Quantum computer with a quantum computer-implemented quantum computer program

Abstract

The invention relates to a quantum computer comprising a sample (21) with paramagnetic centers, preferably in the form of NV centers (22), and a pump radiation source (1). The pump radiation source (1) irradiates the paramagnetic centers and / or NV centers (22) with pump radiation (54) of a pump radiation wavelength (λ) via a first optical path (70) using an optical system. pmpThe optical system detects the fluorescence radiation (33) from the paramagnetic centers (22) and directs the fluorescence radiation (33) via a second optical path (71) to a photodetector (50) and / or a single-photon detector (50). The first optical path (70) differs from the second optical path (71) at least in part. The photodetector (50) and / or the single-photon detector (50) convert the fluorescence signal of the fluorescence radiation (33) from the paramagnetic centers (22) into at least one measurement signal and / or at least one measured value. The quantum computer uses this at least one measurement signal or this at least one measured value to perform a quantum computer-implemented quantum operation.The device is characterized in that the quantum computer has an optical space filter in the second optical subpath and a quantum computer monitoring device (113) which also monitors the optical functional elements.

Description

Priorities

[0001] This application claims priority from German patent application DE 10 2023 123 223.1 of August 29, 2023. Field of invention

[0002] The present invention relates to quantum computers according to the preamble of claim 1. In particular, the invention relates to the use of a spatial filter in the optics box of a quantum computer based on paramagnetic centers, in particular NV centers. General introduction

[0003] This document describes a groundbreaking invention in the field of quantum computing technology, focusing on the optical and / or mechanical design of the optical system of a quantum computer based on paramagnetic centers, in particular NV centers, and its integration into a standardized 19" server cabinet or 19" rack. From this size and below, the quantum computer will be referred to as a "mobile quantum computer." The enormous advances in quantum physics have paved the way for a new era of computing, and this novel quantum computer builds on the unique properties of, for example, NV centers (nitrogen vacancy centers) to achieve exceptional performance and scalability.

[0004] In the course of developing quantum computers, many challenges accompany the transition from theoretical concepts to practical applications. In particular, the mechanical design of the optical system is of great importance, as it forms the basis for the error-free operation of the quantum computer. Our invention aims to overcome these challenges by presenting an innovative design and arrangement of the optical system that improves the efficiency, stability, and accuracy of the entire quantum computer.

[0005] Furthermore, the placement and integration of a quantum computer in a standardized 19" server rack is crucial for integration into existing data centers and the utilization of existing infrastructure. Our paper describes an optimized installation of the NV center-based quantum computer in a 19" server rack to ensure seamless integration and cost-effective use.

[0006] The described invention marks a significant advance in quantum computing technology and opens up new possibilities for scientific research, cryptography, materials science, and much more. The claimed mechanical design of the optical system and the arrangement disclosed here in a 19" server cabinet are groundbreaking for the commercial implementation and practical application of quantum computers in a wide variety of industries and application areas. State of the art

[0007] Quantum computers based on NV centers are known from DE 10 2020 101 784 B3 and WO 2021 083 448 A1. The document presented here also refers to the as yet unpublished PCT / EP2023 / 055729.

[0008] DE102020101784B3 deals with a groundbreaking advance in quantum computing technology based on the use of nitrogen vacancy centers in diamonds. To adequately describe the prior art for this patent application, we also refer to Philipp Neumann's dissertation entitled "Towards a room temperature solid-state quantum processor - The nitrogen vacancy center in diamond," which was submitted on December 21, 2011, to the Faculty 8 of Mathematics and Physics at the University of Stuttgart, Germany.

[0009] Philipp Neumann's dissertation marks an important milestone in the research and development of quantum computers based on NV centers in diamonds. NV centers are defects in the crystal lattice of diamonds consisting of a nitrogen atom and a neighboring carbon atom, with a non-displaced electron acting as a quantum bit (also called a "qubit"). The special properties of these defects make them promising candidates for the realization of quantum bits at room temperature.

[0010] Von Neumann's work focuses extensively on characterizing and investigating the optical and magnetic properties of NV centers. In particular, he investigates how these properties can be used to control and entangle quantum bits. The interactions between the NV centers and their environment, particularly with microwave and optical fields, are also thoroughly explored.

[0011] A key advantage offered by NV centers as quantum bits is their ability to operate at room temperature, which reduces the need for complex cooling devices and increases the practical feasibility of a quantum processor.

[0012] The findings from Philipp Neumann's dissertation lay the foundation for further developments and research in the field of NV-center-based quantum computing technology. They also paved the way for the aforementioned German patent, which focuses on the mechanical design of the optical system of an NV-center-based quantum computer and its integration into a 19" server cabinet.

[0013] The interplay between the research results from the dissertation and the innovations described in DE 10 2020 101 784 B3 promises a groundbreaking solution for the realization of high-performance and stable quantum computers based on NV centers in diamonds, which could represent a significant advancement for quantum computing technology.

[0014] However, all of these documents leave open the specific optical and / or mechanical structure of the optical system of a mobile quantum computer. The "optical system of the quantum computer" is understood to mean all optical elements located in the beam path.

[0015] The contents of these documents are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Task

[0016] The present invention is therefore based on the object of providing a solution for the provision of mobile quantum computers.

[0017] This object is achieved with the quantum computer according to the invention as claimed in claim 1. Advantageous further developments are specified in the dependent claims and in the following description together with the figures. Solution to the problem: Proposal for two-qubit gates between NV centers in a pair and their nuclei. Topology and couplings of the qubits.

[0018] The operations described below and their sub-operations described or noted in the figures represent quantum operations in the sense of the document presented here.

[0019] The topology of the qubits of NV-based quantum processors is determined by the special properties of the coupling between the NV centers and the cores. For the 8-qubit QC, we consider an exemplary system consisting of two NV centers, each with three cores (here 2 13 C nuclei close to each NV center and the 14 N or 15 N core of the NV center itself), see Fig. However, in the actual implementation of the QC with at least 8 qubits, the number of cores at each NV can still vary.

[0020] The special feature of NV centers is that the existing nuclear spins only couple to the nearest NV center, and there is only negligible coupling between the nuclear spins themselves and to other NVs. In the following, the nuclear spins and the NV center to which they couple are therefore referred to as qubit nodes. This is also Fig.shown schematically. NV1 with its nuclei represents the first qubit node, NV2 the second. The reason for this type of coupling lies in the physical interactions. To realize a two-qubit gate as a direct operation between two qubits, a sufficiently strong interaction is typically required that changes the energy of the states |0> and |1> of one of the qubits depending on the state of the second qubit in such a way that a transition of the first qubit from approximately |0> to |1> is enabled, whose characteristic transition energy, however, depends on the state of the second qubit, see also Fig.This creates a selective transition that can be triggered at a characteristic microwave frequency by the microwave signal from the microwave source (55) via the microwave lines (57, 59, 61) into the sample (21). Another possibility is to use the physical interaction to generate an additional relative phase between the two qubits, the magnitude of which, in turn, depends on the state configuration of the two qubits. A nuclear hyperfine interaction exists between the nuclei and the electron spin of the NV center. The interaction Hamiltonian between the total electron spin s⇀ and MRI I⇀ can be described with [3]: H^hf=Cmhf[∑i4πδ(r⇀iN)s⇀i⋅I⇀−∑i1‖r⇀iN‖3[s⇀i⋅I⇀−3(s⇀i⋅r⇀iN)(r⇀iN⋅I⇀)‖r⇀iN‖2]] s⇀i is the spin operator of the i-th electron of the individual electrons of the NV center, δ(r⇀) is the delta function r⇀iN=r⇀i−R⇀N is the relative connection vector between position vector ⇀ri of the electron and R ⇀N of the core and Cmhf=μBμNgegNμ04πh2 with Bohr magneton µ B, , nuclear magneton µ N and g-factors of the electron g e and the core g N . H^hf=S⇀⋅A__⋅I⇀

[0021] The first sum describes the Fermi contact interaction through the non-vanishing probability of the electron at the nucleus and the second sum the dipole-dipole interaction. This can be summarized as A__ is the tensor of the hyperfine interaction and is approximately 14 N core defined as (similar definitions are obtained for 13 C): A__=(A⊥000A⊥000A‖) with the axial component of the magnetic hyperfine structure interaction A‖=fA1+2aA1 and the non-axial component A⊥=fA1−aA1.

[0022] Describe fA1=Cmhf4π〈e‖δ(r⇀iN)‖e〉 the Fermi contact interaction and αA1=12Cmhf〈e‖1‖r→iN‖3(3≈iN2‖r→iN‖2−1)‖e〉 The dipole-dipole interaction |e> is the electron wave function. The coupling strengths are in the range of approximately 1-100 MHz [11, 14].

[0023] The dipole-dipole interaction between two nuclear spins now results in similar dependencies as the second sum in Eq. 1, only with Cmhf=μN2gN1gN2μ04πh2 Hdip,N1N2=μ04πh2(μN)2gN1gN2‖r→12‖3[l→1⋅l→2−3(l→1⋅r→12)(l→2⋅r→12)‖r→12‖2]

[0024] The vanishingly small dipole-dipole coupling between two nuclei is due to the small size of the nuclear magneton and the g-factor of the nuclei compared to the Bohr magneton and the g-factor of the electron. The interaction of a nucleus with the electron system of the nearest NV is then approximately (μBge)(μNgN)≈103−104 greater than the interaction with other nuclei [5]

[0025] The latter cannot therefore be used for two-qubit gates. Within a qubit node, the electron spin of the nearest NV must be used to mediate two-qubit gates between the nuclei, as already discussed in the document on the universal gate set of the 4-qubit room-temperature quantum computer.

[0026] The dipole-dipole interaction between the two NV centers can be described analogously with [4, 8]: HdipNV−NV=μ04πh2(μBge)2‖r→12‖3[S→1⋅S→2−3(S→1⋅r→12)(S→2⋅r→12)‖r→12‖2]

[0027] With the total electron spin of the i-th NV S→i and the connecting vector of the two NVs→r12. This can be simplified to [7]: HdipNV−NV≈hvdipS^z,1Sz,2 with a pure coupling of the (now dimensionless) S^ z,i -operators of the two NV center spins. h is Planck's constant and v dip the dipolar coupling strength with: vdip=μ04πh(μbgc)2‖r→12‖3(cosϕ12−3cosϕ1rcosϕ2r)

[0028] The coupling depends on the distance ‖r→12‖ of the two NV centers and the angle between the crystal axes of the two NV centers cos ϕ 12 , as well as the angle cos ϕ irbetween the crystal axis of the i-th NV center and the connecting line between the two. This allows the distance and thus the coupling strength to be adjusted via the implantation energy of N2 molecules and lies in the range of approximately 1 kHz to 1 MHz, see Fig. .

[0029] These couplings are generally relatively weak and it must be noted that a (μBge)(μNgN)≈103−104 small distance and strong coupling of the NV centers reduces the dephasing times T2 and can negatively influence the qubit system. Optimal parameters for the NV pair are determined here for later milestones 2.2, 2.3 and then 2.4 and, according to literature, are in the range of about 10-20 nm

[10] . The nuclei of NV1, for example, have approximately the same distance to NV2 as their NV center NV1. This is because they are only a few A away from the respective NV center

[11] or, in the case of nitrogen, are even contained in it. The interaction between the nuclei of NV1 and the electron spin of NV2 then shows the same dependence as the already weak interaction energy of NV1 and NV2, but again significantly more reduced due to the factor resulting from the replacement of a Bohr magneton and an electron g-factor by a nuclear magneton and nuclear g-factor in Eq. 6 in case of coupling to a core.Due to the large distance to the other NV center, this is negligibly small. This then results in the topology of the qubits in . Fig. , so that two-qubit gates between nuclei of two different NV centers can only be realized by coupling the two NV centers. Two-qubit gate between coupled NY centers

[0030] Due to the weak interaction between the two NV centers, manipulation by means of selective microwave radiation from the microwave source (55) is not possible, as the resulting energetic splitting is smaller than the natural linewidth of the transitions. Therefore, no separate excitation via microwave frequencies of the microwave radiation radiated by the microwave source (55) via the microwave lines (57, 59, 61) into the sample (21) can be achieved. To date, various approaches to the realization of two-qubit gates between the NV centers, which are based on other manipulation techniques

[12] , have been investigated in the literature. Here, for example, the collected relative phase between qubits through the interaction can be used. The time evolution of states can be described using unitary time evolution operators. U(t)=e−iH¯th [1], where Ĥ is the Hamiltonian of the system. Using the temporal evolution of the states under HdipNV−NV with the time evolution operator Udip(t)=e−iHdipNV−NVth≈e−ihvdiptS^z,1S^z,2h can be a relative phase Φ=e−ihvdiptSz,1Sz,2h between different spin states Sz,i∈{−1,0,1} be generated.

[0031] By choosing the interaction time t = τ appropriately, it can be shown

[12] that in the qubit subspace {|0 >, |1 >} ≙ S z,i E {0, -1} of the NV centers Udlp(r)≜eiZ1Z2π / 4 can be obtained. (RZ(π / 2)with URZ1 / 2(π / 2)=e−iZ1 / 2π / 4) With additional one-qubit rotations of the individual NV centers around the Z-axis by the angle π / 2

[12] It can then be shown that a conditional Z-gate (CZ) is realized with the operator [9, 12]: UCZ−eiπ / 4|Udip(r)URZ1(π / 2)URZ2(π / 2)| =ciπ / 4ciZ1Z2π / 4c−iZ1π / 4c−iZ2π / 4=(100001000010000−1) where Z1 and Z2 are the Pauli Z matrices Z=(100−1) on the subspace of qubit 1 and qubit 2. The document presented here refers to Fig. 3. A CNOT gate between the NV centers can then be constructed by combining the CZ gate with single-qubit rotations by the angle π / 2 around the Y-axis of the Bloch sphere (R Y (π / 2)) on the target qubit [2]. UCNOT=URY(π / 2)UCZURY(−π / 2)=(1|000010000010010)

[0032] The corresponding gates are also available as quantum circuits in Fig. 3 shown.

[0033] Another possibility for realizing a CNOT gate between the NV centers is to utilize the so-called Hartmann-Hahn resonance [6] to create an effective coupling between the NV centers. The eigenstates |0> and |1> of each NV center are first brought into a superposed state of |0> and |1> by one-qubit rotations around the Y-axis, which corresponds to a state vector on the Bloch sphere parallel or antiparallel to the X-axis. The NV centers in an NV pair typically have different nuclear environments and correspondingly different energy levels, and thus also different transition energies to induce one-qubit rotations. Now, microwave radiation is radiated by the microwave source (55) via the microwave lines (57, 59, 61) into the sample (21) with NV1 and NV2 with two different frequencies for NV1 and NV2, each causing a rotation of the qubit of NV1 or NV2.NV2 on the Bloch sphere around the X-axis. This fixes the state vectors of the NV centers along the X-axis and creates an energetic splitting of otherwise equivalent states of each NV center, whose state vector is aligned parallel or antiparallel to the X-axis. This energetic separation depends on the power of the microwaves radiated into the sample (21) by the microwave source (55) via the microwave lines (57, 59, 61). If the power of the two microwaves radiated into the sample (21) by the microwave source (55) via the microwave lines (57, 59, 61) is adjusted such that the energy levels of the states with state vectors parallel / antiparallel to the X-axis of NV1 and NV2, shifted by the splitting, have the same energy, then NV1 and NV2 are in resonance and energy can be exchanged. This is again mediated by the dipolar coupling of the NV centers.If the duration of the irradiation of the microwaves by the microwave source (55) via the microwave lines (57, 59, 61) into the sample (21) is chosen for a time period of 2 / v. dip

[12] , the original states of NV1 and NV2 are exchanged, which corresponds to a so-called SWAP gate: (1000001001000001)

[0034] If the microwaves are only used for a time 1 / v dip from the microwave source (55) via the microwave lines (57, 59, 61) into the sample (21), a so-called √SWAP gate is obtained. It can be shown that using such a gate and seven further one-qubit rotations of the individual NV centers, a CNOT gate can be constructed

[12] . 1.3 Two-qubit gates between nuclei at different NY centers

[0035] Since the cores do not couple to each other, a gate sequence must be constructed that contains a two-qubit gate between the NV centers as the only physical connection to another NV node. The NV centers can be used as auxiliary qubits to connect two-qubit gates within an NV node, as well as to implement CNOT gates between any two cores in different NV nodes. For this purpose, the NV centers are initialized to the m state, as in the 4-qubit processor approach. S1 = m S2 = -1. A CNOT gate between two nuclear spins of different nodes can be placed on the m S1 = m S2 = -1 subspace of the NV centers can now be realized using five different simple CNOT gates between the control nuclear spin and the NV center, between the NV centers, and between the NV center and the target nuclear spin. The document presented here refers to the Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. The entire sequence is in Fig. 5 and leaves the NV centers in state M after passing through, regardless of the previous nuclear spin configuration. S1 = m S2 = 1 or |11>. We start with a general state of the nuclei, where the NV centers are both in the state |11>: Ψ=|ψNV1ψNV2ψQ1,1ψQ2,1〉=α|1100〉+β|1101〉+γ|1110〉+δ|1111〉

[0036] Here, let {α, β, γ, δ} ∈ ℂ and <Ψ | Ψ> = 1. A nuclear spin state-selective microwave re-pulse of the microwave signal generated by the microwave source (55) on the electron spin of NV1 (first NV center as first paramagnetic center (22) in sample 21) generates a CNOT gate on the NV1 qubit with the control qubit Q 1,1 and you get: CNOT1Ψ=α|1100〉+β|1101〉+γ|0110〉+δ|0111〉 This switches off the interaction of NV1 and NV2 if the first core was in state |1>. A second CNOT with the control qubit NV1 and the target qubit NV2 is now controlled by a phase gate using the relative phase between the on and off states. switched off dipole-dipole interaction of NV1 and NV2, as in equation 11 and Fig. 3. In the following, CNOT 1,2,...,k-1,k = CNOT k CNOT k-1 ...CNOT2CNOT1. You get: CNOT2,1Ψ=α|1000〉+β|1001〉+γ|0110〉+δ|0111〉

[0037] A selective RF π pulse as CNOT with control qubit NV2 on the second nucleus as the target qubit is now also easy to realize, since the necessary RF frequency to rotate the nuclear spin depends on the state of NV2. In state m S2= -1 or |1 > of NV2, a strong magnetic field is generated at the second nucleus, increasing the transition energy of the nuclear spin states. The nuclear spin is thus only rotated under irradiation at this frequency if NV2 had maintained the state |1 >. This corresponds to a CNOT. One obtains: CNOT3,2,1Ψ=α|1000〉+β|1001〉+γ|0111〉+δ|0110〉

[0038] Now, at the end of the sequence, the state of the NV centers should no longer depend on the original core configuration and return to the original state |11>. This is achieved by re-applying a CNOT with target qubit NV2 and control qubit NV1, using the controlled phase gate, which returns NV2 to the state |1> independent of the state of the first core: CNOT4,3,2,1Ψ=α|1100〉+β|1101〉+γ|0111〉+δ|0110〉

[0039] A final CNOT with the first core as control qubit and NV1 as target qubit restores the state |1 > of the first NV center independently of the state of the first core: CNOT5,4,3,2,1Ψ=α|1100〉+β|1101〉+γ|1111〉+δ|1110〉

[0040] Overall, the sequence CNOT produces 5,4,3,2,1 thus from the core state: Ψcores=|ψQ1,1ψQ2,1〉=α|00〉+β|01〉+γ|10〉+δ|11〉 the condition: CNOT5,4,3,2,1Ψcores=α|00〉+β|01〉+γ|11〉+δ|10〉 or CNOT5,4,3,2,1Ψcores=(αβδγ)=(1000010000010010)(αβγδ)=C1NOT2Ψcores

[0041] References to the section Proposal for two-qubit gates between NV centers in a pair and their nuclei [1] Gennaro Auletta, Mauro Fortunato, and Giorgio Parisi. Quantum Mechanics. Cambridge University Press, April 2009. [2] Yun Heng Chen, Sophie Stearn, Scott Vella, Andrew Horsley, and Marcus W. Doherty. Optimisation of diamond quantum processors. New Journal of Physics, 22(9), 2020. [3] M. W. Doherty, F. Dolde, H. Fedder, F. Jelezko, J. Wrachtrup, N. B. Manson, and L. C.L. Hollenberg. Theory of the ground-state spin of the NV-center in diamond. Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, 85(20):205203, may 2012. [4] F. Dolde, I. Jakobi, B. Naydenov, N. Zhao, S. Pezzagna, C. Trautmann, J. Meijer, P. Neumann, F. Jelezko, and J. Wrachtrup. Room-temperature entanglement between single defect spins in diamond. Nature Physics, 9(3):139-143, mar 2013. [5] Florian Dolde, Ville Bergholm, Ya Wang, Ingmar Jakobi, Boris Naydenov, Sebastien Pezzagna, Jan Meijer, Fedor Jelezko, Philipp Neumann, Thomas Schulte-Herbrüggen, Jacob Biamonte, and Jörg Wrachtrup. High-fidelity spin entanglement using optimal control. Nature Communications, 5(1):3371, feb 2014. [6] S. R. Hartmann and E. L. Hahn. Nuclear Double Resonance in the Rotating Frame. Physical Review, 128(5):2042-2053, dec 1962. [7] I. Jakobi, S. A. Momenzadeh, F. Favaro De Oliveira, J. Michl, F. Ziem, M. Schreck, P. Neumann, A. Denisenko, and J. Wrachtrup. Efficient creation of dipolar coupled nitrogen-vacancy spin qubits in diamond. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 752(1):012001, sep 2016. [8] P Neumann, R Kolesov, B Naydenov, J Beck, F Rempp, M Steiner, V Jacques, G Balasubramanian, M L Markham, D J Twitchen, S Pezzagna, J Meijer, J Twamley, F Jelezko, and J Wrachtrup. Quantum register based on coupled electron spins in a room-temperature solid. Nature Physics, 6(4):249-253, apr 2010. [9] Michael A Nielsen and Isaac L Chuang. Quantum Computation and Quan- tum Information. Cambridge University Press, jun 2012.

[10] Sebastien Pezzagna and Jan Meijer. Quantum computer based on color centers in diamond. Applied Physics Reviews, 8(1), 2021.

[11] Benjamin Smeltzer, Lilian Childress, and Adam Gali. 13C Hyperfine inter- actions in the nitrogen-vacancy centre in diamond. New Journal of Physics, 13, 2011.

[12] Zhujing Xu, Zhang-qi Yin, Qinkai Han, and Tongcang Li. Quantum infor- mation processing with closely-spaced diamond color centers in strain and magnetic fields IInvitedJ. Optical Materials Express, 9(12):4654, 2019.

[13] Takashi Yamamoto, Christoph Müller, Liam P. McGuinness, Tokuyuki Ter- aji, Boris Naydenov, Shinobu Onoda, Takeshi Ohshima, Jörg Wrachtrup, Fedor Jelezko, and Junichi Isoya. Strongly coupled diamond spin qubits by molecular nitrogen implantation. Physical Review B, 88(20):201201, nov 2013.

[14] Yang Yang, Hyma H. ​​Vallabhapurapu, Vikas K. Sewani, Maya Isarov, Hannes R. Firgau, Chris Adambukulam, Brett C. Johnson, Jarryd J. Pla, and Arne Laucht. Observing hyperfine interactions of NV - centers in diamond in an advanced quantum teaching lab. American Journal of Physics, 90(7):550-560, 2022. Realization of quantum state tomography for one- and two-qubit states on an NV - -Quantum computer with one NV center and three nuclear spins in ESLAC

[0042] The QST operations described below and their sub-operations described or noted in the figures represent quantum operations in the sense of the document presented here. QST of the electronRabi oscillations

[0043] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 21 of the drawings.

[0044] r max and the second measurement measure the minimum photon count rate r minThen, after appropriate state preparation, Rabi experiments are performed. They consist of rotations around the X / Y axis with angles that are incremented block by block. The measurements after each Rabi block measure the photon count rate r, which is expected to oscillate at the corresponding Rabi frequency. From both Rabi oscillations, the entire electron density matrix for a qubit can be derived according to [1].

[0045] Transferring the expansion coefficients of the density matrix to the electron polarization The one-qubit density matrix of the electron can be expanded to a weighted sum of the identity matrix E and the Pauli matrices X, Y and Z [2]: ρ=cEE+cXX+cYY+cZZ

[0046] Where C E = 1 / 2, c X , c Y and c Z are real numbers. Determination of c Z

[0047] The document presented here refers to the Fig.22 of the drawings.

[0048] The first measurement measures the maximum photon count rate r max The second measurement measures the minimum photon count rate r min The last measurement measures the photon count rate r N = r min + ρ 0,0 (r max - r min ), where N stands for no operation. Then we get [2] cZ=(rN−rmin) / (rmax−rmin)−12. Determination of c X

[0049] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 23 of the drawings.

[0050] The first measurement measures the maximum photon count rate r max The second measurement measures the minimum photon count rate r min The last measurement measures the photon count rate r Y = r min + ρ 0,0 (r max - r min ), where Y represents a 90° rotation around the Y-axis. Then we get [2] cX=12−(rY−rmin) / (rmax−rmin) Determination of cY

[0051] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 24 of the drawings.

[0052] The first measurement measures the maximum photon count rate r max The second measurement measures the minimum photon count rate r min The last measurement measures the photon count rate r X = r min + ρ 0,0 (r max - r min ), where X represents a 90° rotation around the Y-axis. Then we get [2] cY=(rX−rmin) / (rmax−rmin)−12 QST of a nucleusRabi oscillations

[0053] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 25 of the drawings.

[0054] In both experiments, the maximum photon counting rate r max and in the second measurement the minimum photon count rate r min measured. After appropriate state preparation, Rabi experiments are then carried out with the nucleus in state mS = 1. They consist of rotations around the X / Y axis with angles that are incremented block by block. The measurement after each Rabi block measures the photon count rate r, which is supposed to oscillate at the corresponding Rabi frequency. From both Rabi oscillations, the entire one-qubit kernel density matrix can be derived according to [1]. Transfer of the expansion coefficients of the density matrix to the electron polarization

[0055] The one-qubit density matrix of the kernel can be extended to a weighted sum of the identity matrix E and the Pauli matrices X, Y and Z [2]: ρ=cEE+cXX+cYY+cZZ

[0056] Where C E = 1 / 2, c X , c Y and c Z are real numbers. Determination of c Z

[0057] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 26 of the drawings.

[0058] The first measurement measures the maximum photon count rate r max The second measurement measures the minimum photon count rate r min The last measurement measures the photon count rate r N = r min + ρ 0,0 (r max - r min ), where N stands for no operation. Then we get [2] cZ=(rN−rmin) / (rmax−rmin)−12 Determination of c X

[0059] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 27 of the drawings.

[0060] The first measurement measures the maximum photon count rate r max The second measurement measures the minimum photon count rate r min The last measurement measures the photon count rate r Y = r min + ρ 0,0 (r max - r min ), where Y represents a 90° rotation around the Y-axis. Then we get [2] cX=12−(rY−rmin) / (rmax−rmin) Determination of c Y

[0061] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 28 of the drawings.

[0062] The first measurement measures the maximum photon count rate r max The second measurement measures the minimum photon count rate r min The last measurement measures the photon count rate r X = r min + ρ 0,0 (r max - r min ), where X represents a 90° rotation around the Y-axis. Then we get [2] cY=(rX−rmin) / (rmax−rmin)−12. QST of two cores

[0063] The two-qubit density matrix ρ describing the two nuclei can be extended to [2] ρ=∑a,b∈{E,X,Y,Z}cab⋅a⊗b.

[0064] The parameters c ab are real numbers with c EE = 1 / 4. Determination of the diagonal elements defined by c ZE , c EZ and c ZZ

[0065] You have to do this in Fig. Carry out the experiment shown in 29: The document presented here refers to the Fig. 29 of the drawings.

[0066] The first measurement measures the maximum photon count rate r max The second measurement measures the minimum photon count rate r min . The third measurement measures r 1,1 , the fourth r 2,2 and the last r 3,3 , which can easily be converted into ρ 1,1 , ρ 2,2 and ρ 3,3 can be converted: ρ1,1=(r1,1−rmin) / (rmax−rmin) ρ2.2=(r2.2−rmin) / (rmax−rmin) ρ3.3=(r3.3−rmin) / (rmax−rmin)

[0067] In this case, after the preparation, the subspace consisting of the three qubits q0 , q1 and q2 has the density matrix ρprep=(00000000000000000000000000000|0000000ρ1,1ρ1,2ρ1,3ρ1,4 0000ρ2,1ρ2,2ρ2,3ρ2,40000ρ3,1ρ3,2ρ3,3ρ3,40000ρ4,1ρ4,2ρ4,3ρ4,4)

[0068] The last diagonal element of ρ can be calculated by a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method, which the computer core (65) of the control device (63) of the quantum computer preferably calculates by executing a corresponding program code located in one or more memories and / or storage media (64) of the control device (63), as follows: ρ4,4=1−ρ1,1−ρ2,2−ρ3,3 or by measuring via the attached pulse lock.

[0069] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 30 of the drawings.

[0070] These diagonal elements uniquely determine the coefficients c ZE , c EZ and c ZZ : cZE=(ρ1,1+ρ2,2−ρ3,3−ρ4,4) / 4 cEZ=(ρ1.1−ρ2.2+ρ3.3−ρ4.4) / 4 cZZ=(ρ1.1−ρ2.2−ρ3.3+ρ4.4) / 4 Determination of c XE and c XZ

[0071] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 31 of the drawings.

[0072] The first measurement measures the maximum photon count rate r max The second measurement measures the minimum photon count rate r min The third measurement measures r1, the fourth r2, the third r3 and the last r4. From these values, a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method, which the computer core (65) of the control device (63) of the quantum computer preferably executes by executing a corresponding program code located in one or more 64 memories and / or storage media (64) of the control device (63), can calculate the parameters. ρ1,1=(r1−rmin) / (rmax−rmin), ρ2,2=(r2−rmin) / (rmax−rmin), ρ3.3=(r3−rmin) / (rmax−rmin) and ρ4.4=(r4−rmin) / (rmax−rmin).

[0073] Then, a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method, which the computer core (65) of the control device (63) of the quantum computer preferably executes by executing a corresponding program code located in one or more 64 memories and / or storage media (64) of the control device (63), can calculate the expansion coefficients as follows: cXE=(ρ3.3+ρ4.4−ρ1.1−ρ2.2) / 4, cXZ=(ρ2.2+ρ3.3−ρ1.1−ρ4.4) / 4, cEZ=(ρ1,1+ρ3,3−ρ2,2−ρ4,4) / 4 and cEE=(ρ1.1+ρ2.2+ρ3.3+ρ4.4) / 4. Determination of c YE and c YZ

[0074] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 32 of the drawings.

[0075] The first measurement measures the maximum photon count rate r max The second measurement measures the minimum photon count rate r minThe third measurement measures r1, the fourth r2, the third r3, and the last r4. From these values, a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method, which the computer core (65) of the control device (63) of the quantum computer preferably executes by executing a corresponding program code located in one or more 64 memories and / or storage media (64) of the control device (63), can calculate the parameters: ρ1,1=(r1−rmin) / (rmax−rmin), ρ2,2=(r2−rmin) / (rmax−rmin), ρ3.3=(r3−rmin) / (rmax−rmin) and ρ4.4=(r4−rmin) / (rmax−rmin).

[0076] Then, a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method, which the computer core (65) of the control device (63) of the quantum computer preferably executes by executing a corresponding program code located in one or more 64 memories and / or storage media (64) of the control device (63), can calculate the expansion coefficients as follows: cYE=(ρ1,1+ρ2,2−ρ3,3−ρ4,4) / 4, cXZ=(ρ1,1+ρ4,4−ρ2,2−ρ3,3) / 4, cEZ=(ρ1,1+ρ3,3−ρ2,2−ρ4,4) / 4 and cEE=(ρ1.1+ρ2.2+ρ3.3+ρ4.4) / 4. Determination of c EX and c ZX

[0077] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 33 of the drawings.

[0078] The first measurement measures the maximum photon count rate r max The second measurement measures the minimum photon count rate r minThe third measurement measures r1, the fourth r2, the third r3 and the last r4. From these values, a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method, which the computer core (65) of the control device (63) of the quantum computer preferably executes by executing a corresponding program code located in one or more 64 memories and / or storage media (64) of the control device (63), can calculate the parameters. ρ1,1=(r1−rmin) / (rmax−rmin), ρ2,2=(r2−rmin) / (rmax−rmin), ρ3.3=(r3−rmin) / (rmax−rmin) and ρ4.4=(r4−rmin) / (rmax−rmin).

[0079] Then, a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method, which the computer core (65) of the control device (63) of the quantum computer preferably executes by executing a corresponding program code located in one or more 64 memories and / or storage media (64) of the control device (63), can calculate the expansion coefficients as follows: cEX=(ρ2,2+ρ4,4−ρ1,1+ρ3,3) / 4, cZX=(ρ2.2+ρ3.3−ρ1.1−ρ4.4) / 4, cZE=(ρ1,1+ρ3,3−ρ2,2−ρ4,4) / 4 and cEE=(ρ1.1+ρ2.2+ρ3.3+ρ4.4) / 4. Determination of c EY and c ZY

[0080] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 34 of the drawings.

[0081] The first measurement measures the maximum photon count rate r max The second measurement measures the minimum photon count rate r minThe third measurement measures r1, the fourth r2, the third r3 and the last r4. From these values, a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method, which the computer core (65) of the control device (63) of the quantum computer preferably executes by executing a corresponding program code located in one or more 64 memories and / or storage media (64) of the control device (63), can calculate the parameters. ρ1,1=(r1−rmin) / (rmax−rmin), ρ2,2=(r2−rmin) / (rmax−rmin), ρ3.3=(r13−rmin) / (rmax−rmin) and ρ4.4=(r4−rmin) / (rmax−rmin).

[0082] Then, a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method, which the computer core (65) of the control device (63) of the quantum computer preferably executes by executing a corresponding program code located in one or more 64 memories and / or storage media (64) of the control device (63), can calculate the expansion coefficients as follows: cEY=(ρ1,1+ρ3,3−ρ2,2−ρ4,4) / 4, cZY=(ρ1,1+ρ4,4−ρ2,2−ρ3,3) / 4, cZE=(ρ1,1+ρ2,2−ρ3,3−ρ4,4) / 4 and cEE=(ρ1.1+ρ2.2+ρ3.3+ρ4.4) / 4. Determination of c YY , c YE and c EY

[0083] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 35 of the drawings.

[0084] The first measurement measures the maximum photon count rate r max The second measurement measures the minimum photon count rate r minThe third measurement measures r1, the fourth r2, the third r3 and the last r4. From these values, a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method, which the computer core (65) of the control device (63) of the quantum computer preferably executes by executing a corresponding program code located in one or more 64 memories and / or storage media (64) of the control device (63), can calculate the parameters. ρ1,1=(r1−rmin) / (rmax−rmin), ρ2,2=(r2−rmin) / (rmax−rmin), ρ3.3=(r3−rmin) / (rmax−rmin) and ρ4.4=(r4−rmin) / (rmax−rmin).

[0085] Then, a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method, which the computer core (65) of the control device (63) of the quantum computer preferably executes by executing a corresponding program code located in one or more 64 memories and / or storage media (64) of the control device (63), can calculate the expansion coefficients as follows: cYY=(ρ1,1+ρ4,4−ρ2,2−ρ3,3) / 4, cYE=(ρ1,1+ρ2,2−ρ3,3−ρ4,4) / 4, cEY=(ρ1,1+ρ3,3−ρ2,2−ρ4,4) / 4 and CEE=(ρ1.1+ρ2.2+ρ3.3+ρ4.4) / 4. Note that the two selective RF pulses on both nuclei can be superimposed into one pulse after state preparation to save time. Determination of c XX , c EX and c XE

[0086] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 36 of the drawings.

[0087] The first measurement measures the maximum photon count rate r max The second measurement measures the minimum photon count rate r min The third measurement measures r1, the fourth r2, the third r3 and the last r4. From these values, a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method, which the computer core (65) of the control device (63) of the quantum computer preferably executes by executing a corresponding program code located in one or more 64 memories and / or storage media (64) of the control device (63), can calculate the parameters. ρ1,1=(r1−rmin) / (rmax−rmin), ρ2,2=(r2−rmin) / (rmax−rmin), ρ3.3=(r3−rmin) / (rmax−rmin) and ρ4.4=(r4−rmin) / (rmax−rmin).

[0088] Then, a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method, which the computer core (65) of the control device (63) of the quantum computer preferably executes by executing a corresponding program code located in one or more 64 memories and / or storage media (64) of the control device (63), can calculate the expansion coefficients as follows: cXX=(ρ1,1+ρ4,4−ρ2,2−ρ3,3) / 4, cXE=(ρ3.3+ρ4.4−ρ1.1−ρ2.2) / 4, cEX=(ρ2.2+ρ4.4−ρ1.1−ρ3.3) / 4 and cEE=(ρ1.1+ρ2.2+ρ3.3+ρ4.4) / 4.

[0089] Note that the two selective RF pulses on both nuclei can be superimposed into one pulse after state preparation to save time. Determination of c YX , c YE and c EX

[0090] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 37 of the drawings.

[0091] In the first measurement, the maximum photon counting rate r max measured.

[0092] In the second measurement, the minimum photon count rate r min measured. r1 is measured in the third measurement, r2 in the fourth, r3 in the third, and r4 in the last.

[0093] From these values, a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method can be derived, which the computer core (65) of the control device (63) of the quantum computer preferably carries out by executing a corresponding program code located in one or more 64 Stores and / or storage media (64) of the control device (63) which calculate parameters ρ1,1=(r1−rmin) / (rmax−rmin), ρ2,2=(r2−rmin) / (rmax−rmin), ρ3.3=(r3−rmin) / (rmax−rmin) and ρ4.4=(r4−rmin) / (rmax−rmin).

[0094] Then, a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method, which the computer core (65) of the control device (63) of the quantum computer preferably executes by executing a corresponding program code located in one or more 64 memories and / or storage media (64) of the control device (63), can calculate the expansion coefficients as follows: cYX=(ρ2,2+ρ3,3−ρ1,1−ρ4,4) / 4, cYE=(ρ1,1+ρ2,2−ρ3,3−ρ4,4) / 4, cEX=(ρ2.2+ρ4.4−ρ1.1−ρ3.3) / 4 and cEE=(ρ1.1+ρ2.2+ρ3.3+ρ4.4) / 4.

[0095] Note that the two selective RF pulses on both nuclei can be superimposed into one pulse after state preparation to save time. Determination of c XY , c XE and c EY

[0096] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 38 of the drawings.

[0097] The first measurement measures the maximum photon count rate r max The second measurement measures the minimum photon count rate r min The third measurement measures r1, the fourth r2, the third r3 and the last r4. From these values, a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method, which the computer core (65) of the control device (63) of the quantum computer preferably executes by executing a corresponding program code located in one or more 64 memories and / or storage media (64) of the control device (63), can calculate the parameters. ρ1,1=(r1−rmin) / (rmax−rmin), ρ2,2=(r2−rmin) / (rmax−rmin), ρ3.3=(r3−rmin) / (rmax−rmin) and ρ4.4=(r4−rmin) / (rmax−rmin).

[0098] Then, a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method, which the computer core (65) of the control device (63) of the quantum computer preferably executes by executing a corresponding program code located in one or more 64 memories and / or storage media (64) of the control device (63), can calculate the expansion coefficients as follows: cXY=(ρ2,2+ρ3,3−ρ1,1−ρ4,4) / 4, cXE=(ρ3.3+ρ4.4−ρ1.1−ρ2.2) / 4, cEY=(ρ1,1+ρ3,3−ρ2,2−ρ4,4) / 4 and cEE=(ρ1.1+ρ2.2+ρ3.3+ρ4.4) / 4. Note that the two selective RF pulses on both nuclei can be superimposed into one pulse after state preparation to save time. QST of the electron and an atomic nucleus

[0099] Since the pulses in EPR transitions change the quantization axis of the nucleus, a simple QST based on the transfer of density matrix expansion coefficients to the electron polarization is not feasible if one wants to rotate both the electron and nuclear states. Instead, a method based on Rabi oscillations driving different two-level subsystems can be realized, as explained in this section. We define the density matrix of the product state of electron and nucleus as ρ=(ρ11ρ12ρ13ρ14ρ21ρ22ρ23ρ24ρ31ρ32ρ33ρ34ρ41ρ42ρ43ρ4) QST with Rabi oscillationsDetermination of the elements of the density matrix ρ 11 , ρ 31 , ρ 33 and ρ 13

[0100] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 39 of the drawings.

[0101] In both experiments, the maximum photon counting rate rmax and in the second measurement the minimum photon count rate r min measured. Then, after the respective state preparation, Rabi experiments are conducted. They consist of rotations around the X / Y axis with angles that are incremented block by block. The measurements after each Rabi block measure the photon count rate r, which is supposed to oscillate at the corresponding Rabi frequency. The elements of the density matrix of the submatrix can be derived from the two Rabi oscillations.

[0102] [1]. ρsub=(ρ11ρ13ρ31ρ33). Determination of the elements of the density matrix ρ 22 , ρ 42 , ρ 44 and ρ 24

[0103] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 40 of the drawings.

[0104] In both experiments, the maximum photon counting rate r max and in the second measurement the minimum photon count rate r minmeasured. Then, after the respective state preparation, Rabi experiments are performed. They consist of rotations around the X / Y axis with angles that are incremented block by block. The measurements after each Rabi block measure the photon count rate r, which is assumed to oscillate at the corresponding Rabi frequency. The elements of the density matrix of the submatrix can be derived from the two Rabi oscillations [1]. ρsub=(ρ22ρ24ρ42ρ44). Determination of the elements of the density matrix ρ 33 , ρ 43 , ρ 44 and ρ 34

[0105] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 41 of the drawings.

[0106] In both experiments, the maximum photon counting rate r max and in the second measurement the minimum photon count rate r minmeasured. Subsequently, after the respective state preparation, nuclear Rabi experiments are performed. They consist of rotations around the X / Y axis with angles that are incremented block by block. The measurements after each Rabi block measure the photon count rate r, which is expected to oscillate at the corresponding Rabi frequency. r−rminrmax−rmin=ρ33(tpulse length)+ρ22

[0107] Since ρ 22 is known from other measurements, the elements of the density matrix of the submatrix can be derived from both Rabi oscillations [1] ρsub=(ρ33ρ34ρ43ρ44). Determination of the elements of the density matrix ρ 11 , ρ 21 , ρ 22 and ρ 12

[0108] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 42 of the drawings.

[0109] In both experiments, the maximum photon counting rate r maxand in the second measurement the minimum photon count rate r min measured. Subsequently, after the respective state preparation, nuclear Rabi experiments are performed. They consist of rotations around the X / Y axis with angles that are incremented block by block. The measurements after each Rabi block measure the photon count rate r, which is expected to oscillate at the corresponding Rabi frequency. r−rminrmax−rmin=ρ11(tpulse length)+ρ44

[0110] Since ρ 44 is known from other measurements, the elements of the density matrix of the submatrix can be derived from both Rabi oscillations [1] ρsub=(ρ11ρ12ρ21ρ22). Determination of the elements of the density matrix ρ 11 , ρ 41 , ρ 44 and ρ 14

[0111] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 43 of the drawings.

[0112] In both experiments, the maximum photon counting rate r max and in the second measurement the minimum photon count rate r min measured. Subsequently, after the respective state preparation, nuclear Rabi experiments are performed. They consist of rotations around the X / Y axis with angles that are incremented block by block. The measurements after each Rabi block measure the photon count rate r, which is expected to oscillate at the corresponding Rabi frequency. r−rminrmax−rmin=ρ11(tpulse length)+ρ22

[0113] Since ρ 22 is known from other measurements, the elements of the density matrix of the submatrix can be derived from both Rabi oscillations [1] ρsub=(ρ11ρ14ρ41ρ44). Determination of the elements of the density matrix ρ 33 , ρ 23 , ρ 33 and ρ 32

[0114] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 44 of the drawings.

[0115] In both experiments, the maximum photon counting rate r max and in the second measurement the minimum photon count rate r min measured. Subsequently, after the respective state preparation, nuclear Rabi experiments are performed. They consist of rotations around the X / Y axis with angles that are incremented block by block. The measurements after each Rabi block measure the photon count rate r, which is expected to oscillate at the corresponding Rabi frequency. r−rminrmax−rmin=ρ33(tpulse length)+ρ44

[0116] Since ρ 44 is known from other measurements, the elements of the density matrix of the submatrix can be derived from both Rabi oscillations [1] ρsub=(ρ33ρ32ρ23ρ22). Further comments

[0117] It should be noted that it also seems possible to define any sub-density matrix ρsub by transferring their defining expansion coefficients c E , c X , c Y and c Z on the electron polarization using appropriately designed pulse sequences.

[0118] References of the section “Realization of quantum state tomography for one- and two-qubit states on an NV quantum computer with one NV center and three nuclear spins in ESLAC”

[0119] Florian Frank, Thomas Unden, Jonathan Zoller, Ressa S. Said, Tommaso Calarco, Simone Montangero, Boris Naydenov, and Fedor Jelezko. Autonomous calibration of single spin qubit operations. npj Quantum Information, 3(1), dec 2017.

[0120] Jingfu Zhang, Swathi S. Hegde, and Dieter Suter. Fast quantum state tomography in the nitrogen vacancy center of diamond. arXiv, 2021. Associated computer-implemented scripting languagePreliminary remarks on the associated computer-implemented scripting language

[0121] The computer-implemented scripting language described here abstractly describes pulse sequences and represents these pulse sequences in a platform-independent manner. Each scripting language command in this document represents a quantum operation if it can change or read the state of a quantum bit, i.e., an electronic quantum bit (NV center) or a nuclear quantum bit (magnetic moment of an atomic nucleus with a magnetic moment that can couple with an electronic quantum bit, i.e., preferably an NV center). It includes a predefined syntax for scripts that describe and define the pulse sequences and for files stored in a computer system memory of the quantum computer's control unit that define the necessary parameters for these pulse sequences.In the course of developing the proposal, a computer-implemented transpiler was developed, the program code of which is preferably stored at least temporarily in a memory and can preferably be executed by a data processing device and / or the control device of the quantum computer, and which, within the Python package Qudi, allows the control device 63 of the quantum computer to read the files with the control data of the script language in question here and to execute them on the control device 63 of the currently developed NV center-based quantum computer (e.g. optical setup with AWG).In later planned versions of the proposed device, a computer-implemented compiler program, when executed by a data processing system or the control computer of the quantum computer, or when executed by the control device 63 of the quantum computer, is intended to translate this scripting language into directly machine-executable assembly code, which the control device 63 of the quantum computer can then execute directly without having to go through the time-consuming route via a Python interpreter. The following example table describes the example syntax of the computer-implemented scripting language in question here: Script language command Explanation laser_pol "laser": Attach laser element to pulse block "pol": Any string that identifies the element in the parameter file Length of the laser is defined accordingly in the parameter file wait_1 "wait": Attach waiting time to pulse block "1": Any string that identifies the element in the parameter file The waiting time is defined in the parameter file pulse_mw_10_0_180 "pulse": Add a rectangular pulse "mw" and "10": Two arbitrary strings that identify the element in the parameter file. For example, "mw" stands for microwave and "10" for the nuclear spin configuration of the mw transition “0”: any number that indicates the phase of the pulse in degrees “180”: any number that indicates the angle of rotation of the pulse in degrees. Furthermore, the frequency of the pulse, the amplitude of the pulse and the Rabi period of the pulse are defined in the parameter file under the key "mw_10". doublepulse_mw_01_0_180_mw_10_90_180 “doublepulse”: Add a superposition of two rectangular pulses analogous to pulse_mw_01_0_180 and pulse_mw_10_90_180 on for_counter_in_loop1 "for": Start a for loop "counter": any string that names the variable to be iterated over. It can replace the value of the corresponding values ​​in both the script and the parameter file. "loop1": any string that identifies the for loop in the script and the parameter file. In the parameter file under the key "forloop_loop1" the values ​​are defined over which the loop iterates the variable "counter" end_loop1 "end": End of a for loop "loop1": Any string that identifies the for loop to be ended

[0122] In the Fig. stand below • MW for microwave radiation (the microwave signal) of the microwave signal fed from the microwave source (55) via the microwave lines (57, 59, 61), • RF for radio frequency radiation (RF radiation, RF signal) of the RF signal fed in by the RF source (56) via the RF lines (58, 60, 62) • Laser for the pump radiation signal of the pump radiation (54) of the pump light source, here the excitation laser (1) and • PC for the photon counter, which will also be referred to as the fast photon counter (77) below.

[0123] The document presented here refers to the following text. InitializationPolarization of the electronSchematic representation

[0124] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 45 of the drawings. Pulse sequence in script language Explanations laser_pol Laser pulse with sufficient length and power to drive the electron into the m S = 0 state to polarize wait_1 Waiting time for relaxation of the state of the NV center

[0125] In ESLAC (Excited State Level Anticrossing, B ≈ 50 mT) and GSLAC (Ground State Level Anticrossing, B ≈ 100 mT), neighboring nuclei are also partially polarized. Those nuclei that are not polarized can be repolarized as follows: Polarization of nuclei in ESLAC and GSLAC with repolarization of individual nuclei Schematic representation for one electron and two coupled nuclei, where the first nucleus is to be repolarized: The document presented here refers to the Fig. 46 of the drawings. For post-processing:

[0126] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 47 of the drawings. Pulse sequence in script language Explanations laser_long Laser pulse with sufficient length and power to drive the electron into the m S = 0 state - here it is assumed as an example that the nucleus 1 is not completely polarized into the state 0 wait_1 Waiting time for relaxation of the state of the NV center pulse_mw_10_0_180 Inverting the ODMR line of nuclear spin configuration 10 in the m S = -1 state by selective 180° pulse. The phase can be arbitrary pulse_rf_1_0_180 180° rotation of nucleus 1, if electron in m S = -1 state. The phase can be arbitrary laser_short Laser pulse that only the electron in the m S = 0 state is polarized, but so short that the nuclei are not polarized. SWAP of the electron state to the nuclei (here exemplary for two nuclei) Schematic representation:

[0127] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 48 of the drawings. For post-processing

[0128] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 49 of the drawings. Pulse sequence in script language Explanations laser_pol Laser pulse with sufficient length and power to drive the electron into the m S = 0 state to polarize wait_1 Waiting time for relaxation of the state of the NV center pulse_mw_10_0_180 Inverting the ODMR line of nuclear spin configuration 10 in the m S = -1 state by selective 180° pulse. The phase can be arbitrary pulse_rf_1_0_180 180° rotation of nucleus 1, if electron in m S = -1 state. The phase can be arbitrary laser_pol wait_1 pulse_mw_11_0_180 Inverting the ODMR line of nuclear spin configuration 11 in the m S = -1 state by selective 180° pulse. The phase can be arbitrary pulse_rf_1_0_180 laser_pol wait_1 pulse_mw_01_0_180 Inverting the ODMR line of the nuclear spin configuration 01 in the m S = -1 state by selective 180° pulse. The phase can be arbitrary pulse_rf_2_0_180 180° rotation of nucleus 2, if electron in m S = -1 state. The phase can be arbitrary laser_pol wait_1 Explanations

[0129] This method is used, for example, in the basic principle of Waldherr et al. 1 used

[0130] The idea is to invert each ODMR line corresponding to a specific nuclear spin configuration and then use RF radiation to selectively rotate the corresponding nucleus from state 1 to state 0. Afterwards, the electron is reinitialized back into the m S= 0 state by a laser pulse. If one is far enough away from ESLAC and GSLAC conditions, the nuclei retain their state. The scheme can be made even more compact by inverting several ODMR transitions simultaneously by superimposing corresponding MW pulses. In the above example, for example, one could use the scripting language command "doublepulse_mw_10_0_180_mw_11_0_180" to invert ODMR transitions 10 and 11 simultaneously, thus requiring nucleus 1 to be inverted only once. PulsePoleSchematic representation:

[0131] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 50 of the drawings. For post-processing

[0132] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 51 of the drawings. Pulse sequence in script language Explanations for_counterl_in_loop1 Start of a for loop that iterates M times (with M as an integer) laser_pol Laser pulse with sufficient length and power to drive the electron into the m S = 0 state to polarize wait_1 Waiting time for relaxation of the state of the NV center pulse_mw_all_0_90 Non-selective 90° pulse with phase X to correct phase errors for_counter2_in_loop2 Start of a for loop that iterates N times (where N is a positive integer) pulse_mw_all_90_90 Non-selective mw pulse that rotates the quantum state by 90° with the Y-phase wait_2 Waiting time which is chosen so that the entire block in loop2 takes the time τ=kvL lasts, where v L is the Larmor frequency of the nuclei to be polarized and k = 3, 5, 11 or 13 pulse_mw_all_0_180 Non-selective 180° pulse with phase X wait_2 pulse_mw all 90 90 pulse_mw_all_180_90 Non-selective 90° pulse with phase -X wait_2 pulse_mw_all_90_180 Non-selective 180° pulse with phase Y wait_2 pulse_mw_all_180_90 end_loop2 End of the inner for loop pulse_mw_all_0_90 End of the outer for loop end_loop1 Explanations

[0133] PulsePol can be used to 13 C nuclei to polarize. 2All MW pulses used here do not need to be selective, meaning they need to rotate the electron for all nuclear spin configurations. For rectangular pulses, the pulses would need to be correspondingly short and powerful. In principle, lower-power pulses can be used by replacing all MW rectangular pulses with appropriately shaped pulses, as described, for example, in Casaonva et al. 3 is described.. Transfer of the electron population from m S = 0 to m S = -1

[0134] After initializing the electron and all nuclei to state 0 using one of the methods mentioned above, the ODMR spectrum consists of only one line. If one starts with the nuclei in the m S = - 1 subspace, the initialization is completed by inverting this line with a suitable pulse. This can be a rectangular pulse. Pulse sequence in script language Explanations ... Block containing one of the above initialization methods pulse_mw_000_0_180 Inversion of the initialized ODMR line with square pulse Characterization of the NV centerElectron ODMRPurposeDetermining the different electron ODMR frequencies

[0135] Schematic representation of the block within the For loop loop1 (see below) The document presented here refers to the Fig. 52 of the drawings. For post-processing

[0136] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 53 of the drawings. Pulse sequence in written language notation

[0137] Pulse sequence in script language Explanations for_frequency_in_loop1 For loop that sweeps the mw frequency of the 180° pulse over the range defined in the parameter file ... At this point the desired initialization block is defined pulse_mw_odmr_0_180 180° mw pulse with frequency "frequency" (defined in the parameter file). The phase can be arbitrary laser_read Laser for reading the m S = Population. The photon counter counts the photons at the beginning of the laser pulse wait_1 Waiting time for relaxation of the state of the NV center end_loop_1 End of the for loop How it works

[0138] If the MW 180° pulse hits the frequency of a m S = 0 ↔ m S = -1 transition of a certain nuclear spin configuration, the electron is transferred to the dark state m S = -1, and fewer photons are counted. Otherwise, the signal remains bright. Electron-RabiZweck

[0139] Determining the Rabi period of the electron spin at a given microwave amplitude of the microwave signal fed in by the microwave source (55) via the microwave lines (57, 59, 61).

[0140] Schematic representation of the block within the for loop loop1 (see below) The document presented here refers to the Fig. 54 of the drawings. For post-processing

[0141] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 55 of the drawings. Pulse sequence in script language notation

[0142] Pulse sequence in script language Explanations for_Trabi_in_loop1 For loop that sweeps the pulse length Trabi of the mw pulse over the range defined in the parameter file ... At this point the desired initialization block is defined pulse_mw_odmr_0_360 Mw pulse with Rabi period Trabi (defined in the parameter file). Since the angle is 360°, Trabi corresponds exactly to the pulse length laser_read Laser for reading the m S = Population. The photon counter counts the photons at the beginning of the laser pulse wait_1 Waiting time for relaxation of the state of the NV center end_loop_1 End of the for loop How it works

[0143] With the pulse length Trabi, the electron state oscillates between m S = 0 and m S = -1, thus changing the optical signal between light and dark. The period of this oscillation is called the Rabi period. It is required to adjust the pulse lengths for the desired rotation angle. ENDOR ODMR Purpose

[0144] Determine the RF frequencies of nuclei coupling to the NV in case the NV is in the m S = 0 or m S = -1 manifold is

[0145] Schematic representation of the block within the for loop loop1 (see below) for the case that the core frequency in the m S = -1 manifold is to be measured The document presented here refers to the Fig. 56 of the drawings. For post-processing

[0146] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 57 of the drawings. Pulse sequence in script language notation

[0147] Pulse sequence in script language Explanations for_rf-frequency_in_loop1 For loop that sweeps the rf pulse frequency rffrequencyles over the range defined in the parameter file ... At this point the desired initialization block is defined pulse_mw_init_0_180 Inversion of the initialized ODMR transition, whose frequency is defined in the parameter file. The phase can be chosen arbitrarily. If core frequencies of the m S = 0 manifold, this pulse is omitted pulse_rf_0_180 180° pulse with rf frequency rf-frequency (defined in the parameter file) pulse_mw_init_0_180 Inversion of the initialized ODMR transition. The phase can be chosen arbitrarily. laser_read Laser pulse for reading the electron polarization wait_1 Waiting time for relaxation of the state of the NV center end_loop1 End of the for loop How it works

[0148] If the RF 180° pulse hits a core frequency in the m S = -1 or m S= 0 manifold of a specific nuclear spin configuration, can no longer be inverted with the second or first MW pulse because the population has been rotated away from the corresponding nuclear configuration. Accordingly, at the end of the sequence, the NV remains dark or bright, respectively. If, however, no nuclear frequency is encountered, the last MW pulse inverts the NV to the bright or dark state, respectively. Core Rabi Purpose

[0149] Determine the Rabi period of a nucleus that couples to the NV in the case that the NV is in the m S = 0 or m S = -1 manifold is

[0150] Schematic representation of the block within the For loop loop1 (see below) for the case that the Rabi period in the m S = -1 manifold is to be measured The document presented here refers to the Fig. 58 of the drawings. For post-processing

[0151] The document presented here refers to the Fig. 59 of the drawings. Pulse sequence in scripting languages ​​notation

[0152] Pulse sequence in script language Explanations for_Trabi_in_loop1 For loop that sweeps the rf pulse length Trabie over the range defined in the parameter file ... At this point the desired initialization block is defined pulse_mw_init_0_180 Inversion of the initialized ODMR transition, whose frequency is defined in the parameter file. The phase can be chosen arbitrarily. If core frequencies of the m S = 0 manifold, this pulse is omitted pulse_rf_0_360 rf pulse with length Trabi (defined in the parameter file) pulse_mw_init_0_180 Inversion of the initialized ODMR transition. The phase can be chosen arbitrarily. laser_read Laser pulse for reading the electron polarization wait_1 Waiting time for relaxation of the state of the NV center end_loop1 End of the for loop How it works

[0153] The RF pulse is resonant with a core frequency in the m S = -1 or m S = 0 manifold. Depending on the length of this pulse, the electron polarization oscillates back and forth between the initial ODMR line and the ODMR line of the inverted nuclear transition. Accordingly, the photon count rate oscillates with the polarization of the initial ODMR line between bright and dark with the Rabi period of the nucleus. Brief description of the solution to the problem at the hardware level

[0154] The invention presented here relates to a quantum computer comprising a sample 21 comprising paramagnetic centers, in particular in the form of NV centers 22, a pump radiation source, in particular in the form of an excitation laser 1. The paramagnetic centers can be one or more different types of paramagnetic centers, with NV centers being one possible type. The pump radiation source irradiates 1 the paramagnetic centers 22 via a first optical partial path 70 with pump radiation 54 of a pump radiation wavelength λ by means of an optical system. pmpThe optical system detects the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 and, via a second optical sub-path 71, guides the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 to a photodetector 50 and / or a single-photon detector 50. The first optical sub-path 70 is at least partially different from the second optical sub-path 71. The photodetector 50 or the single-photon detector 50 converts the fluorescence signal of the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 into at least one measurement signal and / or at least one measured value. The quantum computer uses this at least one measurement signal or this at least one measured value to perform at least one quantum operation. The quantum computer according to the invention has at least one optical spatial filter in the second optical sub-path.The optical spatial filter has the advantage of better separation between the signal of the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 and scattered and / or reflected portions of the pump radiation 54 and other stray radiation sources, particularly in the sample 21. Detailed description of the solution to the problem at HW level

[0155] The document presented here solves the problem described above for a quantum computer comprising a sample, which is preferably a diamond crystal aligned with respect to a magnetic field. The sample preferably has paramagnetic centers, in particular in the form of NV centers as electronic quantum bits. The quantum computer preferably has first means for coupling and, if necessary, entangling the electron configurations of these paramagnetic centers. These first means preferably comprise a microwave transmission system with one or more microwave sources, microwave lines, possibly microwave connectors, and a microwave antenna, which is preferably part of the microwave line. The sample preferably also has isotopes with a magnetic moment of the nuclear atomic nucleus.Such isotopes with a magnetic moment of the nuclear atomic nucleus typically exhibit spin (henceforth also referred to as "nuclear spin centers"). Such samples preferably contain . 14 N, 15 N and 13C isotopes are suitable for this purpose. In this context, the document presented here refers to the patent family of the German patent DE 10 2020 008 157 B3, which mentions a series of isotopes with nuclear spin. The quantum computer presented here preferably further comprises second means suitable for coupling and, if necessary, entangling the spins of the electron configurations of the paramagnetic centers with these nuclear spins of these isotopes with nuclear spin. These second means preferably comprise an RF transmission system with an RF source, an RF line, RF connectors, and an RF antenna, which can be part of the RF line. The first means preferably irradiate the paramagnetic centers of the sample with microwave radiation to manipulate the quantum states of the paramagnetic centers.Preferably, the second means irradiate the paramagnetic centers of the sample, on the one hand, and the atomic nuclei of the isotopes with non-vanishing nuclear spin in the sample, on the other hand, with RF radiation to manipulate the quantum states of the paramagnetic centers, on the one hand, and the quantum states of the atomic nuclei of the isotopes with non-vanishing nuclear spin in the sample, on the other hand. Furthermore, the quantum computer presented here preferably comprises third means for resetting (formatting) the paramagnetic centers. These third means preferably comprise a pump radiation source for generating pump radiation that interacts with the paramagnetic centers of the sample when irradiated with the pump radiation. The pump radiation source is preferably an excitation laser.The third means preferably also comprise a corresponding optical system that transports the pump radiation from the pump radiation source to the paramagnetic centers. Furthermore, it is preferably the task of this optical system to detect the fluorescence radiation emitted by the paramagnetic centers upon irradiation with pump radiation and to transport it to one or more photodetectors, in particular single-photon detectors. The third means separate the pump radiation reflected by the sample from the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers. According to the solution presented here, these third means separate all radiation components from the radiation reflected back from the sample. 1. where, firstly, the radiation component in question does not originate from the relevant area of ​​the paramagnetic centers and has therefore been interspersed into the beam path from somewhere else, or 2. where, secondly, the wavelength of the radiation component in question does not correspond to the wavelength of the expected fluorescence radiation or 3. where, thirdly, the wavelength of the radiation component in question corresponds to radiation with the pump radiation wavelength or 4. in which fourthly the wavelength of the radiation component in question has a wavelength shorter than an edge wavelength, wherein the edge wavelength is preferably shorter than the fluorescence radiation wavelength of the fluorescence radiation and shorter than the pump radiation wavelength of the pump radiation.

[0156] The quantum computer therefore preferably comprises a pump radiation source, particularly in the form of an excitation laser. This pump radiation source typically irradiates the paramagnetic centers with pump radiation of the pump radiation wavelength via a first optical sub-path by means of the optical system. This optical system detects the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers in the sample and then, via a second optical sub-path, guides the detected fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers to a photodetector and / or, better, a single-photon detector, which converts the fluorescence signal of the paramagnetic centers from the targeted region of the sample into a receiver output signal. Typically, the first optical sub-path is at least partially different from the second optical sub-path.In the example presented here, the common optical sub-path is the third optical sub-path, which is not described in this document as part of the first optical sub-path and also not as part of the second optical sub-path. However, the third optical sub-path can be regarded as a common part of the first optical sub-path and the second optical sub-path, which is therefore encompassed by the description presented here, even if the document presented here does not describe the third optical sub-path as part of the first optical sub-path and the second optical sub-path for the sake of brevity of the description. The photodetector or the single-photon detector converts the fluorescence signal of the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers into at least one measurement signal (receiver output signal) and / or at least one measured value. The quantum computer preferably uses this at least one measurement signal orThis at least one measurement value for performing one or more quantum operations. The document presented here refers in this context to the patent family of the German patent.

[0157] DE 10 2020 008 157 B3. The document presented here proposes using a first spatial filter to filter out that portion of the radiation reflected back by the sample from the beam path of the second optical partial path in front of the photodetector or single-photon detector which does not originate from the relevant region of the paramagnetic centers and has therefore been interspersed into the beam path from somewhere else. The problem is that even in this region, radiation can be emitted or reflected which is not fluorescence radiation from the paramagnetic centers in the fluorescence wavelength range of interest, but could be, for example, reflected pump radiation. For this reason, the document presented here proposes in particular using a fluorescence bandpass filter to only pass those radiation portions of the radiation from the sample, which has typically already been filtered several times, to the photodetector or single-photon detector.To allow a single-photon detector to receive a wavelength that definitely has a wavelength in the fluorescence wavelength range of interest, and then preferably to perform another optical spatial filtering step to further increase the selectivity and the filtering slope. The proposed quantum computer therefore preferably has a double optical spatial filter in the second optical sub-path.

[0158] In a first special embodiment, the second optical sub-path of the quantum computer comprises a first optical spatial filter and a second optical spatial filter as a double optical spatial filter. This has the advantage of a particularly simple implementation of the double optical spatial filter, which significantly increases the filtering effect.

[0159] In a second special embodiment, the second optical spatial filter comprises a second focusing lens. This enables the concentration of light from the focused spatial region of the sample to a point in a plane perpendicular to the optical axis. Radiation from other points within the sample is focused less or not at all, whereby the focusing lens reduces their radiation component in the region of the focal point of the second focusing lens, while the focusing lens increases the radiation component of the fluorescence radiation from the paramagnetic centers in this region of the focal point. However, the focusing lens cannot arbitrarily increase the radiation component of the fluorescence radiation from the paramagnetic centers in this region of the focal point, nor can it arbitrarily decrease the radiation component of the radiation from other points within the sample in the region of the focal point.Within the scope of the present invention, it was recognized that it is useful to further reduce the radiation component of the radiation from other points within the sample in the region of the focal point, which does not have the fluorescence wavelength, by means of the said fluorescence bandpass filter and to select it better by means of a downstream second optical spatial filter.

[0160] In a third special form, the focal length f 45 the second focusing lens, for example, at f 45 = 10 mm + / -25% and / or better + / - 10% and / or better + / -5% and / or better + / -2% and / or better + / -1%. A focal length of the second focusing lens of f is preferred. 45 = 10mm used.

[0161] Preferably, the first optical spatial filter comprises, in the plane of the focal point of the first focusing lens, an optical aperture and / or an optical pinhole and / or a micro-optical, functionally equivalent functional element, such as a hologram and / or a photonic crystal and / or a perforated grid plate with micro-holes, etc., in order to separate the fluorescence radiation in the region of the focal point of the second focusing lens, which originally originates from the paramagnetic centers 22 whose fluorescence radiation is to be evaluated, from the fluorescence radiation of other paramagnetic centers that are not to be evaluated but are located in the vicinity of the aforementioned paramagnetic centers whose fluorescence radiation is to be evaluated, and can therefore radiate into the second optical sub-path as sources of interference radiation. It is desirable to keep the complexity of the first optical spatial filter low.

[0162] The second optical spatial filter preferably comprises a second optical waveguide or an optical aperture and / or an optical pinhole and / or a micro-optical, functionally equivalent functional element, such as a hologram and / or a photonic crystal and / or a perforated grid plate with micro-holes, etc., in order to separate the fluorescence radiation in the region of the focal point of the second focusing lens, which originally originates from the paramagnetic centers whose fluorescence radiation is to be evaluated, from the fluorescence radiation of other paramagnetic centers and / or NV centers that are not to be evaluated but are located in the vicinity of the aforementioned paramagnetic centers whose fluorescence radiation is to be evaluated and can therefore radiate into the second optical sub-path as sources of interference radiation. It is desirable to keep the complexity of the second optical spatial filter low.

[0163] The sequential arrangement of the first optical spatial filter and the second optical spatial filter in the second optical subpath reduces the interference caused by the interfering radiation of other paramagnetic centers that are not to be evaluated but are located in the sample near the aforementioned paramagnetic centers whose fluorescence radiation is to be evaluated, and can therefore radiate into the second optical subpath as interfering radiation sources, to such an extent that the first photon detection signal of the single-photon detector or the photon detector has a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio. The arrangement of further (one, two, three, or more) optical spatial filters beyond these two exemplary optical spatial filters in the second optical subpath is conceivable.

[0164] Preferably, the second optical waveguide comprises, at least in sections and / or (better) over its entire length, a single-mode optical waveguide and / or, at least in sections and / or (better) over its entire length, a polarization-maintaining optical waveguide as a partial optical waveguide of the second optical waveguide. This enables the evaluation of the polarization direction of the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers of the sample and thus a conclusion about the quantum state of the paramagnetic centers of the sample.

[0165] Preferably, the second optical waveguide comprises, at least in sections and / or (better) along its entire length, a flexible glass fiber and / or a flexible quartz glass fiber. The advantage is that such glass fibers and quartz glass fibers can be manufactured with high transparency, low scattering, low parasitic fluorescence, and well-defined properties. This is generally not the case with plastic-based optical waveguides.

[0166] Preferably, the first optical sub-path and the second optical sub-path jointly comprise a dichroic mirror as an optical functional element in order to, firstly, feed the pump radiation of the excitation laser, i.e. the pump radiation source, from the first optical sub-path into the third optical sub-path, and secondly, couple out the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers of the sample from the third optical sub-path into the second optical sub-path, and thirdly, prevent and / or reduce the transfer of parasitic radiation, such as scattered and / or reflected pump radiation, from the third optical sub-path into the second optical sub-path. A functionally equivalent system comprising one or more optical functional components with these three effects is encompassed by the term "dichroic mirror" within the meaning of the document presented here.

[0167] The first optical spatial filter preferably comprises a first focusing lens for imaging the actual filtering element, the aforementioned optical aperture and / or optical pinhole apertures and / or a micro-optical, functionally equivalent functional element, such as holograms and / or photonic crystals and / or perforated grid plates with micro-holes, etc. It can also be a more complex optical functional element that, for example, performs multiple imaging onto several focusing points, etc. For the purposes of the document presented here, a focusing lens is an optical functional element in which, in the signal-theoretical sense, the modification of a parallel optical light beam, in particular its focusing, can be regarded as a linear transformation.A focusing lens, as defined in this document, performs a linear transformation on the incident light beam in the second optical path, originating from a point in the object plane (the object). Mathematically, this transformation can be expressed as a 2 x 2 matrix or an n x n matrix (where n is a positive integer), since a focusing lens changes the direction of the light beam, but usually not its amplitude. The exact form of the matrix depends on the properties of the focusing lens, such as its focal length, shape, and number of focal points.If we consider the incident light beam as a vector in two-dimensional space, consisting of the coordinates in the horizontal (x) and vertical (y) directions, then the focusing lens can transform this vector to create the focused light beam at one or more points in the image plane, which typically contains the aforementioned optical apertures and / or optical pinholes and / or a micro-optical, functionally equivalent functional element, such as holograms and / or photonic crystals and / or perforated grid plates with micro-holes, etc. Typically, focusing can occur not only point-like, but also annularly in a focus ring, for example. Diffraction phenomena in particular can lead to the formation of a focus point that is surrounded by one or more relevant focus rings.The intensity distribution of this image can be achieved for improved optical spatial filtering by connecting appropriately designed optical apertures and / or optical pinholes and / or micro-optical, functionally equivalent functional elements, such as holograms and / or photonic crystals and / or perforated grid plates with micro-holes, etc., which also transmit the light from the focus rings. Overall, the focusing lens performs a linear transformation of the incident light beam to focus it on the focal point and, if necessary, focus rings (in the case of diffraction) in the image plane. The diffraction phenomena can be specifically designed. The document presented here suggests an FDTD simulation of the optical spatial filters or similar for the corresponding design as part of a follow-up.

[0168] According to the proposal, the first optical spatial filter preferably comprises a pinhole. For the purposes of this document, the term pinhole includes optical apertures and / or optical pinholes and / or micro-optical, functionally equivalent functional elements, such as holograms and / or photonic crystals and / or perforated grid plates with micro-holes, etc.

[0169] Preferably, the first optical spatial filter comprises a second collimator lens. This allows for the connection of additional functional elements, such as a second optical spatial filter.

[0170] Preferably, a first optical waveguide feeds the pump radiation from the pump radiation source (1) into the first optical subpath. Among other advantages, this mechanically decouples the pump radiation source from the rest of the optical system.

[0171] Preferably, the first optical waveguide is a single-mode optical waveguide at least in sections and / or (better) over its entire length, and / or a polarization-maintaining optical waveguide at least in sections and / or (better) over its entire length. This enables control of the polarization direction of the pump radiation for irradiation and thus improved manipulation of the paramagnetic centers of the sample and thus improved control of the quantum states of the paramagnetic centers of the sample.

[0172] Preferably, the first optical waveguide comprises a flexible glass fiber and / or a flexible quartz glass fiber, at least in sections and / or (better) along its entire length. The advantage is that such glass fibers and quartz glass fibers can be manufactured with high transparency, low scattering, low parasitic fluorescence, and well-defined properties. This is generally not the case with plastic-based optical waveguides. This enables improved and less disruptive control of the paramagnetic centers of the sample.

[0173] Preferably, the first optical subpath comprises an optical neutral density filter, which can attenuate the intensity of the pump radiation at the output of the first optical subpath in a defined manner, preferably manually or, better, via the control bus. This has the advantage that intensity-dependent quantum operations can be better controlled by the control device of the quantum computer.One idea of ​​the document presented here is that the control device optimally adjusts the intensity of the pump radiation via the control bus as a function of the quantum operation to be performed and / or the quantum operations to be performed and / or the quantum computer program to be performed for manipulating quantum states of quantum bits of the nuclear quantum bits and / or electronic quantum bits (paramagnetic centers) in the sample by means of the pump radiation source (excitation laser) and / or the neutral density filter before executing the quantum computer operation and / or a quantum computer program.

[0174] Preferably, the optical neutral density filter has an anti-reflection coating for the spectral range from 510 nm to 540 nm, and / or better from 500 nm to 330 nm, and / or better from 450 nm to 650 nm, and / or better from 300 nm to 700 nm. This wavelength range is optimized for the pump radiation typically used for NV centers. When using other paramagnetic centers, the anti-reflection coating should be adapted to the wavelength range of the pump radiation typically used for these paramagnetic centers.

[0175] Preferably, the first optical sub-path comprises a first optical bandpass filter in the first optical sub-path in order to prevent the input of electromagnetic radiation that does not correspond to the pump radiation wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source - here the excitation laser - from entering the first optical sub-path and the third optical sub-path and the second optical sub-path.

[0176] For this reason, the first optical bandpass filter preferably has a central wavelength which corresponds to + / -25%, better + / - 10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1% + / -0.5%, better + / -0.2%, better + / -0.1% of the central wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump light source.

[0177] For the same reason, preferably the first optical bandpass filter has a bandwidth in the range of 8 nm to 20 nm, and / or of 8 nm to 15 nm and / or preferably of 13 nm.

[0178] The bandwidth of the wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the central wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source define a tolerance range for the bandwidth of the wavelength of the first optical bandpass filter, in which the first optical bandpass filter does not attenuate the optical radiation during transmission or only insignificantly, according to position and width. In order to ensure the series production capability of the quantum computer, the central wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the bandwidth of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the bandwidth and the central wavelength of the first optical bandpass filter are preferably matched to one another such that the constructive C calculated with respect to this tolerance window pk9 -value is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, where a constructive C pk9-value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred.

[0179] This constructive C pk9 -value defined as follows: λ opmp let the upper wavelength be λ opmp the bandwidth λ bpmp the pump radiation. λ upmp let the lower wavelength be λ upmp the bandwidth λ bpmp the pump radiation. λ bpmp =λ opmp -λ upmp let the bandwidth be λ bpmp the pump radiation. λ zpmp =(λ opmp +λ upmp ) / 2 let the central wavelength be λ zpmp the pump radiation. σ pmp = λ bpmp / 2=(λ opmp -λ upmp ) / 2 is half of the bandwidth λ bpmp the pump radiation. λ o_9 let the upper wavelength be λ o_9 the bandwidth λ b_9 of the first optical bandpass filter (9). λ u_9 let the lower wavelength be λ u_9 the bandwidth λ b_9of the first optical bandpass filter (9). λ b_9 = λ o_9 -λ u_9 let the bandwidth be λ b_9 of the first optical bandpass filter (9). λ z_9 = (λ o_9 +λ u_9 ) / 2 let the central wavelength be λ z_9 of the first optical bandpass filter (9). σ9 = λ b-9 / 2=(λ u_9 -λ u_9 ) / 2 is half of the bandwidth λ b_9 of the first optical bandpass filter (9). Let Min(A,B) be the function that yields the minimum of the two values ​​A or B.

[0180] The constructive C pk9 -Value C pk9 of the first optical bandpass filter (9) is then defined as: Cpk9=Min(|(λz_9−λupmp)|,|(λopmp−λz_9)|) / 3σpmp

[0181] The constructive C pk9b -Value C pk9b of the first optical bandpass filter (9) is then defined as: Cpk9b=Min(|(λzpmp−λu_9)|,|(λo_9−λzpmp)|) / 3σ9

[0182] To ensure the manufacturability of the quantum computer, the document presented here proposes that the central wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the bandwidth of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the bandwidth and the central wavelength of the first optical bandpass filter are matched to one another in such a way that the calculated constructive C pk9b -value greater than 0.5 and / or better than 0.75 and / or better than 1.0 and / or better than 1.25 and / or better than 1.66, where a constructive C pk9b -value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred.

[0183] If in the following C pkl -values ​​are specified, the index “I” indicates the element to which the C pk -value.

[0184] Preferably, the optical system of the quantum computer comprises the first optical sub-path, the second optical sub-path, and the third optical sub-path in order to be able to suitably condition the fluorescence radiation in the second optical sub-path before detection and to be able to optimize the quality of the pump radiation in the first optical sub-path before irradiating the paramagnetic centers of the sample. The third optical sub-path enables joint access to the paramagnetic centers of the sample for control and readout.

[0185] The first optical sub-path and the second optical sub-path and the third optical sub-path are preferably arranged in an E-arrangement, which enables or promotes a particularly compact design and transportability and thus the mobility of the quantum computer.

[0186] Preferably, for further compaction of the optical structure, a mirror is inserted into the second optical sub-path, which deflects the second optical sub-path by an angle greater than or equal to 90° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 80° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 70° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 45° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 22.5° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 10°, wherein a deflection by an angle of 90° + / - 5° and / or + / - 2.5° and / or + / - 1° is preferred.

[0187] Preferably, for further compaction of the optical structure, a mirror is inserted into the third optical sub-path, which deflects the third optical sub-path (72) by an angle greater than or equal to 90° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 80° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 70° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 45° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 22.5° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 10°, wherein a deflection by an angle of 90° + / - 5° and / or + / - 2.5° and / or + / - 1° is preferred.

[0188] To further compact the optical setup, a piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with a mirror is preferably inserted into the third optical subpath. The control device can thus select individual paramagnetic centers in the sample via the control bus, search for them by scanning, and / or switch to other paramagnetic centers, which are typically coupled to other nuclear quantum bits, in the event of the failure of one or more paramagnetic centers. The control device can also use the data bus to stabilize the position of the focal point of the pump radiation on the sample with the paramagnetic centers in the event of mechanical and / or thermal fluctuations and / or displacements.

[0189] The quantum computer preferably has a magnetic positioning device, which typically comprises a magnetic structure. The magnetic structure preferably comprises at least one or more permanent magnets and / or one or more individual magnets, which can be repositionably fixed to a ferromagnetic carrier, for example, as a sub-device of the magnetic positioning device, using magnetic force. The magnetic flux densities of the magnetic fields of the at least one and / or more permanent magnets of the magnetic structure preferably flow through the paramagnetic centers.In order to ensure the stability of the magnetic field and the precision of the setting of the parameters of this overall magnetic field of the partial magnetic fields, a position accuracy of the magnet positioning device for positioning the magnet structure relative to the sample of less than 10µm, and / or better than 5µm and / or better than 2µm and / or better than 1µm and / or better than 0.5µm and / or better than 0.2µm and / or better than 0.1µm and / or better than 50nm and / or better than 20nm and / or better than 10nm has proven to be advantageous, whereby a relative positioning accuracy of the magnet structure relative to the sample of better than 50nm is clearly preferred according to the current state of development.

[0190] During the development of the proposal, it became apparent that it is advantageous for the magnet assembly to include a Halbach magnet assembly. A Halbach magnet assembly, as defined in the document presented here, is a special arrangement of permanent magnets that can offer certain advantages in various applications, particularly in the field of magnetic technology for the realization of the magnet assembly. The main advantage of a Halbach magnet assembly is the ability to generate a strong magnetic field on one side while minimizing the magnetic field on the other side. This has the following advantages: Efficient magnetic field alignment: A Halbach magnet setup allows the generated magnetic field to be directed in a desired direction while significantly attenuating the field on the opposite side. This is useful because quantum computers require strong magnetic field alignment.

[0191] Reduced stray fields: The special arrangement of the magnets in the Halbach setup minimizes stray fields. This is important to prevent unwanted magnetic effects in neighboring devices or components of the quantum computer that could be disturbed by the magnetic field.

[0192] Efficient use of magnetic material: A Halbach magnet setup optimizes the utilization of the magnetic material used by concentrating the magnetic energy on the desired side, typically within the sample. This helps conserve resources and maximize magnetic performance.

[0193] Compact design: The Halbach magnet design enables a compact and mobile construction, as less space is required for shielding material or other devices to minimize stray fields.

[0194] Improved magnetic flux density: In the quantum computer application presented here, the Halbach magnet setup can provide a higher magnetic flux density in the regions of interest of the sample, leading to improved performance of the quantum computer.

[0195] Vibrations and noise: In particular, in a mobile quantum computer, a Halbach magnet setup reduces vibrations and noise caused by interactions between magnets and metallic structures.

[0196] A Halbach magnet setup is particularly advantageous in the quantum computer presented here because the quantum computer requires precisely controlled magnetic fields.

[0197] The quantum computer preferably comprises a fluorescence bandpass filter for separating the fluorescence radiation from other radiation in the second optical subpath, which improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the first photon detection signal of the single-photon detector or the photon detector, since the fluorescence bandpass filter essentially only transmits the electromagnetic radiation of the fluorescence radiation with the fluorescence wavelength and does not transmit electromagnetic radiation of other wavelengths or transmits it only with a strong attenuation. For this purpose, the fluorescence bandpass filter preferably has a central wavelength of 697 nm + / -25% and / or better + / -10% and / or better + / -5% and / or better + / -2% and / or better + / -1% and / or better + / -0.5% and / or better + / -0.2% and / or better + / -0.1% and / or a bandwidth of 75 nm + / - 25% and / or better + / - 10% and / or better + / - 5% and / or better + / - 2% and / or better + / - 1% and / or better + / - 0.5% and / or better + / - 0.2% and / or better + / - 0.1%.

[0198] The bandwidth of the wavelength of the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers and the central wavelength of the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers define a tolerance range for the bandwidth of the wavelength of the fluorescence bandpass filter (of the second bandpass filter (42)), in which the fluorescence bandpass filter does not attenuate the optical radiation during transmission or only insignificantly, according to position and width. In order to ensure the series production capability of the quantum computer, the central wavelength of the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers and the bandwidth of the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers and the bandwidth and the central wavelength of the fluorescence bandpass filter (of the second bandpass filter (42)) are preferably matched to one another in such a way that the constructive C calculated with respect to this tolerance window pk42-value is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, where a constructive C pk42 -value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred. This constructive C pk42 -value defined as follows: λ opmp let the upper wavelength be λ opmp the bandwidth λ bpmp the pump radiation. λ upmp let the lower wavelength be λ upmp the bandwidth λ bpmp the pump radiation. λ bpmp =λ opmp -λ upmp let the bandwidth be λ bpmp the pump radiation. λ zpmp =(λ opmp +λ upmp ) / 2 let the central wavelength be λ zpmp the pump radiation. σ pmp = λ bpmp / 2=(λ opmp -λ upmp ) / 2 is half of the bandwidth λ bpmp the pump radiation. λ o_42 let the upper wavelength be λ o_42 the bandwidth λ b_42of the fluorescence bandpass filter (the second bandpass filter (42)). λ u_42 let the lower wavelength be λ u_42 the bandwidth λ b_42 of the fluorescence bandpass filter (the second bandpass filter (42)). λ b_42 = λ o_42 -λ u_42 let the bandwidth be λ b_42 of the fluorescence bandpass filter (the second bandpass filter (42)). λ z_42 = (λ o_42 +λ u_42 ) / 2 let the central wavelength be λ z_42 of the fluorescence bandpass filter (the second bandpass filter (42)). σ 42 = λ b_42 / 2=(λ u_42 -λ u_42 ) / 2 is half of the bandwidth λ b_42 of the fluorescence bandpass filter (the second bandpass filter (42)). Let Min(A,B) be the function that returns the minimum of the two values ​​A or B.

[0199] The constructive C pk42 -Value C pk42of the fluorescence bandpass filter (the second bandpass filter (42)) is then defined as: Cpk42=Min(|(λz_42−λupmp)|,|(λopmp−λz_42)|) / 3σpmp

[0200] The constructive C pk42b -Value C pk42b of the fluorescence bandpass filter (the second bandpass filter (42)) is then defined as: Cpk42b=Min(|(λzpmp−λu_42)|,|(λo_42−λzpmp)|) / 3σ42

[0201] To ensure the manufacturability of the quantum computer, the document presented here proposes that the central wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the bandwidth of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the bandwidth and the central wavelength of the fluorescence bandpass filter (the second bandpass filter (42)) are matched to each other in such a way that the calculated constructive C pk42b-value greater than 0.5 and / or better than 0.75 and / or better than 1.0 and / or better than 1.25 and / or better than 1.66, where a constructive C pk42b -value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred.

[0202] Preferably, the first optical sub-path comprises the pump radiation source and first optical functional elements for processing the radiation of the pump radiation source for use as pump radiation, as well as a second optical coupling functional element for coupling the pump radiation (54) of the first optical sub-path into the third optical sub-path in order to realize the advantages described above and described below.

[0203] Preferably, the second optical sub-path comprises a third optical coupling functional element for coupling out the fluorescence radiation from the third optical sub-path and fourth optical functional elements for processing the fluorescence radiation for detection by the photodetector and / or the single-photon detector, wherein the fourth optical functional elements comprise the first optical spatial filter and the second optical spatial filter in order to realize the advantages described above and described below.

[0204] Preferably, the third optical sub-path comprises the second optical coupling functional element for coupling the pump radiation into the third optical sub-path and the third optical coupling functional element for coupling the fluorescence radiation (33) into the second optical sub-path and fifth optical functional elements for optimally irradiating the paramagnetic centers with pump radiation and for detecting the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers in order to realize the advantages described above and described below.

[0205] Preferably, the first optical functional elements comprise a first optical waveguide and a first collimator lens and an optional neutral density filter and an optional first optical bandpass filter and an optional λ / 2 retardation plate and / or an optional λ / 4 retardation plate in order to realize the advantages described above and below.

[0206] Preferably, the third optical functional elements comprise an optical long-pass filter and an optical band-stop filter and an optional mirror and a first focusing lens and a pinhole and a second collimator lens and a fluorescence band-pass filter and a second focusing lens and a second optical waveguide in order to realize the advantages described above and below.

[0207] Preferably, the fifth optical functional elements comprise the mirror of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system (16) and the objective lens (20) in order to realize the advantages described above and below.

[0208] Preferably, the proposed quantum computer comprises a piezoelectric objective positioner and the sample with the paramagnetic centers, wherein the piezoelectric objective positioner can adjust the distance from objective to sample to an accuracy of up to 50 nm and / or better to an accuracy of up to 25 nm and / or better to an accuracy of up to 10 nm and / or better to an accuracy of up to 5 nm or better, wherein an adjustment of the distance from objective to sample to an accuracy of up to 5 nm or better is preferred, since this allows a sharper adjustment of the two optical spatial filters and thus improves the signal-to-noise ratio.

[0209] Preferably, the first optical sub-path comprises the pump radiation source and the first optical waveguide and the first collimator lens and the optional optical neutral density filter and the first optical bandpass filter and the optional λ / 2 delay plate or (or) the optional λ / 4 delay plate and the dichroic mirror in order to realize the advantages described above and described below.

[0210] Preferably, the second optical sub-path comprises the dichroic mirror and the optical long-pass filter and the optional optical band-stop filter and the optional mirror and the first focusing lens and a pinhole and a second collimator lens and a fluorescence band-pass filter and a second focusing lens and a second optical waveguide and the photodetector or (and / or) the single-photon detector in order to realize the advantages described above and described below.

[0211] Preferably, the third optical sub-path comprises the dichroic mirror and the mirror of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system and the objective and the sample with paramagnetic centers and the nuclear spins of the isotopes with a magnetic moment (e.g. 14 N, 15 N, 13 C) which are coupled or can be coupled to at least one paramagnetic center and / or NV center in order to realize the advantages described above and below.

[0212] Preferably, an optical long-pass filter is inserted into the second optical subpath, which preferably transmits electromagnetic radiation with the fluorescence wavelength, i.e., the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers of the sample, and does not transmit and / or significantly attenuates radiation of shorter wavelengths, i.e., preferably the pump radiation with the pump radiation wavelength. This further improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the first photon detection signal of the single-photon detector or the photon detector. For this purpose, in the case of NV centers as paramagnetic centers of the sample, the optical long-pass filter preferably has an edge wavelength λ 31 =542 nm + / -25% and / or better + / - 10% and / or better + / -5% and / or better + / -2% and / or better + / -1%.

[0213] Preferably, an optical band-stop filter is inserted into the second optical subpath, which is preferably designed to block and / or significantly attenuate electromagnetic radiation with a pump radiation wavelength of the pump radiation. This further improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the first photon detection signal of the single-photon detector or the photon detector. Preferably, the optical band-stop filter has a central wavelength that corresponds to + / -25% and / or better + / -10% and / or better + / -5% and / or better + / -2% and / or better + / -1% of the central wavelength of the emitted pump radiation (54).

[0214] Typically, the bandwidth of the wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the central wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source define a tolerance range for the wavelength bandwidth of the optical band-stop filter, in which the optical band-stop filter does not attenuate the optical radiation during transmission, or only insignificantly. To ensure the manufacturability of the quantum computer, the document presented here proposes that the central wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the bandwidth of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source, as well as the bandwidth and central wavelength of the optical band-stop filter, are coordinated in such a way that the constructive C calculated with respect to this tolerance window pk53-value greater than 0.5 and / or better than 0.75 and / or better than 1.0 and / or better than 1.25 and / or better than 1.66, where a constructive C pk53 -value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred. This constructive C pk53 -value defined as follows: λ opmp let the upper wavelength be λ opmp the bandwidth λ bpmp the pump radiation. λ upmp let the lower wavelength be λ upmp the bandwidth λ bpmp the pump radiation. λ bpmp =λ opmp- λ upmp let the bandwidth be λ bpmp the pump radiation. λ zpmp =(λ opmp +λ upmp ) / 2 let the central wavelength be λ zpmp the pump radiation. σ pmp = λ bpmp / 2=(λ opmp -λ upmp ) / 2 is half of the bandwidth λ bpmp the pump radiation. λ o_53 let the upper wavelength be λ o_53 the bandwidth λb_53 the band-stop filter (53). λ u_53 let the lower wavelength be λ u_53 the bandwidth λ b_53 of the bandpass filter (53). λ b_53 = λ o_53 -λ u_53 let the bandwidth be λ b_53 of the bandpass filter (53). λ z_53 = (λ o_53 +λ u_53 ) / 2 let the central wavelength be λ z_53 of the bandpass filter (53). σ 53 = λ b53 / 2=(λ u53- λ u53 ) / 2 is half of the bandwidth λ b53 of the bandpass filter (53). Let Min(A,B) be the function that returns the minimum of the two values ​​A or B.

[0215] The constructive C pk53 -Value C pk53 of the band-stop filter (53) is then defined as: Cpk53=Min(|(λz_53−λupmp)|,|(λopmp−λz_53)|) / 3σpmp

[0216] The constructive C pk53b -Value C pk53b of the band-stop filter (53) is then defined as: Cpk53b=Min(|(λz_53−λupmp)|,|(λo53−λz_pmp)|) / 3σ53

[0217] To ensure the manufacturability of the quantum computer, the document presented here proposes that the central wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the bandwidth of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the bandwidth and the central wavelength of the optical band-stop filter are matched in such a way that the calculated constructive C pk53b -value greater than 0.5 and / or better than 0.75 and / or better than 1.0 and / or better than 1.25 and / or better than 1.66, where a constructive C pk53b -value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred.

[0218] To ensure transportability, the quantum computer preferably comprises a 19" rack or a 19" server cabinet. The quantum computer preferably comprises a base plate with a square pattern of threaded holes, which base plate is intended and / or configured for installation in a 19" rack or a 19" server cabinet. Preferably, optical device components and / or all optical device components of the quantum computer are attached to the surface of the base plate by means of the threaded holes and corresponding screws and / or other fastenings, such as magnetic holders. Preferably, all other device components of the quantum computer are housed together with the base plate in the 19" rack and / or the 19" server cabinet. This enables the transportability of the quantum computer. For this purpose, the quantum computer is preferably additionally provided with casters for easy transport.

[0219] The advantages are not limited to those mentioned above. Quantum computer monitoring device

[0220] The following section, "Quantum Computer Monitoring Device," deals with a quantum computer monitoring device 113, whose task is to detect errors of the quantum computer 114 and / or a quantum computer system 115 and to take countermeasures. It is important to note that errors, as defined in the following section, "Quantum Computer Monitoring Device," expressly do not refer to errors that correspond to a minority result in the statistical evaluation of the quantum computer calculation results of quantum operations of the quantum computer 114. Rather, these are errors that result from genuine defects, such as destruction and / or damage and / or at least temporary impairments outside the intended operation of the quantum computer 114 and / or the quantum computer system 115.

[0221] Errors of a first category in quantum computers 114 refer to inaccuracies or reductions in quantum fidelity, where the fidelity is less than 100%. This type of error results from imperfections in quantum information conservation and the merging of quantum states of the quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67.

[0222] Errors in the second category refer to malfunctions or defects in the physical components of a quantum computer 114, without any direct connection to the quantum information itself. Such defects can result from errors in the components, electronic malfunctions, or mechanical weaknesses.

[0223] In summary, errors in the first category are based on imperfections in quantum mechanical processing, while errors in the second category are based on physical defects in the device components

[0224] A quantum computer monitoring device 113 monitors the device parts of the quantum computer 114 and / or a quantum computer system 115 for errors of the second category. The quantum computer monitoring device 113 is preferably configured to detect and preferably evaluate errors in device parts of the quantum computer 114 and / or a quantum computer system 115. The quantum computer monitoring device 113 is preferably configured to transmit detected errors in device parts of the quantum computer 114 and / or a quantum computer system 115 to a higher-level control unit 116, wherein this transmission preferably includes the type of error and / or the time of occurrence and / or the evaluation of the error and / or the affected device part of the quantum computer 114 and / or the quantum computer system 115.Preferably, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 is configured to take countermeasures to contain the spread and / or maintain operation in the event of detected errors in device parts of the quantum computer 114 and / or a quantum computer system 115, and / or to cause the quantum computer system 115 and / or the quantum computer 114 and / or device parts thereof to take such countermeasures (e.g., a reset). This ensures that the quantum computer 114 and / or the quantum computer system 115 are always in a defined and typically controlled state.

[0225] The quantum computer monitoring device 113 ensures that the quantum computer 114 and / or the quantum computer system 115 do what they are supposed to do and detects when, for whatever reason, they are unable to do so in the intended manner due to a change in the quantum computer 114 and / or the quantum computer system 115 and / or an unforeseen and unintended change in the state of the quantum computer 114 and / or the quantum computer system 115. It is therefore expressly not about error correction. Rather, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 has the function of a watchdog, which in this case, however, is adapted to the conditions of a quantum computer, which does not always deliver a specific result in a deterministic manner, but only delivers a predictable distribution of results.The quantum computer monitoring device 113 can therefore examine such result distributions and infer failures and / or unforeseen disturbances in the function of the quantum computer 114 and / or the quantum computer system 115.

[0226] The technical teaching of the document presented here proposes a quantum computer system 115 with at least one quantum computer, as described above, and with a quantum computer monitoring device 113. The quantum computer preferably comprises a plurality of quantum dots in the form of the paramagnetic centers 22 as quantum bits 22 and the nuclear quantum bits 67 with first means. The first means can preferably manipulate individual or multiple quantum dots of the quantum computer 114 and thus modify their quantum states. For the purposes of this document, the quantum dots can be, for example, paramagnetic centers 22, for example, NV centers in diamond, and / or nuclear spins, for example 13C isotopes in a 12C-diamond matrix. The document presented here refers in this context, for example, to document WO 2021 083 448 A1. To the extent permitted by the law of a state in which the document presented here is to be nationalized, the technical teaching of WO 2021 083 448 A1 is fully incorporated into the disclosure of the document presented here. However, nuclear quantum dots (nuclear qubits) are expressly encompassed by the term quantum dot within the meaning of the document presented here. The first means can couple, in particular entangle, quantum dots of the quantum computer, which are at least a subset of the quantum dots of the quantum computer 114. The quantum computer 114 executes a quantum computer program with a quantum computer program sequence. The quantum computer 114 preferably comprises a control device 63 with a memory and / or storage medium 64 of the control device 63.Typically, the control device 63 forms a von Neumann or Harvard architecture with the memory and / or storage medium 64 of the control device 63. The control device 63 can preferably control said first means of the quantum computer 114. The quantum computer program is preferably a command sequence of quantum computer codes in the form of program codes for the control device 63, wherein the quantum computer program codes each individually encode or represent one or more operations of the control device 63. At least one quantum computer program code represents a quantum operation. Typically, several different quantum computer codes represent a plurality of different quantum operations. Typically, a plurality of further quantum computer program codes represent operations of the control device 63 that are not quantum computer operations.The set of quantum computer program codes in the memory and / or storage medium 64 of the control device 63 of the quantum computer 114 forms the quantum computer program of the quantum computer 114.

[0227] The first means of the quantum computer 114 are preferably suitable for producing and / or manipulating a superposition of quantum states of one or more quantum bits 22 and / or nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114.

[0228] The first means of the quantum computer 114 are preferably suitable for setting a predetermined quantum state of one or more quantum bits 22 and / or nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114.

[0229] The first means of the quantum computer 114 are preferably suitable for setting a predetermined superposition of a plurality of predetermined quantum states of one or more quantum bits 22 and / or nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114.

[0230] The first means of the quantum computer 114 are preferably suitable for setting a predetermined entanglement of a plurality of predetermined quantum states of one or more quantum bits 22 and / or nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114.

[0231] The quantum computer 114 preferably has second means for determining and / or reading out a quantum state of one or more quantum bits of the quantum computer 114, ie one or more paramagnetic centers 22 and / or one or more nuclear quantum bits 67.

[0232] The quantum bits preferably comprise 22 paramagnetic centers in diamond. These paramagnetic centers preferably comprise NV centers and / or SiV centers and / or TR1 centers and / or L1 centers and / or TiV centers and / or GeV centers and / or SnV centers and / or NiN4 centers and / or PbV centers and / or ST1 centers, etc. NV centers are particularly suitable for this purpose.

[0233] Preferably, the quantum bits comprise nuclear quantum bits 67, which comprise isotopes with a magnetic moment. The document presented here refers in this context, for example, to document WO2021083448A1. To the extent permitted by the law of a state in which the document presented here is to be nationalized, the technical teaching of WO2021083448A1 is fully incorporated into the disclosure of the document presented here. For example, the nuclear quantum dots may be 13 C isotopes and / or 14 N isotopes and / or 15 N isotopes within the diamond material.

[0234] The first means preferably comprise one or more electrical lines that can manipulate the quantum states of the quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67 using magnetic, electric, and / or electromagnetic fields. The first means preferably also comprise means for controlling these lines. The first means can, for example, comprise AWG generators. In this context, the document presented here refers, for example, to document WO2021083448A1. To the extent permitted by the law of a state in which the document presented here is to be nationalized, the technical teaching of WO2021083448A1 is fully incorporated into the disclosure of the document presented here.

[0235] Preferably, the control device 63 of the quantum computer 114 controls these first means.

[0236] In this context, the document presented here refers, for example, to document WO2021083448A1. To the extent permitted by the law of a state in which the document presented here is to be nationalized, the technical teaching of WO2021083448A1 is fully incorporated into the disclosure of the document presented here.

[0237] The quantum computer program, in the sense of the document presented here, comprises at least one command and / or a command sequence for the control device 63 in the form of a quantum computer program code, which causes the control device 63 of the quantum computer 114 to • to manipulate at least one quantum bit and / or several quantum bits 22 and / or one or more paramagnetic centers 22 and / or one or more nuclear quantum bits 67 in a predetermined manner by means of the first means and / or • by means of the first means to set a predetermined state of one or more quantum bits 22 and / or one or more paramagnetic centers 22 and / or one or more nuclear quantum bits 67 and / or • to set a predetermined superposition of one or more quantum states of one or more quantum bits 22 and / or one or more paramagnetic centers 22 and / or one or more nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114 by means of the first means • to manipulate a predetermined superposition of one or more quantum states of at least one quantum bit and / or several quantum bits 22 and / or one or more paramagnetic centers 22 and / or one or more nuclear quantum bits 67 in a predetermined manner by means of the first means and / or • to read out the quantum state of one or more quantum bits 22 and / or one or more paramagnetic centers 22 and / or one or more nuclear quantum bits 67 by means of the second means.

[0238] For the purposes of the document presented here, such a command or such a command sequence of the control device 63 of the quantum computer 114 represents a quantum operation. Preferably, a quantum computer program code represents a quantum operation or an operation of the control device 63.

[0239] A quantum computer program within the meaning of the document presented here comprises at least one quantum operation. Thus, a quantum computer program within the meaning of the document presented here has at least one instruction which, when executed by the control device 63 of the quantum computer 114, ultimately leads to a manipulation of at least one quantum bit of the quantum bits 22 and / or nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114 by means of the first means (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 55, 57, 59, 61, 56, 58, 60, 62, 78, 26, 25, 28, 29, 30, 54) and / or to a reading of at least one quantum bit 22 and / or nuclear quantum bit 67 quantum bits of the quantum computer 114 by means of the second means (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 26, 25, 28, 29, 30, 33, 31, 53, 34, 36, 37, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 49, 50, 77, 76, 83, 84). Interpreter operation of the quantum computer

[0240] For ease of use, it is also conceivable for the control device 63 to interpret a text file containing source code. The text file represents the user program and can usually be edited directly on a screen using a simple editor in a data processing system.

[0241] In this case, the text file of the user program is preferably stored in the memory and / or storage medium 64 of the control device 63 of the quantum computer 114. The symbols of the text file of the user program are preferably stored in an ordered, preferably sequential, order in the memory and / or storage medium 64 of the quantum computer. If the memory and / or storage medium 64 of the control device 63 of the quantum computer 114 cannot completely accommodate the text file, the control device 63 preferably reloads the required components of the text file of the user program via a data interface 121 from a mass storage device, for example, a hard disk or the like, or another storage medium. The data interface 121 can, for example, be an interface from the internal data bus 68 of the control device 63 to a control bus 66 and / or an external data bus 117.The control bus can be connected to a storage medium and / or a memory. The mass storage device is preferably connected to the control bus 66 and / or the external data bus 117. If the mass storage device is occupied, for example, because the data bus is occupied by other quantum computer system components, the control device 63 waits to reload until the control bus 66 and / or the external data bus 117 are free again. This can be accelerated if the quantum computer 114 has a DMA interface that directly reloads data from a quantum computer program with quantum computer program codes and / or program codes or text symbols (e.g., bytecodes) for an interpreter.In this case, the control device 63 does not have to wait, since the DMA interface, for example upon request by the control device 63, reloads the data from the mass storage into the memory and / or storage medium 64 of the quantum computer 114 or, conversely, stores the data from the memory and / or storage medium 4 of the quantum computer 114 back into the mass storage.

[0242] Preferably, the text file of the user program then contains symbol strings. The symbols of the symbol strings can include, for example, symbols for letters, special characters, spaces and control characters such as new line, etc. The symbols are within

[0243] In the case of an interpreter, the control computer executes a basic program stored in the form of quantum computer program codes in the memory and / or storage medium 64 of the quantum computer 114, which is executed by the control device 63. The symbols are preferably organized in words from symbol chains of several consecutive symbols in the text file and then also in the memory and / or storage medium 64 of the quantum computer 114, which, when displayed on a screen, preferably result in a human-readable text. Some symbol chains of the words preferably represent individual quantum computer program codes and / or sequences of quantum computer program codes. Which quantum computer program codes and / or program codes and / or sequences of quantum computer program codes are represented by the respective symbol chain of a word is preferably determined by the basic program in the memory and / or storage medium 64 of the quantum computer 114.This code preferably encodes which specific symbol string corresponds to which quantum computer program code or quantum computer program code sequence. A symbol string can thus also represent a subprogram of the quantum computer program.

[0244] If, upon analyzing the information of the text file located in its memory and / or storage medium 64, the control device 63 finds a symbol string within the information of the text file that corresponds to one of the predefined symbol strings in the memory by executing the basic program, the control computer assigns a quantum computer program code or a sequence of quantum computer program codes or a quantum computer subprogram to this symbol string by executing the basic program and executes it. The quantum computer program code or sequence of quantum computer program codes or quantum computer subprogram assigned to the symbol string is preferably stored in the memory and / or storage medium 64 of the quantum computer 114.When analyzing the symbol string, the control device 63 preferably accesses it and thereby identifies the quantum computer program code to be executed or the sequence of quantum computer program codes to be executed or the quantum computer subroutine to be executed.

[0245] Strictly speaking, the control device 63 of the quantum computer 114 executes the quantum computer program code in the memory and / or storage medium 64 of the quantum computer 114. The memory and / or storage medium 64 may contain the said instruction sequences that represent quantum operations.

[0246] If the control device 63, which is part of the quantum computer 114 within the meaning of the document presented here, executes such a quantum computer program code of a command sequence of a quantum operation, the quantum computer as a whole thereby executes this quantum operation. Thus, in this sense, the execution of a quantum operation within the meaning of the document presented here is an execution of an instruction of a quantum computer program code in the memory and / or storage medium 64 of the quantum computer 114 or of an instruction sequence of a quantum computer program code in the memory and / or storage medium 64 of the quantum computer 114 by the control device 63 of the quantum computer 114, which corresponds to such a said instruction or such a said instruction sequence of the control device 63 of the quantum computer 114, which involves at least one quantum bit 22 and / or nuclear quantum bit 67 of the quantum computer in any way by changing or reading it.

[0247] A quantum computer computation within the meaning of the document presented here is a quantum computer program or a quantum computer program section comprising at least one quantum computer program code (program code) for at least one quantum operation or at least one sequence of quantum operations.

[0248] The quantum computer program sequence, in the sense of the document presented here, is the intended temporal sequence of the processing of quantum computer program code (program code) by the control device 63 of the quantum computer 114. The quantum computer program code in the form of quantum computer code (program code) is preferably located in a memory and / or storage medium 64 of the control device 63 of the quantum computer 114. A quantum computer code (program code) preferably consists of one or more data bits, which together symbolize at least one predetermined manipulation of one or more predetermined quantum bits 22 and / or predetermined nuclear quantum bits 67. A quantum computer program code can also represent conventional opcodes of the control device 63. The control device 63 can be, for example, an ARM processor.The quantum computer program can comprise a quantum computer program sequence with loops and branches. As explained above, the quantum computer program can also be in readable form and interpreted by the control device 63 during operation. Therefore, within the meaning of the document presented here, a symbol chain representing a quantum computer code and / or a sequence of quantum computer codes and / or a quantum computer subroutine can also be part of a quantum computer program. How the information about the quantum computer codes to be executed is therefore ultimately irrelevant to the control device 63. The only important thing is that the control computer has the necessary information about which quantum computer code is to be executed next at the right time. Such an instruction list is a quantum computer program within the meaning of the document presented here.The quantum computer program can thus be present in binary code and / or as interpretable plaintext data in the memory and / or storage medium 64 of the quantum computer 114.

[0249] In many cases, it is useful if a branching operation in the quantum computer program flow depends on the read state of one or more quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114 at a point in time and / or at a branching point in time during the execution of the quantum computer program by the control device 63.

[0250] In many cases, it is useful if the execution of a quantum computer program loop in the quantum computer program flow depends on the read state of one or more quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114 at a point in time and / or at a return point in time and / or at the beginning of the quantum computer program loop and / or at the beginning of the quantum computer program loop and / or within the quantum computer program loop during the execution of the quantum computer program by the control device 63.

[0251] The quantum computer monitoring device 113 monitors the correct quantum computer program execution of the quantum computer program of the quantum computer 114. The quantum computer monitoring device 113 can, for example, in addition to the quantum computer program execution, also monitor the value and / or value history of one or more of the following operating parameters: • a value of an operating voltage of an operating voltage line (VDD) of the quantum computer system 115 relative to a reference potential (GND), • a value of a current consumption (IDD) of the quantum computer system 115 associated with this operating voltage line (VDD), • a value of an operating voltage of an operating voltage line (VDD) of the quantum computer 114 compared to a reference potential (GND) and / or • a value of a current consumption (IDD) of the quantum computer 114 associated with this operating voltage, • a value of an operating voltage of an operating voltage line (VDD) of the control device 63 of the quantum computer 114 relative to a reference potential (GND) and / or • a value of a current consumption (IDD) of the control device 63 of the quantum computer 114 associated with this operating voltage, • a value of an operating voltage of an operating voltage line (VDD) of the first means for manipulating the quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114 relative to a reference potential (GND) and / or • a value of a current consumption (IDD) of the first means for manipulating the quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114, associated with this operating voltage, • a value of an operating voltage of an operating voltage line (VDD) of the second means for reading the state of the quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114 relative to a reference potential (GND) and / or • a value of a current consumption (IDD) of the second means for reading the state of the quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114, associated with this operating voltage, • a value of an operating voltage of another device part of the quantum computer 114, for example of measuring devices for detecting the magnetic flux density at the location of the quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67 or in the vicinity of the quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114, relative to a reference potential (GND) and / or • a value of an operating voltage associated current consumption of such a device part of the quantum computer 114, • the processor clock (QCCLK) of the control device 63 of the quantum computer 114, • the value of the frequency of the processor clock (QCCLK) of the control device 63 , • the light emission of a light source (pump radiation source - excitation laser 1), for example an excitation laser 1), of a quantum computer 114 for irradiating quantum bits 22 of the quantum computer 114 with radiation, in particular pump radiation 54, • the detection capability of electromagnetic radiation of a photodetector 50 (single photon detector 50), which may, for example, be part of said second means for reading the state of one or more quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114, • the intended correct generation of electromagnetic fields, in particular microwave fields and / or radio wave fields of a device of the quantum computer 114, in particular of said first means (see list above), for manipulating one or more quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67, • the complex and / or real and / or imaginary conductance of a line which is part of a device of the quantum computer 114, in particular of said first means (see list above), for manipulating one or more quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67, • the correct functioning of the second means (see list above) for reading the quantum states of the quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114.

[0252] According to the proposal, the quantum computer 114 performs predetermined quantum computer calculations with at least one quantum operation by manipulating at least one quantum bit 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114 at predetermined time intervals before predetermined times (tv). The quantum computer calculations comprise one or more quantum operations, which the quantum computer 114 preferably performs in a predetermined manner according to a predetermined quantum computer program sequence. The result of these predetermined quantum computer calculations of the quantum computer 114 is the calculation of predetermined quantum computer calculation results by the quantum computer 114. According to the proposal, the quantum computer 114 controls the quantum computer monitoring device 113 after these predetermined times (tv).For this purpose, the control device 63 preferably sends a message to the quantum computer monitoring device 113 via a control bus 66 or another signaling means. The content and timing of the message transmission by the quantum computer 114 to the quantum computer monitoring device 113 are not arbitrary. In contrast to the prior art, when monitoring a quantum computer 114, in many cases the result of a quantum computer calculation cannot be precisely determined in advance, since such a quantum computer calculation result in the quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67 can be in the form of the superposition of a plurality of possible quantum states that overlap in the quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67.If the control computer now reads the state of the quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67, it receives only one possible quantum computer calculation result from several quantum computer calculation results. If the performed quantum computer calculation results in a superposition of several such quantum computer calculation results as permissible quantum computer calculation results, a single calculation of the quantum computer calculation results is generally not sufficient to conclude that the quantum computer 114 is functioning correctly.Rather, the quantum computer calculation device 113 will have the predetermined quantum computer calculation performed by the quantum computer 114 several times and compare the respective frequency of the expected quantum computer calculation results with respective expected values ​​for the quantum computer calculation results actually transmitted from the quantum computer 114 to the quantum computer monitoring device 113. If this respective frequency of the quantum computer calculation results actually transmitted from the quantum computer 114 to the quantum computer monitoring device 113 deviates from the respective expected values ​​for the respective frequency of the expected quantum computer calculation results for one or more expected values ​​by more than a respective expected value deviation tolerance, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 can conclude that the quantum computer 114 is faulty.

[0253] In order to keep the complexity low, it is sensible if such a quantum computer calculation to check the correct function of quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114 manipulates only a few quantum bits 22 and / or nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114, preferably only one quantum bit 22 and / or one nuclear quantum bit 67 of the quantum computer 114.

[0254] To keep complexity low, it is useful for such a quantum computer calculation to verify the correct functioning of couplings of quantum bits 22 and / or nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114 to manipulate only a few couplings of a few quantum bits 22 and / or nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114, preferably only one coupling between two quantum bits 22 and / or one quantum bit 22 and one nuclear quantum bit 67 of the quantum computer 114. For example, such a quantum computer calculation can verify correct entanglement between two quantum bits of the quantum computer.

[0255] The quantum computer must communicate the expected quantum computer calculation result to the quantum computer monitoring device within a preferably predetermined time window. This can also be the result of a self-test of the quantum computer 114. The self-test result is then typically a quantum computer calculation result within the meaning of the document presented here.

[0256] If the quantum computer 114 does not send the expected or permitted quantum computer calculation result to the quantum computer monitoring device in a timely manner, i.e., not within the expected time window, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 concludes that the quantum computer 114 is in a second category error or faulty state. The quantum computer monitoring device 113 then preferably implements one or more countermeasures.This may, for example, involve performing predetermined quantum computer calculations to test the quantum computer 114 and / or shutting down the quantum computer 114 in question and / or replacing the quantum computer 114 with a quantum computer simulation device 120 to ensure emergency operation and / or signaling an error to a higher-level unit and / or a user and / or placing the quantum computer system into an emergency operation state or the like.

[0257] These measures prevent the quantum computer system 115 or a system influenced or controlled by the quantum computer system 115 from entering an undefined or dangerous state.

[0258] In particular, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 can check the quantum computer monitoring results for plausibility. For example, predeterminable specific quantum computer calculation results can be excluded from the outset. For example, it is conceivable that the quantum computer system 113 is part of a higher-level overall system 116 and influences or controls it. The set of possible quantum computer calculation results that could be passed on to the higher-level overall system in the event of any kind of malfunction of the quantum computer 114 can, for example, also include quantum computer calculation results that would predictably render the higher-level overall system inoperable, damage it, or place it in an unsafe or dangerous state.The quantum computer monitoring device 113 preferably prevents the transmission of these faulty quantum computer calculation results to the higher-level overall system. In such a case, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 preferably replaces the quantum computer calculation result with a predetermined substitute value, for example, in cooperation with a central control device 116 of the higher-level overall system, along with a signal indicating the faultiness of the original quantum computer calculation result. This enables the higher-level overall system to detect this and, in turn, take countermeasures.

[0259] For example, a countermeasure of the quantum computer monitoring device 113 may perform a reset (reset function) of the quantum computer 114 to the quantum computer program start or another predetermined quantum computer program point or the like.

[0260] The quantum computer system 115 and / or the quantum computer 114 preferably comprise a control bus 66 or another data bus 117. The control device 63 and / or a DMA interface of the quantum computer 114 are preferably connected to the control bus 66. For example, an external mass storage device, such as a hard disk, can be connected to the control bus 66. The control bus 66 preferably couples the quantum computer 114, in particular the control device 63 of the quantum computer 114, to the quantum computer monitoring device 113. The quantum computer monitoring device 113 can be part of the quantum computer 114. However, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 is preferably always part of a quantum computer system 115, preferably with at least one quantum computer 114.The control device 63 of the quantum computer 114, and thus the quantum computer 114, can transmit program data and / or quantum program codes and / or information and / or quantum computer calculation results to the quantum computer monitoring device 113 via the control bus 66. The quantum computer monitoring device 113 can transmit information and / or requests and / or quantum computer program code and / or program data to the quantum computer 114 or to the control device 63 of the quantum computer 114 via the control bus 66.

[0261] The runtime of quantum computer programs executed by the control device 63 of the quantum computer 114, and thus by the quantum computer 114, must be sufficiently short that the coherence of the quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114 is not lost during this time. Therefore, the execution of quantum computer programs by the control device 63 typically ends before this happens. We will refer to such a time period as a quantum computer program section.

[0262] After a quantum computer program section has been executed, the control device 63 of the quantum computer 114 must, at the beginning of the next quantum computer program section, reinitialize the quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114 using the first means and bring them into a predetermined superposition of quantum states. To this end, the control device 63 uses the second means to read out a state of the relevant quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114 at the end of the preceding quantum computer program section.Since this readout always only provides one state of the quantum states of the quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67 that overlap at the end of the preceding quantum computer program section, the control computer preferably executes a preceding quantum computer program section multiple times in order to be able to maintain statistics on the states and determine the type of overlap at the end of the preceding quantum computer program section. The control device 63 then initializes this overlap of quantum states using the first means, preferably at the beginning of a quantum computer program section following the preceding quantum computer program section, so that sufficient time is then available for subsequent quantum computer calculations.This periodic processing of a quantum computer program by the quantum computer creates the possibility of inserting a quantum computer test program section between a preceding quantum computer program section and a subsequent quantum computer program section, in which the quantum computer 114 performs a quantum computer calculation by executing the program codes in the memory 64 and / or storage medium of the control device 63, which the quantum computer monitoring device 113 has signaled to the quantum computer as a task and / or order and / or request.

[0263] Preferably, the result of this quantum computer calculation is predetermined within the quantum computer test program section. However, in contrast to the prior art, since this is a quantum computer, the results are not deterministic. Rather, several quantum states located in the quantum bits of the 22 and / or in the nuclear quantum bits of the 67 quantum computer 114 can be the result of such a

[0264] Quantum computer calculations for testing purposes. Only the distribution of the frequency of reading the various results is deterministic when the quantum computer test program section is executed multiple times by the quantum computer 114. Therefore, if the same quantum calculation is to be executed multiple times in multiple quantum computer test program sections, the control device 63 of the quantum computer 114 preferably transmits the respective quantum computer calculation results to the quantum computer monitoring device 113. The quantum computer monitoring device thus does not check the result of the individual quantum computer calculation, but rather the statistical distribution of the results of the quantum computer calculation.Preferably, the quantum computer monitoring device does not check all quantum bits 22 and / or nuclear quantum bits 67, but always only a subset of the quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114 and / or a subset of the couplings between several, but at least two, quantum bits 22 and / or one quantum bit 22 and one nuclear quantum bit 67 of the quantum computer 114 from the set of all couplings between quantum bits 22 and / or one quantum bit 22 and one nuclear quantum bit 67 of the quantum computer 114, in order to limit the amount of physically required storage space in a memory of the quantum computer monitoring device.

[0265] If a first subset of the quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114 has been tested in this way, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 preferably tests a second subset of the quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114 in this way. Preferably, but not necessarily, the first subset of quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114 and the second subset of quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114 have a non-empty intersection. In this document, quantum bits generally refer to the paramagnetic centers 22 as opposed to the nuclear quantum bits 67.

[0266] If a first subset of the couplings between several, but at least two, quantum bits 22 and / or one quantum bit 22 and one nuclear quantum bit 67 of the quantum computer 114 from the set of all couplings between quantum bits 22 and / or nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114 is checked in this way, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 preferably checks a second subset of the couplings between several, but at least two, quantum bits 22 and / or one quantum bit 22 and one nuclear quantum bit 67 of the quantum computer 114 from the set of all couplings between quantum bits 22 and / or one quantum bit 22 and one nuclear quantum bit 67 of the quantum computer 114 in this way.Preferably, but not necessarily, the first subset of couplings between a plurality of, but at least two, quantum bits 22 and / or a quantum bit 22 and a nuclear quantum bit 67 of the quantum computer 114 from the set of all couplings between quantum bits 22 and / or a quantum bit 22 and a nuclear quantum bit 67 of the quantum computer 114 and the second subset of couplings between a plurality of, but at least two, quantum bits 22 and / or a quantum bit 22 and a nuclear quantum bit 67 of the quantum computer 114 from the set of all couplings between quantum bits 22 and / or a quantum bit 22 and a nuclear quantum bit 67 of the quantum computer 114 have a non-empty intersection.

[0267] The execution of the quantum computer test program sections and the quantum computer program sections must not take an arbitrarily long time. If this takes too long, an error exists that the quantum computer monitoring device 113 can detect. After the quantum computer monitoring device has assigned the quantum computer 114 a task for a quantum computer calculation to be performed, the quantum computer monitoring device therefore expects that the quantum computer 114 must control the quantum computer monitoring device 113 after the predetermined times (tv) in order to reset a timer in the quantum computer monitoring device to a starting value. This timer in the quantum computer monitoring device preferably starts running when the task is sent to the quantum computer 114.If the timer of the quantum computer monitoring device reaches a predetermined critical timer value, the processing of the task by the quantum computer 114 has taken too long. In this case, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 initiates countermeasures. When controlling the quantum computer monitoring device 113, the quantum computer 114 preferably transmits at least one quantum computer calculation result of a predetermined quantum computer calculation to the quantum computer monitoring device 113, preferably via the control bus 66. The quantum computer monitoring device 113 then checks the quantum computer calculation result of the quantum computer 114.If the quantum computer calculation result only concerns a test of non-quantum technological functions of the control device 63 and other deterministic components of the quantum computer 114, the quantum computer monitoring device can perform a direct evaluation of the quantum computer calculation result. However, if quantum operations are involved, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 will only perform an evaluation and verification after receiving multiple quantum computer calculation results for identical quantum computer calculations of the quantum computer 114 by statistically evaluating them. The quantum computer monitoring device thus checks whether the statistical frequency of multiple quantum computer calculation results for an identical, repeatedly executed quantum computer calculation corresponds to a predetermined frequency distribution.If the relative frequency of a quantum computer calculation result of this quantum computer calculation deviates by more than a predetermined amount from the expected frequency of this quantum computer calculation result of this quantum computer calculation based on the total number of underlying quantum computer calculation results, the quantum computer monitoring device concludes that the quantum computer is faulty. Such a fault can occur, for example, if an NV center is destroyed by diffusion in an NV center-based quantum computer. Other fault mechanisms are conceivable. The fault mechanisms also depend on the nature of the quantum computer.

[0268] The quantum computer monitoring device 113 thus concludes that the quantum computer 114 is in an error state if the quantum computer calculation result of the quantum computer 114 is not within a predetermined allowed solution set for the quantum computer calculation result of the quantum computer 114.

[0269] The quantum computer monitoring device 113 thus preferably creates a statistic of a plurality of quantum computer calculation results of similar quantum computer calculations of the quantum computer 114 and concludes that an error has occurred if the quantum computer calculation results of the quantum computer 114 deviate from an expected quantum computer calculation result of the quantum computer 114 more often than a predetermined maximum value.

[0270] The quantum computer monitoring device 113 thus preferably has a memory. A value corresponding to the maximum number of times by which the quantum computer calculation results of the quantum computer 114 may deviate from an expected quantum computer calculation result of the quantum computer 114 is preferably stored in the memory of the quantum computer monitoring device 113.

[0271] If the quantum computer monitoring device 113 concludes that an error has occurred, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 signals the occurrence of this error to the quantum computer 114 or a higher-level control device 116 and / or system. The quantum computer monitoring device 113 can also, or instead, provide information about this error, for example, for querying a central control unit 116 via the control bus 66.

[0272] The quantum computer system 115 preferably comprises a higher-level system, for example in the form of a central control unit 116. The central control unit 116 preferably controls a plurality of quantum computers (114_I to 114_IV) via one or more data buses (DB). Typically, this is a single common data bus (DB) or a data bus sy. The proposed quantum computer system 115 preferably has two mutually redundant and preferably common data buses (117). If one of these at least two common data buses (117) fails, the central control unit 116 can then continue to control the quantum computers 114.

[0273] The quantum computer system 115 preferably comprises a plurality of quantum computers (114_I to 114_IV), which preferably execute identical quantum computer calculations in parallel and thus enable the central control unit 116 to correct the statistically permissible errors.

[0274] Preferably, the higher-level system with the higher-level control unit 116 maintains a memory and / or a storage medium for at least one quantum computer 114, preferably for all quantum computers (114_I to 114_IV), each with a respective error counter value that is assigned to the respective quantum computer of the quantum computers (114_I to 114_IV).

[0275] The higher-level system with the higher-level control unit 116 increases the error counter value assigned to a quantum computer 114 of the quantum computers (114_I to 114_IV) by a first error counter increment if the quantum computer monitoring device 113 of a quantum computer 114 of the quantum computers (114_I to 114_IV) and / or a quantum computer monitoring device 113 of the higher-level system with the higher-level control unit 116 signals a suspected error of the quantum computer 114 of the quantum computers (114_I to 114_IV) assigned to the error counter value.

[0276] The higher-level control unit 116 preferably decreases the error counter value assigned to a quantum computer 114 of the quantum computers (114_I to 114_IV) by a second error counter step size when the quantum computer monitoring device 113 signals an assumed correctness of a quantum computer calculation result of the quantum computer 114 assigned to the error counter value.

[0277] In the case where not all quantum computers (114_I to 114_IV) of the quantum computer system 115 are required for a quantum computation task to be executed by the quantum computer system, the control unit 116 uses the quantum computers 114 of the quantum computer system 115 with the respective lowest current error counter values ​​assigned to the respective quantum computers 114 of the quantum computers (114_I to 114_IV) for executing the intended computation task.

[0278] The monitoring tasks can also be performed by the quantum computer monitoring device 113 instead of by the higher-level control unit 116.

[0279] The quantum computer monitoring device 113 then preferably maintains a memory with a respective error counter value assigned to the respective quantum computer of the quantum computers for at least one quantum computer 114, preferably for all quantum computers (114_I to 114_IV).

[0280] The quantum computer monitoring device 113 then increments the error counter value associated with a quantum computer 114 by a first error counter increment when the quantum computer monitoring device 113 signals a suspected error of the quantum computer 114 associated with the error counter value.

[0281] The quantum computer monitoring device 113 then preferably decrements the error counter value associated with a quantum computer 114 by a second error counter increment when the quantum computer monitoring device 113 signals an assumed correctness of a quantum computer calculation result of the quantum computer 114 associated with the error counter value.

[0282] The higher-level control unit 116 then reads the error count values ​​in the quantum computer monitoring device 113 and, in the case where not all quantum computers of the quantum computer system are required for a quantum computation task to be performed by the quantum computer system, uses the quantum computers of the quantum computer system with the lowest current error counter values ​​assigned to the respective quantum computers to execute the intended computation task.

[0283] Preferably, the signaling of the quantum computer monitoring device 113 has the consequence that this signaling • resets the relevant quantum computer 114 of the quantum computers (114_I to 114_IV) of the quantum computer system 115 and / or the quantum computer 114 and / or • brings the respective quantum computer 114 of the quantum computers (114_I to 114_IV) of the quantum computer system 115 and / or the quantum computer 114 into a predetermined state and / or • at least one quantum bit 22 of the respective quantum computer 114 of the quantum computers (114_I to 114_IV) of the quantum computer system 115 and / or the quantum computer 114 into a predetermined state and / or • at least one nuclear quantum bit 67 relating to the quantum computer 114 of the quantum computers (114_I to 114_IV) of the quantum computer system 115 and / or the quantum computer 114 is brought into a predetermined state and / or. • at least one quantum register (QUREG) of the respective quantum computer 114 of the quantum computers (114_I to 114_IV) of the quantum computer system 115 and / or the quantum computer 114 into a predetermined state and / or • at least one core quantum register (CQUREG) of the respective quantum computer 114 of the quantum computers (114_I to 114_IV) of the quantum computer system 115 and / or the quantum computer 114 into a predetermined state and / or • at least one core-electron quantum register (CEQUREG) of the respective quantum computer 114, the quantum computers (114_I to 114_IV) of the quantum computer system 115 and / or the quantum computer 114 is brought into a predetermined state. With regard to the terms quantum register (QUREG) and core quantum register (CQUREG), the document presented here refers to the intellectual property rights family of the patent DE 10 2020 008 157 B3.

[0284] In the event of a quantum computer reset, for example, by the quantum computer monitoring device 113, the quantum computer 114 preferably brings its quantum bits 22 and / or a portion of its quantum bits 22 into a predetermined combination of superimposed quantum states. In the event of a reset, the quantum computer 114 preferably also brings its nuclear quantum bits 67 and / or a portion of its nuclear quantum bits 67 into a predetermined combination of superimposed quantum states.

[0285] For example, if a malfunction occurs that is detected by the quantum computer 114 itself or by the control unit 63 of the quantum computer 114 itself, the quantum computer 114 can deliberately miscontrol the quantum computer monitoring device 113, in particular by transmitting an incorrect quantum computer calculation result, to trigger a reset function of the quantum computer 114 that can be triggered by the quantum computer monitoring device 113. This eliminates the need for a separate signal line and enables the quantum computer monitoring device 113 and / or the central control device 115 to detect this state of the quantum computer 114.

[0286] Preferably, the quantum computer 114 can carry out the incorrect control, for example, by the quantum computer 114 controlling the quantum computer monitoring device 113, in particular by transmitting an incorrect and / or correct quantum computer calculation result, within a predetermined and / or predeterminable time period more frequently than a predetermined and / or predeterminable maximum number for this time period.

[0287] The quantum computer monitoring device 113 preferably concludes an error if the quantum computer 114 transmits a quantum computer calculation result to the quantum computer monitoring device 113 before a predetermined second time (t2), wherein this predetermined second time (t2) is after the predetermined time (tv) or is equal to the predetermined time (tv), and / or if the quantum computer 114 transmits a quantum computer calculation result to the quantum computer monitoring device 113 after a predetermined third time (t3), wherein this predetermined third time (t3) is after the predetermined time (tv) or is equal to the predetermined time (tv). In this case, the quantum computer calculation result may well be correct. However, the incorrect time of delivery then suggests an error in the quantum computer 114.

[0288] Preferably, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 signals to the quantum computer 114, before the start of a predetermined period of time (Tv), which predetermined quantum computer calculation(s) the quantum computer 114 should perform. This enables the quantum computer monitoring device 113 to initialize and correctly determine the statistics of the quantum computer calculation results. The quantum computer monitoring device thus performs a measurement of the statistics of the quantum computer calculation results of the quantum computer 114 for a specific quantum computer calculation task with a specific quantum computer calculation.

[0289] This enables the quantum computer monitoring device to infer errors in the quantum technology components and their control means, the first and second means, of the quantum computer 114. This is not possible in the prior art. The quantum computer monitoring device infers an error in the quantum computer if these statistics of the quantum computer calculation results of the quantum computer 114 deviate from the expected statistics of the quantum computer calculation results of the quantum computer 114 by more than a predetermined amount.

[0290] The quantum computer monitoring device 113 typically signals the quantum computer 114 the beginning and, if applicable, the end or duration of the predetermined period (Tv).

[0291] The quantum computer 114 typically monitors for malfunctions in itself and / or in other components and / or quantum computer system components of the quantum computer system 115. This may, for example, involve the control unit 63 of the quantum computer 114 or a special self-test device within the quantum computer 114 testing the control unit 63 and / or the first and second means between two quantum computer calculations. This self-test device of the quantum computer 114 may be a quantum computer monitoring device 113, which is then preferably assigned to exactly one quantum computer 114 of the quantum computers (114_1 to 114_IV) and can therefore also be considered part of the quantum computer 114 in the document presented here.

[0292] The quantum computer monitoring device 113 typically monitors for malfunctions in itself and / or other components and / or quantum computer system components of the quantum computer system 115. When monitoring the other components, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 may, for example, behave like a conventional watchdog circuit.

[0293] The quantum computer monitoring device 113 can also itself be a quantum computer 114, which comprises at least two quantum bits 22 and possibly nuclear quantum bits 67. This means that several quantum computers (114_I to 114_IV) can monitor each other.

[0294] An exemplary quantum computer monitoring device 113 for monitoring a quantum computer 114, in particular for use in a quantum computer system 115 as described above, preferably comprises a quantum computer 114, a quantum computer monitoring device 113, and an internal clock generator (ICLK), which supplies in particular the control device 63 of the quantum computer 114 and preferably also all other circuits with conventional logic with a base clock for operation. The quantum computer 114 is typically connectable and / or connected to a quantum computer monitoring device 113, in particular via a control bus 66 or special signal lines, for monitoring the quantum computer 114. The quantum computer monitoring device 113 can be part of the control unit 63 and, in particular, can be connected to the internal data bus 68 of the control unit 63 instead of to the control bus 66.The quantum computer monitoring device 113 is preferably connectable and / or connected to an internal clock generator (ICLK) for monitoring a system clock of the quantum computer 114. A clock line within the quantum computer, for example, preferably connects the control device 63 to the internal clock generator (ICLK) and to other device parts of the quantum computer 114 that require a clock to operate. The quantum computer monitoring device 113 preferably comprises means for checking the quantum computer program flow of the quantum computer program of the quantum computer 114 during the execution of the program code of a computer-implemented quantum computer program in a memory or storage medium 64 of the control unit 63 of the quantum computer 114 by the computer core 65 of the control device 63.For example, the program code in the memory and / or storage medium 64 of the control device 63 may comprise at least one or more program codes, the execution of which is preferably carried out by the quantum computer 114 by means of the computer core 65 of the control device 63. a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method for executing an electron ODMR and / or a sub-method of an electron ODMR and / or executes a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method for executing an electron rabi and / or a sub-method of an electron rabi and / or executes a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method for executing an ENDOR ODMR and / or a sub-method of an ENDOR ODMR and / or executes a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method for executing a core Rabi and / or a sub-method of a core Rabi and / or a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method for carrying out a polarization of the electron and / or a partial method of polarization of the electron and / or a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method for carrying out a polarization of the nuclei in the ESLAC and GSLAC with repolarization of individual nuclei and / or a sub-method of a polarization of the nuclei in the ESLAC and GSLAC with repolarization of individual nuclei and / or a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method for performing a SWAP of the electron state to the nuclei and / or a partial method of a SWAP of the electron state to the nuclei and / or executes a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method for executing a PulsePole and / or a sub-method of a PulsePole and / or a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method for performing a QST of the electron and / or a sub-method of a QST of the electron and / or executes a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method for executing a QST of a core and / or a sub-method of a QST of a core and / or executes a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method for executing a QST of a core and / or a sub-method of a QST of a core and / or a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method for executing a QST of two cores and / or a sub-method of a QST of two cores and / or a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method for performing a QST of the electron and an atomic nucleus and / or a partial QST of the electron and an atomic nucleus and / or a computer-implemented and / or machine-implemented method for executing a two-qubit gate between NV centers in a pair and their cores and / or a sub-method of a two-qubit gate between NV centers in a pair and their cores.

[0295] Preferably, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 monitors the correct execution of these program codes by the quantum computer 114 or by the control device 63 of the quantum computer 114 or by the quantum computer 114 for errors that are not the errors that arise during execution due to quantum mechanics and are to be expected. This is therefore expressly not the necessary error correction. Rather, the aim is to detect hardware and software errors that are not quantum-technologically induced "errors" due to the probability property of the quantum computer calculation result. This applies to the understanding of errors of a quantum computer 114 for the entire section "Quantum Computer Monitoring Device."

[0296] The memory and / or storage medium of the quantum computer monitoring device 113 can, for example, be a memory and / or storage medium in which the program code of programs and / or data for a processor, typically a computer core, within the quantum computer monitoring device 113 is stored. These programs then typically relate to computer-implemented test methods for executing the test functions described here. The processor of the quantum computer monitoring device 113 typically executes this program code in the memory and / or storage medium of the quantum computer monitoring device 113 when performing the computer-implemented tests.However, the means of the quantum computer monitoring device 113 can also be quantum bits 22 and / or nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer monitoring device 113 and associated means for controlling and reading the states of these quantum bits 22 and / or nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer monitoring device 113, for example, to calculate the expected results of quantum computer calculations in a monitored quantum computer 114 in the quantum computer monitoring device 113 itself and to provide them for comparison with the quantum computer calculation result of the quantum computer 114. In this case, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 itself is again a quantum computer 114.

[0297] The quantum computer monitoring device 113 thus preferably also comprises means for checking the correct functioning of the quantum computer 114. Furthermore, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 comprises means for checking the correct execution of manipulations of quantum bits 22 and / or nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114. These can, for example, comprise the said processor within the quantum computer monitoring device 113.

[0298] The quantum computer monitoring device 113 further preferably comprises means for monitoring operating parameters of the quantum computer 114, such as the magnetic field at the location of the quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114 and / or the irradiation of electromagnetic waves into the region of the quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67 and / or the temperature of the material of the sample 21 of the quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67 and / or the irradiation, in particular with ionizing and / or electromagnetic radiation. Furthermore, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 preferably comprises means for monitoring tests of system components of the quantum computer 114.If at least one error is detected, which is in particular a hardware error and / or a software error in the classical and not quantum mechanical sense, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 transmits an error message to the quantum computer 114 and increments, decrements, or changes an error counter in a predetermined manner. The counting direction should typically be the same within a quantum computer monitoring device 113. Therefore, it is preferable to only decrement or only increment.

[0299] The quantum computer monitoring device 113 preferably comprises a separate control unit of the quantum computer monitoring device 113, preferably with its own computer core.

[0300] When checking the quantum computer program, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 typically transmits test questions to the quantum computer 114 and / or the control unit 63 of the quantum computer 114 and / or the computing core 65 of the control unit 63 of the quantum computer 114, typically via the external data bus 117 and / or the control bus 66 and / or the internal data bus 68.

[0301] The quantum computer monitoring device 113 monitors the responses of the quantum computer 114, which it receives via the external data bus 117 and / or the control bus 66 and / or the internal data bus 68 from the quantum computer 114 and / or the control unit 63 of the quantum computer 114 and / or the computing core 65 of the control unit 63 of the quantum computer 114, for accuracy and / or timing and / or statistical accuracy. This enables the detection of errors such as the failure of a quantum bit 22 and / or the failure of a nuclear quantum bit 67. For the purposes of the document presented here, the calculation of the answers to the test questions in the form of a quantum computer calculation typically requires at least one manipulation of a state of a quantum bit 22 and / or a nuclear quantum bit 67 and / or at least one quantum computer-implemented quantum operation of the quantum computer 114.This differs from the prior art, which does not involve quantum computer-implemented quantum operations and the associated statistical problems. Typically, such a quantum computer-implemented quantum operation involves the execution of one of the said program codes in the memory or storage medium 64 of the control unit 63 of the quantum computer 114 by the processor core 65 of the control unit 63 of the quantum computer 114 and / or by the control unit 63 of the quantum computer and / or by the quantum computer 114.

[0302] When monitoring the tests of the system components of the quantum computer 114, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 preferably transmits test orders to the quantum computer 114, preferably via the external data bus 117 and / or the control bus 66 and / or the internal data bus 68. The quantum computer 114 and / or the control unit 63 of the quantum computer and / or the computer core 65 of the control unit 63 of the quantum computer 114 then typically sends back to the quantum computer monitoring device 113 a quantum computer calculation result corresponding to the test question, which the quantum computer monitoring device 113 monitors for correctness and timing and / or statistical accuracy. From this, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 generates, preferably using a preferably computer-implemented statistical program, a response statistic with a preferably quantitative response profile of one or more key figures of the answers.If, after evaluating a number of responses that is preferably different from 1, these key figures lie outside one or more respective characteristic tolerance ranges of the respective key figures, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 concludes an error in the quantum computer 114 and / or a device part of the quantum computer 114, preferably by executing a typically computer-implemented error detection program.

[0303] The quantum computer monitoring device 113 can, for example, in the case of the at least one detected error, a device 119 connected to the quantum computer 114 a) suspend its function for a specified period of time or b) bring into a safe condition or c) prevent the quantum computer 114 from accessing the device 119 or d) connect the device 119 to a quantum computer simulation device 120 instead of to the quantum computer 114, for example via a switch 120.

[0304] This prevents the quantum computer 114 from placing connected systems or systems of which it is a part into an unsafe state. The quantum computer monitoring device 113 is preferably directly connectable to the respective device 119.

[0305] The quantum computer monitoring device 113 preferably extends the locking of the device 119 or the assumption of the secure state by the device 119, provided that the quantum computer monitoring device 113 detects at least one further error of the quantum computer 114 during the locking or during the assumption of the secure state by the device 119.

[0306] If the error counter, which is preferably present, of the quantum computer monitoring device 113 has reached a predetermined value, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 preferably causes the device 119 to be locked or to enter a secure state until the quantum computer monitoring device 113 is switched off.

[0307] Typically, the device 119 connectable to the quantum computer 114 is a vehicle system, a motorcycle system, a missile system, an aircraft system, a floating body system, a robotic aircraft system, a system of an aircraft, an aircraft system, a satellite system, or a weapon system system. A missile system encompasses all types of flying devices. A floating body encompasses all types of floating and submerged devices, including, in particular, boats, ships, buoys, torpedoes, mines, jet skis, submarines, etc.

[0308] A missile should include all types of flying objects, including but not limited to airplanes, drones, gliders, airships, helicopters, VTOL devices, projectiles, rockets, etc.

[0309] A satellite should include all devices intended for operation in space and / or low Earth orbit, i.e. unmanned and manned satellites, unmanned and manned spacecraft, space stations, etc.

[0310] When switched on, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 causes the device 119 to be locked and / or to enter a secure state until the quantum computer monitoring device 113 detects that there are no errors, particularly in the points mentioned above.

[0311] Preferably, the error counter and individual errors can be read from the quantum computer monitoring device 113 by the quantum computer 114 and / or a higher-level central control unit 116.

[0312] The quantum computer monitoring device 113 determines the timing of the responses of the quantum computer 114 and the order confirmations by at least one internal counter (ICNT) or timer of the quantum computer monitoring device 113.

[0313] Typically, a response of the quantum computer 114, preferably in the form of a quantum computer calculation result within the meaning of the document presented here, depends on at least one manipulation of a quantum bit 22 and / or nuclear quantum bit 67 of the quantum computer 114.

[0314] A quantum computer system 115 can, for example, comprise multiple quantum computers (114_I to 114_IV), but preferably at least two quantum computers. In this minimal configuration of a quantum computer system 115, these are then a first quantum computer 114_I and a second quantum computer 114_II. Signaling can be carried out from the first quantum computer 114_I to the second quantum computer 114_II via at least one signal connection, for example, an external data bus 117. This signal connection is typically an external data bus 117, which, for example, connects the control units 63 and / or the computer cores 65 of the quantum computers (114_I, 114_II) via respective data interfaces 66 of the control units 63 and / or the computer cores 65 of the quantum computers (114_I, 114_II).

[0315] In many cases, the signaling is preferably a quantum computer calculation result that one quantum computer transmits to the other, for example, as a comparison result. A quantum computer calculation result, as defined in the document presented here, is the calculation result of a quantum computer 114 with the aid of at least one manipulation of a quantum bit 22 and / or nuclear quantum bit 63 of this quantum computer 114.

[0316] The second quantum computer 114_II compares the quantum computer calculation result of the first quantum computer 114_I, which it has preferably received via the control bus 66 and / or the external data bus 117, with an expected value.

[0317] The expected value is typically the quantum computer calculation result of a quantum computer calculation of the second quantum computer 114_II or another quantum computer. The expected result is typically provided with tolerance values ​​that the second quantum computer 114_II has typically determined through several identical quantum computer calculations of several quantum computer calculation results.

[0318] The second quantum computer 114_II then typically checks the quantum computer calculation result of the quantum computer 114_I. The second quantum computer 114_II concludes an error condition of the first quantum computer 114_I if the quantum computer calculation result of the first quantum computer 114_I is not within a predetermined allowed solution set for the quantum computer calculation result of the first quantum computer 114_I.

[0319] The second quantum computer 114_II preferably creates a statistic of several results of similar quantum computer calculations of the first quantum computer 114_I and concludes that an error has occurred if the quantum computer calculation results of the first quantum computer 114_II deviate from an expected quantum computer calculation result of the first quantum computer 114_II more often than a predetermined maximum value.

[0320] The second quantum computer 114_II preferably creates a first statistic of a plurality of results of similar quantum computer calculations of the first quantum computer 114_I and concludes that an error has occurred if the quantum computer calculation results of the first quantum computer 114_I deviate from a second statistic of a plurality of results of corresponding similar quantum computer calculations of the second quantum computer 114_II or another quantum computer more often than a predetermined maximum value.

[0321] In the event of a conclusion about an error, the second quantum computer 114_II signals the occurrence of this error to the first quantum computer 114_I or a higher-level central control unit 116 and / or provides information about this error, which can then typically be read out via the external data bus 117, for example, by a higher-level central control unit 116.

[0322] The signaling of the second quantum computer 114_II can, for example, reset the first quantum computer 114_I or put it into a predefined state or put it into a state from a set of predefined states.

[0323] In the event of a reset, the first quantum computer 114_I preferably brings at least some, preferably all, of its quantum bits 22 and / or its nuclear quantum bits 67 into a predetermined combination of superimposed quantum states.

[0324] For example, if a malfunction occurs that is detected by the first quantum computer 114_I itself, the first quantum computer 114_I deliberately miscontrols the second quantum computer 114_II to trigger a reset function originating from the second quantum computer 114_II, in particular by transmitting an incorrect quantum computer calculation result from the first quantum computer 114_I to the second quantum computer 114_II.

[0325] The second quantum computer 114_II concludes an error if the first quantum computer 114_I transmits a quantum computer calculation result of the first quantum computer 114_I to the second quantum computer 114_II before a predetermined second time, wherein this predetermined second time is after the predetermined time or is equal to the predetermined time.

[0326] The second quantum computer 114_II concludes an error if the first quantum computer 114_I transmits a quantum computer calculation result of the first quantum computer 114_I to the second quantum computer 114_II after a predetermined third time, wherein this predetermined third time is after the predetermined time or is equal to the predetermined time.

[0327] The second quantum computer 114_II preferably signals to the first quantum computer 114_I before the start of the predetermined period of time which predetermined quantum computer calculation(s) the first quantum computer 114_I should perform.

[0328] The second quantum computer 114_II preferably signals to the first quantum computer 114_I the beginning and, if applicable, the end or duration of the predetermined period of time.

[0329] The said incorrect control occurs primarily through too frequent operation (control) of the second quantum computer 114_II.

[0330] The first quantum computer 114_I preferably monitors for malfunctions in itself and / or in other components and / or quantum computer system components. This means that the first quantum computer 114_I, and in particular the control device 63 of the first quantum computer 114_I, preferably has means, for example a JTAG interface, for checking other components and / or quantum computer system components.

[0331] The proposed quantum computer system can comprise several, preferably at least two, quantum computers. These are preferably a first quantum computer 114_I and a second quantum computer 114_II. Furthermore, the quantum computer system preferably comprises several measuring devices for detecting operating variables of the quantum computer system 115 or of a device or system. The states of the device or system may depend on the quantum computer system 115, typically on quantum computer calculation results of one or more of the quantum computers (114_I to 114_IV) of the quantum computer system 115. For example, the quantum computer system 115 can control the device or the quantum computer system 115. The first quantum computer 114_I typically performs the same quantum computer calculation at least intermittently as the second quantum computer 114_II.The quantum computer calculation preferably includes a monitoring measure for checking the functionality of the respective quantum computer (114_I, 114_II). The first quantum computer 114_I preferably performs the quantum computer calculation of the first quantum computer 114_I independently of the quantum computer calculation of the second quantum computer 114_II.

[0332] The first quantum computer 114_I typically performs the monitoring measure, and the second quantum computer 114_II performs an equivalent monitoring measure corresponding to this monitoring measure in a simpler implementation or following a different strategy on a redundant path. This can, for example, be a conventional calculation by the control unit 63 of the second quantum computer 114_II.

[0333] The first quantum computer 114_I can, for example, carry out a monitoring measure based on the difference between a setpoint value that can be specified or fed in and an actual value of a control loop of an actuating element, while the second quantum computer 114_II carries out monitoring measures of a simpler type based on a plausibility comparison between the setpoint value that can be specified or fed in, preferably the position of an operating element, and the position of the actuating element.

[0334] In this example, the quantum computers (114_I to 114_IV) particularly preferably monitor each other by exchanging data via a respective data interface 121 of the respective control unit 63 of the respective quantum computer 114 and the external data bus 117 and / or the control bus 66.

[0335] In many possible applications of such a quantum computer system 115 in a control loop, for example, both quantum computers (114_I, 114_II) of the quantum computer system 115 have access to a driver stage for the control loop's actuator. In the event of a detected error, due to implausibilities with respect to the application's control loop and the position signals of the control loop's actuator generated directly or indirectly by the quantum computers (114_I, 114_II) of the quantum computer system 115, they independently deactivate the driver stage according to the result of the monitoring measures assigned to them. Alternatively, they can bring it into a safe state. Preferably, the quantum computers (114_I, 114_II) of the quantum computer system 115 inform each other, in particular, of the negative result of their monitoring via the external data bus 117 and / or their control bus 66.

[0336] In the event of an error, the first quantum computer 114_I can, for example, intervene in the energy supply of an application system or in the application system itself as a countermeasure.

[0337] In the second quantum computer 114_II, plausibility checks for switching a controller of the exemplary application system on or off are preferably carried out in the form of a control loop.

[0338] The plausibility checks preferably comprise at least quantum computer calculations, which comprise at least one manipulation of a quantum bit 22 and / or a nuclear quantum bit 67 of the second quantum computer 114_II.

[0339] In a computer-implemented method according to the invention for monitoring the execution of a quantum computer program executable on at least one control device 63 of a quantum computer 114 by means of a quantum computer monitoring device 113 of the quantum computer 114, the quantum computer 114 preferably comprises quantum bits 22 and nuclear quantum bits 63 and the control device 63 and first means for manipulating quantum bits and / or nuclear quantum bits 63 of the quantum computer 114 and second means for reading the state of quantum bits 22 and / or nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114. The first means for manipulating quantum bits 22 and / or nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114 and the second means for reading the state of quantum bits 22 and / or nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114 are typically controlled by the control device 63.The quantum computer monitoring device 113 can preferably trigger an exception, in particular associated with an interruption of the quantum computer program execution, upon manipulation of a predetermined subset of the quantum bits of the quantum bits 22 of the quantum computer 114 and / or the nuclear quantum bits of the nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114 during the quantum computer program runtime. This means if a quantum bit 22 that should not be manipulated is manipulated and / or if a nuclear quantum bit 67 that should not be manipulated is manipulated. For this purpose, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 preferably has means to detect and record an activation of means for manipulating these quantum bits 22, which are not actually intended to be manipulated or are specially protected quantum bits 22, to conclude that there is an error and, if necessary, to take countermeasures.For this purpose, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 preferably has means to detect and record an activation of means for manipulating these nuclear quantum bits 67, which are not actually intended to be manipulated or are specially protected nuclear quantum bits 67, to conclude that there is an error and, if necessary, to take countermeasures.

[0340] The quantum computer monitoring device 113 can, for example, also trigger an exception, in particular an interruption of the quantum computer program execution, when accessing a specific address range during the quantum computer program runtime.

[0341] The quantum computer monitoring device 113 can monitor the frequencies of the microwave signals of the microwave source 55 and / or the radio wave signals of the RF source 56, for example, and trigger an exception, in particular an interruption of the quantum computer program execution, if frequencies in blocked frequency ranges are used during the quantum computer program runtime. Such use of incorrect frequencies corresponds to incorrect addressing and / or incorrect selection of individual or multiple quantum bits 22 and / or nuclear quantum bits 67. This allows the quantum computer monitoring device 113 to detect such an error and prevent the propagation and propagation of such an error.

[0342] The control device 63 of the quantum computer 114 preferably executes the program code of an exception routine in a memory and / or storage medium 64 of the control device 63 of the quantum computer 114 after triggering an exception condition during the quantum computer program runtime.

[0343] The program code of the exception routine may, for example, also comprise at least one program code of a quantum operation for manipulating at least one quantum bit 22 and / or one nuclear quantum bit 67 of the quantum computer 114.

[0344] The control device 63 of the quantum computer 114 or a central control unit 116 or a control device 63 of another quantum computer of the quantum computers (114_i to 114_IV9) of the quantum computer system 115 or another computer system can, in one example, configure the quantum computer monitoring device 113, for example, via the external data bus 116 or the control bus 66.

[0345] Preferably, quantum computer monitoring device 113 is configured during startup of quantum computer 114.

[0346] The quantum computer 114 is preferably reset and restarted during the execution of the exception routine and the monitored quantum computer program is initialized.

[0347] Before resetting and restarting the quantum computer 114 and before initializing the quantum computer-implemented quantum computer program, at least the type of error state is preferably stored, in particular by the control device 63, in an error memory, in particular within a memory and / or storage medium 64 of the quantum computer 114.

[0348] Before resetting and restarting the quantum computer 114 and before initializing the quantum computer-implemented quantum computer program, the memory address accessed by the control device 63 before the occurrence of the error state, in particular by the control device 63, is stored in the error memory, in particular within a memory and / or storage medium 64 of the quantum computer 114.

[0349] The quantum computer monitoring device 113 preferably monitors whether the quantum computer-implemented quantum computer program accesses a predeterminable address range within a memory and / or storage medium 64 of the quantum computer 114 during the quantum computer program runtime.

[0350] The quantum computer monitoring device 113 preferably monitors whether the quantum computer-implemented quantum computer program incorrectly sets the frequencies of the microwave signals of the microwave source 55 and / or the radio wave signals of the RF source 56 and / or causes them to use frequencies in locked frequency ranges during the quantum computer program runtime and thus accesses locked quantum bits 22 and / or locked nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114.

[0351] The quantum computer monitoring device 113 preferably monitors whether the quantum computer-implemented quantum computer program accesses an address range of a stack of the quantum computer 114 within memory and / or storage medium 64 of the quantum computer 114 beyond a predefinable maximum stack size, which may in particular correspond to a predefinable address range, during the quantum computer program runtime.

[0352] The quantum computer monitoring device 113 monitors whether the quantum computer-implemented quantum computer program causes the control device 63, at the correct times and / or in the correct manner, to manipulate a predeterminable subset of quantum bits 22 of the quantum bits 22 and / or nuclear quantum bits 67 of the nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114 by means of a quantum bit operation by means of the first means during the quantum computer program runtime.

[0353] The quantum computer monitoring device 113 monitors whether the quantum computer-implemented quantum computer program, during the quantum computer program runtime, causes the control device 63 of the quantum computer 114 to manipulate, by means of first means, quantum bits 22 and / or nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114 that are not part of the predeterminable subset of quantum bits of the quantum bits 22 and / or nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114.

[0354] The quantum computer monitoring device 113 monitors whether, during the quantum computer program runtime of the quantum computer-implemented quantum computer program, an attempt is made, in particular by the control device 63, to execute a program code sequence of the quantum computer-implemented quantum computer program, which has been swapped out from a non-volatile memory, which is typically part of the memory and / or storage medium 64 of the quantum computer 114, into a random access memory, which is typically part of the memory and / or storage medium 64 of the quantum computer 114, in the non-volatile memory.

[0355] The document presented here furthermore deals with a control element, in particular a storage medium, preferably a read-only memory or flash memory or another non-volatile memory, for a quantum computer 114, in particular of a control unit of a vehicle, wherein a quantum computer-implemented quantum computer program is stored on the control element, which program is executable on at least one control device 63 of the quantum computer 114 and is suitable for executing a quantum computer-implemented method, as described above.

[0356] The document presented here further discusses a quantum computer 114 with at least one control device 63 and a quantum computer monitoring device 113, wherein a quantum computer-implemented quantum computer program is executable on the at least one control device 63. The quantum computer monitoring device 113 monitors the program execution during the quantum computer program runtime and triggers an exception, in particular an interruption of the quantum computer program execution, upon access to a specific address range within a memory and / or storage medium 64 of the quantum computer 114. The control unit 63 or a central control unit 116 or another computer system preferably configures the quantum computer monitoring device 113.The quantum computer 114 preferably comprises means for executing the program code of an exception routine within a memory and / or storage medium 64 of the quantum computer 114 after triggering an exception during the quantum computer program runtime.

[0357] Quantum computer 114 preferably has further means for executing the previously described methods and / or computer-implemented methods.

[0358] Another method for operating a quantum computer system 115 with a quantum computer 114 and with a quantum computer monitoring device 113 comprises the steps - monitoring the correct quantum computer program execution of the quantum computer-implemented quantum computer program of the quantum computer 114, in particular by the quantum computer monitoring device 113, and - performing predetermined quantum computer calculations with at least one quantum computer-implemented quantum operation for calculating predetermined quantum computer calculation results in predetermined time periods before predetermined times, in particular by the quantum computer 114, and - controlling a quantum computer monitoring device 113 according to these predetermined times and performing a reset (reset function) of the quantum computer 114 to a quantum computer program start or the like if this control is not carried out in a predetermined manner.

[0359] An additional further step may be the transmission of at least one result of a predetermined quantum computer calculation of the quantum computer 114 to the quantum computer monitoring device 113 during this control.

[0360] An additional further step may be checking the quantum computer calculation result of the predetermined quantum computer calculation of the quantum computer 114 transmitted to the quantum computer monitoring device 113, in particular by the quantum computer 114.

[0361] An additional further step may be to infer an error state of the quantum computer 114 if the quantum computer calculation result of the predetermined quantum computer calculation of the quantum computer 114 is not within a predetermined allowed solution set for the quantum computer calculation result of the predetermined quantum computer calculation of the quantum computer 114.

[0362] Additional further steps may include creating statistics of a plurality of quantum computer calculation results of similar predetermined quantum computer calculations of the quantum computer 114, which were transmitted to the quantum computer monitoring device 113, in particular by the quantum computer 114, and inferring an error, in particular by the quantum computer monitoring device. This inference of an error occurs if the quantum computer calculation results of the predetermined quantum computer calculations of the quantum computer 114 deviate from an expected quantum computer calculation result of the quantum computer 114 for these quantum computer calculations a first number of times more than a predetermined first maximum value.

[0363] The count of the first number of deviations from the expected quantum computer calculation result of the quantum computer 114 for these quantum computer calculations is preferably reset to a predetermined first starting value of this count, in particular to 0, if a second number of quantum computer calculation results of consecutive quantum computer calculations agrees with an expected quantum computer calculation result of the quantum computer 114 for these quantum computer calculations in a predetermined manner more often than a predetermined second maximum value.

[0364] An additional further step may be the signaling of the occurrence of an error, in particular by the quantum computer monitoring device 113, to the quantum computer 114 or to a higher-level system and / or a higher-level control unit 116 in the event of a conclusion about an error, in particular by the quantum computer monitoring device 113, and / or the provision of information about the occurrence of an error, in particular by the quantum computer monitoring device 113, in the event of a conclusion about an error, in particular by the quantum computer monitoring device 113.

[0365] An additional further step may be resetting the quantum computer 114 by signaling, in particular the quantum computer monitoring device 113.

[0366] Preferably, resetting the quantum computer 114 by signaling comprises resetting the control device 63 of the quantum computer 114.

[0367] Preferably, resetting the quantum computer 114 by the signaling causes the quantum computer 114 to bring at least a portion of the quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114 into a predetermined and / or predeterminable state and / or into a predetermined superposition of a plurality of predetermined states.

[0368] Preferably, resetting the quantum computer 114 by the signaling causes the quantum computer 114 to perform at least one predetermined quantum computer calculation.

[0369] Preferably, the quantum computer 114 transmits the quantum computer calculation result of this quantum computer calculation to the quantum computer monitoring device 113.

[0370] Preferably, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 checks the quantum computer calculation result of this quantum computer calculation of the quantum computer 114.

[0371] An additional further step may comprise the manipulation of quantum bits of the quantum bits 22 and / or of nuclear quantum bits of the nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114, in particular by the quantum computer 114, in such a way that these quantum bits and / or nuclear quantum bits of the quantum computer 114 are set into a predetermined combination of superimposed quantum states in the event of a reset of the quantum computer, in particular by the quantum computer 114.

[0372] An additional further step may be to carry out a targeted incorrect control of the quantum computer monitoring device 113, in particular by transmitting an incorrect quantum computer calculation result, in particular by the quantum computer 114, in particular to the quantum computer monitoring device 113, upon the occurrence of a malfunction of the quantum computer 114 or one of its auxiliary units, which malfunction is detected by the quantum computer 114 itself, in particular by its control device 63 or another auxiliary device of the quantum computer 114, in order to trigger a reset function originating from the quantum computer monitoring device 113.

[0373] Preferably, the reset function originating from the quantum computer monitoring device 113 triggers a reset of the control device 63 of the quantum computer 114.

[0374] The reset function originating from the quantum computer monitoring device 113 preferably causes the quantum computer 114 to bring at least a portion of the quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114 into a predetermined and / or predeterminable state and / or into a predetermined superposition of a plurality of predetermined states.

[0375] The reset function originating from the quantum computer monitoring device 113 preferably causes the quantum computer 114 to perform at least one predetermined quantum computer calculation.

[0376] The quantum computer 114 preferably transmits the quantum computer calculation result of this quantum computer calculation to the quantum computer monitoring device 113.

[0377] The quantum computer monitoring device 113 typically checks the quantum computer calculation result of this quantum computer calculation of the quantum computer 114. Preferably, the control device 63 of the quantum computer monitoring device 113 executes the program code of computer-implemented statistical methods in a memory and / or storage medium 64 of the quantum computer 114.

[0378] An additional further step may be the conclusion that an error is present, in particular by the quantum computer monitoring device 113, if the transmission of a quantum computer calculation result, in particular by the quantum computer 114, in particular by the quantum computer monitoring device 113, occurs before a predetermined second point in time. This predetermined second point in time typically lies after the predetermined point in time or is equal to the predetermined point in time.

[0379] An additional further step may be the conclusion that an error has occurred, in particular by the quantum computer monitoring device 113, if the transmission of a quantum computer calculation result, in particular by the quantum computer 114, in particular to the quantum computer monitoring device 113, occurs after a predetermined third time. This predetermined third time is preferably after the predetermined time or is equal to the predetermined time.

[0380] An additional further step may be the signaling to the quantum computer, in particular by the quantum computer monitoring device 113, before the start of the predetermined period of time, as to which predetermined quantum computer calculation(s) the quantum computer 114 is to perform.

[0381] An additional further step may be the signaling, in particular by the quantum computer monitoring device 113, of the time of the beginning of the predetermined period and, if applicable, the time of the end of the predetermined period or the duration of the predetermined period to the quantum computer 114.

[0382] An additional further step may be to conclude that there is an error, in particular by the quantum computer monitoring device 113, if the quantum computer monitoring device, in particular by the quantum computer 114, is triggered too frequently within a further period of time, in particular more frequently than a triggering expectation value.

[0383] An additional further step may be the monitoring of the quantum computer 114 for a malfunction of the quantum computer 114 by the quantum computer 114 itself and / or the monitoring of a malfunction of other components and / or functional elements of the quantum computer system 115 by the quantum computer 114 and / or the monitoring of a malfunction of quantum computer system components by the quantum computer 114 itself.

[0384] Furthermore, the document presented here describes a method for monitoring the correct quantum computer program execution of a quantum computer system 115 provided with a quantum computer monitoring device 113, in particular using one of the methods described above. The quantum computer system 115 comprises a quantum computer 114, wherein the quantum computer 114 controls the quantum computer monitoring device 113 at specific time intervals, in particular via an external data bus 117 and / or a control bus 66 by means of a message, and wherein the quantum computer monitoring device 113 triggers a reset (reset function) of the quantum computer 114 without this control.

[0385] The reset typically causes the control device 63 of the quantum computer 114 to jump to the quantum computer program start or another predetermined program point of the quantum computer program.

[0386] The reset typically causes the control device 63 of the quantum computer 114 to bring at least quantum bits of the quantum computer 114 into a predefined or predefinable quantum state or into a predefined or predefinable superposition of such quantum states, wherein these quantum bits 22 and / or nuclear quantum bits 67 comprise at least a portion of the quantum bits 22 and / or the nuclear quantum bits 67 of the quantum computer 114.

[0387] Preferably, when a malfunction detected by the quantum computer 114 occurs, it deliberately miscontrols the quantum computer monitoring device 113 in order to trigger a reset function originating from the quantum computer monitoring device 113.

[0388] Finally, it should be noted that a quantum sensor system with one or more quantum bits 22 and / or nuclear quantum bits 67 as sensor elements can be understood as a quantum computer 114 within the meaning of this disclosure and thus may fall under the claim if the quantum sensor system comprises a quantum sensor monitoring device 113 which corresponds in its properties to a quantum computer monitoring device 113 within the meaning of the document presented here. Advantage of the quantum computer monitoring device 113

[0389] With the aid of a quantum computer monitoring device 113 and the associated methods, quantum computers controlling a system can be prevented from setting or controlling states of this system that are safety-critical. Advantage

[0390] Such a quantum computer 114 and such a quantum computer system 115 are relocatable, as they do not need to be permanently connected to a building. Such a quantum computer 114 is potentially SIL-compliant, particularly ASIL-D-compliant, and can therefore be used in various areas. Features

[0391] The following list of features represents the preferred features of the invention. The features and their sub-features can be combined with each other and with other features and sub-features of this proposal and with features of the description, as long as the result of this combination is meaningful. In the case of a combination, it is not necessary to include all sub-features of a feature in a single feature.

[0392] The features are therefore merely preferred combinations of the characteristics of various examples. The feature references can therefore be explicitly changed if appropriate. They simplify the reworking of the proposal. The invention claimed in the patent is derived from the applicable claims.

[0393] Feature 1: Quantum computers wherein the quantum computer comprises a sample and wherein the sample comprises paramagnetic centers and wherein the quantum computer comprises a pump radiation source, in particular in the form of an excitation laser and wherein the pump radiation source, by means of an optical system, supplies the paramagnetic centers u via a first optical partial path with pump radiation of a pump radiation wavelength (λ pmp ) irradiated and wherein the optical system detects the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers and at least partially feeds it to a photodetector and / or a single-photon detector via a second optical partial path, and wherein the first optical sub-path is at least partially different from the second optical sub-path and wherein the photodetector or the single-photon detector converts the fluorescence signal of the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers into at least one measurement signal and / or at least one measured value and wherein the quantum computer is configured to use said at least one measurement signal or said at least one measured value for performing a quantum operation, characterized by that the quantum computer has an optical spatial filter in the second optical sub-path.

[0394] Feature 2: Quantum computer according to feature 1, wherein the second optical sub-path comprises a first optical spatial filter and a second optical spatial filter as a double optical spatial filter.

[0395] Feature 3: Quantum computer according to feature 1 or 2, wherein the second spatial optical filter comprises a second focusing lens.

[0396] Feature 4: Quantum computer according to feature 3, where the focal length (f 45 ) of the second focusing lens at f 45 = 10 mm + / -25% and / or + / -10% and / or + / -5% and / or + / -2% and / or + / -1%.

[0397] Feature 5: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 4, where the second optical spatial filter an optical focusing device, preferably in the form of at least one focusing lens, and / or - a second optical fiber and / or - a pinhole and / or - a grid panel and / or - a photonic crystal and / or - an optical metamaterial and / or - a mask and / or - a two- or three-dimensional holographic mask and / or - an optical phase mask and / or - a holographic filter and / or - an optical fiber and / or - a polarization-maintaining optical fiber and / or - an optical fiber and / or - includes an interference filter.

[0398] Feature 6: Quantum computer according to feature 5, wherein the second optical waveguide is at least partially and / or (better) over its entire length a single-mode optical waveguide and / or at least partially and / or (better) over its entire length a polarization-maintaining optical waveguide.

[0399] Feature 7: Quantum computer according to feature 6, wherein the second optical fiber comprises a flexible optical fiber.

[0400] Feature 8: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 7, wherein the first optical sub-path and the second optical sub-path comprise a dichroic mirror.

[0401] Feature 9: Quantum computer according to one of features 2 to 8, wherein the first optical spatial filter comprises a first focusing lens.

[0402] Feature 10: Quantum computer according to Feature 9, where the first optical spatial filter an optical focusing device, preferably in the form of at least one focusing lens, and / or - a pinhole and / or - a grid panel and / or - a photonic crystal and / or - an optical metamaterial and / or - a mask and / or - a two- or three-dimensional holographic mask and / or - an optical phase mask and / or - a holographic filter and / or - an optical fiber and / or - a polarization-maintaining optical fiber and / or - an optical fiber and / or - an interference filter and / or - an optical collimator device, preferably in the form of at least one collimator lens.

[0403] Feature 11: Quantum computer according to feature 9 or 10, wherein the first optical spatial filter comprises a second collimator lens (39).

[0404] Feature 12: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 11, wherein the quantum computer comprises a fluorescence bandpass spatial filter, which preferably comprises an optical spatial filter and a fluorescence bandpass filter, in particular a first optical spatial filter, a fluorescence bandpass filter and a second optical spatial filter, wherein the fluorescence bandpass filter is preferably arranged between the first optical spatial filter and the second optical spatial filter.

[0405] Feature 13: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 12, wherein a first optical waveguide feeds the pump radiation of the pump radiation source into the first optical sub-path and wherein the first optical waveguide is preferably a single-mode optical waveguide at least in sections and / or (better) over its entire length and / or a polarization-maintaining optical waveguide at least in sections and / or (better) over its entire length.

[0406] Feature 14: Quantum computer according to feature 13, wherein the first optical fiber comprises a flexible optical fiber.

[0407] Feature 15: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 14, wherein the first optical sub-path comprises an optical neutral density filter.

[0408] Feature 16: Quantum computer according to feature 15, wherein the optical neutral density filter has an anti-reflection coating for the spectral range from 510 nm to 540 nm, and / or better from 500 nm to 330 nm, and / or better from 450 nm to 650 nm and / or better from 300 nm to 700 nm.

[0409] Feature 17: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 16, wherein the first optical sub-path has a first optical bandpass filter in the first optical sub-path.

[0410] Feature 18: Quantum computer according to Feature 17, wherein the first optical bandpass filter has a central wavelength which corresponds to + / -25%, better + / - 10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1% + / -0.5%, better + / -0.2%, better + / -0.1% of the central wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump light source.

[0411] Feature 19: Quantum computer according to feature 17 or 18, wherein the first optical bandpass filter has a bandwidth in the range of 8 nm to 20 nm, and / or of 8 nm to 15 nm and / or preferably of 13 nm.

[0412] Feature 20: Quantum computer according to one of features 17 to 19, wherein the central wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the bandwidth of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the bandwidth and the central wavelength of the first optical bandpass filter are matched to one another, - that the calculated constructive C pk9 -value is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, where a constructive C pk9 -value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred and / or - that the calculated C pk9b -value is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, where a C pk9b-value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred.

[0413] Feature 21: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 20, wherein the optical system of the quantum computer has the first optical sub-path and the second optical sub-path and a third optical sub-path.

[0414] Feature 22: Quantum computer according to Feature 21, wherein the first optical sub-path and the second optical sub-path and the third optical sub-path are arranged in an E-arrangement.

[0415] Feature 23: Quantum computer according to Feature 21, wherein the first optical sub-path and the second optical sub-path and the third optical sub-path are arranged in a double-C arrangement.

[0416] Feature 24: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 23, wherein a mirror is inserted into the second optical sub-path, which deflects the second optical sub-path by an angle greater than or equal to 90° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 80° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 70° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 45° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 22.5° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 10°, wherein a deflection by an angle of 90° + / - 5° and / or + / - 2.5° and / or + / - 1° is preferred

[0417] Feature 25: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 24, wherein the optical system of the quantum computer comprises the first optical sub-path and the second optical sub-path and a third optical sub-path and wherein a mirror is inserted into the third optical sub-path, which deflects the third optical sub-path by an angle greater than or equal to 90° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 80° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 70° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 45° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 22.5° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 10°, wherein a deflection by an angle of 90° + / - 5° and / or + / - 2.5° and / or + / - 1° is preferred

[0418] Feature 26: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 25, wherein the optical system of the quantum computer comprises the first optical sub-path and the second optical sub-path and a third optical sub-path and wherein a piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with a mirror is inserted into the third optical sub-path.

[0419] Feature 27: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 26, wherein the quantum computer comprises a magnetic positioning device and wherein the magnetic positioning device comprises a magnetic structure and wherein the magnet structure comprises at least one permanent magnet and / or individual magnets and wherein the magnetic flux density of the magnetic field of the at least one permanent magnet of the magnet structure flows through the paramagnetic centers and wherein the positional accuracy of the magnetic positioning device for positioning the magnetic structure relative to the sample is preferably less than 10µm, and / or more accurate than 5µm and / or more accurate than 2µm and / or more accurate than 1µm and / or more accurate than 0.5µm and / or more accurate than 0.2µm and / or more accurate than 0.1µm and / or more accurate than 50nm and / or more accurate than 20nm and / or more accurate than 10nm, wherein a relative positioning accuracy of the magnetic structure relative to the sample of more accurate than 50nm is preferred.

[0420] Feature 28: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 27, wherein the quantum computer comprises a magnetic positioning device and wherein the magnetic positioning device comprises a magnetic structure and wherein the magnet structure comprises at least one permanent magnet and / or individual magnets and wherein the magnetic flux density of the magnetic field of the at least one permanent magnet of the magnet structure flows through the paramagnetic centers and wherein the magnet structure preferably comprises a Halbach magnet structure.

[0421] Feature 29: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 28, wherein the quantum computer has at least one fluorescence bandpass filter for separating the fluorescence radiation from other radiation in the second optical sub-path, wherein preferably the central wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the bandwidth of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the bandwidth and the central wavelength of the fluorescence pass filter are matched to one another in such a way, - that the calculated constructive C pk42 -value is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, where a constructiveC pk42-value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred and / or - that the calculated constructive C pk42b -value is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, where a constructive C pk42b -value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred.

[0422] Feature 30: Quantum computer according to Feature 29, wherein the fluorescence bandpass filter has a central wavelength of 697 nm + / -25% and / or + / - 10% and / or + / -5% and / or + / -2% and / or + / -1% and / or + / -0.5% and / or + / -0.2% and / or + / -0.1% and / or wherein the fluorescence bandpass filter has a bandwidth of 75 nm + / - 25% and / or + / - 10% and / or + / - 5% and / or + / - 2% and / or + / - 1% and / or + / - 0.5% and / or + / - 0.2% and / or + / - 0.1%.

[0423] Feature 31: Quantum computer according to one of the features 1 to 30, wherein the optical system of the quantum computer comprises the first optical sub-path and the second optical sub-path and a third optical sub-path and wherein the first optical sub-path comprises the pump radiation source and first optical functional elements for processing the radiation of the pump radiation source for use as pump radiation and a second optical coupling functional element for coupling the pump radiation of the first optical sub-path into the third optical sub-path and wherein the second optical sub-path comprises a third optical coupling functional element for coupling out the fluorescence radiation from the third optical sub-path and fourth optical functional elements for processing the fluorescence radiation for detection by the photodetector and / or the single-photon detector, and wherein the fourth optical functional elements preferably comprise the first optical spatial filter and the second optical spatial filter and wherein the third optical sub-path comprises the second optical coupling functional element for coupling the pump radiation into the third optical sub-path and the third optical coupling functional element for coupling the fluorescence radiation into the second optical sub-path and fifth optical functional elements for optimally irradiating the paramagnetic centers with pump radiation and for detecting the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers.

[0424] Feature 32: Quantum computer according to Feature 31, wherein the first optical functional elements comprise at least one of the following elements: a first optical waveguide, a first collimator lens (5), a neutral density filter, a first optical bandpass filter, and a λ / 2 retardation plate and / or a λ / 4 retardation plate.

[0425] Feature 33: Quantum computer according to feature 31 or 32, wherein the third optical functional elements comprise at least one of the following elements: an optical long-pass filter, an optical band-stop filter, a mirror, a first focusing lens, a pinhole, a second collimator lens, a fluorescence band-pass filter, a second focusing lens, and a second optical waveguide.

[0426] Feature 34: Quantum computer according to one of features 31 to 33, wherein the fifth optical functional elements comprise the mirror of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system and / or the lens.

[0427] Feature 35: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 34, wherein the quantum computer comprises a lens and wherein the quantum computer comprises a piezoelectric lens positioner and where the quantum computer comprises the sample with the paramagnetic centers and wherein the piezoelectric objective positioner can adjust the distance from the objective to the sample to an accuracy of up to 50 nm and / or up to 25 nm and / or up to 10 nm and / or up to 5 nm or better, wherein an adjustment of the distance from the objective to the sample to an accuracy of up to 5 nm or better is preferred.

[0428] Feature 36: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 35, wherein the first partial optical path comprises at least one of the following elements: the pump radiation source, the first optical waveguide, the first collimator lens, the optical neutral density filter, the first optical bandpass filter, the λ / 2 delay plate or (or) the λ / 4 delay plate and the dichroic mirror.

[0429] Feature 37: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 36, wherein the second partial optical path comprises at least one of the following elements: the dichroic mirror, the optical long-pass filter, the optical band-stop filter, the mirror, the first focusing lens, a pinhole, a second collimator lens, a fluorescence band-pass filter, a second focusing lens, a second optical waveguide and the photodetector or (and / or) the single-photon detector.

[0430] Feature 38: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 37, wherein the third optical sub-path comprises at least one of the following elements: the dichroic mirror, the mirror of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system, the objective and the sample with paramagnetic centers and the nuclear spins of the isotopes with a magnetic moment (e.g. 14 N, 15 N, 13 C) which are coupled or can be coupled to at least one paramagnetic center.

[0431] Feature 39: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 38, wherein an optical long-pass filter is inserted into the second optical sub-path.

[0432] Feature 40: Quantum computer according to feature 39, where the optical long-pass filter has an edge wavelength λ 31 =542 nm + / -25% and / or + / -10% and / or + / -5% and / or + / -2% and / or + / -1%.

[0433] Feature 41: Quantum computer according to one of the features 1 to 40, wherein an optical band-stop filter is inserted into the second optical sub-path.

[0434] Feature 42: Quantum computer according to Feature 41, wherein the optical band-stop filter has a central wavelength which corresponds to + / -25% and / or + / - 10% and / or + / -5% and / or + / -2% and / or + / -1% of the central wavelength of the emitted pump radiation.

[0435] Feature 43: Quantum computer according to feature 41 or 42, wherein the central wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the bandwidth of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the bandwidth and the central wavelength of the optical band-stop filter are matched to one another, - that the calculated constructive C pk53 -value is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, where a constructive C pk53 -value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred and / or - that the calculated constructive C pk53b -value is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, where a constructive C pk53b -value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred.

[0436] Feature 44: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 43, wherein the quantum computer comprises a 19" rack or a 19" server cabinet and / or wherein the quantum computer comprises an optics box with a first optical sub-path and a second optical sub-path and / or wherein the quantum computer has a control device and / or wherein the quantum computer comprises an excitation laser and / or wherein the quantum computer comprises a single-photon detector and / or a photon detector and / or wherein the quantum computer comprises an AWG and / or wherein the 19" rack or 19" server cabinet has an operating side and a maintenance side and / or wherein on the maintenance side of the 19" server cabinet, a first optical fiber optically connects the excitation laser to the first optical sub-path and / or wherein on the maintenance side of the 19" server cabinet (98) a second optical fiber optically connects the single-photon detector or a photon detector to the second optical sub-path and / or wherein the one control device has the lowest mounting position in the 19" rack or a 19" server cabinet and / or wherein the AWG has a mounting position in the 19" rack or the 19" server cabinet that is above the mounting position of the control device in the 19" rack or a 19" server cabinet, and / or wherein the excitation laser and the single-photon detector or the photon detector each have mounting positions in the 19" rack or the 19" server cabinet that are above the mounting positions of the control device and the AWG in the 19" rack or a 19" server cabinet, and / or wherein the optics box has a mounting position in the 19" rack or the 19" server cabinet which is above the mounting positions of the control device and the AWG and the excitation laser and the single-photon detector or the photon detector in the 19" rack or a 19" server cabinet and / or wherein the length of the first optical fiber and the length of the second optical fiber are dimensioned such that the optics box can be pulled out of the 19" rack or the 19" server cabinet for calibration and adjustment purposes on the operator side without interrupting the operation of the quantum computer.

[0437] Feature 45: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 44, wherein the quantum computer comprises a 19" rack or a 19" server cabinet and / or wherein the quantum computer has a base plate with a square pattern of threaded holes and / or where the base plate is designed for installation in a 19" rack or a 19" server cabinet and / or wherein optical device parts and / or all optical device parts of the quantum computer are attached to the surface of the base plate by means of the threaded holes and / or wherein all other parts of the quantum computer are housed together with the base plate in the 19" rack and / or the 19" server cabinet and / or The quantum computer is equipped with wheels for its transport.

[0438] Feature 46: Quantum computer production volume wherein the quantum computer production quantity comprises a plurality of at least 5, and / or at least 10 and / or at least 20 quantum computers according to one of the preceding features and where λ opmpm the mean value of the respective upper wavelengths λ opmp the respective bandwidths λ bpmp of the respective pump radiations and where (σ λopmp the scattering of the respective upper wavelengths λ opmp the respective bandwidths λ bpmp of the respective pump radiations and where λ upmpm the mean value of the respective lower wavelengths λ upmp the respective bandwidths λbpmp of the respective pump radiations and where (σ λopmp the scattering of the respective lower wavelengths λ upmp the respective bandwidths λ bpmp of the respective pump radiations and where λ zpmpm =(λ opmpm +λ upmpm ) / 2 the mean value of the respective central wavelengths λ zpmp of the respective pump radiations and where A o_9m the mean value of the respective upper wavelengths λ o_9 the respective bandwidths λ b_9 the respective first optical bandpass filter and where σ λo_9m the scattering of the respective upper wavelengths λ o_9 the respective bandwidths λ b_9 the respective first optical bandpass filter and where λ u_9m the mean value of the respective lower wavelengths λ u_9 the respective bandwidths λ b_9 the respective first optical bandpass filter and where σ λu_9m the scattering of the respective lower wavelengths λ u_9 the respective bandwidths λ b_9 the respective first optical bandpass filter and where the C pk9p -value (C pk9p ) of the first optical bandpass filter of the quantum computer of the quantum computer production set is then defined as: Cpk9p=Min(|(λz_pmpm−λu_9m)|,|(λo_9m−λz_pmpm)|) / 3(σλupmp+σλopmp+σλu_9m+σλo_9m) where the C pk9p -value (C pk9p ) of the first optical bandpass filters of the quantum computers of the quantum computer production quantity is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, wherein a C pk9p -value (C pk9p ) of the first optical bandpass filter of the quantum computer of the quantum computer production quantity greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred.

[0439] Feature 47: Quantum computer production volume wherein the quantum computer production quantity comprises a plurality of at least 5, and / or at least 10 and / or at least 20 quantum computers according to one of the preceding features 1 to 45 and where λ oflm the mean value of the respective upper wavelengths λ oflp the respective bandwidths λ bfl of the respective fluorescence radiations paramagnetic centers and where σ λofl the scattering of the respective upper wavelengths λ ofl the respective bandwidths λ bfl of the respective fluorescence radiations paramagnetic centers and where λ uflm the mean value of the respective lower wavelengths λ ufl the respective bandwidths λ bfl of the respective fluorescence radiations paramagnetic centers and where σ λufl the scattering of the respective lower wavelengths λ ufl the respective bandwidths λ bflof the respective fluorescence radiations paramagnetic centers and where λ zflm =(λ oflm +λ uflm ) / 2 the mean value of the respective central wavelengths λ zfl of the respective fluorescence radiations of the paramagnetic centers and where λ o_42m the mean value of the respective upper wavelengths λ o_42 the respective bandwidths λ b_42 the respective fluorescence bandpass filter (the respective second bandpass filter) and where σ λo_42m the scattering of the respective upper wavelengths λ o_42 the respective bandwidths λ b_42 the respective fluorescence bandpass filter (the respective second bandpass filter) and where λ u_42m the mean value of the respective lower wavelengths λ u_42 the respective bandwidths λ b_42 the respective fluorescence bandpass filter (the respective second bandpass filter) and where σ λu_42mthe scattering of the respective lower wavelengths λ u_42 the respective fluorescence bandpass filter (the respective second bandpass filter) and where the C pk42p -value (C pk42p ) the fluorescence bandpass filter (the respective second bandpass filter) of the quantum computer of the quantum computer production set is then defined as: Cpk42p=Min(|(λz_flm−λu_42m)|,|(λo_42m−λz_flm)|) / 3(σλ_fl+σλ_ofl+σλu_42m+σλo_42m) where the C pk42p -value (C pk42p ) the fluorescence bandpass filter (of the respective second bandpass filter) of the quantum computer of the quantum computer production quantity is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, wherein a C pk42p -value (C pk42p ) the fluorescence bandpass filter (the respective second bandpass filter) of the quantum computer of the quantum computer production quantity greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred.

[0440] Feature 48: Quantum computer production volume wherein the quantum computer production quantity comprises a plurality of at least 5, and / or at least 10 and / or at least 20 quantum computers according to one of features 1 to 45 and where λ opmpm the mean value of the respective upper wavelengths λ opmp the respective bandwidths λ bpmp of the respective pump radiations and where (σ λopmp the scattering of the respective upper wavelengths λ opmp the respective bandwidths λ bpmp of the respective pump radiations and where λ upmpm the mean value of the respective lower wavelengths λ upmp the respective bandwidths λ bpmp of the respective pump radiations and where σ λupmp the scattering of the respective lower wavelengths λ upmp the respective bandwidths λ bpmp of the respective pump radiations and where λ zpmpm =(λ opmpm+λ upmpm ) / 2 the mean value of the respective central wavelengths λ zpmp of the respective pump radiations and where λ o_53m the mean value of the respective upper wavelengths λ o_53 the respective bandwidths λ p_53 the respective band-stop filter and where σ λo_53m the scattering of the respective upper wavelengths λ o_53 the respective bandwidths λ p_53 the respective band-stop filter and where λ u_53m the mean value of the respective lower wavelengths λ u_53 the respective bandwidths λ p_53 the band-stop filter and where σ λu_53m the scattering of the respective lower wavelengths λ u_53 the respective band-stop filter and where the C pk53p -value (C pk53p ) the band-stop filter of the quantum computer production set is then defined as: Cpk53p=Min(|(λz_pmpm−λu_53m)|,|(λo_53m−λz_pmpm)|) / 3(σλupmp+σλopmp+σλu_53m+σλo_53m) where the C pk53p -value (C pk53p ) the band-stop filter of the quantum computers of the quantum computer production quantity is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, wherein a C pk53p -value (C pk53p ) the band-stop filter of the quantum computer of the quantum computer production quantity greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred.

[0441] Within the scope of the present invention, independent protection is claimed for each of the following aspects of the quantum computer according to the invention, regardless of whether one or more of the other features are also implemented: - the quantum computer has at least one optical spatial filter, - the quantum computer has at least two optical spatial filters arranged one after the other, - the quantum computer has an optical bandpass filter for the fluorescence radiation, wherein this bandpass filter is preferably arranged between a first optical spatial filter and a second optical spatial filter, - the quantum computer has three optical paths arranged in the shape of an E or a double C, - the quantum computer has a piezoelectrically adjustable mirror for focusing on individual areas, in particular individual paramagnetic centers of the sample, - the quantum computer comprises a magnetic positioning device having a magnetic structure comprising at least one permanent magnet, wherein the magnetic flux density of the magnetic field of the at least one permanent magnet flows through the paramagnetic centers, wherein the magnetic structure preferably comprises a Halbach magnet structure, - the quantum computer consists of a rack or server cabinet with a maximum footprint of 19", - the quantum computer includes an optical neutral density filter, - the quantum computer includes at least one dichroic mirror, - the quantum computer comprises at least one polarization-sensitive mirror, - the quantum computer comprises at least one deflection mirror, - the quantum computer comprises an optical retardation plate, preferably in the form of a λ / 2 retardation plate or λ / 4 retardation plate for the pump radiation, wherein there is an optical polarization filter which is designed to reflect fluorescent radiation with a first optical polarization and to transmit fluorescent radiation with a second optical polarization different from the first polarization. List of characters

[0442] The features and further advantages of the present invention will become clear below from the description of preferred embodiments in conjunction with the figures. These show, purely schematically and in simplified form: Fig. Figure 1a shows an exemplary schematic topology of an 8-qubit quantum processor comprising two NV centers coupled by dipole-dipole interaction, each with three significantly more strongly coupled nuclear spins ( 13 C and 14 N or 15 N) as qubits within a qubit node defined over the individual NV centers. Fig. Figure 1b shows schematic energy levels of an NV center interacting with a nuclear spin i = 1 / 2. D is the zero-field splitting and E B is the splitting due to the Zeeman effect in an external magnetic field. m s and m Iare the magnetic quantum numbers corresponding to the spin states of the NV electron system and the nucleus, respectively. Fig. Figure 2a shows the mean dipolar coupling strength as a function of the distance r between the NV centers of an NV pair during the implantation process. Fig. Figure 2b shows the mean dipolar coupling strength as a function of ion energy E during the implantation process. Fig. Figure 2c shows the reported experimental coupling strengths of NV pairs as a function of their decoherence rate v dc = 1 / T2 with the dephasing time T2. Fig. Figure 3a shows a quantum circuit composition of a conditional Z-gate (Z) denoted by Z between NV1 (control qubit) and NV2 (target qubit) from the dipolar interaction operator U dip shown as a blue dashed line and single-qubit rotations of the NVs around the Z-axis of the Bloch sphere by π / 2 denoted by RZ . Fig. Figure 3b shows the composition of a NOT gate denoted by X between NV1 (control qubit) and NV2 (target qubit) from the Z-gate and single-qubit rotations of the target qubit around the Y-axis (R Y ) by π / 2. Fig. Figure 4 shows a quantum circuit representation of a NOT gate between two coupled NV centers with NV1 as control and NV2 as target qubit using √SWAP gates and single-qubit rotations on the individual NV centers Fig. Figure 5 shows a quantum circuit representation of a NOT gate between two nuclear spins in different NV nodes. Q i,j denotes the j-th nuclear spin qubit in the i-th NV node. Fig. 6 describes the basic function of the proposed system for describing the system. Fig. 7 shows the cage system 51 with essential optical parts of the system of Fig. 6 in supervision. Fig. 8 corresponds to the Fig. 7, where scales and exemplary dimensions are now given. Fig. 9 corresponds to the Fig. 7 to 8, where the preferred plain bearings are now marked as arrows “<->” and the fixed bearings as crosses “X”. Fig. 10 corresponds to the Fig. 7 to 9, where the exemplary E-arrangement of the optical partial paths (70,71, 72) is now shown. Fig. 11 shows a detail of the exemplary E-arrangement of the optical partial paths 70, 71, 72 and their device parts in an oblique view. Fig. 12 shows a detail of the exemplary E-arrangement of the optical sub-paths 70, 71, 72 and their device parts in another oblique view. Fig. Figure 13 shows the magnet positioning device assembly and the sample carrier device separated from the system to simplify rework. Fig. Figure 14 shows a roughly simplified schematic of a 19" server cabinet 98 with the essential components of the proposed quantum computer. Fig. 15 largely corresponds to the Fig. 6 wherein the cage system 51 is designed as a double-C structure. Fig. 16 corresponds to the Fig. 15, where now the first large “C” from the first optical sub-path 70 and the third optical sub-path 72 is marked with thick black solid lines and the second large “C” from the second optical sub-path 71 is marked with thick black dashed lines. Fig. 17 shows an exemplary screen 93 of the exemplary quantum computer, which displays exemplary operating data of an arbitrarily selected operating example. Fig. 18 shows the exemplary evaluation group 99 of the second optical partial path 71 of the Fig. 15 again. Fig. 19 shows a modified exemplary evaluation group 99 of the second optical partial path 71 of the Fig. 18. Fig. 20 shows a quantum computer system 115 with several, here four, quantum computers (114, 114_1 to 114_IV), whose respective control units 63 are connected to one another for data purposes by means of their external data buses 117 via a router 118 or the like. Fig. Figures 21 to 59 show various pulse sequences which are preferably considered as quantum operations in the sense of the document presented here. Description of the characters

[0443] The figures illustrate the proposal schematically and in a simplified manner. The disclosure of the document presented here is not limited to the figures and also includes other combinations. Figure 1a

[0444] Fig.Figure 1a shows an exemplary schematic topology of an 8-qubit quantum processor comprising two NV centers coupled by dipole-dipole interaction, each with three significantly more strongly coupled nuclear spins ( 13 C and 14 N or 15 N) as qubits within a qubit node defined by the individual NV centers. Colored solid and dashed lines represent the physical couplings between the individual qubits. H int corresponds to the interaction Hamiltonian between the two NV centers. S zi are the spin operators of the z-component of the electron spin of the respective NV center. A hf symbolizes the hyperfine coupling constant of the respective nucleus to the corresponding NV center and v Dipol is the coupling constant between the NV centers, which depends on the distance between the NV centers. The coupling between the nuclei and to the NV of another node can be neglected. Figure 1b

[0445] Fig. Figure 1b shows schematic energy levels of an NV center interacting with a nuclear spin i = 1 / 2. D is the zero-field splitting and E B is the splitting due to the Zeeman effect in an external magnetic field. m S and m I are the magnetic quantum numbers corresponding to the spin states of the NV electron system and the nucleus, respectively. The states m s = 0 and m s = -1 are defined as states |0> and |1> of the NV qubit and m I =-1 / 2 and m I =1 / 2 as states |0> and |1> of the core qubit.

[0446] Transitions of the NV qubit from |0> to |1> and vice versa can now be selectively induced depending on the state of the core qubit by irradiating radiation of frequency ω o for core qubit state |0> and ω1 for state |1>. Figure 2a

[0447] Fig.Figure 2a shows the mean dipolar coupling strength as a function of the distance r between the NV centers of an NV pair during the implantation process.[7] Figure 2b

[0448] Fig. Figure 2b shows the mean dipolar coupling strength as a function of ion energy E during the implantation process. [7] Figure 2c

[0449] Fig. Figure 2c shows the reported experimental coupling strengths of NV pairs as a function of their decoherence rate v dc = 1 / T2 with the dephasing time T2. The black solid line is the straight line on which the decoherence rate of the NV pair would be equal to its coupling strength (v dc =v dip ). It separates the region of weak coupling (v dc >v dip ) above the line in blue and the area of ​​strong coupling (v dc <v dip) below the line in orange. For the 8-qubit Q, the NV pair should be in the region of strong coupling. Orange circles and blue diamonds are experimental data on NV pairs in two nominally similarly prepared diamond samples, which are referred to as Sample A and Sample B in reference [7]. Gray dots are experimentally determined values ​​for NV pairs that were used for comparison in reference [7] from other sources. The respective points 1, 2 and 3 were determined in references [8], [4] and

[13] . Both figures are taken from reference [7]. Figure 3a

[0450] Fig. Figure 3a shows a quantum circuit composition of a conditional Z-gate (Z) denoted by Z between NV1 (control qubit) and NV2 (target qubit) from the dipolar interaction operator U dip shown as a blue dashed line and single-qubit rotations of the NVs around the Z-axis of the Bloch sphere by π / 2 denoted by RZ . Figure 3b

[0451] Fig. Figure 3b shows the composition of a NOT gate denoted by X between NV1 (control qubit) and NV2 (target qubit) from the Z-gate and single-qubit rotations of the target qubit around the Y-axis (R Y ) by π / 2. Figure 4

[0452] Fig.Figure 4 shows a quantum circuit representation of a NOT gate between two coupled NV centers with NV1 as the control qubit and NV2 as the target qubit, using √SWAP gates and single-qubit rotations on the individual NV centers (below). The VSWAP gate is realized using the Hartmann-Hahn condition, as explained in the text. The implementation of this gate and the SWAP gate is shown in the upper figures. MW1 and MW2 represent microwaves with two different frequencies radiated from the microwave source (55) via the microwave lines (57, 59, 61), which would induce a rotation of NV1 (MW1) and NV2 (MW2) around the X-axis of the Bloch sphere, enabling the coupling, as also explained in the text. Fig. 4 is taken from reference

[12] . Figure 5

[0453] Fig.Figure 5 shows a quantum circuit representation of a NOT gate between two nuclear spins in different NV nodes. Q i,j denotes the j-th nuclear spin qubit in the i-th NV node. See also Fig. 1a. Figures of quantum hardware

[0454] The figures illustrate the proposal with regard to the underlying quantum hardware in a schematic and simplified manner. The disclosure of the document presented here is not limited to the figures and also encompasses other combinations. Figure 6

[0455] Fig. Figure 6 provides a schematic and simplified overview of the proposed system. The optical components are preferably located in a cage system 51, which is further explained in subsequent figures. Excitation laser

[0456] The excitation laser 1 serves as an exemplary pump radiation source for the optical excitation of the NV centers 22 in the sample 21.

[0457] The excitation laser 1 emits pump radiation 54 preferably in the form of laser radiation. The pump radiation 54 has a pump radiation wavelength λ pmp preferably in a wavelength range of 400 nm to 700 nm and / or better 450 nm to 650 nm and / or better 500 nm to 330 nm and / or better 515 nm to 540 nm. In preparing the proposal, an excitation laser 1 with a pump radiation wavelength λ pmp of 514nm was successfully used to generate pump radiation 54.

[0458] Preferably, the pump radiation source in the form of the exemplary excitation laser 1 emits the pump radiation 54 into the first optical sub-path 70 in an amplitude-modulated manner. Preferably, the amplitude modulation of the pump radiation 54 of the pump radiation source in the form of the exemplary excitation laser 1 depends on an AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator is an electronic test device used to generate electrical waveforms. These waveforms can be either repetitive or one-off, in which case some kind of trigger source (internal or external) is required. The resulting waveforms can be fed into a device under test and analyzed during their passage to confirm the proper operation of the device or to locate a fault therein. - Further information can be found at https: / / en.wikipedia.org / wiki / Arbitrary waveform generator.) laser modulation signal 81.Preferably, the AWG 78 synchronizes, by means of the AWG laser modulation signal 81 or by means of a functionally equivalent signal, the emission of light pulses of the pump radiation 54 by the pump radiation source in the form of the excitation laser 1 with the feeding of microwave pulses of microwave radiation from a microwave source 55 or a microwave amplifier 55 into a microwave line 57 and / or with the feeding of RF pulses of RF radiation from an RF source 56 or an RF amplifier 56 into an RF line 58.

[0459] Typically, the AWG 78 synchronizes a fast photon counter 77 with the AWG laser modulation signal 81 and / or the AWG microwave signal 79 and / or the AWG RF signal 80 via an AWG synchronization signal 82, so that the pump radiation source in the form of the excitation laser 1 and / or the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier and / or the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier and the fast photon counter 77 are synchronized to a common temporal reference point.

[0460] Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 controls the pump radiation source, here the excitation laser 1, and its auxiliary devices via the control bus 66 and monitors the operating parameters of the pump radiation source, here the excitation laser 1, and its auxiliary devices via the control bus 66 and reads out other data of the pump radiation source, here the control laser 1, and its auxiliary devices via the control bus 66. first optical fiber

[0461] The first optical waveguide 2 of the excitation laser 1 serves to transport the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 to the cage system 51. The first optical waveguide 2 can be a glass fiber. The first optical waveguide 2 is preferably a single-mode optical waveguide and / or, better, a polarization-maintaining optical waveguide. The first optical waveguide 2 guides the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 to the cage system 51 and feeds the pump radiation 54 into the first optical subpath 70 of the cage system 51.

[0462] The optical waveguide holder 3 in the first xy adjuster 4 serves for the lateral positioning of the optical waveguide output of the first optical waveguide 2 of the excitation laser 1 and for aligning the laser beam of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 emerging from the first optical waveguide 2 of the excitation laser 1 in the cage system 51. The optical waveguide holder 3 of the first optical waveguide 2 ensures that preferably the first optical waveguide 2 radiates the pump radiation 54 in the form of the laser radiation of the excitation laser 1 preferably into the first optical partial path 70 along its optical axis.

[0463] The first optical waveguide 2 is preferably flexible, for example designed as a glass fiber, and can then mechanically decouple the excitation laser 1 from the optical system and enable the compaction of the optical device to geometric dimensions that allow installation in a 19" rack.

[0464] The excitation laser 1 feeds the pump radiation 54 into the first optical waveguide 2 at the first end of the first optical waveguide 2. The pump radiation 54 exits the optical waveguide end of the first optical waveguide 2 at the second end of the first optical waveguide 2. The first optical waveguide 2 thus feeds the pump radiation 54 into the first optical subpath 70 of the device. first collimator lens

[0465] The pump radiation 54 of the laser beam of the excitation laser 1 passes through the first collimator lens 5 after exiting the first optical waveguide 2. The first collimator lens 5 is an optical component that serves to align the light beams of the pump radiation 54 in parallel. It is used to generate a collimated light beam of the pump radiation 54 from the pump radiation 54 emerging essentially in a point-like manner at the optical waveguide end of the first optical waveguide 2. The first collimator lens 5 thus parallelizes the beam path of the pump radiation 54 in the first optical sub-path 70 and in the third optical sub-path 71.

[0466] The exemplary distance of the first collimator lens 5 from the optical waveguide end of the first optical waveguide 2 preceding in the first optical partial path 70 is in the examples of Fig.6 to 13 exemplary 48mm. The main function of the collimator lens 5 is to convert the diverging light of the pump radiation 54 after the pump radiation 54 exits the first optical waveguide 2 into parallel beams. The collimator lens 5 focuses the incident light of the pump radiation 54 so that the light beams of the pump radiation 54 exit the collimator lens 5 almost parallel. The collimated light beam of the pump radiation 54 has the advantage that it maintains its propagation direction within the device and exhibits only minimal divergence. This enables precise transmission of the light of the pump radiation 54 over long distances within the device without it spreading or diverging significantly. In the device of the proposed device, the collimator lens 5 is used to optimize the beam path of the laser beam of the pump radiation 54.It ensures that the laser beam of the pump radiation 54 remains parallel and focused, which is important here. The collimator lens 5 is arranged in a first z-adjuster 6 to allow the positioning of the collimator lens 5 relative to the optical axis of the system. If necessary, the collimator lens 5 should not only be movable relative to the optical axis of the system, but also pivotable against the two possible angles to minimize any imaging errors.

[0467] The collimator lens 5 in the z-adjuster 6 thus serves to collimate the laser radiation of the pump radiation 54 coupled out of the first optical waveguide 2 of the excitation laser 1. Preferably, the focal length f5 of the collimator lens 5 is in the range of 20 mm to 100 mm and / or better 34 mm to 50 mm.

[0468] The control unit 63 of the quantum computer can preferably position the first collimator lens 5 using a positioning device, which the control unit 63 preferably controls via the control bus 63. Such a positioning device can also comprise several different collimator lenses 5, which the positioning device can exchange for the collimator lens 5 located in the beam path upon control command from the control unit 63 of the quantum computer 114. The collimator lens 5 is preferably provided with one or more sensors that detect the irradiation of the collimator lens 5 and transmit its values ​​to the control device 63 via the control bus 66. The positioning device of the first collimator lens 5 is preferably also provided with sensors that monitor the operating state and the actual position values ​​of the positioning device of the first collimator lens 5 and transmit them to the control device 63 via the control bus 66.Preferably, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 monitors these values ​​of one or more of the sensors and / or the position values ​​and the operating state of the positioning device of the first collimator lens 5 and / or the control commands of the control unit 63 to the positioning device of the first collimator lens 5 via the control bus 66 and concludes that there is an error in the control unit 63 and / or the positioning device of the first collimator lens 5 and / or the quantum computer 114 if one or more of these values ​​lie outside predetermined respective associated permitted value intervals and initiates corresponding countermeasures, as also described below for other errors. optional neutral density filter

[0469] In the exemplary implementation of the device, an optional optical neutral density filter 7 is preferably inserted into the beam path of the pump radiation 54. The preferably present optical neutral density filter 7 serves in particular to adjust the level of the intensity of the pump radiation 54 in the first optical sub-path 70 and in the third optical sub-path 72. Typically, the neutral density filter 7 is designed as a gradient filter. This means that it can be displaced perpendicular to the beam path of the first optical sub-path 71 by a positioning device, which is controlled by the control device 63, preferably via the control bus 66. In the process, the transmission point of the light beam of the pump radiation 54 in the first optical sub-path 71 at which the light beam 54 in the first optical sub-path 71 passes the neutral density filter 7 changes.Since the filtering effect of the neutral density filter 7 depends on the coordinate of this transmission point of the light beam of the pump radiation 54 in the first optical sub-path on the surface of the neutral density filter 7, the transmission of this light beam of the pump radiation 54 in the first optical sub-path 71 through the neutral density filter 7 changes. Preferably, preferred coordinates of the preferred transmission points of the light beam of the pump radiation 54 in the first optical sub-path 71 through the neutral density filter 7 for preferred transmittances are stored in a memory and / or a storage medium 64 of the control device 63.The control device 64 preferably determines the preferred transmittance of the neutral density filter 7 and thus the preferred transmission point on the surface of the neutral density filter 7 by means of a computer-implemented method and sets this by means of the computer-implemented method using control signals via the control bus 66 and the positioning device of the neutral density filter 7. The exemplary distance of the first collimator lens 5 from the optional optical neutral density filter 7 following in the first optical partial path 70 is in the examples of . Fig.6 to 13, exemplary 10 mm. The function of the optional optical neutral density filter 7 is to reduce the intensity of the light of the pump radiation 54 for the intended application without affecting the wavelength composition of the light of the pump radiation 54. It is an optical filter that does not selectively block certain wavelengths of the light of the pump radiation 54, but rather preferably uniformly attenuates the entire visible spectrum of the pump radiation 54. The optional optical neutral density filter 7 is preferably used to reduce the amount of light of the pump radiation 54 that strikes the paramagnetic centers 22.

[0470] This can be advantageous for precise control of the paramagnetic centers 22, particularly when performing initialization operations of the paramagnetic centers 22.

[0471] Overall, the optional optical neutral density filter 7 typically enables precise control over the amount of light of the pump radiation 54 that strikes the paramagnetic centers 22 without changing the wavelength composition of the pump radiation 54. The optional optical neutral density filter 7 is preferably located in the first removable holder 8. The first removable holder 8 can, if necessary, also be fixed to the first z-adjuster 6. For the device presented here, the optional optical neutral density filter 7 is typically optional. If required, an optional optical neutral density filter 7 is located in the first removable holder 8. The optional optical neutral density filter 7 is preferably an absorbing optical neutral density filter.Preferably, the optional optical neutral density filter 7 comprises an anti-reflection coating for the spectral range from 510 nm to 540 nm, and / or better from 500 nm to 330 nm, and / or better from 450 nm to 650 nm, and / or better from 300 nm to 700 nm. The optional optical neutral density filter 7 in the removable holder 8 thus allows attenuation of the laser beam of the pump radiation 54 to optimize the manipulation capability of the device for manipulating the quantum states of the paramagnetic centers 22.

[0472] The control unit 63 of the quantum computer 114 can preferably position the neutral density filter 7 by means of a positioning device, which the control unit 63 preferably controls via the control bus 63. Such a positioning device for the neutral density filter 7 can also comprise several different neutral density filters 7, which the positioning device can exchange for the neutral density filter 7 located in the beam path upon control command from the control unit 63 of the quantum computer 114. The neutral density filter 7 is preferably provided with one or more sensors that detect the irradiation of the neutral density filter 7 and transmit its values ​​to the control device 63 via the control bus 66.Preferably, the positioning device of the neutral density filter 7 is also provided with sensors which monitor the operating state and the actual position values ​​of the positioning device of the neutral density filter 7 and transmit them to the control device 63 via the control bus 66.Preferably, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 monitors these values ​​of one or more of the sensors and / or the position values ​​and the operating state of the positioning device of the neutral density filter 7 and / or the control commands of the control unit 63 to the positioning device of the neutral density filter 7 via the control bus 66 and concludes that there is an error in the control unit 63 and / or the positioning device of the neutral density filter 7 and / or the quantum computer 114 if one or more of these values ​​lie outside predetermined respective associated permitted value intervals and initiates corresponding countermeasures, as also described below for other errors. first bandpass filter (laser bandpass filter)

[0473] A first optical bandpass filter 9 is preferably inserted into the beam path of the pump radiation 54. The preferably present first optical bandpass filter (also called laser bandpass filter) 9, which is located in the first optical sub-path 70, essentially transmits only electromagnetic radiation with the desired pump radiation wavelength λ pmp , which here preferably corresponds to the wavelength of the laser light of the excitation laser 1, which the first optical waveguide 2 feeds into the first optical sub-path 70. The exemplary distance of the first optical bandpass filter 9 from the optional optical neutral density filter 7 preceding it in the first optical sub-path 70 is in the examples of Fig.6 to 13 exemplary 40 mm. In the preparation of the proposal presented here, the first optical bandpass filter 9 had a central wavelength of 513 nm with a bandwidth of 13 nm wavelength. The bandwidth of the first optical bandpass filter 9 together with the central wavelength of the first optical bandpass filter 9 can be understood as a tolerance window for the central wavelength of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 and the bandwidth of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. Typically, the laser beam of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 has an intensity distribution across the cross section of the laser beam of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1, which corresponds to a Gaussian bell (Gaussian beam). Therefore, a constructive C pk9 -value and a constructive C pk9b-value as a function of the bandwidth of the first optical bandpass filter 9 together with the central wavelength of the first optical bandpass filter 9 can be calculated as a tolerance window and from the central wavelength of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 and the bandwidth of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 as a manufacturing distribution. The document presented here proposes to coordinate the central wavelength of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 and the bandwidth of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 and the bandwidth of the first optical bandpass filter 9 together with the central wavelength of the first optical bandpass filter 9 such that the thus calculated constructive C pk9 -value is greater than 0.5, better than 0.75, better than 1.0, better than 1.25, better than 1.66. A constructive C pk9-value better than 1.66 is preferred to meet automotive manufacturing requirements. The document presented here proposes to coordinate the central wavelength of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 and the bandwidth of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 and the bandwidth of the first optical bandpass filter 9 together with the central wavelength of the first optical bandpass filter 9 such that the thus calculated constructive C pk9b -value is greater than 0.5, better than 0.75, better than 1.0, better than 1.25, better than 1.66. A constructive C pk9bA value of better than 1.66 is preferred in order to meet automotive manufacturing requirements. The first optical bandpass filter 9 is preferably located in the first holding plate 10. The first optical bandpass filter 9 is preferably used for spectral filtering of the emitted pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. The first optical bandpass filter 9 preferably has a central wavelength which corresponds to + / -25%, better + / -10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1%, + / -0.5%, better + / -0.2%, better + / -0.1% of the central wavelength of the emitted laser radiation of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. However, the central wavelength of the first optical bandpass filter 9 naturally depends on the emission wavelength of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1.The tolerances of the emission wavelength of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 and the central wavelength of the first optical bandpass filter 9 must therefore be coordinated in the form of a suitable tolerance pyramid. The following applies: the more precise, the better. The first optical bandpass filter 9 preferably has a bandwidth in the range of 8 nm to 20 nm, more preferably from 8 nm to 15 nm, and preferably 13 nm. In the device used to prepare the present document, the first optical bandpass filter 9 had a bandwidth of 13 nm.

[0474] The control unit 63 of the quantum computer 114 can preferably position the first optical bandpass filter 9 using a positioning device, which the control unit 63 preferably controls via the control bus 63. Such a positioning device for the first optical bandpass filter 9 can also comprise several different first optical bandpass filters 9, which the positioning device can exchange for the first optical bandpass filter 9 located in the beam path upon control command from the control unit 63 of the quantum computer 114. The first optical bandpass filter 9 is preferably provided with one or more sensors that detect the irradiation of the first optical bandpass filter 9 and transmit their values ​​to the control device 63 via the control bus 66.Preferably, the positioning device of the first optical bandpass filter 9 is also provided with sensors which monitor the operating state and the actual position values ​​of the positioning device of the first optical bandpass filter 9 and transmit them to the control device 63 via the control bus 66.The quantum computer monitoring device 113 preferably monitors these values ​​of one or more of the sensors and / or the position values ​​and the operating state of the positioning device of the first optical bandpass filter 9 and / or the control commands of the control unit 63 to the positioning device of the first optical bandpass filter 9 via the control bus 66 and concludes that there is an error in the control unit 63 and / or the positioning device of the first optical bandpass filter 9 and / or the quantum computer 114 if one or more of these values ​​lie outside predetermined respective associated permitted value intervals and initiates corresponding countermeasures, as will also be described below for other errors. λ / 2 delay plate

[0475] A λ / 2 delay plate 11 is preferably inserted into the beam path of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. The λ / 2 delay plate 11 is preferably installed in a rotating mount 12. A phase shift of the pump radiation 54 can be adjusted via the preferably present λ / 2 delay plate 11. A λ / 2 delay plate 11 (also referred to as a λ / 2 wave plate or half-wave plate) is, in the sense of the document presented here, an optical component that is inserted in an optical path to change the polarization of the pump radiation 54. The λ / 2 delay plate 11 has the special property of changing the phase shift of the incident pump radiation 54 by half a wavelength. The main function of the λ / 2 delay plate 11 is to change the polarization of the preferably linearly polarized pump radiation 54.When the linearly polarized pump radiation 54 passes through the λ / 2 retardation plate 11 and traverses the main axis of the λ / 2 retardation plate 11 at a certain angle, the polarization of the pump radiation 54 is rotated by 90 degrees. This means that a linearly polarized pump radiation beam 54 that is horizontally (or vertically) polarized transitions to a vertical (or horizontal) polarization after passing through the λ / 2 retardation plate 11.

[0476] The exemplary distance of the λ / 2 delay plate 11 from the first optical bandpass filter 9 preceding it in the first optical partial path 70 is in the examples of Fig. 6 to 13 is 10mm by way of example. The exemplary distance of the λ / 2 delay plate 11 from the dichroic mirror 13 following in the first optical sub-path 70 is in the examples of Fig. 6 to 13 exemplary 80mm.

[0477] The function of the λ / 2 retardation plate 11 is to influence the polarization properties of the light from the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. The λ / 2 retardation plate 11 is used to generate the phase shift between the oscillation components of the light. The λ / 2 retardation plate 11 preferably comprises a material with optical properties that is capable of changing the oscillation plane of the incident light from the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. It is also referred to as a half-wave plate because it causes a phase shift of exactly half a wavelength between the mutually perpendicularly polarized oscillations of the light from the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. The operation of the λ / 2 retardation plate 11 is typically based on the principle of birefringent materials.When the typically linearly polarized light of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 passes through the retardation plate 11, it is split into two perpendicularly polarized oscillation components. The phase shift of half a wavelength between the two oscillations causes the oscillation plane of the light of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 to be rotated.

[0478] Depending on the rotation angle (orientation) of the λ / 2 waveplate 11 around the optical axis and the orientation of the incident polarized light of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1, the oscillation plane of the light of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 can be rotated or reversed. This enables control over the polarization of the light of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1, which is important in the application presented here.

[0479] In summary, the λ / 2 delay plate 11 enables the targeted manipulation of the polarization of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 through a phase shift of half a wavelength. The λ / 2 delay plate 11 in the rotation mount 12 thus allows a targeted rotation of the polarization plane of the excitation laser beam of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 relative to the orientation of the axis of the paramagnetic centers 22.

[0480] The setup presented here offers the option of optionally replacing the λ / 2 waveplate 11 in the rotation mount 12 with a λ / 4 waveplate, which enables the preparation of an elliptical, preferably circular, polarization state of the laser radiation of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. Of course, other waveplates can also be used here. However, the two presented here are preferred.

[0481] If the pump radiation 54 is not sufficiently polarized upon entering the λ / 2 delay plate 11, an optional additional upstream polarization filter in the first optical sub-path 70 can improve or establish this polarization. This optional additional upstream polarization filter is shown in the Fig. 6, however, is not shown for clarity. A knowledgeable person may read this text.

[0482] The control unit 63 of the quantum computer 114 can preferably position the λ / 2 retardation plate 11 by means of a positioning device, which the control unit 63 preferably controls via the control bus 63. Such a positioning device of the first optical bandpass filter 9 can also comprise several different λ / x retardation plates 11, which the positioning device can exchange for the λ / 2 retardation plate 11 and / or the λ / x retardation plate 11 located in the beam path upon control command from the control unit 63 of the quantum computer 114. The λ / 2 retardation plate 11 is preferably provided with one or more sensors that detect the irradiation of the first optical bandpass filter 9 and transmit their values ​​to the control device 63 via the control bus 66.Preferably, the positioning device of the λ / 2 delay plate 11 is also provided with sensors which monitor the operating state and the actual position values ​​of the positioning device of the λ / 2 delay plate 11 and transmit them to the control device 63 via the control bus 66.Preferably, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 monitors these values ​​of one or more of the sensors and / or the position values ​​and the operating state of the positioning device of the λ / 2 retardation plate 11 and / or the control commands of the control unit 63 to the positioning device of the λ / 2 retardation plate 11 via the control bus 66 and concludes that there is an error in the control unit 63 and / or the positioning device of the λ / 2 retardation plate 11 and / or the quantum computer 114 if one or more of these values ​​lie outside predetermined respective associated permitted value intervals and initiates corresponding countermeasures, as will also be described below for other errors. dichroic mirror

[0483] A dichroic mirror 13 is then typically inserted into the beam path of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. The dichroic mirror 13 preferably transmits in the spectral range from 485 nm to 545 nm. The two immediately preceding wavelength specifications preferably have a tolerance of + / -25%, better + / -10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1%. Thus, the dichroic mirror 13 preferably transmits electromagnetic radiation with the fluorescence radiation wavelength λ flthe fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22. The dichroic mirror 13 is preferably reflective in the range from 570 nm to 825 nm. The two immediately preceding wavelength specifications preferably have a tolerance of + / -25%, better + / -10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1%, better + / -0.5%, better + / -0.2%, better + / -0.1%. Thus, the dichroic mirror 13 preferably reflects electromagnetic radiation with the pump radiation wavelength λ pmpthe pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. The function of the dichroic mirror 13 is to selectively reflect or transmit the light in the beam path of the device based on its wavelength. It is an optical filter capable of treating light of different wavelengths differently. The dichroic mirror 13 typically comprises, for example, a thin layer or coating on a glass or substrate material. This coating is preferably designed to reflect certain wavelengths of light in the beam path and transmit other wavelengths of light in the beam path.When the light of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 and / or the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 strikes the dichroic mirror 13, a portion of the light, here the light of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1, is reflected at the surface of the dichroic mirror 13, while another portion, here the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22, penetrates the material of the dichroic mirror 13. The reflected light component, here the light of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1, and the transmitted light component, here the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22, have different properties that depend on the specific coating properties of the dichroic mirror 13. Typically, the functioning of a dichroic mirror 13 is based on the principle of interference.The coating of the dichroic mirror 13 is preferably designed to manipulate the phases of the different wavelengths of the incident light so that certain wavelengths, here the pump radiation wavelength λ. pmp , reflected and others, here the fluorescence radiation wavelength λ fl , are transmitted. This allows a selective separation of the light of the pump radiation 54 with the pump radiation wavelength λ pmp and the fluorescence radiation 33 with the fluorescence radiation wavelength λ fl based on the wavelength of the respective radiation. In summary, the dichroic mirror 13 thus serves to selectively reflect or transmit light from the pump radiation 54 and the fluorescence radiation 33 based on its respective wavelength. The dichroic mirror 13 thus serves to spectrally separate or filter the light from the pump radiation 54 with the pump radiation wavelength λ.pmp and the fluorescence radiation 33 with the fluorescence radiation wavelength λ fl An optics mount 14, better a rotating mount, preferably a three-axis rotating mount, integrated in a connecting cube 15 preferably supports the dichroic mirror 13. The three-axis rotating mount 14 allows fine adjustment of the mirror alignment of the dichroic mirror 13 in the beam path of the cage system 51. Thus, the dichroic mirror 13 reflects the excitation laser beam of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1, which serves for optical excitation, toward an objective 20. The dichroic mirror 13 transmits the fluorescence radiation 33 of the NV centers 22 collected by the objective 20 toward the detection system with the single-photon detector 50.

[0484] The control unit 63 of the quantum computer 114 can preferably position the dichroic mirror 13 by means of a positioning device, which the control unit 63 preferably controls via the control bus 63. Such a positioning device for the dichroic mirror 13 can also comprise several different dichroic mirrors 13, which the positioning device can exchange for the dichroic mirror 13 located in the beam path upon control command from the control unit 63 of the quantum computer 114. The dichroic mirror 13 is preferably provided with one or more sensors that detect the irradiation of the dichroic mirror 13 and transmit the values ​​thereof to the control device 63 via the control bus 66.Preferably, the positioning device of the dichroic mirror 13 is also provided with sensors which detect and monitor the operating state and the actual position values ​​of the positioning device of the dichroic mirror 13 and transmit them to the control device 63 via the control bus 66.Preferably, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 monitors these values ​​of one or more of the sensors and / or the position values ​​and the operating state of the positioning device of the dichroic mirror 13 and / or the control commands of the control unit 63 to the positioning device of the dichroic mirror 13 via the control bus 66 and concludes that there is an error in the control unit 63 and / or the positioning device of the dichroic mirror 13 and / or the quantum computer 114 if one or more of these values ​​lie outside predetermined respective associated permitted value intervals and initiates corresponding countermeasures, as also described below for other errors. piezoelectric tilt and scanner system

[0485] Typically, a piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror 16 is inserted into the beam path following the dichroic mirror 13 in the third optical sub-path 72. The exemplary distance of the mirror of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror 16 from the dichroic mirror 13 preceding it in the third optical sub-path 72 is in the examples of Fig. 6 to 13 exemplary 122mm

[0486] The piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror 16 is preferably integrated with the holder 17 of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system 16 in a mirror holder 18.

[0487] Preferably, the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror 16 deflects the light of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 coming from the excitation laser 1 in the direction of the objective 20 by 90° + / - 10° or smaller in magnitude.

[0488] Preferably, the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror 16 deflects the light of the fluorescent radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 coming from the objective 20 in the direction of the dichroic mirror 13 by -90° + / - 10° or smaller in magnitude.

[0489] A piezoelectric tilt and scanner system 16 is preferably used for the fine positioning of the excitation location in the form of the focal point of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 on the sample 21 with the paramagnetic centers 22 by changing the angle of the optical path to the objective 20. The sample 21 preferably comprises one or more crystals, preferably diamond crystals, with paramagnetic centers 22.

[0490] Preferably, a control device 62 of the quantum computer controls the piezoelectric tilt and scanner system 16 via control lines of the piezoelectric tilt and scanner system 16.

[0491] The control unit 63 of the quantum computer 114 can preferably position the mirror of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system 16 using a positioning device, which the control unit 63 preferably controls via the control bus 63. Such a positioning device for the mirror of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system 16 can also comprise several different mirrors 16, which the positioning device can exchange for the mirror 16 located in the beam path upon control command from the control unit 63 of the quantum computer 114. The mirror of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system 16 is preferably provided with one or more sensors that detect the irradiation of the mirror of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system 16 and transmit their values ​​to the control device 63 via the control bus 66.Preferably, the positioning device of the mirror of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system 16 is also provided with sensors that monitor the operating state and the actual position values ​​of the positioning device of the mirror of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system 16 and transmit them to the control device 63 via the control bus 66.The quantum computer monitoring device 113 preferably monitors these values ​​of one or more of the sensors and / or the position values ​​and the operating state of the positioning device of the mirror of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system 16 and / or the control commands of the control unit 63 to the positioning device of the mirror of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system 16 via the control bus 66 and concludes that there is an error in the control unit 63 and / or the positioning device of the mirror of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system 16 and / or the quantum computer 114 if one or more of these values ​​lie outside predetermined respective associated permitted value intervals and initiates corresponding countermeasures, as also described below for other errors. lens

[0492] Preferably, the lens 20 is inserted into the beam path of the device after the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror 16. The exemplary distance of the thread of the piezoelectric Z-lens positioner 19, into which the lens 20 is typically screwed, from the mirror of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror 16 preceding in the third optical sub-path 72 is in the examples of Fig. 6 to 13 exemplary 38mm.

[0493] The exemplary distance of the thread of the piezoelectric Z-objective positioner 19, into which the objective 20 is typically screwed, from the sample 21 following in the third optical sub-path 72 is in the examples of Fig. 6 to 13, for example, 92mm. This distance depends largely on the focal length of the lens used.

[0494] In the microprojection device described here, the objective lens 20 serves to reduce the size of the object to be imaged and to project the generated image of the light exit surface at the end of the first optical waveguide 2 for the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 onto the surface of the sample 21 as a projection surface. The objective lens 20 plays a central role in imaging and enables a significant reduction in the size of the light exit surface at the end of the first optical waveguide 2 for the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 and a high spatial resolution. The function of the objective lens 20 in the microprojection device presented here encompasses several aspects: Reduction: The lens 20 reduces the imaged light exit area at the end of the first optical fiber 2 for the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 by capturing a large angle of view and projecting it onto a smaller image field. This allows for the exposure of fine structures.

[0495] Resolution: The lens 20 has a high resolution, meaning it is capable of clearly imaging fine details of the light exit surface to be imaged at the optical fiber end of the first optical fiber 2 for the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. This enables precise and accurate imaging of the light exit surface at the optical fiber end of the first optical fiber 2 for the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 onto the surface of the sample 21.

[0496] Correction of optical aberrations: The lens 20 can be equipped with corrections for optical aberrations such as chromatic aberration, spherical aberration, and distortions. This can improve image quality and achieve a precise imaging of the light exit surface at the optical waveguide end of the first optical waveguide 2 for the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1.

[0497] Numerical aperture: The lens 20 has a numerical aperture that determines the lens 20's ability to gather light from a limited angular range. A higher numerical aperture enables better light gathering and thus higher resolution and contrast of the projected image.

[0498] Focusing: The lens 20 enables the precise focusing of the light exit surface to be imaged at the optical waveguide end of the optical waveguide 2 for the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. By adjusting the focal plane, the sharpness and clarity of the projected image on the sample 21 can be optimized.

[0499] In summary, the objective lens 20 in the microprojection device presented here has the function of reducing the imaged light exit surface at the optical waveguide end of the first optical waveguide 2 for the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1, ensuring high resolution and image quality on the surface of the sample 21, preferably also correcting optical aberrations, and enabling precise focusing. It is crucial for generating a detailed and well-projected image of the imaged light exit surface at the optical waveguide end of the first optical waveguide 2 for the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 on the surface of the sample 21.

[0500] The objective 20 focuses the laser beam of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 for optically exciting the paramagnetic centers 22 in the sample 21. The objective 20 collects the fluorescence radiation 33 emitted by the paramagnetic centers 22 in the sample 21 and feeds it to the single-photon detector 50 via other optical functional components of the setup. piezoelectric Z-lens positioner

[0501] A piezoelectric Z-lens positioner 19 is preferably used to adjust the distance between lens 20 and sample 21 to an accuracy of up to 50 nm, preferably 25 nm, preferably 10 nm, preferably 5 nm, or better. Adjusting the distance between lens 20 and sample 21 to an accuracy of up to 5 nm or better is preferred. This piezoelectric Z-lens positioner 19 can preferably also perform an adjustment in the xy direction.

[0502] The control unit 63 of the quantum computer 114 can preferably position the objective 20 using a positioning device (piezoelectric Z-objective positioner 19), which the control unit 63 preferably controls via the control bus 63. Such a positioning device for the objective 20 can also comprise several different objectives 20, which the positioning device can exchange for the objective 20 located in the beam path upon control command from the control unit 63 of the quantum computer 114. The objective 20 is preferably provided with one or more sensors that detect the irradiation of the objective 20 and transmit their values ​​to the control device 63 via the control bus 66. The positioning device of the objective 20 is also preferably provided with sensors that detect and monitor the operating state and the actual position values ​​of the positioning device of the objective 20 and transmit them to the control device 63 via the control bus 66.Preferably, the quantum computer monitoring device 113 monitors these values ​​of one or more of the sensors and / or the position values ​​and the operating state of the positioning device of the lens 20 and / or the control commands of the control unit 63 to the positioning device of the lens 20 via the control bus 66 and concludes that there is an error in the control unit 63 and / or t...

Claims

[1] Quantum computer comprising a sample (21) having paramagnetic centers, preferably NV centers (22), and a pump radiation source (1), in particular in the form of an excitation laser (1), which is designed to supply the paramagnetic centers (22) with pump radiation (54) of a pump radiation wavelength (λ pmp), and wherein the optical system is configured to at least partially detect the fluorescence radiation (33) of the paramagnetic centers (22) and to at least partially guide this detected fluorescence radiation (33) to a photodetector (50) and / or a single-photon detector (50) via a second optical sub-path (71), wherein the first optical sub-path (70) is at least partially different from the second optical sub-path (71), and wherein the photodetector (50) or the single-photon detector (50) are configured to convert the fluorescence signal of the fluorescence radiation (33) of the paramagnetic centers (22) into at least one measurement signal and / or at least one measured value, and wherein the quantum computer is configured to use this at least one measurement signal or this at least one measured value for carrying out a quantum computer-implemented quantum operation, characterized bythat the quantum computer has an optical spatial filter (36, 37, 39, 45, 49) in the second optical sub-path. [2] Quantum computer according to claim 1, characterized by , the first optical spatial filter (36, 37, 39) comprises at least one of the following elements: an optical focusing device, preferably in the form of at least one focusing lens (36), - a pinhole (37), - a grid panel, - a photonic crystal, - an optical metamaterial, - a mask, - a two- or three-dimensional holographic mask, - an optical phase mask, - a holographic filter, - an optical fiber, - a polarization-maintaining optical fiber, - an optical fiber, - an interference filter, - an optical collimator device, preferably in the form of at least one collimator lens (39), and / or that the second optical sub-path comprises the first optical spatial filter (36, 37, 39) and a second optical spatial filter (45, 49) as a double optical spatial filter (36, 37, 39, 45, 49), wherein the second optical spatial filter (45, 49) preferably comprises at least one of the following elements: an optical focusing device, preferably in the form of at least one focusing lens (45), - a second optical fiber (49), - a pinhole, - a grid panel, - a photonic crystal, - an optical metamaterial, - a mask, - a two- or three-dimensional holographic mask, - an optical phase mask, - a holographic filter, - an optical fiber, - an interference filter [3] Quantum computer according to one of claims 1 to 2, characterized bythat in the second optical sub-path (71) at least one of the following elements exists: an optical long-pass filter (31) for the pump radiation (54), an optical band-stop filter (53) for the pump radiation (54), a mirror (34), an optical bandpass filter (42) for the fluorescent radiation (33), wherein the optical bandpass filter (42) is preferably arranged after the first optical spatial filter (36, 37, 39) and in particular before the second optical spatial filter (45, 49) according to claim 2. [4] Quantum computer according to claim 3, characterized by , that the central wavelength of the pump radiation (54) of the pump radiation source (1) and the bandwidth of the pump radiation (54) of the pump radiation source (1) and the bandwidth and the central wavelength of the bandpass filter (42) for the fluorescence radiation (33) are matched to one another in such a way that the calculated constructive C pk42-value is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, where a constructiveC pk42 -value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred, and / or that the calculated constructive C pk42b -value is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, where a constructive C pk42b -value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred, and / or that the bandwidth of the wavelength of the pump radiation (54) of the pump radiation source (1) and the central wavelength of the pump radiation (54) of the pump radiation source (1) define a tolerance range for the bandwidth of the wavelength of the optical band-stop filter (53) in which the optical band-stop filter (53) does not attenuate the optical radiation during transmission or only insignificantly, according to position and width, and wherein the central wavelength of the pump radiation (54) of the pump radiation source (1) and the bandwidth of the pump radiation (54) of the pump radiation source (1) and the bandwidth and the central wavelength of the optical band-stop filter (53) are matched to one another in such a way that the constructive C calculated with respect to this tolerance window pk -value is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, where a constructive C pk-value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred, and / or that the calculated constructive C pkb -value is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, where a constructive C pkb -value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred. [5] Quantum computer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by that in the first optical sub-path (70) at least one of the following elements exists: a first optical waveguide (2) which feeds the pump radiation (54) of the pump radiation source (1) into the first optical sub-path (70), wherein the first optical waveguide (2) is preferably at least partially a single-mode optical waveguide and / or at least partially a polarization-maintaining optical waveguide, an optical collimator (5), an optical neutral density filter (7) for the pump radiation (54), a first optical bandpass filter (9) for the pump radiation (54), an optical delay plate, preferably in the form of a λ / 2 delay plate or λ / 4 delay plate for the pump radiation (54). [6] Quantum computer according to claim 5, characterized by that the central wavelength of the pump radiation (54) of the pump radiation source (1) and the bandwidth of the pump radiation (54) of the pump radiation source (1) and the bandwidth and the central wavelength of the first optical bandpass filter (9) are matched to one another, - that the calculated constructive C pk9 -value is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, where a constructiveC pk9 -value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred, and / or that the calculated constructive C pk9b-value is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, where a constructive C pk9b -value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred. [7] Quantum computer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by that the optical system of the quantum computer has a third optical sub-path (72) in which the sample (21) is arranged, wherein the optical system is preferably designed such that the first optical sub-path (70), the second optical sub-path (71) and the third optical sub-path (72) are arranged in an E-arrangement or the first optical sub-path (70), the second optical sub-path (71) and the third optical sub-path (72) are arranged in a double-C arrangement. [8] Quantum computer according to claim 7, characterized by that in the third optical sub-path (72) at least one of the following elements exists: a mirror (16), a piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror (16), a lens (20), which is preferably arranged on a lens positioner (19). [9] Quantum computer according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized by that the quantum computer has a magnetic positioning device (28) for the sample (21), which comprises a magnet structure (30) with at least one or more permanent magnets, wherein the magnet positioning device (28) is preferably designed such that the magnetic flux density of the magnetic field of the at least one permanent magnet flows through the paramagnetic centers (22) and / or the magnet structure (30) has a Halbach magnet structure (30). [10] Quantum computer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that an optical coupling functional element (13) is provided for coupling the pump radiation (54) of the first optical sub-path (70) into the third optical sub-path (72), and / or that an optical coupling functional element (13) for coupling out the fluorescence radiation (33) from the third optical partial path and / or that an optical coupling functional element (13) for coupling the fluorescence radiation (33) from the third optical sub-path into the second optical sub-path (71) is provided, wherein the optical coupling functional elements (13) are preferably designed as dichroic mirrors (13), in particular as a common dichroic mirror (13), wherein the dichroic mirror (13) is preferably designed such that it reflects the pump radiation (54) and transmits the fluorescence radiation (33) or that it transmits the pump radiation (54) and reflects the fluorescence radiation (33). [11] Quantum computer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that the sample (21) has nuclear spin centers (67) which are preferably 14 N-, 15 N and 13 C isotopes, wherein the quantum computer in particular comprises means adapted to couple and / or entangle the spins of the electron configurations of the paramagnetic centers with the nuclear spins of the nuclear spin centers (67), said means preferably comprising an RF source, and / or that means for manipulating the quantum states of the paramagnetic centers (22) exist, which preferably comprise a microwave source (55), and / or that means for resetting the paramagnetic centers (22) exist, which preferably comprise the pump radiation source (1), wherein the pump radiation source is designed in particular as an excitation laser. [12] Quantum computer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by in that the second optical partial path (71) has an optical polarization filter (100), which preferably comprises a polarization-dependent mirror (100) which is designed such that it reflects fluorescent radiation with a first optical polarization and transmits fluorescent radiation with a second optical polarization different from the first polarization, wherein the second optical spatial filter (45, 49, 104, 105) is arranged in particular in the radiation direction downstream of the optical polarization filter (100), wherein preferably downstream of the optical polarization filter (100) there are two optical partial paths (101, 102) and in each partial path (101, 102 there is a second optical spatial filter (45, 49, 104, 105) and / or an optical bandpass filter (42, 103) for the fluorescent radiation (33). [13] Quantum computer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by that the quantum computer includes the following elements: a 19" rack or a 19" server cabinet (98), wherein the 19" rack or the 19" server cabinet (98) has an operating side (95) and a maintenance side (96), an optical box (74) having the first optical sub-path (70) and the second optical sub-path (71), a control device (63), an excitation laser (1), an AWG (78), wherein on the maintenance side (96) of the 19" server cabinet (98) a first optical waveguide (2) optically connects the excitation laser (1) to the first optical sub-path (70) and wherein on the maintenance side (96) of the 19" server cabinet (98), a second optical fiber (49) optically connects the single-photon detector (50) or the photon detector to the second optical sub-path (71), wherein the control device (63) has the lowest mounting position in the 19" rack or a 19" server cabinet (98), wherein the AWG (78) has a mounting position in the 19" rack or the 19" server cabinet (98) that is above the mounting position of the control device (63) in the 19" rack or a 19" server cabinet (98), wherein the excitation laser (1) and the single-photon detector (50) or the photon detector each have mounting positions in the 19" rack or the 19" server cabinet (98) that are above the mounting positions of the control device (63) and the AWG (78) in the 19" rack or a 19" server cabinet (98), wherein the optics box (74) has a mounting position in the 19" rack or the 19" server cabinet (98) that is above the mounting positions of the control device (63) and the AWG (78) and the excitation laser (1) and the single-photon detector (50) orof the photon detector is located in the 19" rack or a 19" server cabinet (98), wherein the length of the first optical fiber (2) and the length of the second optical fiber (49) are dimensioned such that the optics box (74) can be pulled out of the 19" rack or the 19" server cabinet (98) for calibration and adjustment purposes on the operating side (95) without interrupting the operation of the quantum computer. [14] Quantum computer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by that the quantum computer is part of a quantum computer production set, wherein the quantum computer production set comprises a plurality of at least 5, and / or at least 10 and / or at least 20 quantum computers according to one of the preceding claims, and wherein with respect to this quantum computer production set at least one of the following conditions applies: a) λ opmpm be the mean value of the respective upper wavelengths λ opmp the respective bandwidths λbpmp the respective pump radiations, σ λopmp let the scattering of the respective upper wavelengths be λ opmp the respective bandwidths λ bpmp the respective pump radiations, λ upmpm be the mean value of the respective lower wavelengths λ upmp the respective bandwidths λ bpmp the respective pump radiations, σ λupmp let the scattering of the respective lower wavelengths be λ upmp the respective bandwidths λ bpmp the respective pump radiations, λ zpmpm -(λ opmpm +λ upmpm ) / 2be the mean value of the respective central wavelengths λ zpmp the respective pump radiations, λ o_9m be the mean value of the respective upper wavelengths λ o_9 the respective bandwidths λ b_9 the respective first optical bandpass filters (9), σ λo_9m let the scattering of the respective upper wavelengths be λ o_9the respective bandwidths λ b_9 the respective first optical bandpass filters (9), λ u_9m be the mean value of the respective lower wavelengths λ u_9 the respective bandwidths λ b_9 the respective first optical bandpass filters (9), σ λu_9m let the scattering of the respective lower wavelengths be λ u_9 the respective bandwidths λ b_9 the respective first optical bandpass filters (9), where the C pk9p -value (C pk9p ) of the first optical bandpass filter (9) of the quantum computer of the quantum computer production set is then defined as: Cpk9p=Min(|(λz_pmpm−λu_9m)|,|(λo_9m−λz_pmpm)|) / 3|(σλupmp+σλopmp+σλu_9m+σλο_9m)| where the C pk9p -value (C pk9p) of the first optical bandpass filters (9) of the quantum computer of the quantum computer production quantity is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, wherein a C pk9p -value (C pk9p ) of the first optical bandpass filter (9) of the quantum computer of the quantum computer production quantity greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred, b) λ oflm be the mean value of the respective upper wavelengths λ oflp the respective bandwidths λ bfl the respective fluorescence radiation paramagnetic centers, σ λofl let the scattering of the respective upper wavelengths be λ ofl the respective bandwidths λ bfl the respective fluorescence radiation paramagnetic centers, λ uflm be the mean value of the respective lower wavelengths λ ufl the respective bandwidths λ bflthe respective fluorescence radiation paramagnetic centers, σ λufl let the scattering of the respective lower wavelengths be λ ufl the respective bandwidths λ bfl the respective fluorescence radiation paramagnetic centers, λ zflm =(λ oflm +λ urlm ) / 2 is the mean value of the respective central wavelengths λ zfl the respective fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers, λ o_42m be the mean value of the respective upper wavelengths λ o_42 the respective bandwidths λ b_42 the respective fluorescence bandpass filters (42), σ λo_42m let the scattering of the respective upper wavelengths be λ o_42 the respective bandwidths λ b_42 the respective fluorescence bandpass filters (42), λ u_42m be the mean value of the respective lower wavelengths λ u_42 the respective bandwidths λ b_42the respective fluorescence bandpass filters (42), σ λu_42m let the scattering of the respective lower wavelengths be λ u_42 the respective fluorescence bandpass filters (42), where the C pk42p -value (C pk42p ) the fluorescence bandpass filter (42) of the quantum computer of the quantum computer production set is then defined as: Cpk42p=Min(|(λz_flm−λu_42m)|,|(λo_42m−λz_flm)|) / 3|(σλ_ufl+σλ_ofl+σλu_42m+σλo_42m)| where the C pk42p -value (C pk42p ) the fluorescence bandpass filter (42) of the quantum computer of the quantum computer production quantity is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, wherein a C pk42p -value (C pk42p ) the fluorescence bandpass filter (the respective second bandpass filter (42)) of the quantum computer of the quantum computer production quantity greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred, c) λ opmpmbe the mean value of the respective upper wavelengths λ opmp the respective bandwidths λ bpmp the respective pump radiations, σ λopmp let the scattering of the respective upper wavelengths be λ opmp the respective bandwidths λ bpmp the respective pump radiations, λ upmpm be the mean value of the respective lower wavelengths λ upmp the respective bandwidths λ bpmp the respective pump radiations, σ λupmp let the scattering of the respective lower wavelengths be λ upmp the respective bandwidths λ bpmp the respective pump radiations, λ zpmpm =(λ opmpm +λ upmpm ) / 2 is the mean value of the respective central wavelengths λ zpmp the respective pump radiations, λ o_53m be the mean value of the respective upper wavelengths λ o_53 the respective bandwidths λ b_53 the respective band-stop filter (53), σ λo_53m let the scattering of the respective upper wavelengths be λ o_53 the respective bandwidths λ b_53 the respective band-stop filter (53), λ u_53m be the mean value of the respective lower wavelengths λ u_53 the respective bandwidths λ b_53 the band-stop filter (53), σ λu_53m let the scattering of the respective lower wavelengths be λ u_53 the respective band-stop filter (53), where the C pk53p -value (C pk53p ) the band-stop filter (53) of the quantum computer of the quantum computer production set is then defined as: Cpk53p=Min(|(λz_pmpm−λu_53m)|,|(λo_53m−λz_pmpm)|) / 3|(σλupmp+σλopmp+σλu_53m+σλo_53m)| where the C pk53p -value (C pk53p ) the band-stop filter (53) of the quantum computer of the quantum computer production quantity is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, wherein a C pk53p-value (C pk53p ) the band-stop filter (53) of the quantum computer of the quantum computer production quantity greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred. [15] Quantum computer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by that the quantum computer comprises a control device (63) and that the control device (63) is designed to carry out a computer-implemented method for generating pulse sequences for influencing the paramagnetic centers (22), wherein a computer core (65) of the control device (63) executes and / or uses program codes and / or program data located in a memory and / or storage medium (64) of the control device (63). [16] Quantum computers the previous claim, characterized by , that one or more of the program codes are machine code, wherein the machine code is a set of instructions in machine language or binary that can be executed directly by the computer core (65) of the control device (63) and wherein at least one of said machine codes is a program code which, when executed, changes at least one quantum state of a paramagnetic center of the paramagnetic centers (22) and / or the quantum state of at least one nuclear quantum bit (67). [17] Quantum computer according to claim 15, characterized by , that one or more of the program codes are bytecodes, which were generated in particular by compiling a source code by a transpiler, wherein the computer core (65) of the control device (63) is configured to execute a computer-implemented method for emulating a virtual machine and to use the bytecode of the program code as an intermediate code for execution by the virtual machine, and wherein at least one of these bytecodes is a program code which, when executed, changes at least one quantum state of a paramagnetic center of the paramagnetic centers (22) and / or the quantum state of at least one nuclear quantum bit (67). [18] Quantum computer according to claim 16 or 17, wherein the program code in the memory and / or storage medium (64) of the control device (63) comprises at least one or more program codes, upon execution of which the computer core (65) of the control device (63) - executes a computer-implemented method for performing an electron ODMR and / or a sub-method of an electron ODMR and / or - executes a computer-implemented method for performing an electron rabi and / or a sub-method of an electron rabi and / or - executes a computer-implemented method for executing an ENDOR ODMR and / or a sub-method of an ENDOR ODMR and / or - executes a computer-implemented method for executing a core Rabi and / or a sub-method of a core Rabi and / or - a computer-implemented method for carrying out a polarization of the electron and / or a partial method of polarization of the electron and / or - a computer-implemented method for carrying out a polarisation of the nuclei in the ESLAC and GSLAC with repolarisation of individual nuclei and / or a sub-method of a polarisation of the nuclei in the ESLAC and GSLAC with repolarisation of individual nuclei and / or - a computer-implemented method for performing a SWAP of the electron state to the nuclei and / or a partial method of a SWAP of the electron state to the nuclei and / or - executes a computer-implemented method for executing a PulsePole and / or a sub-method of a PulsePole and / or - a computer-implemented method for performing a QST of the electron and / or a sub-method of a QST of the electron and / or - executes a computer-implemented method for executing a QST of a core and / or a sub-method of a QST of a core and / or - executes a computer-implemented method for executing a QST of a core and / or a sub-method of a QST of a core and / or - executes a computer-implemented method for executing a QST of two cores and / or a sub-method of a QST of two cores and / or - a computer-implemented method for performing a QST of the electron and an atomic nucleus and / or a partial QST of the electron and an atomic nucleus and / or - a computer-implemented method for executing a two-qubit gate between NV centers in a pair and their cores and / or a sub-method of a two-qubit gate between NV centers in a pair and their cores. [19] Quantum computer according to claim 18, characterized by , that the memory and / or the storage medium (64) of the control device (63) and / or a part of the memory and / or the storage medium (64) of the control device (63) are replaceable and that this replaceable part of the memory and / or the storage medium (64) of the control device (63) contains at least part of the program code. [20] Quantum computer according to one or more of claims 1 to 19, characterized by , that it comprises a quantum computer monitoring device (113) and that the quantum computer monitoring device (113) is configured to detect and / or signal errors of the second category of the quantum computer (114) and / or to keep and / or output information about an error of the second category of the quantum computer (114) and / or to take countermeasures against an error of the second category. [21] Quantum computer system (115) with one or more quantum computers (114_I to 114_IV) according to one of claims 1 to 20, characterized by that the quantum computer system (115) has one or more quantum computer monitoring devices (113) which are configured to detect and / or signal errors of the second category in device parts of the quantum computer system (115) and / or to keep and / or output the information about an error of the second category of device parts of the quantum computer system (115) and / or to take countermeasures against an error of the second category. [22] Storage medium or memory (63) for a quantum computer according to claim 19, characterized by that it is a quantum computer-readable storage medium. [23] Removable storage medium or memory (63) for a quantum computer according to claim 19 or 22, characterized by , that the memory and / or storage medium (64) at least part of the program code for a quantum computer according to claim 19. [24] A quantum computer program for a quantum computer according to claim 18 or 19 or a storage medium according to claim 22 or 23, characterized by , that it comprises one or more program codes, during the execution of which the computer core (65) of the control device (63) of a quantum computer according to one of claims 1 to 19, in the context of the execution of the quantum computer program by the computer core (65) of the control device (63) of the quantum computer - executes a computer-implemented method for performing an electron ODMR and / or a sub-method of an electron ODMR and / or - executes a computer-implemented method for performing an electron rabi and / or a sub-method of an electron rabi and / or - executes a computer-implemented method for executing an ENDOR ODMR and / or a sub-method of an ENDOR ODMR and / or - executes a computer-implemented method for executing a core Rabi and / or a sub-method of a core Rabi and / or - a computer-implemented method for carrying out a polarization of the electron and / or a partial method of polarization of the electron and / or - a computer-implemented method for carrying out a polarisation of the nuclei in the ESLAC and GSLAC with repolarisation of individual nuclei and / or a sub-method of a polarisation of the nuclei in the ESLAC and GSLAC with repolarisation of individual nuclei and / or - a computer-implemented method for performing a SWAP of the electron state to the nuclei and / or a partial method of a SWAP of the electron state to the nuclei and / or - executes a computer-implemented method for executing a PulsePole and / or a sub-method of a PulsePole and / or - a computer-implemented method for performing a QST of the electron and / or a sub-method of a QST of the electron and / or - executes a computer-implemented method for executing a QST of a core and / or a sub-method of a QST of a core and / or - executes a computer-implemented method for executing a QST of a core and / or a sub-method of a QST of a core and / or - executes a computer-implemented method for executing a QST of two cores and / or a sub-method of a QST of two cores and / or - a computer-implemented method for performing a QST of the electron and an atomic nucleus and / or a partial QST of the electron and an atomic nucleus and / or - a computer-implemented method for executing a two-qubit gate between NV centers in a pair and their cores and / or a sub-method of a two-qubit gate between NV centers in a pair and their cores.

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