continuous energy supply, in particular a continuous emergency power supply, for potential further system components and any other consumers, since the battery is very likely to be recharged faster than the local consumers require the power.

[0049] This combination of at least one storage facility and at least one, in particular renewable, energy generation plant can be advantageous, even for existing local energy generation plants, in the local system and especially in a network, as the temporary buffering of locally, in particular renewable, generated energy improves production capacity utilization by avoiding power reductions, shutdowns or other loss of remuneration, for example when the electricity price is negative for too long and / or too high, the existing electricity grids cannot adequately transport the generated energy or the substation is undergoing maintenance, etc., as well as achieving better marketing prices through the temporal shifting of energy production and its provision by so-called "peak shaving", i.e. e.g.This means using the energy produced at midday in the solar park in the evening hours, when generally less solar energy is produced and therefore the price can usually be slightly higher.

[0050] Improving energy balancing capabilities within each local system and across the entire system can also be advantageous, particularly regarding the location of each at least one generation plant (especially renewable energy plants) and the temporal flexibility of this generated energy through each at least one local storage facility. As customer expectations regarding sustainability in energy procurement shift from a typically annual aggregated energy balance for green electricity, especially with time-invariant certificates of origin, to a dynamic, performance-based, and potentially even physically localized balance, the origin and timestamp of renewable energy in the individual local electricity grids of the system can be readily traced locally and assigned to individual generation plants and storage states.

[0051] In a favorable configuration of the network, at least one of the systems can, in addition to at least one storage facility and at least one locally available energy generation plant (particularly a renewable energy source), also include at least one local data center with a peak power output of at least 1 MW in total across the respective local system. The at least one energy generation plant, if present, can optionally be dedicated to the data center.

[0052] Advantageously, a site selection for the realization of a system according to the invention can be made primarily according to the availability of at least one existing or producible local, in particular renewable, energy generation plant, the producibility of at least one suitable local storage facility, the availability of sufficient telecommunications connections, the availability of a local waste heat user, and the availability of sufficient land area and locally open stakeholders for a better and safer energy transition, without restricting further parameters of a suitable location with regard to the requirements for the at least one data center.

[0053] In contrast to the usual site selection of data centers based on local scalability, often with connection capacities of 5 MW to well over 100 MW, and usually based on proximity to the national internet exchange point, the at least one local data center in the system is designed to be modular and small in relation to the at least one local storage facility and the at least one local power generation plant, if present. The at least one local data center can be located at the site of existing power generation plants. Thus, a decentralized and modular approach based on energy cost optimization, and therefore particularly based on the site selection described above, can be advantageous for optimizing life cycle costs, including electricity and telecommunications, for operators and customers, reducing latency to distributed data sources, and optimizing the overall energy efficiency of the decentralized energy and digital economy.In effect, the location search for decentralized data centers follows the decentralized energy supply, and not the other way around as is traditionally the case.

[0054] Data centers are designed according to various criteria, including the desired availability class. Technical specifications for the four availability classes are defined in standards such as EN 50600 (2012) and ISO / IEC 22237 (2021). Availability class 2 increases availability through redundant components. Maintenance-related downtime is predictable, but technical malfunctions can lead to unforeseen outages. Availability class 3 allows for maintenance without interrupting operations. Even in the event of IT equipment failures or other technical malfunctions, operations can be maintained in most cases. The highest availability class, 4, ensures that operations can be maintained even in the event of errors or technical malfunctions through appropriate preventative measures, virtually eliminating the possibility of service interruptions.Availability class 3 can generally be used as a sufficient but not over-fulfilling standard, as this is sufficient for a large part of modern customer computing loads, especially in a distributed network of data centers, particularly in so-called geo-redundant distribution from a distribution area of ​​approximately 200 km.

[0055] A locally advantageous implementation of the at least one data center and the at least one storage facility can be carried out either near a local substation, if available, and / or near a local waste heat user who obtains the electrical energy already used in the at least one data center in the form of "green" waste heat from the at least one data center, if available. Proximity to the waste heat user may take priority over implementation at the substation, since heat is generally more difficult to transport over distances, degrades more quickly, and / or the cost advantages outweigh the disadvantages. Sharing the aforementioned site infrastructure is also advantageous in this combination, particularly if the storage facility and data center are located in close proximity, especially together in close proximity to the local substation and / or waste heat user.

[0056] Having at least one data center in the local system also allows other system components and any other local consumers to operate at least parts of their technical control systems locally with a higher quality and efficiency than in their own separate technical rooms.

[0057] Optionally, at least one data center can also have redundant connections to electrical power grids, either directly or indirectly, depending on the selected availability class. This provides additional protection for the data center against abnormal operating conditions. A prepared storage area with a connection for the temporary deployment of mobile emergency power generators can further increase resilience and / or make the operation of the local system, particularly the data center and storage facility, more flexible.

[0058] Optionally, the at least one data center in the respective system can have at least one DC power supply unit for direct primary power supply. Advantageously, the at least one data center can thus be supplied locally with DC sources, in particular locally available DC sources. Furthermore, it is advantageous to eliminate the need to convert the electrical energy available in the at least one storage device for the operation of the at least one data center.

[0059] By dimensioning the at least one data center and the at least one storage facility, problems arising from inconsistently available energy sources can be circumvented. Advantageously, the design of the respective system components can take into account that even the most significant foreseeable interruption of local power generation—for example, due to intermittent energy sources such as a so-called "dark doldrums" (periods of low wind and solar power generation), specific local conditions such as mandatory shutdowns required by permits, maintenance, or similar events—can be reliably bridged by the at least one storage facility. This ensures the local power supply of the at least one data center, depending on the specific site conditions, even with a potential reduction in storage quality over the lifecycle of the at least one storage facility.

[0060] When designing the respective system components, it is advantageous to consider that computing power can be time-controlled and / or geographically shifted, particularly in the case of highly compressed, so-called "scheduled" computing power such as high-performance computing or supercomputing for computationally intensive simulations and modeling, in AI calculations, especially in the training of AI models, and in cloud infrastructures. This allows the local energy consumption of the local computing power to be closely aligned, in part or in full, with local energy generation, especially intermittent renewable energy generation, depending on current and projected local availability, and with the necessary customer approval for particularly sustainable computing operations.This can also have a beneficial impact on energy costs for computing power, as little residual electricity needs to be procured or maintained via the general power supply and / or via the at least one storage facility. Furthermore, the storage facility can potentially release more capacity temporarily from the required safety reserve for the at least one data center and use it for its primary energy-related task of stabilizing the general power grid.

[0061] If at least one existing energy generation plant is renewable and sufficiently large, the at least one data center can be fully supplied by locally generated and locally buffered renewable energy, so-called "24 / 7 physically locally renewable".

[0062] Depending on a favorable configuration of the network, the at least one data center in the respective system can be optionally connected to the at least one local power generation plant and / or, particularly in the event of failure, unavailability, or limited partial availability of the at least one local power generation plant, to the at least one local storage facility, especially via a priority circuit. This does not explicitly preclude further direct or indirect connections, particularly to other electrical supply networks.

[0063] Advantageously, switching between the at least one energy generation plant and the at least one storage facility can be carried out via a control and / or regulating device within the at least one data center itself. In particular, calculations can be performed within the at least one data center to determine whether such switching is advantageous. Forecasts regarding the availability of energy, especially renewable energy, can be meaningfully taken into account.

[0064] This ensures that at least one of the system's data centers can be reliably supplied with electrical power over an extended period. Optionally, electrical power can also be supplied by another system within the network, provided the systems are connected via an electrical supply network, particularly at high or extra-high voltage levels.

[0065] According to a favorable design of the network, the sum of the local capacities of the at least one local storage facility in the respective system can correspond to at least one, preferably two, times the minimum storage capacity required for the at least one local data center according to its availability class, in particular a capacity to reliably bridge a maximum foreseeable interruption of the local power supply by the at least one power generation plant locally.

[0066] Advantageously, when designing the respective system components, it can be taken into account that the at least one local storage device at the at least one local data center potentially eliminates the need for a dedicated emergency power supply, in particular a suitable uninterruptible power supply, to maintain a quality, especially a frequency and / or voltage, of the at least one power supply, as well as a permanent emergency power supply that is usually powered by fossil fuels or synthetically produced fuels, or it can be designed to be significantly smaller, especially if there is a priority circuit from an at least one storage device to the at least one data center, which is adequately dimensioned and locally secured according to the desired availability class of the at least one data center.

[0067] For example, if availability class 3 is targeted for at least one data center, a continuous supply strategy with a required minimum local capacity of 48 hours is necessary. If the local storage capacity of the at least one local storage unit corresponds to just one of this minimum capacity, this storage unit is essentially dedicated to the data center and, according to current standards, cannot be used for energy-related purposes, or only to a very limited extent. If the local storage capacity of the at least one local storage unit corresponds to twice the required minimum local capacity, i.e., approximately 96 hours or approximately 100 times the data center's capacity or more, the combination is very attractive because the performance of the storage unit is significantly more relevant to its economic viability than its capacity.

[0068] On the one hand, such a "dual-use" or "multi-use" coupling between the data center and the storage facility can limit the operational flexibility of the storage facility, at least with regard to freely tradable storage capacity. On the other hand, the storage facility, especially a battery, can be operated particularly efficiently in the mid- to upper capacity range and exhibits favorable aging behavior and optimized cycle operation; in particular, a charge level of around 50% can be optimal for lifespan and operational performance. Furthermore, such a coupling, given the chosen size ratio, hardly restricts the battery's performance marketing.

[0069] A storage facility of this size typically also bridges the expected local unavailability or partial availability of sufficiently large, intermittent renewable energy generation plants, thus advantageously enabling a permanent local renewable energy supply for at least one data center.

[0070] In this specific regenerative scenario with at least one renewable energy generation plant, there is a special possibility, given a good weather forecast, of outsourcing part of the permanent emergency power supply to the weather situation.

[0071] This allows the reserve capacity of the "blocked" emergency power supply in the at least one storage facility for the at least one data center to be potentially used temporarily for 48 hours, or even maintained locally for longer than 48 hours in extreme weather conditions to bridge unusually long periods of local downtime. Furthermore, this reserve can also be used temporarily during the setup phase of the at least one data center, when only parts of the IT space or the reserved connection capacity are needed, to further increase the efficiency of the storage facility. On the other hand, the total usable capacity of the at least one storage facility potentially decreases with age, so that over time the "blocked" reserve may increase proportionally, or a replacement of at least some of the storage elements of the at least one storage facility may become necessary.

[0072] With a favorable design of the network, at least two of the systems with system-side data centers can be coupled at least temporarily in order to transfer, exchange and / or control at least part of the computing power of their data centers in terms of location and / or time, according to respective requirements and / or forecasts for the respective system and / or the network and / or for the purposes of a general power supply.

[0073] Computing power control enables dynamic adjustment of computing power at a single and / or multiple locations within the network, with the advantage of optimizing the significant energy costs of computing power and data transport for the operator and / or their customers, and making optimal use of existing resources.

[0074] This allows a single location to be temporarily relieved of its energy and capacity requirements, for example during unexpectedly long periods of low wind or operational limitations in the local power grid. Conversely, available electrical energy, power, or storage capacity that cannot be dissipated or stored at a given time can be used and consumed locally with the help of additional computing power.

[0075] The advantage here is that data, especially data volumes that may be reduced through processing, is easier to transport than electricity.

[0076] Advantages for the customer in supra-regional and / or transnational distributed systems with at least one data center include improved latency in the processing of data entering the network, always in the nearest available data center, and also improved resilience through highly distributable, especially geo-redundant, data storage and / or data processing.

[0077] Furthermore, at least regionally distributed computing power, for example in each federal state or transnationally across Europe, enables new computing methods, such as AI calculations on distributed proprietary data—that is, data belonging to various stakeholders. The consortium can then take into account the geographical requirements of these different stakeholders regarding the location of data storage and processing. For example, hospital operators might be required to store and process their data only regionally, either at their location or within their federal state.In a system according to the invention, for example, an association of German hospitals can perform AI calculations regionally on the respective regional data of the individual association hospitals and still combine the results of the individual location calculations into an overall model at a higher-level pseudo- or anonymized level, without violating the privacy of the persons, without exchanging the raw data between the hospitals and without violating the other potential individual requirements for regional data processing and storage.

[0078] In addition to the individual temporal and / or spatial control of at least parts of the computing power in the network's data centers, as well as at least parts of the electrical energy, electrical power, and / or full or empty storage capacity in the network's energy generation plants and storage facilities, a comprehensive control system combining both approaches can be particularly advantageous and thus make the entire power grid more robust. Even though the complexity increases with integrated control of energy and computing power distribution within the network, this appears sensible and necessary, especially for sustainability reasons.

[0079] As a result, such energy and computing power management can create a new dimension of synergies between the distributed digital economy and the energy economy, at least in combination, and save considerable energy compared to traditionally centralized data processing by avoiding data transport via regional data preprocessing in the nearest data center to the data source and by avoiding energy transport from decentralized, especially renewable, energy generation to central data centers, thus creating significant added value for the decentralized energy and digital transition.

[0080] According to a favorable configuration of the system, at least one of the systems can have an island grid, designed for at least temporary and / or permanent island operation and / or black start capability, as the local power grid for the system components, wherein the at least one substation separates the local power grid, in particular the island grid, from an external electrical supply network, in particular an electrical supply network at the high-voltage or extra-high-voltage level. For example, the local power grid of the system can be kept permanently in island operation by means of technical devices, such as a microgrid controller.

[0081] For the sake of linguistic simplification and without limiting generality, it is assumed in the following that there are several systems connected with at least one local storage facility, at least one (in particular renewable) energy generation plant, at least one data center, one local power grid (in particular an island grid), at least one substation connected to a respective external electrical supply network (in particular at high or extra-high voltage level), and any other local consumers, wherein the above system components are directly or indirectly connected or connectable in the respective local power grid.

[0082] For example, a renewable energy generation plant can cover its own energy needs, such as for the occasional rotor heating required for its wind turbines in winter, from locally buffered, especially renewable, energy via at least one storage device. This applies both to interruptions in availability or prolonged periods of insufficient partial availability of the energy generation plant, such as during periods of low wind or maintenance, and to temporary or permanent power outages in the general supply grid. In the case of a prolonged power outage, normal communication beyond local systems typically ceases after several hours or two days, and renewable energy parks are generally not designed for island operation, but rather for a self-power mode to meet their own energy needs.In systems according to the invention, with appropriate dimensioning, both the local energy supply and at least the local communication supply are automatically and continuously available, particularly in the case of regenerative local energy generation. Thus, energy generation and computing power can continue to operate normally and maintain their revenues, at least until the respective storage facilities have reached full capacity and the computing power can be used effectively, possibly with limited external communication capabilities.

[0083] Furthermore, local computing power control can be advantageously used, especially in a temporary or permanent, regional or continental power outage of the general supply networks, to further stabilize the local island grid in addition to the storage facility.

[0084] With a favorable design of the network, at least one data center in the respective system can be designed as an electrical consumer in such a way that, in continuous operation, it requires a maximum of 100% of the locally generated electrical energy of the at least one power generation plant on average per year, so that the at least one data center and / or the entire local system can be operated locally autonomously temporarily and / or permanently, provided the system components and the local power grid, in particular island grid, are designed accordingly.

[0085] The design of the connection capacity, in particular, for the at least one data center can expediently be based on the average annual output provided by the at least one energy generation plant, with sufficient buffer against fluctuations. For example, in the case of a local run-of-river hydroelectric power plant, depending on the locally specific seasonal fluctuations expected in generation capacity, 50% could be selected as the design connection capacity for the at least one data center. In the case of a wind farm, a solar park, or a wind-solar hybrid park, only a limited portion of the peak output is available, as these plants supply energy intermittently, not only seasonally but especially throughout the day. If the peak output of such a park is, for example, 10 MW, then with current onshore wind and solar park technology, the at least one data center can be allocated approximately 10%, i.e., roughly 10%.An average annual connection capacity of 1 MW should be available, buffered accordingly. Advantageously, locations with at least 1 MW of connection capacity, ideally at least 2.5 MW, can be selected for at least one data center to achieve sufficient data center efficiency. Furthermore, by judiciously selecting sufficiently small, standardized data center modules of, for example, 1-2 MW of IT capacity, the size of the computing power can be adapted locally with sufficient flexibility to the availability of power generation facilities, suitable storage facilities, and regional computing needs.

[0086] The respective system can be advantageously designed, particularly if at least one local storage device is automatically recharged by local renewable energy sources, in such a way that the requirements for staggered temporary and permanent emergency power supplies for data centers of availability classes 2 to 4, for example in the event of a prolonged power outage of the general supply networks, are permanently met directly via the local storage device, in this case even for months or years. This makes the respective systems and any other local consumers locally self-sufficient.

[0087] Furthermore, the system can operate not only autonomously but also independently if the basic control of data centers, storage facilities, and power generation plants takes place directly on-site, for example, in at least one data center. Nevertheless, a higher-level, potentially more complex, and better-adapted control system can also be used if communication facilities are available. This can advantageously reduce or largely eliminate the need for on-site personnel.

[0088] Advantageously, at least one data center can have an additional remote control and / or monitoring system, particularly satellite communication. This allows for satellite-based data backup and / or, with sufficient bandwidth, regular input / output data transport and normal data processing within the data center. Modern satellite communication enables the self-sufficient data center to continue receiving computing tasks and fulfilling its functions for customers even during a regional or continental blackout, provided the potentially higher latency and lower bandwidth of satellite communication are sufficient for the respective uses. In contrast, conventional fiber optic connections are generally not permanently available without power, or, in the case of a continental outage, there may be no receiving fiber optic endpoint.

[0089] The possibility of operating at least one data center independently and autonomously eliminates the need for easy access to and reachability of the respective data center, especially for modern computing loads without customers or with only occasional on-site staff.

[0090] Through locally self-sufficient operation, at least one self-sufficient data center can thus continue to function essentially unaffected even in crisis or disaster situations involving potentially long-term or permanent outages of the general power supply, transport and communication routes, and / or a lack of on-site personnel, as well as any other related disruptions. It can, in principle, continue to operate normally without requiring on-site personnel and remain usable as long as a communication link is available.

[0091] This allows the creation of a system with at least one data center that, through the local coupling of decentralized energy and digital economies, achieves the highest possible overall efficiency and resilience for energy and data, thus significantly reducing current losses and inefficiencies and contributing to security of supply and cost reduction of the energy and digital transition.

[0092] With a favorable design of the network, at least one data center in the respective system can provide a heat and / or cold supply, in particular a heat and / or cold supply for users in a local environment of the system.

[0093] Advantageously, in at least one system, the at least one local data center can have liquid cooling, in particular direct warm water cooling or hot water cooling to at least 35°C, especially to approximately 60°C, to cool the relevant heat loads of the computer components directly at the processor and main memory, preferably including several closed cooling circuits. Using such liquid cooling, especially "direct hot water cooling," very energy-efficient operational cooling of the high-performance IT components, as well as a high packing density of the computing components and thus a small footprint for data rooms, can be achieved.

[0094] Primary warm or hot water cooling of the essential IT components to, for example, 60°C means optimal energy efficiency, e.g. by eliminating the otherwise usual onboard air coolers, as well as a reduction in operating costs or even a complete avoidance of classic cooling units.

[0095] This does not necessarily mean that all data center and IT components in the IT room are operated at this temperature. Rather, the room typically remains at a seasonally acceptable operating temperature for components and any occasional personnel deployment, for example, between 15°C and 30°C. Only the energy-intensive computing chips (CPU, GPU, etc.) required for the above-mentioned use case, as well as their local memory in the racks, should be directly cooled with hot water.

[0096] The residual heat load in the room, ranging from less than 5% to 25% depending on the application, from typically air-cooled network and storage components, data center technology, and remaining insulation / heat losses from direct hot water cooling, is usually cooled via so-called side cooling devices and, depending on the dynamic optimum, is raised to the hot water temperature, e.g., by a heat pump, and then directly free-cooled.

[0097] This makes at least one data center highly efficient and, even with advancing climate change, it can be largely cooled – more than half and currently up to approximately 90% of the year – directly against potentially warm summer air without any additional temperature increase, depending on computing loads. Optionally, and even more efficiently for the data center, this high-quality waste heat (50-60°C) can be directly supplied to a local user as partial or, if necessary, base load. This could include applications in agriculture for greenhouses, hay drying, or other process heat, or for local community purposes such as swimming pools or outdoor pools. Due to the high temperature level achieved through hot water cooling, the waste heat from at least one data center can also be efficiently fed into municipal district heating networks and / or modern long-distance heating networks, for example, into their return flow, with minimal additional energy expenditure.

[0098] Advantageously, the at least one local data center can also be connected to, or have, a heat and cold storage system, particularly an anti-cyclical one. This allows the energy efficiency of the at least one data center to be further improved by utilizing local seasonal buffering of excess heat or cold.

[0099] Depending on the location, surface geothermal energy via ground probes or sand-based thermal storage can be used, for example, not only for short- and medium-term electricity storage in the storage facility, but also for the sustainable design and use of heating and cooling systems, both in the short term throughout the day and seasonally. This also applies in combination; for example, for seasonal optimization, a rooftop PVT system (combining PV power generation and solar thermal energy) can be used to store solar energy in the ground during the summer via an inverted heat pump, as can the direct hot water cooling system mentioned above.

[0100] This energy can then be used for heating as needed in winter. Advantageously, green waste heat or cooling produced in the data center, particularly from renewable sources, can also be provided to other system components or local consumers as needed, in addition to electricity supply (especially renewable). Finally, this demand and its forecast can also be used as a key control factor for managing computing power within the network.

[0101] According to a favorable design of the system, at least one storage device in the respective system can have at least one electrochemical storage device, in particular a battery, and / or a hydrogen storage device, and / or a water storage device.

[0102] The water storage system, or a chain of water storage systems, can be designed with or without a natural water inflow. An electrochemical storage system can advantageously be modular and flexibly scaled up or down by removing or adding storage modules, or it can be maintained modularly. Likewise, a combination of two or more types of energy storage is possible to further optimize the requirements of, for example, data center expansion phases, even in the absence of a grid connection for increasing the battery storage capacity.

[0103] With a favorable design of the network, at least one additional local consumer can be present in the respective system for electrical supply by the respective at least one energy generation plant and / or the respective at least one storage facility.

[0104] In particular, the at least one additional local consumer can be arranged in a way that is temporarily or permanently prioritizable or deprioritizable, preferably deprioritizable, and especially dynamically deprioritizable, with respect to the electrical supply by the respective at least one energy generation plant and / or the respective at least one storage facility compared to the respective at least one data center.

[0105] For example, an electrolyzer system, particularly a modular one, can be present as an additional local consumer in the system. Specifically, the local consumer can be prioritized or deprioritized in relation to the data center in terms of electrical supply by the respective at least one energy generation plant and / or the respective at least one storage device, even differently depending on normal or abnormal operating conditions, such as a temporary or permanent power outage in the general supply networks, or according to the current generation situation.

[0106] The system can therefore be advantageously designed to reliably supply one or more large local consumers with energy. By also supplying additional local consumers, the system, and especially the interconnection of systems, can enable continuously locally generated and secured electricity tariffs, ideally locally renewable, and even more advantageously so-called "24 / 7 physically locally renewable" tariffs – i.e., tariffs driven by local power consumption rather than energy balances – particularly across the locations of the interconnected systems. This also allows local self-sufficiency and autonomy to be extended to further local consumers.

[0107] Advantageously, by means of a deprioritization, especially dynamic, of further local consumers depending on normal or abnormal operating state, generation situation and generation forecast, an optimum in economic efficiency and security of supply in the local system, especially for the at least one data center, can be achieved.

[0108] Depending on a favorable configuration of the network, additional system-independent components, particularly of any size, can be present within the network. These additional system-independent components can be at least one of: at least one system-independent, particularly renewable, energy generation plant; at least one system-independent data center; at least one system-independent storage facility; or at least one system-independent consumer.The additional system-independent components can be coupled with at least one of the systems, at least temporarily, in order to transfer, exchange, and / or control at least a portion of the computing power of at least one data center and / or at least a portion of the electrical energy and / or power and / or full or empty storage capacity directly or indirectly available from at least one energy generation plant and / or at least one storage facility, according to the respective requirements and / or forecasts for the respective system and / or the network and / or the general power supply.

[0109] These additional components of the network can either be components owned by the company itself or components transferred to it by other owners or operators for operation, in order to make the network even more efficient and robust and / or to operate these additional components more efficiently through the network and to participate in common economies of scale.

[0110] For system-independent and / or system-related additional local consumers, for example in the case of modulatable electrolyzers or a logistics center with large cooling surfaces, a dynamic additional or reduced load can be controlled as a control element depending on the current and predicted situation at the site, in the network and / or in relation to the general power supply.

[0111] According to another aspect of the invention, a method for operating a compound is proposed.

[0112] The network comprises decentralized, locally distributed systems, particularly those with supra-regional or transnational distribution, wherein at least two of the systems each have at least one local storage facility and at least one local power grid, specifically at least one local storage facility, at least one local power grid, and at least one local substation with a connection to an external electrical supply network, particularly an external electrical supply network at the high-voltage and / or extra-high-voltage level. The total storage capacity of each local system, when combined with the storage facilities, is at least 100 MW, a level critical to the energy supply, and has a corresponding capacity of at least 100 MWh.

[0113] In this method, at least two systems are coupled, at least temporarily, to transfer, exchange, and / or control at least a portion of the electrical energy and / or electrical power and / or full or empty storage capacity directly or indirectly available in each system from at least one storage device, according to specific requirements and / or forecasts. This transfer is spatially and / or temporally dependent on the respective system, the network, and / or a general power supply. This can be particularly advantageous for energy and capacity transfer within the network, especially during times when the general power grid is not excessively overloaded.

[0114] Advantageously, a current state and a forecast regarding the shifting or control of electrical energy, electrical power, and / or full or empty storage capacity can be used. Advantageously, charging and / or discharging of at least one local storage device of the respective system can take place in a first period, depending on a forecast of the possibility of local and / or grid-related and / or general grid-related charging and / or discharging of the at least one local storage device in a second period, which lies after the first period, in one or more systems, and / or depending on a forecast of the possibility of charging and / or discharging of at least one system-independent storage device.

[0115] Advantageously, a multitude of local site parameters within the system can be considered, as well as external environmental parameters of the system, such as the general power supply. These can, in turn, influence potential requirements for the respective use of at least one storage device. It is also advantageous to determine the dynamically required energy quantities for the respective system components and any other local consumers or system-independent components.

[0116] According to a favorable embodiment of the method, at least two systems can be coupled at least temporarily in order to transfer, exchange, and / or control at least a portion of electrical energy and / or electrical power available directly or indirectly in the respective system from at least one, in particular renewable, energy generation plant, either locally and / or temporally, according to the respective requirements and / or forecasts for the respective system and / or the network and / or a general power supply.

[0117] Advantageously, at least two of the systems can each have an island grid as a local power grid, which can be operated independently of external electrical supply networks. Advantageously, the system components are controlled in such a way that the largest foreseeable interruption of the local power supply by the at least one, in particular renewable, energy generation plant is reliably bridged locally by the at least one local storage facility, preferably even in unlikely scenarios exceeding the design parameters, insofar as this is possible and practical, and particularly advantageously in the case of temporary or permanent power outages of the general power supply. In this way, especially with appropriate prioritization of the system components and any other local consumers, locally self-sufficient systems can be created and controlled.The forecast of the general power supply can be used to advantage to identify critical situations in advance and to take sufficient local precautions through control measures.

[0118] Despite the fluctuating availability of energy sources such as wind and solar power, the supra-regional grid and / or the general electricity supply allows, outside of general power outages, for example, the targeted adjustment of the charge level of at least one storage device in the respective system despite the potential non-availability and / or partial availability of at least one local energy generation plant, if at least one of the at least one local energy generation plant in another system within the grid can provide sufficient electrical power, for example from wind energy.

[0119] This approach allows for the advantageous creation of "24 / 7 physically locally powered renewable energy" systems for local consumers, particularly local data centers. These systems can utilize at least one renewable energy generation plant and at least one storage facility within the local system, or, in particular, across multiple locations in a network. If at least one renewable energy generation plant is present in the local system, the storage facility can be automatically and, more importantly, predictably recharged "green" from renewable sources based on power consumption. Furthermore, it can be recharged "green" based on power consumption after transfer, exchange, or control using other suitable systems and system-independent components within the network, and, if necessary, also generally "grey" via an external power grid, if available.

[0120] With a favorable design of the procedure, at least two systems can be coupled at least temporarily in order to transfer, exchange and / or control at least part of the computing power of their preferably existing data centers, either locally and / or temporally, according to respective requirements and / or forecasts for the respective system and / or the network and / or the general power supply.

[0121] Advantageously, the type, controllability, and specific situation of the current and projected local computing capacities can be taken into account, particularly with regard to latency, criticality, pauseability, pricing, and / or contractual aspects. Advantageously, the desired heat and cooling output of at least one data center can be considered, especially for the local needs of the system components and other local users.

[0122] Advantageously, dynamic relief or additional load for local energy consumption in the respective system can be achieved via computing power control.

[0123] This allows the creation of island grid systems with at least one data center, which, through the respective local coupling of decentralized energy and digital economies, can achieve the highest possible overall efficiency and resilience for energy and data, thus significantly reducing current losses and inefficiencies, contributing to the security of supply of energy and digital infrastructure, and likely reducing the costs of the energy and digital transition.

[0124] According to a favorable design of the method, the transfer, exchange and / or control of computing power and / or electrical energy and / or electrical power and / or full or empty storage capacity can take place at least depending on a current and / or predicted charge and / or aging state of at least one local storage device and / or at least one system-independent storage device.

[0125] With a favorable design of the procedure, the transfer and / or exchange and / or control of at least one of computing power, electrical energy, electrical power, full or empty storage capacity can take place depending on current and / or predicted, in particular dynamic, respective local site parameters of the coupled systems in the network.

[0126] Advantageously, the respective current and predictable local energy generation, internal energy demands, and / or energy storage from the at least one energy generation plant and / or the at least one local storage facility can be taken into account. Advantageously, the current and predictable local supply demand of the respective at least one data center, in particular for computing power and / or heat production, can be taken into account.

[0127] Advantageously, the security capacity reserve, which must be dynamically maintained locally for each of the at least one local data center, can be taken into account in the at least one local storage facility. This reserve can depend on the expansion stage and / or the current utilization rate and / or the controllability of the computing power of the at least one data center, as well as the current and forecasted generation capacity of the at least one local, particularly renewable, energy generation plant or the local usability of its natural energy storage, especially in the form of wind energy and / or solar energy. For example, in this way, if long periods of high power availability are forecast for the at least one local, particularly renewable, energy generation plant, more capacity of the at least one storage facility can be dynamically used for energy-related purposes of the system, such as grid services or free electricity trading.

[0128] Advantageously, the current and predictable local supply requirements of any other locally prioritized or, in particular, dynamically deprioritizable consumers can be taken into account. Advantageously, corresponding location parameters of connected, system-independent network components can also be considered.

[0129] With a favorable design of the method, the transfer and / or exchange and / or control of at least one of computing power, electrical energy, electrical power, full or empty storage capacity can take place depending on current and / or predicted, in particular dynamic, external environmental parameters of the network.

[0130] Advantageously, current and predictable natural and man-made parameters, in particular seasonal, cyclical, weather-dependent and / or climate-dependent parameters, and their effects on regional, country-specific and / or continental energy production as well as industrial, media and / or societal electricity, heat and computing power use can be taken into account.

[0131] It is advantageous to take into account current and predictable regional, country-specific and / or continental electricity prices, heat prices and / or computing power prices, and corresponding charges, fees, levies, taxes, duties and / or requirements.

[0132] Advantageously, the current and predictable general and / or regional supply situation and / or development, as well as the security-relevant supply security of the general electricity supply, in particular the available power plant capacities of the various generation types, the availability of cooling and groundwater for supplying power plants, the global oil, gas, coal and hydrogen supply, the logistical transport routes and the relevant available technologies, especially with regard to digitalization, energy industry and organization, can be taken into account.

[0133] In the event of predictably high generation output in the general grid, the state of at least one storage device can be selected such that locally generated energy from at least one power generation plant in the system is still produced and stored locally, thus avoiding a forced shutdown. This can advantageously lead to higher efficiency of the local power generation plant. Conversely, in the event of a general grid failure, no grid services can be provided to the general grid anyway, so that the full or empty storage capacity of the at least one storage device is entirely available to the respective system.

[0134] With a favorable design of the procedure, a forecasting and / or operational and / or documentation model for the network, particularly one that is data-centric, temporally dynamic and spatially topologically designed, and based on modern AI technology, can be regularly trained, continuously resolving, and using the model results of this location-related and / or asset-related optimization within the network. These results can then be transferred automatically, semi-automatically, and / or manually, directly or indirectly, to the respective control software of the individual system components and system-independent network components at the respective local location within the network. drawing

[0135] Further advantages will become apparent from the following description of the drawings. The figures illustrate exemplary embodiments of the invention. The figures, the description, and the claims contain numerous features in combination. Those skilled in the art will also expediently consider the features individually and combine them into useful further combinations.

[0136] They show, for example: Fig. 1 an embodiment of a network according to the invention with decentralized distributed systems with respective local island networks; Fig. 2. Another embodiment of a system according to the invention, comprising a local power grid or island grid with a local substation and an external supply network connected via this grid, a power generation plant, a data center, a storage facility and any other local consumers; and Fig. 3. A block diagram of the system according to Fig. 2 with optional connection to another local substation. Embodiments of the invention

[0137] In the figures, similar or equivalent components are numbered with the same reference symbols. The figures merely show examples and are not to be understood as limiting.

[0138] Before the invention is described in detail, it should be noted that it is not limited to the respective components of the composite or the respective process steps, as these components and processes can vary. The terms used here are intended solely to describe particular embodiments and are not used restrictively. Furthermore, where the singular or indefinite articles are used in the description or in the claims, this also refers to the plural of these elements, unless the overall context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0139] The directional terminology used below, including terms like "left," "right," "above," "below," "in front," "behind," "after," and the like, serves only to improve the understanding of the figures and is in no way intended to limit their generality. The components and elements depicted, their interpretation, and their use may vary according to the considerations of a person skilled in the art and may be adapted to specific applications and site conditions.

[0140] Fig. Figure 1 schematically shows a network 2000 with several decentralized distributed systems 1100 with each local island network 1010 according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0141] The systems 1100 each have at least one storage device 300, at least one local power grid 1000 in the form of an island grid 1010 and at least one local substation 120 with a connection to at least one electrical supply network 1500 (see Fig. 2) with which the systems are directly or indirectly connected or connectable to each other during normal operation. Advantageously, the respective island grid 1010 also includes at least one local energy generation plant 100, in particular in the form of at least one renewable energy generation plant 110 (see Fig. 2), for example in the form of a wind farm 150 (see Fig. 2) and / or a solar park 160 (see Fig. 2) Particularly advantageously, the respective island network 1010 also includes at least one local data center 200 and any other local consumers 170 (see Fig. 2) The at least one energy generation plant 100, 110, 150, 160 can, alone and / or together with the at least one storage facility, supply the island grid 1010 and / or additionally supply and / or receive electrical energy, electrical power and / or full or empty storage capacity from a supply network 1500, and via this network also from other systems or system-independent components in the network 2000. The at least one data center 200 can control at least parts of its computing power locally and / or transfer, exchange or control it with other systems or system-independent data centers 210 in the network 2000, among other things to control the local electrical power, the stored energy and / or its own or others' local heat demand as well as the potential requirements for the respective computing power.

[0142] There can be several energy generation plants 100, data centers 200 and storage facilities 300 in each island grid 1010, which can be of the same type and / or different types and / or of different sizes.

[0143] In the respective island grid 1010, the at least one storage facility 300 is advantageously designed such that, in total across the local storage facilities, it has a system-critical capacity of at least 100 MW of electrical power and 100 MWh of storage capacity. The at least one, in particular renewable, power generation plant is advantageously designed such that, in total across the local power generation plants, it has a peak power of at least 10 MW. The at least one data center 200, as an electrical consumer, is advantageously designed such that, in continuous operation, it requires a maximum of 100% of the average annual locally generated electrical energy of the at least one power generation plant 100, 110 and has an efficient capacity of at least 1 MW in total across the local data centers.The at least one substation 120 and the grid connection of the connected electrical supply network 1500, especially at high or extra-high voltage level, are designed at least once for the power of the largest system component, preferably at least one and a half times the combined power of the local storage facilities, in order to be able to carry out all charging and discharging, generation and consumption processes in the system without problems even over longer periods, and to ensure the availability of the grid connection for the system components via redundancies even during maintenance or other planned operational requirements.

[0144] Furthermore, the interplay of the dimensions of the at least one, in particular renewable, energy generation plant and the at least one storage facility advantageously ensures that a major foreseeable interruption of the local power supply by the at least one energy generation plant, even in the case of significant annual fluctuations in generation, is reliably bridged locally, at least for the own needs of the system components, in particular of the at least one local data center, even in the case of a potential reduction in storage quality over the life cycle of the storage facility 300.

[0145] Thus, the electrical connection capacity of the at least one data center 200 in the island grid 1010 is designed to be relatively small as an electrical consumer, ideally approximately 10% of the peak power of an intermittent renewable energy generation plant and approximately 1% of the storage capacity and power output, for a reliable supply for two 48+ hour periods while simultaneously enabling efficient dual-use of the storage system for general power supply. Therefore, supplying the at least one data center 200 with electrical energy via the at least one (in particular renewable) generation plant 100 and the at least one storage system 300 allows for reliable and, if necessary, self-sufficient operation, even under full or high load of the computing components.

[0146] The island grid 1010 itself is independent of external electrical supply networks 1500 (see Fig. 2) Operable. In normal operation, the data center 200 and any other local consumers do not receive energy from the supply network 1500, but are supplied with energy locally via at least one energy generation plant and / or at least one storage facility.

[0147] At least two systems 1100 are coupled at least temporarily to transfer at least a portion of electrical energy, electrical power and / or full or empty storage capacity from the at least one storage device 300 and / or the at least one energy generation plant 100 directly or indirectly to another system, exchange it with the other system and / or optimally control it for the needs of the individual system, the network and / or the general power supply, and / or to transfer, exchange, and / or optimally control at least a portion of the computing power of their data centers 200 for the needs of the individual location, the network and / or the general power supply.

[0148] Optionally, the system 2000 includes additional system-independent components, such as at least one, in particular renewable, generation plant 102, at least one data center 210, at least one storage facility 310, which may in particular comprise a battery, a hydrogen chain or a water storage system, and / or at least one additional consumer 172, which, for example, are supplied in a conventional manner and generally do not have an island grid 1010. In this way, the electrical energy, electrical generation and / or consumption capacity, storage capacity and / or computing power controlled in the system 2000 can be increased.

[0149] Fig. Figure 2 schematically shows an island grid 1010 of a system 1100. Fig. 1 according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0150] Analogous to the above description of the Fig. 1. The systems 1100 feature the system components 1000, 1010, 100, 110, 120, 150, 160, 170, 200, 300 and 1500 described above. Optionally, several local facilities of each type are also possible, in various forms, sizes and / or designs, for example an additional separate backup substation 122 (see...). Fig. 3) Depending on the location, there may also be local waste heat users who absorb the waste heat from the data center 200; for the sake of clarity, this has been omitted from this illustration.

[0151] The local energy generation plant 100 is exemplified as a renewable energy generation plant 110 in the form of a wind-solar hybrid park with a wind farm 150 comprising individual wind turbines and a solar park 160 comprising individual solar panels. The depicted local data center 200 comprises, by way of example, four unspecified data center modules. The local storage facility 300 is exemplified as a battery, in particular as a system-critical large-scale battery, which in this embodiment comprises eight unspecified storage arrays. Local consumers 170 can, for example, be electrolyzers.

[0152] Dashed arrow lines indicate Fig. Figure 2 illustrates that the local data center 200 and the local storage facility 300 are primarily supplied with energy directly by the local power generation plant 100. The dotted line between the local storage facility 300 and the local data center 200 indicates an on-demand power supply for the local data center 200 by the local storage facility 300, as a backup supply when the power generation plant 100 is unavailable or only available at limited capacity.

[0153] It may be intended that the local storage facility 300 also provides for the self-sufficiency of the local energy generation plant 100, 110 or the wind turbine 150, for example for rotor heating in winter, and the solar plant 160, which is not particularly emphasized.

[0154] As in Fig. As can be seen in Figure 2, system 1100 has a substation 120 in addition to the island grid 1010. This substation forms a network transfer node to which the external supply network 1500 is connected, and separates the island grid 1010 from the supply network 1500. An arrow to the right of substation 120 indicates that the power from the energy generation plant 100 is usually delivered directly or indirectly to the external supply network 1500 via substation 120 at the corresponding voltage level.

[0155] A power supply from substation 120 to data center 200 and storage facility 300, and from storage facility 300 to data center 200, is shown with dotted lines in Fig. 2 indicated. At the same time, the storage facility 300 can fulfill its primary purpose of providing grid services and supply power, energy, and / or full or empty storage capacity to the supply network 1500, or feed traded electricity volumes into and / or receive them into the supply network 1500. This is shown in the same way as a feed-in from the local power generation plant 100 via the arrow from substation 120 to the supply network 1500. For the sake of clarity, a further arrow from storage facility 300 to substation 120 has been omitted here and will only be shown in Fig. 3 shown in more detail.

[0156] Data center 200 and storage facility 300 are conveniently located adjacent to substation 120, or near a potential local waste heat reuser from the data center, which is not shown here.

[0157] It is understood that each of the local components of the system 1100, i.e., power generation plant 100, data center 200, storage facility 300 and any other local consumers 170, may of course have its own conversion devices, not explicitly shown, for converting a respective voltage level and / or voltage type and / or a respective frequency.

[0158] Fig. Figure 3 shows a schematic block diagram of the system. Fig. 2, with optional connection to another local substation, according to a favorable embodiment of the invention.

[0159] The in Fig. The separate backup substation 122 shown in Figure 3 can advantageously supply the data center 200 and / or the storage facility 300 with energy in case of special demand. The substation 120 and the power generation plant 100 can charge the storage facility 300, which is designed as a battery. Conversely, the storage facility 300 can supply energy to the substation 120 and, if necessary, to the power generation plant 100 and the data center 200.

[0160] In Fig. 3. The thin solid lines from power generation plant 100 to substation 120, storage facility 300, and data center 200 indicate the primary energy supply in system 1100 as direct operational supply by power generation plant 100. In this case, energy is supplied from substation 120 to a supply network 1500 (not shown) (see figure 3). Fig. 2) handed over.

[0161] Any conversion equipment that may be present for converting the respective voltage level and / or voltage type and / or the respective frequency of power generation plant 100, data center 200 and storage facility 300 is not shown.

[0162] The thick solid lines between storage facility 300 and data center 200, as well as between storage facility 300 and power generation plant 100, indicate a temporary, partial, or permanent residual power supply to data center 200 or the self-consumption supply of power generation plant 100 from the local storage facility 300, if data center 200 or the self-consumption of power generation plant 100 cannot be adequately supplied via the direct supply from power generation plant 100.

[0163] The dotted lines from storage facility 300 to substation 120 and to the separate substation 122 signify the use of storage facility 300 for grid services, electricity and / or capacity trading via the supply networks 1500 connected to substations 120 and 122.

[0164] The dashed lines from the separate substation 122 to the data center 200 and from the substation 120 to the storage facility 300 indicate optional, typically existing direct or indirect power grid connections to the data center 200, which can represent an additional increase in supply security for the system 1100, for example if the local power generation plant 100 should fail permanently.

[0165] The further dashed line from storage facility 300 to data center 200 indicates the provision of a locally stored emergency power reserve capacity of at least 48 hours in order to meet the requirements of the selected availability class for a temporary or permanent emergency power supply of data center 200, possibly dynamically extended based on the forecast of the performance and availability of the energy generation plant 100, especially in the case of renewable energy generation plant 110 with its natural energy storage, for example wind energy or solar energy.

[0166] Control of the electrical consumption of data center 200 by actively controlling the computing power or by any other local consumers is in Fig. 3 is not shown in detail. A potential direct, continuous DC power supply from a battery-type storage device 300 to the computing components of the data center 200 is also not shown.

[0167] Other temporary emergency power supply facilities for the data center, such as uninterruptible power supplies and generators for permanent emergency power supply and / or connections for a mobile emergency power supply, are not described in detail. A priority circuit, which would be advantageous for prioritizing the power supply of data center 200 by storage facility 300, is also not described in detail.

[0168] The local system 1100 is exemplified with a sufficiently large renewable energy generation plant 110, a small data center 200 and a system-critical large storage facility 300 with sufficient stored energy for an ecologically favorable, self-sufficient, autonomous data center 200 or system 1100.

[0169] As a concrete but non-limiting example, the energy generation plant 100, in the form of a wind-solar hybrid park, exhibits peak outputs of 54 MW from wind energy and 9 MW from solar energy. The wind-solar hybrid park, the data center 200 with, for example, a connected load of 1 MW primarily for operating the computing components, and the storage facility 300, in the form of a large battery with a capacity of 100 MW and a storage capacity of, for example, 100 MWh, exemplify the local system consisting of a renewable energy source, a small data center 200, and a large storage facility 300 with sufficient stored energy for an ecologically sound, self-sufficient, and autonomous data center 200 or system 1100.The generation capacity of this wind-solar hybrid park is more than fifty times greater than the connection capacity of this data center 200, so that even with current generation technology, a full direct supply of the data center 200 in the island grid 1010 of the system 1100 can be achieved most of the time.

[0170] With further technological advancements in renewable energy generation, baseload-based generation can continue to grow and enable larger, locally self-sufficient data centers.

[0171] The large battery selected here as storage unit 300 can bridge the full data center load for approximately 100 hours, or more than four full days, depending on its lifespan, until sufficient power is automatically available locally via the renewable energy sources of the power generation plant 100. As a rule, even during extended periods of calm winds, the large battery is sufficiently recharged every 24 hours by local solar energy.

[0172] The previously known local periods of low wind and mandatory nighttime shutdowns, i.e., times with less than 1 MW of power output, lasting up to 55 hours in this specific wind-solar hybrid park, will also be reliably bridged. Data Center 200 does not have to be the only electricity consumer directly within the wind-solar hybrid park. For example, if Data Center 200 is given lower priority in the power supply within the wind-solar hybrid park, e.g., after two electrolyzers as further local consumers, 170 (see...) can be prioritized. Fig. 2) with 2 MW each, the data center 200 will only use the local generation of the energy generation plant 100 from 4 MW generation onwards, and the batteries will only be served secondarily from 5 MW onwards.

[0173] This results in local generation gaps of less than 5 MW for up to 90 hours at the power generation plant 100. However, these gaps can be reliably bridged locally by the capacity of the storage facility 300, even during a prolonged power outage. Prioritizing the data center 200 and, if necessary, the battery, at least during a prolonged blackout or periods of low wind and solar power lasting more than 24 hours, is recommended and increases resilience, as these are merely statistical generation profiles or expected values ​​for the power generation plant 100 within the system 1100.

[0174] In contrast to a conventional diesel emergency power supply in a conventional data center, where the diesel storage tanks would typically need to be refueled after about 48 hours, assuming this were even possible in such an emergency situation (i.e., where personnel, communication, transport routes, means of transport and fuel, in this case in the form of diesel, are sufficiently prioritized over the supply of power plants, hospitals and other civilian and military emergency services), a system 1100 according to the invention with at least one data center 200 can be automatically and sufficiently supplied even in the event of a prolonged blackout, thus remaining permanently self-sufficient.

[0175] In the design of System 1100, in addition to the basic energy supply, it can be ensured that sufficient frequency stability is provided for the island operation of the wind-solar hybrid park of System 1100, e.g., via a partially existing self-power mode of the wind turbines and / or a so-called microgrid controller, as well as via other potential island operation or black start devices in the island grid, in particular through the storage unit 300. Such a design can be provided if the storage unit 300 is implemented, for example, via a battery or a hydrogen chain consisting of an electrolyzer with storage and a fuel cell and / or gas turbine.

[0176] Advantageously, at least one data center 200 can be sustainably and efficiently equipped, for example, with hot water cooling for use cases with high energy and hardware utilization and high IT density. The data center 200 can be designed directly for the respective use case, even with different modules, e.g., for operating cloud infrastructures or specific, typically batch-operated, computing services such as artificial intelligence (AI) or supercomputing / high-performance computing (HPC).

[0177] As a direct cloud data center or a direct AI / HPC data center designed in this way, IT densities of, for example, 50 kW or even more than 100 kW per rack can be provided for the compute nodes, instead of the typical 3-8 kW per rack with conventional air cooling. Besides more efficient cooling and high-quality heat dissipation, this also offers the advantage of significant space efficiency in the area required for the computing components.

[0178] Controlling computing power is also possible for data center customers with a sustainability focus or those interested in dynamic energy prices: In batch-operated applications such as AI or HPC, as well as in cloud infrastructures, the computing load can generally be shifted in time or location if there is an unfavorable renewable energy supply situation in the system and / or in the network of systems, and / or if there is an economic incentive for particularly high utilization of the storage capacity of the storage facility for the general power supply. This controlling of computing power is exemplified only in Fig.The dashed line indicates the connection between system 1100 with data centers 200 and the system-independent data center 210. Many HPC workloads require several hours or days for the calculations performed there anyway. Even with today's cloud services, a time shift often occurs automatically if a region experiences abnormal operation and delivers insufficient performance.

[0179] It may also be advantageous to have heat and cold storage for the data center 200 as described, in particular counter-cyclic heat and cold storage using geothermal energy with ground probes.

[0180] The system's Data Center 200, as designed, thus enables largely unmanned operation through full remote control and monitoring without on-site personnel or customers, as well as "self-healing" of the customer configuration in the aforementioned use cases. In these scenarios, a partial hardware failure, such as of hard drives or compute nodes, is generally not problematic; these failures are simply logically ignored and thus "self-healed," even if the overall storage or computing capacity decreases marginally. This allows for the replacement of defective components to be carried out in a concentrated, targeted manner or postponed over weeks, months, or even years.

[0181] In these modern use cases, the direct data center can easily operate without permanent on-site staff, and customers can fully control their computing loads remotely.

[0182] In addition to the usual redundant fiber optic connections, a "satellite backup" can be provided, meaning self-sufficiency ensured through satellite backup communication. Modern satellite communication, such as SpaceX Starlink, enables the self-sufficient Data Center 200 to receive computing tasks remotely and fulfill its functions for customers even during a regional or continental long-term blackout. In contrast, conventional fiber optic connections are generally not permanently available without power, or, in the case of a continental outage, there may be no receiving fiber optic endpoint. Therefore, in the event of a long-term blackout and potentially subsequent downstream failures, such as reduced on-site personnel availability due to lack of transport logistics and normal fiber optic communication, this Data Center 200 will not experience any significant operational limitations.

[0183] By using a storage system 300, such as this large battery with 100 MW and 100 MWh, and a sufficiently sized renewable energy generation plant, it is expected that both dedicated fossil fuel-powered emergency generators can be dispensed with and the storage capacity of the dedicated uninterruptible power supply (UPS) can be reduced, since the megabattery can take over the power supply of data center 200 or the replenishment of energy to the UPS within a few milliseconds, especially if storage system 300 has priority over data center 200. Thus, the UPS's task here focuses on ensuring the quality of the power for the IT and not on bridging multiple diesel start attempts.

[0184] When using a storage facility 300 in the form of a large battery and direct data centers, where no customers but only selectively trained specialists need to enter the rooms of the respective data center 200, it is optional to switch completely to a continuous DC power supply for the primary internal power supply, so that the usually multiple AC-DC converters and their power losses can be saved.

[0185] Advantageously, at least one data center 200 can thus be supplied locally with DC power sources, in particular the locally available DC power source such as the large battery, which is advantageous for all consumers in at least one data center 200, especially the computer components, which often themselves operate on a DC basis, but are now usually designed for AC power in the server housings or chassis as standard.

[0186] When using a storage facility 300 in the form of this large battery, its power and capacity can be used in normal operation for so-called grid services such as grid frequency stabilization by means of primary and secondary control, for intraday and day-ahead trading, as well as for free energy trading with green and grey energy and for capacity trading with full or empty storage capacity, in particular as operational “dual-use” use with simultaneous partial use as a security system of the data center 200.

[0187] In addition to renewable energy generation plants 110 based on wind or solar power, other renewable energy sources and storage technologies, such as run-of-river and storage hydroelectric power plants and / or pumped-storage hydroelectric power plants, or combinations thereof, can also be used. Here, too, depending on the design, it can be ensured that the local island grid 1010 of the system 1100 remains available even during a prolonged blackout. However, as tragically seen in the Ukraine war, individual, very large storage facilities can have higher failure risks than distributed systems.

[0188] Within the network of 2000, different energy generation plants (100) from decentralized systems (1100) can interact. Similarly, different energy storage facilities (300) can interact within the network of 2000, and optionally, system-independent network components as well.

[0189] The network 2000 now consists of at least two such depicted systems 1100, which are coupled at least temporarily to transfer, exchange and / or advantageously control at least part of the computing power of their data centers 200 locally and / or temporally for a single location and / or the network and / or the general power supply, and / or to transfer, exchange and / or advantageously control at least part of the electrical generation and / or consumption power, electrical energy and / or full or empty storage capacity directly or indirectly available in the island grid 1010 from the respective storage facility 300 and / or the power generation plant 100 and / or the data center 200 and / or local consumers 170 for the single location and / or network and / or the general power supply.

[0190] The process for operating and controlling this network (2000) is now a complex optimization of numerous individual local site parameters and external environmental parameters with regard to the overall market situation. This optimization is advantageously consolidated and continuously resolved within a data-centric, temporally dynamic, spatially topological forecasting, operational, and documentation model. Key aspects of the forecast, in addition to logical dependencies, can be optimized using AI-based models, and the results consolidated in an operational model. From this operational model, location-specific and asset-specific control commands are then ideally transferred, largely automatically, to the respective control software of the individual system components and system-independent network components at the various locations.Suggestions for these parameters are already detailed in the claims and description and will not be explicitly repeated here.

[0191] Finally, preferably directly within the forecasting, operating and documentation model, for example in a separate balancing group for the network and / or as required for individual locations, a performance-related balancing of the individual energy flows is carried out based on real feedback from the system components and system-independent network components.

[0192] The necessary documentation and information obligations for the respective stakeholders involved, for example, for maintaining permits, market information obligations, and customer information, are also conveniently provided automatically from this model in the required form or stored for a sufficient period of time. Furthermore, interfaces to trading platforms can be established, or energy trading can be conducted directly or indirectly via the model. Reference sign 100 energy generation plant 102 system-independent energy generation plant 110 renewable energy generation plants 120 substation 122 Substation 150 Wind farm (or wind turbine) 160 Solar park (or solar power plant) 170 more local consumers 172 system-independent consumers 200 data centers 210 system-independent data center 300 storage device 310 system-independent storage device 1000 local power grid 1010 island network 1100 System 1500 supply network 2000 network QUOTES INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION

[0000] This list of documents cited by the applicant was automatically generated and is included solely for the reader's convenience. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA accepts no liability for any errors or omissions. Cited non-patent literature

[0000] Standards EN 50600 of 2012

[0054] ISO / IEC 22237 of 2021

[0054]

Claims

[1] Network (2000) with decentrally distributed local systems (1100), in particular with supra-regional or transnational distribution, wherein at least two of the systems (1100) each have at least one local storage device (300) and at least one local power grid (1000), in particular at least one local storage device (300), at least one local power grid (1000) and at least one local substation (120) with a respective connection to an external electrical supply network (1500), in particular an external electrical supply network (1500) at high voltage level and / or extra-high voltage level, wherein the respective at least one storage device (300) in total of the storage devices (300) via the respective local system (1100) has an electrical power critical for the energy supply system in the order of magnitude of at least 100 MW, as well as a corresponding capacity in the same order of magnitude of at least 100 MWh, and wherein the at least two systems (1100) are at least temporarily coupled to one another in order to locally and / or temporally transfer, exchange and / or control at least a portion of an electrical energy and / or electrical power and / or full or empty storage capacity directly or indirectly available in the respective system (1100) from the at least one storage device (300) for the respective system (1100) and / or the network (2000) and / or a general power supply according to respective requirements and / or forecasts. [2] Network according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the systems (1100) in addition to the at least one storage device (300) locally additionally comprises at least one energy generation plant (100) with a power peak in the order of magnitude of at least 10 MW in total of one or more energy generation plants (100) via the respective local system (1100). [3] Network according to claim 2, wherein the at least one energy generation plant (100) of the at least one system (1100) uses as a regenerative energy generation plant (110) at least one regenerative energy source, in particular at least one discontinuous regenerative energy source, in particular wind energy and / or solar energy, in particular in the form of a wind farm (150) and / or solar farm (160). [4] Network according to one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one of the systems (1100), in addition to the at least one storage device (300) and a possibly locally present at least one energy generation plant (100), in particular regenerative energy generation plant (110), additionally locally has at least one data center (200) with a power peak in the order of magnitude of at least 1 MW in total from one or more data centers (200) via the respective local system (1100). [5] Network according to one of the preceding claims, wherein in the respective system (1100) the at least one data center (200) is connectable or connected for its electrical supply selectively to the at least one local energy generation plant (100) and / or to the at least one local storage device (300), in particular via a priority circuit. [6] Network according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the sum of the local capacities of the at least one local storage device (300) in the respective system (1100) corresponds to at least one, preferably twice, the minimum storage capacity required for the at least one local data center (200) according to its availability class, in particular a capacity to safely bridge locally a largest foreseeable interruption of the local power supply by the at least one power generation plant (100). [7] Network according to one of the preceding claims, wherein at least two of the systems (1100) are at least temporarily coupled to one another with system-side data centers (200) in order to transfer, exchange and / or control at least part of the computing power of their data centers (200) locally and / or temporally for the respective system (1100) and / or the network (2000) and / or for the purposes of a general power supply according to respective requirements and / or forecasts. [8] Network according to one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one of the systems (1100) has an island network (1010), which is designed at least for temporary and / or permanent island operation and / or black start capability, as a local power grid (1000) of the system components (100, 200, 300), wherein the at least one transformer substation (120) separates the local power grid (1000), in particular island network (1010), from an external electrical supply network (1500), in particular an electrical supply network (1500) at high voltage level or extra-high voltage level. [9] Network according to one of the preceding claims, wherein in the respective system (1100) the at least one data center (200) is designed as an electrical consumer such that in continuous operation it requires a maximum of 100% of the annual average locally generated electrical energy of the at least one energy generation plant (100), so that the at least one data center (200) and / or the entire local system (1100) can be operated temporarily and / or permanently locally autonomously with appropriate design of the system components (100, 200, 300) and the local power grid (1000), in particular the island grid (1010). [10] Network according to one of the preceding claims, wherein in the respective system (1100) the at least one data center (200) provides a heat and / or cold supply, in particular a heat and / or cold supply for users in a local environment of the system. [11] Composite according to one of the preceding claims, wherein in the respective system (1100) one of the at least one storage device (300) has at least one electrochemical storage device, in particular a battery, and / or a hydrogen storage device, and / or a water storage device. [12] Network according to one of the preceding claims, wherein in the respective system (1100) at least one further local consumer (170) for the electrical supply by the respective at least one energy generation plant (100) and / or the respective at least one storage device (300) is present, in particular wherein the at least one further local consumer (170) is arranged in the electrical supply by the respective at least one energy generation plant (100) and / or the respective at least one storage device (300) relative to the respective at least one data center (200) so as to be temporarily or permanently prioritizable or deprioritizable, preferably deprioritizable, particularly preferably dynamically deprioritizable, as needed. [13] Network according to one of the preceding claims, comprising additional system-independent components, in particular at least one of: system-independent, in particular regenerative, energy generation plant (102), at least one system-independent data center (210), at least one system-independent storage device (310), at least one possible system-independent consumer (172), and are coupled at least temporarily to at least one of the systems (1100) in order to transfer spatially and / or temporally at least part of a computing power of at least one data center (200, 210) and / or at least part of an electrical energy and / or power and / or full or empty storage capacity directly or indirectly available from at least one energy generation plant (100, 102) and / or at least one storage device (300, 310) and / or a possible consumer (170, 172),to exchange and / or to control for the respective system (1100) and / or the network (2000) and / or a general power supply according to respective requirements and / or forecasts. [14] Method for operating a network (2000) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the network (2000) comprises decentrally distributed systems (1100), wherein at least two of the systems (1100) according to one of the preceding claims each have at least one local storage device (300), each have at least one local power grid (1000), in particular island grid (1010), each have at least one transformer substation (120) connected to an electrical supply grid (1500), in particular at high voltage level or extra-high voltage level, and preferably also at least one energy generation plant (100), in particular regenerative energy generation plant (110), particularly preferably also at least one local data center (200) and any further local consumers (170), and wherein at least two systems (1100) are at least temporarily coupled to one another in order to locally and / or temporally transfer, exchange and / or control at least a portion of an electrical energy and / or electrical power and / or full or empty storage capacity directly or indirectly available in the respective system (1100) from the at least one storage device (300) for the respective system (1100) and / or the network (2000) and / or a general power supply according to respective requirements and / or forecasts. [15] Method according to claim 14, wherein at least two systems (1100) are at least temporarily coupled to one another in order to transfer, exchange and / or control locally and / or temporally at least a part of an electrical energy and / or electrical power directly or indirectly available in the respective system (1100) from the at least one, in particular regenerative, energy generation plant (100, 110) for the respective system (1100) and / or the network (2000) and / or a general power supply according to respective requirements and forecasts. [16] Method according to claim 14 or 15, wherein at least two systems (1100) are at least temporarily coupled to one another in order to transfer, exchange and / or control at least part of the computing power of their data centers (200) locally and / or temporally for the respective system (1100) and / or the network (2000) and / or the general power supply according to respective requirements and / or forecasts. [17] Method according to one of claims 14 to 16, wherein transfer, exchange and / or control of computing power and / or electrical energy and / or electrical power and / or full or empty storage capacity takes place at least depending on a current and / or predicted charge and / or aging state of at least one local storage device (300) and / or at least one system-independent storage device (310). [18] Method according to one of claims 14 to 17, wherein transfer and / or exchange and / or control of at least one of computing power, electrical energy, electrical power, full or empty storage capacity, takes place depending on current and / or forecast, in particular dynamic, respective local location parameters of the coupled systems (1100) in the network (2000). [19] Method according to one of claims 14 to 18, wherein transfer, exchange and / or control of computing power, electrical energy, electrical power and / or full or empty storage capacity takes place depending on current and / or forecast, in particular dynamic, external environmental parameters of the network (2000). [20] Method according to one of claims 14 to 19, wherein a, in particular data-centric, temporally dynamic and spatially topologically designed, forecast model and / or operating model and / or documentation model for the network (2000), in particular based on modern AI technology, is regularly trained and continuously re-solved and used, in particular wherein the model results of this location-related and / or asset-related optimization in the network (2000) are transferred automatically, semi-automatically and / or manually directly or indirectly into the respective control software of the individual system components and system-independent network components (100, 102, 200, 210, 300, 310, 170, 172) at the respective local location in the network (2000).

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