Quantum computers based on paramagnetic centers with a spatial filter

Abstract

The invention relates to a quantum computer comprising a sample (21) with paramagnetic centers, preferably in the form of NV centers (22), and a pump radiation source (1). The pump radiation source (1) irradiates the paramagnetic centers and / or NV centers (22) with pump radiation (54) of a pump radiation wavelength (λ) via a first optical path (70) using an optical system. pmpThe optical system detects the fluorescence radiation (33) from the paramagnetic centers (22) and directs it via a second optical path (71) to a photodetector (50) and / or a single-photon detector (50). The first optical path (70) differs from the second optical path (71) at least in part. The photodetector (50) and / or the single-photon detector (50) convert the fluorescence signal of the fluorescence radiation (33) from the paramagnetic centers (22) into at least one measurement signal and / or at least one measured value. The quantum computer uses this at least one measurement signal or this at least one measured value to perform a quantum operation. The device is characterized in that the quantum computer has an optical space filter in the second optical path.

Description

Field of invention

[0001] The present invention relates to quantum computers according to the preamble of claim 1. In particular, the invention relates to the use of a spatial filter in the optics box of a quantum computer based on paramagnetic centers, in particular NV centers. General introduction

[0002] This document describes a groundbreaking invention in the field of quantum computing technology, focusing on the optical and / or mechanical design of the optical system of a quantum computer based on paramagnetic centers, in particular NV centers, and its integration into a standardized 19" server cabinet or 19" rack. From this size and below, the quantum computer will be referred to as a "mobile quantum computer." The enormous advances in quantum physics have paved the way for a new era of computing, and this novel quantum computer builds on the unique properties of, for example, NV centers (nitrogen vacancy centers) to achieve exceptional performance and scalability.

[0003] In the course of developing quantum computers, many challenges accompany the transition from theoretical concepts to practical applications. In particular, the mechanical design of the optical system is of great importance, as it forms the basis for the error-free operation of the quantum computer. Our invention aims to overcome these challenges by presenting an innovative design and arrangement of the optical system that improves the efficiency, stability, and accuracy of the entire quantum computer.

[0004] Furthermore, the placement and integration of a quantum computer in a standardized 19" server rack is crucial for integration into existing data centers and the utilization of existing infrastructure. Our paper describes an optimized installation of the NV center-based quantum computer in a 19" server rack to ensure seamless integration and cost-effective use.

[0005] The described invention marks a significant advance in quantum computing technology and opens up new possibilities for scientific research, cryptography, materials science, and much more. The claimed mechanical design of the optical system and the arrangement disclosed here in a 19" server cabinet are groundbreaking for the commercial implementation and practical application of quantum computers in a wide variety of industries and application areas. State of the art

[0006] Quantum computers based on NV centers are known from DE 10 2020 101 784 B3 and WO 2021 083 448 A1. The document presented here also refers to the as yet unpublished PCT / EP2023 / 055729.

[0007] DE102020101784B3 deals with a groundbreaking advance in quantum computing technology based on the use of nitrogen vacancy centers in diamonds. To adequately describe the prior art for this patent application, we also refer to Philipp Neumann's dissertation entitled "Towards a room temperature solid-state quantum processor - The nitrogen vacancy center in diamond," which was submitted on December 21, 2011, to the Faculty 8 of Mathematics and Physics at the University of Stuttgart, Germany.

[0008] Philipp Neumann's dissertation marks an important milestone in the research and development of quantum computers based on NV centers in diamonds. NV centers are defects in the crystal lattice of diamonds consisting of a nitrogen atom and a neighboring carbon atom, with a non-displaced electron acting as a quantum bit (also called a "qubit"). The special properties of these defects make them promising candidates for the realization of quantum bits at room temperature.

[0009] Von Neumann's work focuses extensively on characterizing and investigating the optical and magnetic properties of NV centers. In particular, he investigates how these properties can be used to control and entangle quantum bits. The interactions between the NV centers and their environment, particularly with microwave and optical fields, are also thoroughly explored.

[0010] A key advantage offered by NV centers as quantum bits is their ability to operate at room temperature, which reduces the need for complex cooling devices and increases the practical feasibility of a quantum processor.

[0011] The findings from Philipp Neumann's dissertation lay the foundation for further developments and research in the field of NV-center-based quantum computing technology. They also paved the way for the aforementioned German patent, which focuses on the mechanical design of the optical system of an NV-center-based quantum computer and its integration into a 19" server cabinet.

[0012] The interplay between the research results from the dissertation and the innovations described in DE 10 2020 101 784 B3 promises a groundbreaking solution for the realization of high-performance and stable quantum computers based on NV centers in diamonds, which could represent a significant advancement for quantum computing technology.

[0013] However, all of these documents leave open the specific optical and / or mechanical structure of the optical system of a mobile quantum computer. The "optical system of the quantum computer" is understood to mean all optical elements located in the beam path.

[0014] The contents of these documents are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Task

[0015] The present invention is therefore based on the object of providing a solution for the provision of mobile quantum computers.

[0016] This object is achieved with the quantum computer according to the invention as claimed in claim 1. Advantageous further developments are specified in the dependent claims and in the following description together with the figures. Brief description of the invention

[0017] The invention presented here relates to a quantum computer comprising a sample 21 comprising paramagnetic centers, in particular in the form of NV centers 22, a pump radiation source, in particular in the form of an excitation laser 1. The paramagnetic centers can be one or more different types of paramagnetic centers, with NV centers being one possible type. The pump radiation source irradiates 1 the paramagnetic centers 22 via a first optical partial path 70 with pump radiation 54 of a pump radiation wavelength λ by means of an optical system. pmpThe optical system detects the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 and, via a second optical sub-path 71, guides the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 to a photodetector 50 and / or a single-photon detector 50. The first optical sub-path 70 is at least partially different from the second optical sub-path 71. The photodetector 50 or the single-photon detector 50 converts the fluorescence signal of the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 into at least one measurement signal and / or at least one measured value. The quantum computer uses this at least one measurement signal or this at least one measured value to perform at least one quantum operation. The quantum computer according to the invention has at least one optical spatial filter in the second optical sub-path.The optical spatial filter has the advantage of better separation between the signal of the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 and scattered and / or reflected portions of the pump radiation 54 and other stray radiation sources, particularly in the sample 21. Detailed description of the solution to the problem

[0018] The document presented here solves the problem described above for a quantum computer comprising a sample, which is preferably a diamond crystal aligned with respect to a magnetic field. The sample preferably has paramagnetic centers, in particular in the form of NV centers as electronic quantum bits. The quantum computer preferably has first means for coupling and, if necessary, entangling the electron configurations of these paramagnetic centers. These first means preferably comprise a microwave transmission system with one or more microwave sources, microwave lines, possibly microwave connectors, and a microwave antenna, which is preferably part of the microwave line. The sample preferably also has isotopes with a magnetic moment of the nuclear atomic nucleus.Such isotopes with a magnetic moment of the nuclear atomic nucleus typically exhibit spin (henceforth also referred to as "nuclear spin centers"). Such samples preferably contain . 14 N, 15 N and 13C isotopes are suitable for this purpose. In this context, the document presented here refers to the patent family of the German patent DE 10 2020 008 157 B3, which mentions a series of isotopes with nuclear spin. The quantum computer presented here preferably further comprises second means suitable for coupling and, if necessary, entangling the spins of the electron configurations of the paramagnetic centers with these nuclear spins of these isotopes with nuclear spin. These second means preferably comprise an RF transmission system with an RF source, an RF line, RF connectors, and an RF antenna, which can be part of the RF line. The first means preferably irradiate the paramagnetic centers of the sample with microwave radiation to manipulate the quantum states of the paramagnetic centers.Preferably, the second means irradiate the paramagnetic centers of the sample, on the one hand, and the atomic nuclei of the isotopes with non-vanishing nuclear spin in the sample, on the other hand, with RF radiation to manipulate the quantum states of the paramagnetic centers, on the one hand, and the quantum states of the atomic nuclei of the isotopes with non-vanishing nuclear spin in the sample, on the other hand. Furthermore, the quantum computer presented here preferably comprises third means for resetting (formatting) the paramagnetic centers. These third means preferably comprise a pump radiation source for generating pump radiation that interacts with the paramagnetic centers of the sample when irradiated with the pump radiation. The pump radiation source is preferably an excitation laser.The third means preferably also comprise a corresponding optical system that transports the pump radiation from the pump radiation source to the paramagnetic centers. Furthermore, it is preferably the task of this optical system to detect the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers, which they emit upon irradiation with pump radiation, and to transport it to one or more photodetectors, in particular single-photon detectors. The third means separate the pump radiation reflected by the sample from the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers. According to the solution presented here, these third means separate all radiation components from the radiation reflected back from the sample. 1. where, firstly, the radiation component in question does not originate from the relevant area of ​​the paramagnetic centers and has therefore been interspersed into the beam path from somewhere else, or 2. where, secondly, the wavelength of the radiation component in question does not correspond to the wavelength of the expected fluorescence radiation or 3. where, thirdly, the wavelength of the radiation component in question corresponds to radiation with the pump radiation wavelength or 4. in which fourthly the wavelength of the radiation component in question has a wavelength shorter than an edge wavelength, wherein the edge wavelength is preferably shorter than the fluorescence radiation wavelength of the fluorescence radiation and shorter than the pump radiation wavelength of the pump radiation.

[0019] The quantum computer therefore preferably comprises a pump radiation source, particularly in the form of an excitation laser. This pump radiation source typically irradiates the paramagnetic centers with pump radiation of the pump radiation wavelength via a first optical sub-path by means of the optical system. This optical system detects the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers in the sample and then, via a second optical sub-path, guides the detected fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers to a photodetector and / or, better, a single-photon detector, which converts the fluorescence signal of the paramagnetic centers from the targeted region of the sample into a receiver output signal. Typically, the first optical sub-path is at least partially different from the second optical sub-path.In the example presented here, the common optical sub-path is the third optical sub-path, which is not described in this document as part of the first optical sub-path and also not as part of the second optical sub-path. However, the third optical sub-path can be regarded as a common part of the first optical sub-path and the second optical sub-path, which is therefore encompassed by the description presented here, even if the document presented here does not describe the third optical sub-path as part of the first optical sub-path and the second optical sub-path for the sake of brevity of the description. The photodetector or the single-photon detector converts the fluorescence signal of the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers into at least one measurement signal (receiver output signal) and / or at least one measured value. The quantum computer preferably uses this at least one measurement signal orthis at least one measured value for carrying out one or more quantum operations. In this context, the document presented here refers to the patent family of the German patent DE 10 2020008 157 B3. The document presented here proposes using a first spatial filter to filter out that portion of the radiation reflected by the sample from the beam path of the second optical partial path in front of the photodetector or single-photon detector whose radiation portion does not originate from the relevant region of the paramagnetic centers and has thus been interspersed into the beam path from somewhere else. The problem is that even in this region, radiation can be emitted or reflected that is not fluorescence radiation from the paramagnetic centers in the fluorescence wavelength range of interest, but could be, for example, reflected pump radiation.For this reason, the document presented here proposes, in particular, using a fluorescence bandpass filter to allow only those radiation components of the typically already repeatedly filtered radiation from the sample to reach the photodetector or single-photon detector that definitely have a wavelength in the fluorescence wavelength range of interest. Subsequently, preferably, another optical spatial filter is performed to further increase the selectivity and the filtering slope. The proposed quantum computer therefore preferably has a double optical spatial filter in the second optical subpath.

[0020] In a first special embodiment, the second optical sub-path of the quantum computer comprises a first optical spatial filter and a second optical spatial filter as a double optical spatial filter. This has the advantage of a particularly simple implementation of the double optical spatial filter, which significantly increases the filtering effect.

[0021] In a second special embodiment, the second optical spatial filter comprises a second focusing lens. This enables the concentration of light from the focused spatial region of the sample to a point in a plane perpendicular to the optical axis. Radiation from other points within the sample is focused less or not at all, whereby the focusing lens reduces their radiation component in the region of the focal point of the second focusing lens, while the focusing lens increases the radiation component of the fluorescence radiation from the paramagnetic centers in this region of the focal point. However, the focusing lens cannot arbitrarily increase the radiation component of the fluorescence radiation from the paramagnetic centers in this region of the focal point, nor can it arbitrarily decrease the radiation component of the radiation from other points within the sample in the region of the focal point.Within the scope of the present invention, it was recognized that it is useful to further reduce the radiation component of the radiation from other points within the sample in the region of the focal point, which does not have the fluorescence wavelength, by means of the said fluorescence bandpass filter and to select it better by means of a downstream second optical spatial filter.

[0022] In a third special form, the focal length f 45 the second focusing lens, for example, at f 45 = 10 mm + / -25% and / or better + / - 10% and / or better + / -5% and / or better + / -2% and / or better + / -1%. A focal length of the second focusing lens of f is preferred. 45 =10mm used.

[0023] Preferably, the first optical spatial filter comprises, in the plane of the focal point of the first focusing lens, an optical aperture and / or an optical pinhole and / or a micro-optical, functionally equivalent functional element, such as a hologram and / or a photonic crystal and / or a perforated grid plate with micro-holes, etc., in order to separate the fluorescence radiation in the region of the focal point of the second focusing lens, which originally originates from the paramagnetic centers 22 whose fluorescence radiation is to be evaluated, from the fluorescence radiation of other paramagnetic centers that are not to be evaluated but are located in the vicinity of the aforementioned paramagnetic centers whose fluorescence radiation is to be evaluated, and can therefore radiate into the second optical sub-path as sources of interference radiation. It is desirable to keep the complexity of the first optical spatial filter low.

[0024] The second optical spatial filter preferably comprises a second optical waveguide or an optical aperture and / or an optical pinhole and / or a micro-optical, functionally equivalent functional element, such as a hologram and / or a photonic crystal and / or a perforated grid plate with micro-holes, etc., in order to separate the fluorescence radiation in the region of the focal point of the second focusing lens, which originally originates from the paramagnetic centers whose fluorescence radiation is to be evaluated, from the fluorescence radiation of other paramagnetic centers and / or NV centers that are not to be evaluated but are located in the vicinity of the aforementioned paramagnetic centers whose fluorescence radiation is to be evaluated and can therefore radiate into the second optical sub-path as sources of interference radiation. It is desirable to keep the complexity of the second optical spatial filter low.

[0025] The sequential arrangement of the first optical spatial filter and the second optical spatial filter in the second optical subpath reduces the interference caused by the interfering radiation of other paramagnetic centers that are not to be evaluated but are located in the sample near the aforementioned paramagnetic centers whose fluorescence radiation is to be evaluated, and can therefore radiate into the second optical subpath as interfering radiation sources, to such an extent that the first photon detection signal of the single-photon detector or the photon detector has a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio. The arrangement of further (one, two, three, or more) optical spatial filters beyond these two exemplary optical spatial filters in the second optical subpath is conceivable.

[0026] Preferably, the second optical waveguide comprises, at least in sections and / or (better) over its entire length, a single-mode optical waveguide and / or, at least in sections and / or (better) over its entire length, a polarization-maintaining optical waveguide as a partial optical waveguide of the second optical waveguide. This enables the evaluation of the polarization direction of the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers of the sample and thus a conclusion about the quantum state of the paramagnetic centers of the sample.

[0027] Preferably, the second optical waveguide comprises, at least in sections and / or (better) along its entire length, a flexible glass fiber and / or a flexible quartz glass fiber. The advantage is that such glass fibers and quartz glass fibers can be manufactured with high transparency, low scattering, low parasitic fluorescence, and well-defined properties. This is generally not the case with plastic-based optical waveguides.

[0028] Preferably, the first optical sub-path and the second optical sub-path jointly comprise a dichroic mirror as an optical functional element in order to, firstly, feed the pump radiation of the excitation laser, i.e. the pump radiation source, from the first optical sub-path into the third optical sub-path, and secondly, couple out the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers of the sample from the third optical sub-path into the second optical sub-path, and thirdly, prevent and / or reduce the transfer of parasitic radiation, such as scattered and / or reflected pump radiation, from the third optical sub-path into the second optical sub-path. A functionally equivalent system comprising one or more optical functional components with these three effects is encompassed by the term "dichroic mirror" within the meaning of the document presented here.

[0029] The first optical spatial filter preferably comprises a first focusing lens for imaging the actual filtering element, the aforementioned optical aperture and / or optical pinhole apertures and / or a micro-optical, functionally equivalent functional element, such as holograms and / or photonic crystals and / or perforated grid plates with micro-holes, etc. It can also be a more complex optical functional element that, for example, performs multiple imaging onto several focusing points, etc. For the purposes of the document presented here, a focusing lens is an optical functional element in which, in the signal-theoretical sense, the modification of a parallel optical light beam, in particular its focusing, can be regarded as a linear transformation.A focusing lens, as defined in this document, performs a linear transformation on the incident light beam in the second optical path, originating from a point in the object plane (the object). Mathematically, this transformation can be expressed as a 2 x 2 matrix or an n x n matrix (where n is a positive integer), since a focusing lens changes the direction of the light beam but usually not its amplitude. The exact form of the matrix depends on the properties of the focusing lens, such as its focal length, shape, number of focal points, etc.If we consider the incident light beam as a vector in two-dimensional space, consisting of the coordinates in the horizontal (x) and vertical (y) directions, then the focusing lens can transform this vector to create the focused light beam at one or more points in the image plane, which typically contains the aforementioned optical apertures and / or optical pinholes and / or a micro-optical, functionally equivalent functional element, such as holograms and / or photonic crystals and / or perforated grid plates with micro-holes, etc. Typically, focusing can occur not only point-like, but also annularly in a focus ring, for example. Diffraction phenomena in particular can lead to the formation of a focus point that is surrounded by one or more relevant focus rings.The intensity distribution of this image can be achieved for improved optical spatial filtering by connecting appropriately designed optical apertures and / or optical pinholes and / or micro-optical, functionally equivalent functional elements, such as holograms and / or photonic crystals and / or perforated grid plates with micro-holes, etc., which also transmit the light from the focus rings. Overall, the focusing lens performs a linear transformation of the incident light beam to focus it on the focal point and, if necessary, focus rings (in the case of diffraction) in the image plane. The diffraction phenomena can be specifically designed. The document presented here suggests an FDTD simulation of the optical spatial filters or similar for the corresponding design as part of a follow-up.

[0030] According to the proposal, the first optical spatial filter preferably comprises a pinhole. For the purposes of this document, the term pinhole includes optical apertures and / or optical pinholes and / or micro-optical, functionally equivalent functional elements, such as holograms and / or photonic crystals and / or perforated grid plates with micro-holes, etc.

[0031] Preferably, the first optical spatial filter comprises a second collimator lens. This allows for the connection of additional functional elements, such as a second optical spatial filter.

[0032] Preferably, a first optical waveguide feeds the pump radiation from the pump radiation source (1) into the first optical subpath. Among other advantages, this mechanically decouples the pump radiation source from the rest of the optical system.

[0033] Preferably, the first optical waveguide is a single-mode optical waveguide at least in sections and / or (better) over its entire length, and / or a polarization-maintaining optical waveguide at least in sections and / or (better) over its entire length. This enables control of the polarization direction of the pump radiation for irradiation and thus improved manipulation of the paramagnetic centers of the sample and thus improved control of the quantum states of the paramagnetic centers of the sample.

[0034] Preferably, the first optical waveguide comprises a flexible glass fiber and / or a flexible quartz glass fiber, at least in sections and / or (better) along its entire length. The advantage is that such glass fibers and quartz glass fibers can be manufactured with high transparency, low scattering, low parasitic fluorescence, and well-defined properties. This is generally not the case with plastic-based optical waveguides. This enables improved and less disruptive control of the paramagnetic centers of the sample.

[0035] Preferably, the first optical subpath comprises an optical neutral density filter, which can attenuate the intensity of the pump radiation at the output of the first optical subpath in a defined manner, preferably manually or, better, via the control bus. This has the advantage that intensity-dependent quantum operations can be better controlled by the control device of the quantum computer.One idea of ​​the document presented here is that the control device optimally adjusts the intensity of the pump radiation via the control bus as a function of the quantum operation to be performed and / or the quantum operations to be performed and / or the quantum computer program to be performed for manipulating quantum states of quantum bits of the nuclear quantum bits and / or electronic quantum bits (paramagnetic centers) in the sample by means of the pump radiation source (excitation laser) and / or the neutral density filter before executing the quantum computer operation and / or a quantum computer program.

[0036] For example, the neutral density filter could be designed as a gradient filter. The neutral density filter could then be displaced perpendicular to the beam path of the first optical sub-path by a dedicated positioning device controlled by the control device of the quantum computer. This would then change the transmission point of the light beam in the first optical sub-path through the neutral density filter. Since the filtering effect depends on the coordinate of this transmission point of the light beam in the first optical sub-path, the transmission of this light beam in the first optical sub-path through the neutral density filter also changes. Preferably, preferred coordinates of the preferred transmission points of the light beam in the first optical sub-path through the neutral density filter for preferred transmission levels are stored in a memory of the control device.Preferably, the control device determines the preferred transmittance of the neutral density filter and thus the preferred transmission point by means of a computer-implemented method and sets this by means of the computer-implemented method by means of control signals via the data bus and the positioning device of the neutral density filter.

[0037] Preferably, the optical neutral density filter has an anti-reflection coating for the spectral range from 510 nm to 540 nm, and / or better from 500 nm to 330 nm, and / or better from 450 nm to 650 nm, and / or better from 300 nm to 700 nm. This wavelength range is optimized for the pump radiation typically used for NV centers. When using other paramagnetic centers, the anti-reflection coating should be adapted to the wavelength range of the pump radiation typically used for these paramagnetic centers.

[0038] Preferably, the first optical sub-path comprises a first optical bandpass filter in the first optical sub-path in order to prevent the input of electromagnetic radiation that does not correspond to the pump radiation wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source - here the excitation laser - from entering the first optical sub-path and the third optical sub-path and the second optical sub-path.

[0039] For this reason, the first optical bandpass filter preferably has a central wavelength which corresponds to + / -25%, better + / - 10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1% + / -0.5%, better + / -0.2%, better + / -0.1% of the central wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump light source.

[0040] For the same reason, preferably the first optical bandpass filter has a bandwidth in the range of 8 nm to 20 nm, and / or of 8 nm to 15 nm and / or preferably of 13 nm.

[0041] The bandwidth of the wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the central wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source define a tolerance range for the bandwidth of the wavelength of the first optical bandpass filter, in which the first optical bandpass filter does not attenuate the optical radiation during transmission or only insignificantly, according to position and width. In order to ensure the series production capability of the quantum computer, the central wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the bandwidth of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the bandwidth and the central wavelength of the first optical bandpass filter are preferably matched to one another such that the constructive C calculated with respect to this tolerance window pk9 -value is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, where a constructive C pk9-value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred.

[0042] This constructive C pk9 -value defined as follows: λ opmp let the upper wavelength be λ opmp the bandwidth λ bpmp the pump radiation. λ upmp let the lower wavelength be λ upmp the bandwidth λ bpmp the pump radiation. λ bpmp =λ opmp -λ upmp let the bandwidth be λ bpmp the pump radiation. A zpmp =(A opmp +A upmp ) / 2 let the central wavelength be λ zpmp the pump radiation. σ pmp = λ bpmp / 2=(λ opmp -λ upmp ) / 2 is half of the bandwidth λ bpmp the pump radiation. λ o_9 let the upper wavelength be λ o_9 the bandwidth λ b_9 of the first optical bandpass filter (9). λ u_9 let the lower wavelength be λ u_9 the bandwidth λ b_9of the first optical bandpass filter (9). λ b_9 = λ o_9 -λ u_9 let the bandwidth be λ b_9 of the first optical bandpass filter (9). A z_9 = (λ o_9 +λ u_9 ) / 2 let the central wavelength be λ z_9 of the first optical bandpass filter (9). σ9 = λ b_9 / 2=(λ u_9 -λ u_9 ) / 2 is half of the bandwidth λ b_9 of the first optical bandpass filter (9). Let Min(A,B) be the function that returns the minimum of the two values ​​A or B.

[0043] The constructive C pk9 -Value C pk9 of the first optical bandpass filter (9) is then defined as: Cpk9=Min(|(λz_9−λupmp)|,|(λopmp−λz_9)|) / 3σpmp

[0044] The constructive C pk9b -Value C pk9b of the first optical bandpass filter (9) is then defined as: Cpk9b=Min(|(λzpmp−λu_9)|,|(λo_9−λzpmp)|) / 3σ9

[0045] To ensure the manufacturability of the quantum computer, the document presented here proposes that the central wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the bandwidth of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the bandwidth and the central wavelength of the first optical bandpass filter are matched to one another in such a way that the calculated constructive C pk9b -value greater than 0.5 and / or better than 0.75 and / or better than 1.0 and / or better than 1.25 and / or better than 1.66, where a constructive C pk9b -value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred.

[0046] If in the following C pkl -values ​​are specified, the index “I” indicates the element to which the C pk -value.

[0047] Preferably, the optical system of the quantum computer comprises the first optical sub-path, the second optical sub-path, and the third optical sub-path in order to be able to suitably condition the fluorescence radiation in the second optical sub-path before detection and to be able to optimize the quality of the pump radiation in the first optical sub-path before irradiating the paramagnetic centers of the sample. The third optical sub-path enables joint access to the paramagnetic centers of the sample for control and readout.

[0048] The first optical sub-path and the second optical sub-path and the third optical sub-path are preferably arranged in an E-arrangement, which enables or promotes a particularly compact design and transportability and thus the mobility of the quantum computer.

[0049] Preferably, for further compaction of the optical structure, a mirror is inserted into the second optical sub-path, which deflects the second optical sub-path by an angle greater than or equal to 90° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 80° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 70° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 45° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 22.5° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 10°, wherein a deflection by an angle of 90° + / - 5° and / or + / - 2.5° and / or + / - 1° is preferred.

[0050] Preferably, for further compaction of the optical structure, a mirror is inserted into the third optical sub-path, which deflects the third optical sub-path (72) by an angle greater than or equal to 90° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 80° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 70° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 45° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 22.5° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 10°, wherein a deflection by an angle of 90° + / - 5° and / or + / - 2.5° and / or + / - 1° is preferred.

[0051] To further compact the optical setup, a piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with a mirror is preferably inserted into the third optical subpath. The control device can thus select individual paramagnetic centers in the sample via the control bus, search for them by scanning, and / or switch to other paramagnetic centers, which are typically coupled to other nuclear quantum bits, in the event of the failure of one or more paramagnetic centers. The control device can also use the data bus to stabilize the position of the focal point of the pump radiation on the sample with the paramagnetic centers in the event of mechanical and / or thermal fluctuations and / or displacements.

[0052] The quantum computer preferably has a magnetic positioning device, which typically comprises a magnetic structure. The magnetic structure preferably comprises at least one or more permanent magnets and / or one or more individual magnets, which can be repositionably fixed to a ferromagnetic carrier, for example, as a sub-device of the magnetic positioning device, using magnetic force. The magnetic flux densities of the magnetic fields of the at least one and / or more permanent magnets of the magnetic structure preferably flow through the paramagnetic centers.In order to ensure the stability of the magnetic field and the precision of the setting of the parameters of this overall magnetic field of the partial magnetic fields, a position accuracy of the magnet positioning device for positioning the magnet structure relative to the sample of less than 10µm, and / or better than 5µm and / or better than 2µm and / or better than 1µm and / or better than 0.5µm and / or better than 0.2µm and / or better than 0.1µm and / or better than 50nm and / or better than 20nm and / or better than 10nm has proven to be advantageous, whereby a relative positioning accuracy of the magnet structure relative to the sample of better than 50nm is clearly preferred according to the current state of development.

[0053] During the development of the proposal, it became apparent that it is advantageous for the magnet assembly to include a Halbach magnet assembly. A Halbach magnet assembly, as defined in the document presented here, is a special arrangement of permanent magnets that can offer certain advantages in various applications, particularly in the field of magnetic technology for the realization of the magnet assembly. The main advantage of a Halbach magnet assembly is the ability to generate a strong magnetic field on one side while minimizing the magnetic field on the other side. This has the following advantages: Efficient magnetic field alignment: A Halbach magnet setup allows the generated magnetic field to be directed in a desired direction while significantly attenuating the field on the opposite side. This is useful because quantum computers require strong magnetic field alignment.

[0054] Reduced stray fields: The special arrangement of the magnets in the Halbach setup minimizes stray fields. This is important to prevent unwanted magnetic effects in neighboring devices or components of the quantum computer that could be disturbed by the magnetic field.

[0055] Efficient use of magnetic material: A Halbach magnet setup optimizes the utilization of the magnetic material used by concentrating the magnetic energy on the desired side, typically within the sample. This helps conserve resources and maximize magnetic performance.

[0056] Compact design: The Halbach magnet design enables a compact and mobile construction, as less space is required for shielding material or other devices to minimize stray fields.

[0057] Improved magnetic flux density: In the quantum computer application presented here, the Halbach magnet setup can provide a higher magnetic flux density in the regions of interest of the sample, leading to improved performance of the quantum computer.

[0058] Vibrations and noise: In particular, in a mobile quantum computer, a Halbach magnet setup reduces vibrations and noise caused by interactions between magnets and metallic structures.

[0059] A Halbach magnet setup is particularly advantageous in the quantum computer presented here because the quantum computer requires precisely controlled magnetic fields.

[0060] The quantum computer preferably comprises a fluorescence bandpass filter for separating the fluorescence radiation from other radiation in the second optical subpath, which improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the first photon detection signal of the single-photon detector or the photon detector, since the fluorescence bandpass filter essentially only transmits the electromagnetic radiation of the fluorescence radiation with the fluorescence wavelength and does not transmit electromagnetic radiation of other wavelengths or transmits it only with a strong attenuation. For this purpose, the fluorescence bandpass filter preferably has a central wavelength of 697 nm + / -25% and / or better + / -10% and / or better + / -5% and / or better + / -2% and / or better + / -1% and / or better + / -0.5% and / or better + / -0.2% and / or better + / -0.1% and / or a bandwidth of 75 nm + / - 25% and / or better + / - 10% and / or better + / - 5% and / or better + / - 2% and / or better + / - 1% and / or better + / - 0.5% and / or better + / - 0.2% and / or better + / - 0.1%.

[0061] The bandwidth of the wavelength of the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers and the central wavelength of the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers define a tolerance range for the bandwidth of the wavelength of the fluorescence bandpass filter (of the second bandpass filter (42)), in which the fluorescence bandpass filter does not attenuate the optical radiation during transmission or only insignificantly, according to position and width. In order to ensure the series production capability of the quantum computer, the central wavelength of the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers and the bandwidth of the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers and the bandwidth and the central wavelength of the fluorescence bandpass filter (of the second bandpass filter (42)) are preferably matched to one another in such a way that the constructive C calculated with respect to this tolerance window pk42-value is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, where a constructive C pk42 -value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred. This constructive C pk42 -value defined as follows: λ opmp let the upper wavelength be λ opmp the bandwidth λ bpmp the pump radiation. λ upmp let the lower wavelength be λ upmp the bandwidth λ bpmp the pump radiation. λ bpmp =λ opmp -λ upmp let the bandwidth be λ bpmp the pump radiation. A zpmp =(A opmp +A upmp ) / 2 let the central wavelength be λ zpmp the pump radiation. σ pmp = λ bpmp / 2=(λ opmp -λ upmp ) / 2 is half of the bandwidth λ bpmp the pump radiation. λ o_42 let the upper wavelength be λ o_42 the bandwidth λ b_42of the fluorescence bandpass filter (the second bandpass filter (42)). λ u_42 let the lower wavelength be λ u_42 the bandwidth λ b_42 of the fluorescence bandpass filter (the second bandpass filter (42)). λ b_42 = λ o_42 -λ u_42 let the bandwidth be λ b_42 of the fluorescence bandpass filter (the second bandpass filter (42)). λ z_42 = (λ o_42 +λ u_42 ) / 2 let the central wavelength be λ z_42 of the fluorescence bandpass filter (the second bandpass filter (42)). σ 42 = λ b_42 / 2=(λ u_42- λ u_42 ) / 2 is half of the bandwidth λ b_42 of the fluorescence bandpass filter (the second bandpass filter (42)). Let Min(A,B) be the function that returns the minimum of the two values ​​A or B.

[0062] The constructive C pk42 -Value C pk42of the fluorescence bandpass filter (the second bandpass filter (42)) is then defined as: Cpk42=Min(|(λz_42−λupmp)|,|(λopmp−λz_42)|) / 3σpmp

[0063] The constructive C pk42b -Value C pk42b of the fluorescence bandpass filter (the second bandpass filter (42)) is then defined as: Cpk42b=Min(|(λzpmp−λu_42)|,|(λo_42−λzpmp)|) / 3σ42

[0064] To ensure the manufacturability of the quantum computer, the document presented here proposes that the central wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the bandwidth of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the bandwidth and the central wavelength of the fluorescence bandpass filter (the second bandpass filter (42)) are matched to each other in such a way that the calculated constructive C pk42b-value greater than 0.5 and / or better than 0.75 and / or better than 1.0 and / or better than 1.25 and / or better than 1.66, where a constructive C pk42b -value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred.

[0065] Preferably, the first optical sub-path comprises the pump radiation source and first optical functional elements for processing the radiation of the pump radiation source for use as pump radiation, as well as a second optical coupling functional element for coupling the pump radiation (54) of the first optical sub-path into the third optical sub-path in order to realize the advantages described above and described below.

[0066] Preferably, the second optical sub-path comprises a third optical coupling functional element for coupling out the fluorescence radiation from the third optical sub-path and fourth optical functional elements for processing the fluorescence radiation for detection by the photodetector and / or the single-photon detector, wherein the fourth optical functional elements comprise the first optical spatial filter and the second optical spatial filter in order to realize the advantages described above and described below.

[0067] Preferably, the third optical sub-path comprises the second optical coupling functional element for coupling the pump radiation into the third optical sub-path and the third optical coupling functional element for coupling the fluorescence radiation (33) into the second optical sub-path and fifth optical functional elements for optimally irradiating the paramagnetic centers with pump radiation and for detecting the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers in order to realize the advantages described above and described below.

[0068] Preferably, the first optical functional elements comprise a first optical waveguide and a first collimator lens and an optional neutral density filter and an optional first optical bandpass filter and an optional λ / 2 retardation plate and / or an optional λ / 4 retardation plate in order to realize the advantages described above and below.

[0069] Preferably, the third optical functional elements comprise an optical long-pass filter and an optical band-stop filter and an optional mirror and a first focusing lens and a pinhole and a second collimator lens and a fluorescence band-pass filter and a second focusing lens and a second optical waveguide in order to realize the advantages described above and below.

[0070] Preferably, the fifth optical functional elements comprise the mirror of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system (16) and the objective lens (20) in order to realize the advantages described above and below.

[0071] Preferably, the proposed quantum computer comprises a piezoelectric objective positioner and the sample with the paramagnetic centers, wherein the piezoelectric objective positioner can adjust the distance from objective to sample to an accuracy of up to 50 nm and / or better to an accuracy of up to 25 nm and / or better to an accuracy of up to 10 nm and / or better to an accuracy of up to 5 nm or better, wherein an adjustment of the distance from objective to sample to an accuracy of up to 5 nm or better is preferred, since this allows a sharper adjustment of the two optical spatial filters and thus improves the signal-to-noise ratio.

[0072] Preferably, the first optical sub-path comprises the pump radiation source and the first optical waveguide and the first collimator lens and the optional optical neutral density filter and the first optical bandpass filter and the optional λ / 2 delay plate or (or) the optional λ / 4 delay plate and the dichroic mirror in order to realize the advantages described above and described below.

[0073] Preferably, the second optical sub-path comprises the dichroic mirror and the optical long-pass filter and the optional optical band-stop filter and the optional mirror and the first focusing lens and a pinhole and a second collimator lens and a fluorescence band-pass filter and a second focusing lens and a second optical waveguide and the photodetector or (and / or) the single-photon detector in order to realize the advantages described above and described below.

[0074] Preferably, the third optical sub-path comprises the dichroic mirror and the mirror of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system and the objective and the sample with paramagnetic centers and the nuclear spins of the isotopes with a magnetic moment (e.g. 14 N, 15 N, 13 C) which are coupled or can be coupled to at least one paramagnetic center and / or NV center in order to realize the advantages described above and below.

[0075] Preferably, an optical long-pass filter is inserted into the second optical subpath, which preferably transmits electromagnetic radiation with the fluorescence wavelength, i.e., the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers of the sample, and does not transmit and / or significantly attenuates radiation of shorter wavelengths, i.e., preferably the pump radiation with the pump radiation wavelength. This further improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the first photon detection signal of the single-photon detector or the photon detector. For this purpose, in the case of NV centers as paramagnetic centers of the sample, the optical long-pass filter preferably has an edge wavelength λ 31 =542 nm + / -25% and / or better + / - 10% and / or better + / -5% and / or better + / -2% and / or better + / -1%.

[0076] Preferably, an optical band-stop filter is inserted into the second optical subpath, which is preferably designed to block and / or significantly attenuate electromagnetic radiation with a pump radiation wavelength of the pump radiation. This further improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the first photon detection signal of the single-photon detector or the photon detector. Preferably, the optical band-stop filter has a central wavelength that corresponds to + / -25% and / or better + / -10% and / or better + / -5% and / or better + / -2% and / or better + / -1% of the central wavelength of the emitted pump radiation (54).

[0077] Typically, the bandwidth of the wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the central wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source define a tolerance range for the wavelength bandwidth of the optical band-stop filter, in which the optical band-stop filter does not attenuate the optical radiation during transmission, or only insignificantly. To ensure the manufacturability of the quantum computer, the document presented here proposes that the central wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the bandwidth of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source, as well as the bandwidth and central wavelength of the optical band-stop filter, are coordinated in such a way that the constructive C calculated with respect to this tolerance window pk53-value greater than 0.5 and / or better than 0.75 and / or better than 1.0 and / or better than 1.25 and / or better than 1.66, where a constructive C pk53 -value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred. This constructive C pk53 -value defined as follows: λ opmp let the upper wavelength be λ opmp the bandwidth λ bpmp the pump radiation. λ upmp let the lower wavelength be λ upmp the bandwidth λ bpmp the pump radiation. λ bpmp =λ opmp -λ upmp let the bandwidth be λ bpmp the pump radiation. A zpmp =(A opmp +A upmp ) / 2 let the central wavelength be λ zpmp the pump radiation. σ pmp = λ bpmp / 2=(λ opmp -λ upmp ) / 2 is half of the bandwidth λ bpmp the pump radiation. λ o_53 let the upper wavelength be λ o_53 the bandwidth λb_53 the band-stop filter (53). λ u_53 let the lower wavelength be λ u_53 the bandwidth λ b_53 of the bandpass filter (53). λ b_53 = λ o_53 -λ u_53 let the bandwidth be λ b_53 of the bandpass filter (53). λ z_53 = (λ o_53 +λ u_53 ) / 2 let the central wavelength be λ z_53 of the bandpass filter (53). σ 53 = λ b53 / 2=(λ u53- λ u53 ) / 2 is half of the bandwidth λ b53 of the bandpass filter (53). Let Min(A,B) be the function that returns the minimum of the two values ​​A or B.

[0078] The constructive C pk53 -Value C pk53 of the band-stop filter (53) is then defined as: Cpk53=Min(|(λz_53−λupmp)|,|(λopmp−λz_53)|) / 3σpmp

[0079] The constructive C pk53b -Value C pk53b of the band-stop filter (53) is then defined as: pk53b=Min(|(λz_53−λupmp)|,|(λo53−λz_pmp)|) / 3σ53

[0080] To ensure the manufacturability of the quantum computer, the document presented here proposes that the central wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the bandwidth of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the bandwidth and the central wavelength of the optical band-stop filter are matched in such a way that the calculated constructive C pk53b -value greater than 0.5 and / or better than 0.75 and / or better than 1.0 and / or better than 1.25 and / or better than 1.66, where a constructive C pk53b -value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred.

[0081] To ensure transportability, the quantum computer preferably comprises a 19" rack or a 19" server cabinet. The quantum computer preferably comprises a base plate with a square pattern of threaded holes, which base plate is intended and / or configured for installation in a 19" rack or a 19" server cabinet. Preferably, optical device components and / or all optical device components of the quantum computer are attached to the surface of the base plate by means of the threaded holes and corresponding screws and / or other fastenings, such as magnetic holders. Preferably, all other device components of the quantum computer are housed together with the base plate in the 19" rack and / or the 19" server cabinet. This enables the transportability of the quantum computer. For this purpose, the quantum computer is preferably additionally provided with casters for easy transport.

[0082] The advantages are not limited to those mentioned above. Preferred features of the invention

[0083] The following list of features represents the preferred features of the invention. The features and their sub-features can be combined with each other and with other features and sub-features of this proposal and with features of the description, as long as the result of this combination is meaningful. In the case of a combination, it is not necessary to include all sub-features of a feature in a single feature.

[0084] The features are therefore merely preferred combinations of the characteristics of various examples. The feature references can therefore be explicitly changed if appropriate. They simplify the reworking of the proposal. The invention claimed in the patent is derived from the applicable claims.

[0085] Feature 1: Quantum computers wherein the quantum computer comprises a sample and wherein the sample comprises paramagnetic centers and wherein the quantum computer comprises a pump radiation source, in particular in the form of an excitation laser and wherein the pump radiation source, by means of an optical system, supplies the paramagnetic centers u via a first optical partial path with pump radiation of a pump radiation wavelength (λ pmp ) irradiated and wherein the optical system detects the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers and at least partially feeds it to a photodetector and / or a single-photon detector via a second optical partial path and wherein the first optical sub-path is at least partially different from the second optical sub-path and wherein the photodetector or the single-photon detector converts the fluorescence signal of the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers into at least one measurement signal and / or at least one measured value and wherein the quantum computer is configured to use said at least one measurement signal or said at least one measured value for performing a quantum operation, characterized by that the quantum computer has an optical spatial filter in the second optical sub-path.

[0086] Feature 2: Quantum computer according to feature 1, wherein the second optical sub-path comprises a first optical spatial filter and a second optical spatial filter as a double optical spatial filter.

[0087] Feature 3: Quantum computer according to feature 1 or 2, wherein the second spatial optical filter comprises a second focusing lens.

[0088] Feature 4: Quantum computer according to feature 3, where the focal length (f 45 ) of the second focusing lens at f 45 = 10 mm + / -25% and / or + / - 10% and / or + / -5% and / or + / -2% and / or + / -1%.

[0089] Feature 5: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 4, where the second optical spatial filter an optical focusing device, preferably in the form of at least one focusing lens, and / or a second optical fiber and / or a pinhole and / or a grid panel and / or a photonic crystal and / or an optical metamaterial and / or a mask and / or a two- or three-dimensional holographic mask and / or an optical phase mask and / or a holographic filter and / or an optical fiber and / or a polarization-maintaining optical fiber and / or an optical fiber and / or an interference filter includes.

[0090] Feature 6: Quantum computer according to feature 5, wherein the second optical waveguide is at least partially and / or (better) over its entire length a single-mode optical waveguide and / or at least partially and / or (better) over its entire length a polarization-maintaining optical waveguide.

[0091] Feature 7: Quantum computer according to feature 6, wherein the second optical fiber comprises a flexible optical fiber.

[0092] Feature 8: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 7, wherein the first optical sub-path and the second optical sub-path comprise a dichroic mirror.

[0093] Feature 9: Quantum computer according to one of features 2 to 8, wherein the first optical spatial filter comprises a first focusing lens.

[0094] Feature 10: Quantum computer according to Feature 9, where the first optical spatial filter an optical focusing device, preferably in the form of at least one focusing lens, and / or a pinhole and / or a grid panel and / or a photonic crystal and / or an optical metamaterial and / or a mask and / or a two- or three-dimensional holographic mask and / or an optical phase mask and / or a holographic filter and / or an optical fiber and / or a polarization-maintaining optical fiber and / or an optical fiber and / or an interference filter and / or an optical collimator device, preferably in the form of at least one collimator lens, includes.

[0095] Feature 11: Quantum computer according to feature 9 or 10, wherein the first spatial optical filter comprises a second collimator lens (39).

[0096] Feature 12: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 11, wherein the quantum computer comprises a fluorescence bandpass spatial filter, which preferably comprises an optical spatial filter and a fluorescence bandpass filter, in particular a first optical spatial filter, a fluorescence bandpass filter and a second optical spatial filter, wherein the fluorescence bandpass filter is preferably arranged between the first optical spatial filter and the second optical spatial filter.

[0097] Feature 13: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 12, wherein a first optical waveguide feeds the pump radiation of the pump radiation source into the first optical sub-path and wherein the first optical waveguide is preferably a single-mode optical waveguide at least in sections and / or (better) over its entire length and / or a polarization-maintaining optical waveguide at least in sections and / or (better) over its entire length.

[0098] Feature 14: Quantum computer according to feature 13, wherein the first optical fiber comprises a flexible optical fiber.

[0099] Feature 15: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 14, wherein the first optical sub-path comprises an optical neutral density filter.

[0100] Feature 16: Quantum computer according to feature 15, wherein the optical neutral density filter has an anti-reflection coating for the spectral range from 510 nm to 540 nm, and / or better from 500 nm to 330 nm, and / or better from 450 nm to 650 nm and / or better from 300 nm to 700 nm.

[0101] Feature 17: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 16, wherein the first optical sub-path has a first optical bandpass filter in the first optical sub-path.

[0102] Feature 18: Quantum computer according to Feature 17, wherein the first optical bandpass filter has a central wavelength which corresponds to + / -25%, better + / - 10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1% + / -0.5%, better + / -0.2%, better + / -0.1% of the central wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump light source.

[0103] Feature 19: Quantum computer according to feature 17 or 18, wherein the first optical bandpass filter has a bandwidth in the range of 8 nm to 20 nm, and / or of 8 nm to 15 nm and / or preferably of 13 nm.

[0104] Feature 20: Quantum computer according to one of features 17 to 19, wherein the central wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the bandwidth of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the bandwidth and the central wavelength of the first optical bandpass filter are matched to one another, that the calculated constructive C pk9 -value is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, where a constructive C pk9 -value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred and / or that the calculated C pk9b -value is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, where a C pk9b -value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred.

[0105] Feature 21: Quantum computer according to one of the features 1 to 20, wherein the optical system of the quantum computer has the first optical sub-path and the second optical sub-path and a third optical sub-path.

[0106] Feature 22: Quantum computer according to Feature 21, wherein the first optical sub-path and the second optical sub-path and the third optical sub-path are arranged in an E-arrangement.

[0107] Feature 23: Quantum computer according to Feature 21, wherein the first optical sub-path and the second optical sub-path and the third optical sub-path are arranged in a double-C arrangement.

[0108] Feature 24: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 23, wherein a mirror is inserted into the second optical sub-path, which deflects the second optical sub-path by an angle greater than or equal to 90° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 80° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 70° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 45° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 22.5° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 10°, wherein a deflection by an angle of 90° + / - 5° and / or + / - 2.5° and / or + / - 1° is preferred

[0109] Feature 25: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 24, wherein the optical system of the quantum computer comprises the first optical sub-path and the second optical sub-path and a third optical sub-path and wherein a mirror is inserted into the third optical sub-path, which deflects the third optical sub-path by an angle greater than or equal to 90° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 80° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 70° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 45° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 22.5° and / or by an angle greater than or equal to 10°, wherein a deflection by an angle of 90° + / - 5° and / or + / - 2.5° and / or + / - 1° is preferred

[0110] Feature 26: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 25, wherein the optical system of the quantum computer comprises the first optical sub-path and the second optical sub-path and a third optical sub-path and wherein a piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with a mirror is inserted into the third optical sub-path.

[0111] Feature 27: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 26, wherein the quantum computer comprises a magnetic positioning device and wherein the magnetic positioning device comprises a magnetic structure and wherein the magnet structure comprises at least one permanent magnet and / or individual magnets and wherein the magnetic flux density of the magnetic field of the at least one permanent magnet of the magnet structure flows through the paramagnetic centers and wherein the positional accuracy of the magnetic positioning device for positioning the magnetic structure relative to the sample is preferably less than 10µm, and / or more accurate than 5µm and / or more accurate than 2µm and / or more accurate than 1µm and / or more accurate than 0.5µm and / or more accurate than 0.2µm and / or more accurate than 0.1µm and / or more accurate than 50nm and / or more accurate than 20nm and / or more accurate than 10nm, wherein a relative positioning accuracy of the magnetic structure relative to the sample of more accurate than 50nm is preferred.

[0112] Feature 28: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 27, wherein the quantum computer comprises a magnetic positioning device and wherein the magnetic positioning device comprises a magnetic structure and wherein the magnet structure comprises at least one permanent magnet and / or individual magnets and wherein the magnetic flux density of the magnetic field of the at least one permanent magnet of the magnet structure flows through the paramagnetic centers and wherein the magnet structure preferably comprises a Halbach magnet structure.

[0113] Feature 29: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 28, wherein the quantum computer has at least one fluorescence bandpass filter for separating the fluorescence radiation from other radiation in the second optical sub-path, wherein preferably the central wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the bandwidth of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the bandwidth and the central wavelength of the fluorescence pass filter are matched to one another in such a way, that the calculated constructive C pk42 -value is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, where a constructiveC pk42-value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred and / or that the calculated constructive C pk42b -value is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, where a constructive C pk42b -value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred.

[0114] Feature 30: Quantum computer according to Feature 29, wherein the fluorescence bandpass filter has a central wavelength of 697 nm + / -25% and / or + / - 10% and / or + / -5% and / or + / -2% and / or + / -1% and / or + / -0.5% and / or + / -0.2% and / or + / -0.1% and / or wherein the fluorescence bandpass filter has a bandwidth of 75 nm + / - 25% and / or + / - 10% and / or + / - 5% and / or + / - 2% and / or + / - 1% and / or + / - 0.5% and / or + / - 0.2% and / or + / - 0.1%.

[0115] Feature 31: Quantum computer according to one of the features 1 to 30, wherein the optical system of the quantum computer comprises the first optical sub-path and the second optical sub-path and a third optical sub-path and wherein the first optical sub-path comprises the pump radiation source and first optical functional elements for processing the radiation of the pump radiation source for use as pump radiation and a second optical coupling functional element for coupling the pump radiation of the first optical sub-path into the third optical sub-path and wherein the second optical sub-path comprises a third optical coupling functional element for coupling out the fluorescence radiation from the third optical sub-path and fourth optical functional elements for processing the fluorescence radiation for detection by the photodetector and / or the single-photon detector, and wherein the fourth optical functional elements preferably comprise the first optical spatial filter and the second optical spatial filter and wherein the third optical sub-path comprises the second optical coupling functional element for coupling the pump radiation into the third optical sub-path and the third optical coupling functional element for coupling the fluorescence radiation into the second optical sub-path and fifth optical functional elements for optimally irradiating the paramagnetic centers with pump radiation and for detecting the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers.

[0116] Feature 32: Quantum computer according to Feature 31, wherein the first optical functional elements comprise at least one of the following elements: a first optical waveguide, a first collimator lens (5), a neutral density filter, a first optical bandpass filter, and a λ / 2 retardation plate and / or a λ / 4 retardation plate.

[0117] Feature 33: Quantum computer according to feature 31 or 32, wherein the third optical functional elements comprise at least one of the following elements: an optical long-pass filter, an optical band-stop filter, a mirror, a first focusing lens, a pinhole, a second collimator lens, a fluorescence band-pass filter, a second focusing lens, and a second optical waveguide.

[0118] Feature 34: Quantum computer according to one of features 31 to 33, wherein the fifth optical functional elements comprise the mirror of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system and / or the lens.

[0119] Feature 35: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 34, wherein the quantum computer comprises a lens and wherein the quantum computer comprises a piezoelectric lens positioner and where the quantum computer comprises the sample with the paramagnetic centers and wherein the piezoelectric objective positioner can adjust the distance from the objective to the sample to an accuracy of up to 50 nm and / or up to 25 nm and / or up to 10 nm and / or up to 5 nm or better, wherein an adjustment of the distance from the objective to the sample to an accuracy of up to 5 nm or better is preferred.

[0120] Feature 36: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 35, wherein the first partial optical path comprises at least one of the following elements: the pump radiation source, the first optical waveguide, the first collimator lens, the optical neutral density filter, the first optical bandpass filter, the λ / 2 delay plate or (or) the λ / 4 delay plate and the dichroic mirror.

[0121] Feature 37: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 36, wherein the second partial optical path comprises at least one of the following elements: the dichroic mirror, the optical long-pass filter, the optical band-stop filter, the mirror, the first focusing lens, a pinhole, a second collimator lens, a fluorescence band-pass filter, a second focusing lens, a second optical waveguide and the photodetector or (and / or) the single-photon detector.

[0122] Feature 38: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 37, wherein the third optical sub-path comprises at least one of the following elements: the dichroic mirror, the mirror of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system, the objective and the sample with paramagnetic centers and the nuclear spins of the isotopes with a magnetic moment (e.g. 14 N, 15 N, 13 C) which are coupled or can be coupled to at least one paramagnetic center.

[0123] Feature 39: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 38, wherein an optical long-pass filter is inserted into the second optical sub-path.

[0124] Feature 40: Quantum computer according to feature 39, where the optical long-pass filter has an edge wavelength λ 31 =542 nm + / -25% and / or + / - 10% and / or + / -5% and / or + / -2% and / or + / -1%.

[0125] Feature 41: Quantum computer according to one of the features 1 to 40, wherein an optical band-stop filter is inserted into the second optical sub-path.

[0126] Feature 42: Quantum computer according to Feature 41, wherein the optical band-stop filter has a central wavelength which corresponds to + / -25% and / or + / - 10% and / or + / -5% and / or + / -2% and / or + / -1% of the central wavelength of the emitted pump radiation.

[0127] Feature 43: Quantum computer according to feature 41 or 42, wherein the central wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the bandwidth of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source and the bandwidth and the central wavelength of the optical band-stop filter are matched to one another, that the calculated constructive C pk53 -value is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, where a constructive C pk53 -value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred and / or that the calculated constructive C pk53b -value is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, where a constructive C pk53b -value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred.

[0128] Feature 44: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 43, wherein the quantum computer comprises a 19" rack or a 19" server cabinet and / or wherein the quantum computer comprises an optics box with a first optical sub-path and a second optical sub-path and / or wherein the quantum computer has a control device and / or wherein the quantum computer comprises an excitation laser and / or wherein the quantum computer comprises a single-photon detector and / or a photon detector and / or wherein the quantum computer comprises an AWG and / or wherein the 19" rack or 19" server cabinet has an operating side and a maintenance side and / or wherein on the maintenance side of the 19" server cabinet, a first optical fiber optically connects the excitation laser to the first optical sub-path and / or wherein on the maintenance side of the 19" server cabinet (98) a second optical waveguide optically connects the single-photon detector or a photon detector to the second optical sub-path and / or wherein the one control device has the lowest mounting position in the 19" rack or a 19" server cabinet and / or wherein the AWG has a mounting position in the 19" rack or the 19" server cabinet that is above the mounting position of the control device in the 19" rack or a 19" server cabinet, and / or wherein the excitation laser and the single-photon detector or the photon detector each have mounting positions in the 19" rack or the 19" server cabinet that are above the mounting positions of the control device and the AWG in the 19" rack or a 19" server cabinet, and / or wherein the optics box has a mounting position in the 19" rack or the 19" server cabinet which is above the mounting positions of the control device and the AWG and the excitation laser and the single-photon detector or the photon detector in the 19" rack or a 19" server cabinet and / or wherein the length of the first optical fiber and the length of the second optical fiber are dimensioned such that the optics box can be pulled out of the 19" rack or the 19" server cabinet on the operator side for calibration and adjustment purposes without interrupting the operation of the quantum computer.

[0129] Feature 45: Quantum computer according to one of features 1 to 44, wherein the quantum computer comprises a 19" rack or a 19" server cabinet and / or wherein the quantum computer has a base plate with a square pattern of threaded holes and / or where the base plate is designed for installation in a 19" rack or a 19" server cabinet and / or wherein optical device parts and / or all optical device parts of the quantum computer are attached to the surface of the base plate by means of the threaded holes and / or wherein all other parts of the quantum computer are housed together with the base plate in the 19" rack and / or the 19" server cabinet and / or The quantum computer is equipped with wheels for its transport.

[0130] Feature 46: Quantum computer production volume wherein the quantum computer production quantity comprises a plurality of at least 5, and / or at least 10 and / or at least 20 quantum computers according to one of the preceding features and where λ opmpm the mean value of the respective upper wavelengths λ opmp the respective bandwidths λ bpmp of the respective pump radiations and where σ λopmp the scattering of the respective upper wavelengths λ opmp the respective bandwidths λ bpmp of the respective pump radiations and where λ upmpm the mean value of the respective lower wavelengths λ upmp the respective bandwidths λbpmp of the respective pump radiations and where σ λupmp the scattering of the respective lower wavelengths λ upmp the respective bandwidths λ bpmp of the respective pump radiations and where λ zpmpm =(λ opmpm +λ upmpm ) / 2 the mean value of the respective central wavelengths λ zpmp of the respective pump radiations and where A o_9m the mean value of the respective upper wavelengths λ o_9 the respective bandwidths λ b_9 the respective first optical bandpass filter and where σ λo_9m the scattering of the respective upper wavelengths λ o_9 the respective bandwidths λ b_9 the respective first optical bandpass filter and where λ u_9m the mean value of the respective lower wavelengths λ u_9 the respective bandwidths λ b_9 the respective first optical bandpass filter and where σ λu_9m the scattering of the respective lower wavelengths λ u_9 the respective bandwidths λ b_9 the respective first optical bandpass filter and where the C pk9p -value (C pk9p ) of the first optical bandpass filter of the quantum computer of the quantum computer production set is then defined as: Cpk9p=Min(|(λz_pmpm−λu_9m)|,|(λo_9m−λz_pmpm)|) / 3(σλupmp+σλopmp+σλu_9m+σλo_9m) where the C pk9p -value (C pk9p ) of the first optical bandpass filters of the quantum computers of the quantum computer production quantity is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, wherein a C pk9p -value (C pk9p ) of the first optical bandpass filter of the quantum computer of the quantum computer production quantity greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred.

[0131] Feature 47: Quantum computer production volume wherein the quantum computer production quantity comprises a plurality of at least 5, and / or at least 10 and / or at least 20 quantum computers according to one of the preceding features 1 to 45 and where λ oflm the mean value of the respective upper wavelengths λ oflp the respective bandwidths λ bfl of the respective fluorescence radiations paramagnetic centers and where σ λofl the scattering of the respective upper wavelengths λ ofl the respective bandwidths λ bfl of the respective fluorescence radiations paramagnetic centers and where λ uflm the mean value of the respective lower wavelengths λ ufl the respective bandwidths λ bfl of the respective fluorescence radiations paramagnetic centers and where σ λufl the scattering of the respective lower wavelengths λ ufl the respective bandwidths λ bflof the respective fluorescence radiations paramagnetic centers and where λ zflm =(λ oflm +λ uflm ) / 2 the mean value of the respective central wavelengths λ zfl of the respective fluorescence radiations of the paramagnetic centers and where λ o_42m the mean value of the respective upper wavelengths λ o_42 the respective bandwidths λ b_42 the respective fluorescence bandpass filter (the respective second bandpass filter) and where σ λo_42m the scattering of the respective upper wavelengths λ o_42 the respective bandwidths λ b_42 the respective fluorescence bandpass filter (the respective second bandpass filter) and where λ u_42m the mean value of the respective lower wavelengths λ u_42 the respective bandwidths λ b_42 the respective fluorescence bandpass filter (the respective second bandpass filter) and where σ λu_42mthe scattering of the respective lower wavelengths λ u_42 the respective fluorescence bandpass filter (the respective second bandpass filter) and where the C pk42p -value (C pk42p ) the fluorescence bandpass filter (the respective second bandpass filter) of the quantum computer of the quantum computer production set is then defined as: Cpk42p=Min(|(λz_flm−λu_42m)|,|(λo_42m−λz_flm)|) / 3(σλ_ufl+σλu_42m) where the C pk42p -value (C pk42p ) the fluorescence bandpass filter (the respective second bandpass filter) of the quantum computer of the quantum computer production quantity is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, wherein a C pk42p -value (C pk42p ) the fluorescence bandpass filter (the respective second bandpass filter) of the quantum computer of the quantum computer production quantity greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred.

[0132] Feature 48: Quantum computer production volume wherein the quantum computer production quantity comprises a plurality of at least 5, and / or at least 10 and / or at least 20 quantum computers according to one of features 1 to 45 and where λ opmpm the mean value of the respective upper wavelengths λ opmp the respective bandwidths λ bpmp of the respective pump radiations and where σ λopmp the scattering of the respective upper wavelengths λ opmp the respective bandwidths λ bpmp of the respective pump radiations and where λ upmpm the mean value of the respective lower wavelengths λ upmp the respective bandwidths λ bpmp of the respective pump radiations and where σ λupmp the scattering of the respective lower wavelengths λ upmp the respective bandwidths λ bpmp of the respective pump radiations and where λ zpmpm =(λ opmpm+λ upmpm ) / 2 the mean value of the respective central wavelengths λ zpmp of the respective pump radiations and where λ o_53m the mean value of the respective upper wavelengths λ o_53 the respective bandwidths λ b_53 the respective band-stop filter and where σ λo_53m the scattering of the respective upper wavelengths λ o_53 the respective bandwidths λ b_53 the respective band-stop filter and where λ u_53am the mean value of the respective lower wavelengths λ u_53 the respective bandwidths λ b_53 the band-stop filter and where σ λu_53m the scattering of the respective lower wavelengths λ u_53 the respective band-stop filter and where the C pk53p -value (C pk53p ) the band-stop filter of the quantum computer production set is then defined as: Cpk53p=Min(|(λz_pmpm−λu_53m)|,|(λo_53m−λz_pmpm)|) / 3(σλupmp+σλopmp+σλu_53m+σλo_53m) where the C pk53p -value (C pk53p ) the band-stop filter of the quantum computers of the quantum computer production quantity is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, wherein a C pk53p -value (C pk53p ) the band-stop filter of the quantum computer of the quantum computer production quantity greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred.

[0133] Within the scope of the present invention, independent protection is claimed for each of the following aspects of the quantum computer according to the invention, regardless of whether one or more of the other features are also implemented: - the quantum computer has at least one optical spatial filter, - the quantum computer has at least two optical spatial filters arranged one after the other, - the quantum computer has an optical bandpass filter for the fluorescence radiation, wherein this bandpass filter is preferably arranged between a first optical spatial filter and a second optical spatial filter, - the quantum computer has three optical paths arranged in the shape of an E or a double C, - the quantum computer has a piezoelectrically adjustable mirror for focusing on individual areas, in particular individual paramagnetic centers of the sample, - the quantum computer comprises a magnetic positioning device having a magnetic structure comprising at least one permanent magnet, wherein the magnetic flux density of the magnetic field of the at least one permanent magnet flows through the paramagnetic centers, wherein the magnetic structure preferably comprises a Halbach magnet structure, - the quantum computer consists of a rack or server cabinet with a maximum footprint of 19", - the quantum computer includes an optical neutral density filter, - the quantum computer includes at least one dichroic mirror, - the quantum computer comprises at least one polarization-sensitive mirror, - the quantum computer comprises at least one deflection mirror, - the quantum computer comprises an optical retardation plate, preferably in the form of a λ / 2 retardation plate or λ / 4 retardation plate for the pump radiation, wherein there is an optical polarization filter which is designed to reflect fluorescent radiation with a first optical polarization and to transmit fluorescent radiation with a second optical polarization different from the first polarization. List of characters

[0134] The features and further advantages of the present invention will become clear below from the description of preferred embodiments in conjunction with the figures. These show, purely schematically: Fig. 1 describes the basic function of the proposed system for describing the system. Fig. 2 shows the cage system 51 with essential optical parts of the system of Fig. 1 in supervision. Fig. 3 corresponds to the Fig. 2, where scales and exemplary dimensions are now given. Fig. 4 corresponds to the Fig. 2 to 3, where the preferred plain bearings are now marked as arrows “<->” and the fixed bearings as crosses “X”. Fig. 5 corresponds to the Fig. 2 to 4, where the exemplary E-arrangement of the optical partial paths (70,71, 72) is now shown. Fig. 6 shows a detail of the exemplary E-arrangement of the optical partial paths 70, 71, 72 and their device parts in an oblique view. Fig. 7 shows a detail of the exemplary E-arrangement of the optical sub-paths 70, 71, 72 and their device parts in another oblique view. Fig. Figure 8 shows the magnet positioning device assembly and the sample carrier device separated from the system to simplify rework. Fig. Figure 9 shows a roughly simplified schematic of a 19" server cabinet 98 with the essential components of the proposed quantum computer. Fig. 10 largely corresponds to the Fig. 1 wherein the cage system 51 is designed as a double-C structure. Fig. 11 corresponds to the Fig. 10, where now the first large “C” from the first optical sub-path 70 and the third optical sub-path 72 is marked with thick black solid lines and the second large “C” from the second optical sub-path 71 is marked with thick black dashed lines. Fig. 12 shows an exemplary screen 93 of the exemplary quantum computer, which displays exemplary operating data of an arbitrarily selected operating example. Fig. 13 shows the exemplary evaluation group 99 of the second optical partial path 71 of the Fig. 10 again. Fig. 14 shows a modified exemplary evaluation group 99 of the second optical partial path 71 of the Fig. 13. Description of the characters

[0135] The figures illustrate the proposal schematically and in a simplified manner. The disclosure of the document presented here is not limited to the figures and also includes other combinations.

[0136] Fig. Figure 1 provides a schematic and simplified overview of the proposed system. The optical components are preferably located in a cage system 51, which is further explained in the following figures. Excitation laser

[0137] The excitation laser 1 serves as an exemplary pump radiation source for the optical excitation of the NV centers 22 in the sample 21.

[0138] The excitation laser 1 emits pump radiation 54 preferably in the form of laser radiation. The pump radiation 54 has a pump radiation wavelength λ pmppreferably in a wavelength range of 400 nm to 700 nm and / or better 450 nm to 650 nm and / or better 500 nm to 330 nm and / or better 515 nm to 540 nm. In preparing the proposal, an excitation laser 1 with a pump radiation wavelength λ pmp of 514nm was successfully used to generate pump radiation 54.

[0139] Preferably, the pump radiation source in the form of the exemplary excitation laser 1 emits the pump radiation 54 into the first optical sub-path 70 in an amplitude-modulated manner. Preferably, the amplitude modulation of the pump radiation 54 of the pump radiation source in the form of the exemplary excitation laser 1 depends on an AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator is an electronic test device used to generate electrical waveforms. These waveforms can be either repetitive or one-off, in which case some kind of trigger source (internal or external) is required. The resulting waveforms can be fed into a device under test and analyzed during their passage to confirm the proper operation of the device or to locate a fault therein. - Further information can be found at https: / / en.wikipedia.org / wiki / Arbitrary waveform generator.) laser modulation signal 81.Preferably, the AWG 78 synchronizes, by means of the AWG laser modulation signal 81 or by means of a functionally equivalent signal, the emission of light pulses of the pump radiation 54 by the pump radiation source in the form of the excitation laser 1 with the feeding of microwave pulses of microwave radiation from a microwave source 55 or a microwave amplifier 55 into a microwave line 57 and / or with the feeding of RF pulses of RF radiation from an RF source 56 or an RF amplifier 56 into an RF line 58.

[0140] Typically, the AWG 78 synchronizes a fast photon counter 77 with the AWG laser modulation signal 81 and / or the AWG microwave signal 79 and / or the AWG RF signal 80 via an AWG synchronization signal 82, so that the pump radiation source in the form of the excitation laser 1 and / or the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier and / or the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier and the fast photon counter 77 are synchronized to a common temporal reference point.

[0141] Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 controls the pump radiation source, here the excitation laser 1, and its auxiliary devices via the control bus 66 and monitors the operating parameters of the pump radiation source, here the excitation laser 1, and its auxiliary devices via the control bus 66 and reads out other data of the pump radiation source, here the control laser 1, and its auxiliary devices via the control bus 66. first optical fiber

[0142] The first optical waveguide 2 of the excitation laser 1 serves to transport the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 to the cage system 51. The first optical waveguide 2 can be a glass fiber. The first optical waveguide 2 is preferably a single-mode optical waveguide and / or, better, a polarization-maintaining optical waveguide. The first optical waveguide 2 guides the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 to the cage system 51 and feeds the pump radiation 54 into the first optical subpath 70 of the cage system 51.

[0143] The optical waveguide holder 3 in the first xy adjuster 4 serves for the lateral positioning of the optical waveguide output of the first optical waveguide 2 of the excitation laser 1 and for aligning the laser beam of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 emerging from the first optical waveguide 2 of the excitation laser 1 in the cage system 51. The optical waveguide holder 3 of the first optical waveguide 2 ensures that preferably the first optical waveguide 2 radiates the pump radiation 54 in the form of the laser radiation of the excitation laser 1 preferably into the first optical partial path 70 along its optical axis.

[0144] The first optical waveguide 2 is preferably flexible, for example designed as a glass fiber, and can then mechanically decouple the excitation laser 1 from the optical system and enable the compaction of the optical device to geometric dimensions that allow installation in a 19" rack.

[0145] The excitation laser 1 feeds the pump radiation 54 into the first optical waveguide 2 at the first end of the first optical waveguide 2. The pump radiation 54 exits the optical waveguide end of the first optical waveguide 2 at the second end of the first optical waveguide 2. The first optical waveguide 2 thus feeds the pump radiation 54 into the first optical subpath 70 of the device. first collimator lens

[0146] The pump radiation 54 of the laser beam of the excitation laser 1 passes through the first collimator lens 5 after exiting the first optical waveguide 2. The first collimator lens 5 is an optical component that serves to align the light beams of the pump radiation 54 in parallel. It is used to generate a collimated light beam of the pump radiation 54 from the pump radiation 54 emerging essentially in a point-like manner at the optical waveguide end of the first optical waveguide 2. The first collimator lens 5 thus parallelizes the beam path of the pump radiation 54 in the first optical sub-path 70 and in the third optical sub-path 71.

[0147] The exemplary distance of the first collimator lens 5 from the optical waveguide end of the first optical waveguide 2 preceding in the first optical partial path 70 is in the examples of Fig. 1 to 8, exemplary 48 mm. The main function of the collimator lens 5 is to convert the diverging light of the pump radiation 54 after the pump radiation 54 exits the first optical waveguide 2 into parallel beams. The collimator lens 5 focuses the incident light of the pump radiation 54 so that the light beams of the pump radiation 54 exit the collimator lens 5 almost parallel. The collimated light beam of the pump radiation 54 has the advantage that it maintains its propagation direction within the device and exhibits only minimal divergence. This enables precise transmission of the light of the pump radiation 54 over long distances within the device without it spreading or diverging significantly. In the device of the proposed device, the collimator lens 5 is used to optimize the beam path of the laser beam of the pump radiation 54.It ensures that the laser beam of the pump radiation 54 remains parallel and focused, which is important here. The collimator lens 5 is arranged in a first z-adjuster 6 in order to be able to align the positioning of the collimator lens 5 relative to the optical axis of the system. If necessary, the collimator lens 5 should not only be displaceable relative to the optical axis of the system, but also pivotable against the two possible angles in order to minimize any imaging errors. The collimator lens 5 in the z-adjuster 6 thus serves to collimate the laser radiation of the pump radiation 54 coupled out from the first optical waveguide 2 of the excitation laser 1. The focal length f5 of the collimator lens 5 is preferably in the range of 20 mm to 100 mm and / or better 34 mm to 50 mm. optional neutral density filter

[0148] In the exemplary implementation of the device, an optional optical neutral density filter 7 is preferably inserted into the beam path of the pump radiation 54. The preferably present optical neutral density filter 7 serves in particular to adjust the level of the intensity of the pump radiation 54 in the first optical sub-path 70 and in the third optical sub-path 72.

[0149] The exemplary distance of the first collimator lens 5 from the optional optical neutral density filter 7 following in the first optical partial path 70 is in the examples of Fig. 1 to 8, exemplary 10 mm. The function of the optional optical neutral density filter 7 is to reduce the intensity of the light of the pump radiation 54 for the intended application without influencing the wavelength composition of the light of the pump radiation 54. It is an optical filter that does not selectively block certain wavelengths of the light of the pump radiation 54, but rather preferably uniformly attenuates the entire visible spectrum of the pump radiation 54. The optional optical neutral density filter 7 is preferably used to reduce the amount of light of the pump radiation 54 that strikes the paramagnetic centers 22. This can be advantageous for precise control of the paramagnetic centers 22, particularly when performing initialization operations of the paramagnetic centers 22.

[0150] Overall, the optional optical neutral density filter 7 typically enables precise control over the amount of light of the pump radiation 54 that strikes the paramagnetic centers 22 without changing the wavelength composition of the pump radiation 54. The optional optical neutral density filter 7 is preferably located in the first removable holder 8. The first removable holder 8 can, if necessary, also be fixed to the first z-adjuster 6. For the device presented here, the optional optical neutral density filter 7 is typically optional. If required, an optional optical neutral density filter 7 is located in the first removable holder 8. The optional optical neutral density filter 7 is preferably an absorbing optical neutral density filter.Preferably, the optional optical neutral density filter 7 comprises an anti-reflection coating for the spectral range from 510 nm to 540 nm, and / or better from 500 nm to 330 nm, and / or better from 450 nm to 650 nm, and / or better from 300 nm to 700 nm. The optional optical neutral density filter 7 in the removable holder 8 thus allows attenuation of the laser beam of the pump radiation 54 to optimize the manipulation capability of the device for manipulating the quantum states of the paramagnetic centers 22. first bandpass filter (laser bandpass filter)

[0151] A first optical bandpass filter 9 is preferably inserted into the beam path of the pump radiation 54. The preferably present first optical bandpass filter (also called laser bandpass filter) 9, which is located in the first optical sub-path 70, essentially transmits only electromagnetic radiation with the desired pump radiation wavelength λ pmp, which here preferably corresponds to the wavelength of the laser light of the excitation laser 1, which the first optical waveguide 2 feeds into the first optical sub-path 70. The exemplary distance of the first optical bandpass filter 9 from the optional optical neutral density filter 7 preceding it in the first optical sub-path 70 is in the examples of Fig. 1 to 8 exemplary 40 mm. In the preparation of the proposal presented here, the first optical bandpass filter 9 had a central wavelength of 513 nm with a bandwidth of 13 nm wavelength. The bandwidth of the first optical bandpass filter 9 together with the central wavelength of the first optical bandpass filter 9 can be understood as a tolerance window for the central wavelength of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 and the bandwidth of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. Typically, the laser beam of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 has an intensity distribution across the cross section of the laser beam of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1, which corresponds to a Gaussian bell (Gaussian beam). Therefore, a constructive C pk9 -value and a constructive C pk9b-value as a function of the bandwidth of the first optical bandpass filter 9 together with the central wavelength of the first optical bandpass filter 9 can be calculated as a tolerance window and from the central wavelength of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 and the bandwidth of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 as a manufacturing distribution. The document presented here proposes to coordinate the central wavelength of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 and the bandwidth of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 and the bandwidth of the first optical bandpass filter 9 together with the central wavelength of the first optical bandpass filter 9 such that the thus calculated constructive C pk9 -value is greater than 0.5, better than 0.75, better than 1.0, better than 1.25, better than 1.66. A constructive C pk9-value better than 1.66 is preferred to meet automotive manufacturing requirements. The document presented here proposes to coordinate the central wavelength of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 and the bandwidth of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 and the bandwidth of the first optical bandpass filter 9 together with the central wavelength of the first optical bandpass filter 9 such that the thus calculated constructive C pk9b -value is greater than 0.5, better than 0.75, better than 1.0, better than 1.25, better than 1.66. A constructive C pk9bA value of better than 1.66 is preferred to meet automotive manufacturing requirements. The first optical bandpass filter 9 is preferably located in the first holding plate 10. The first optical bandpass filter 9 is preferably used for spectral filtering of the emitted pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. The first optical bandpass filter 9 preferably has a central wavelength that corresponds to + / -25%, better + / -10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1%, better + / -0.5%, better + / -0.2%, better + / -0.1% of the central wavelength of the emitted laser radiation of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. However, the central wavelength of the first optical bandpass filter 9 naturally depends on the emission wavelength of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1.The tolerances of the emission wavelength of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 and the central wavelength of the first optical bandpass filter 9 must therefore be coordinated in the form of a suitable tolerance pyramid. The following applies: the more precise, the better. The first optical bandpass filter 9 preferably has a bandwidth in the range of 8 nm to 20 nm, more preferably from 8 nm to 15 nm, and preferably 13 nm. In the device used to prepare the present document, the first optical bandpass filter 9 had a bandwidth of 13 nm. λ / 2 delay plate

[0152] A λ / 2 delay plate 11 is preferably inserted into the beam path of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. The λ / 2 delay plate 11 is preferably installed in a rotating mount 12. A phase shift of the pump radiation 54 can be adjusted via the preferably present λ / 2 delay plate 11. A λ / 2 delay plate 11 (also referred to as a λ / 2 wave plate or half-wave plate) is, in the sense of the document presented here, an optical component that is inserted in an optical path to change the polarization of the pump radiation 54. The λ / 2 delay plate 11 has the special property of changing the phase shift of the incident pump radiation 54 by half a wavelength. The main function of the λ / 2 delay plate 11 is to change the polarization of the preferably linearly polarized pump radiation 54.When the linearly polarized pump radiation 54 passes through the λ / 2 retardation plate 11 and traverses the main axis of the λ / 2 retardation plate 11 at a certain angle, the polarization of the pump radiation 54 is rotated by 90 degrees. This means that a linearly polarized pump radiation beam 54 that is horizontally (or vertically) polarized transitions to a vertical (or horizontal) polarization after passing through the λ / 2 retardation plate 11.

[0153] The exemplary distance of the λ / 2 delay plate 11 from the first optical bandpass filter 9 preceding it in the first optical partial path 70 is in the examples of Fig. 1 to 8 is 10mm by way of example. The exemplary distance of the λ / 2 delay plate 11 from the dichroic mirror 13 following in the first optical sub-path 70 is in the examples of Fig. 1 to 8 exemplary 80mm.

[0154] The function of the λ / 2 retardation plate 11 is to influence the polarization properties of the light from the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. The λ / 2 retardation plate 11 is used to generate the phase shift between the oscillation components of the light. The λ / 2 retardation plate 11 preferably comprises a material with optical properties that is capable of changing the oscillation plane of the incident light from the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. It is also referred to as a half-wave plate because it causes a phase shift of exactly half a wavelength between the mutually perpendicularly polarized oscillations of the light from the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. The operation of the λ / 2 retardation plate 11 is typically based on the principle of birefringent materials.When the typically linearly polarized light of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 passes through the retardation plate 11, it is split into two perpendicularly polarized oscillation components. The phase shift of half a wavelength between the two oscillations causes the oscillation plane of the light of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 to be rotated.

[0155] Depending on the rotation angle (orientation) of the λ / 2 waveplate 11 around the optical axis and the orientation of the incident polarized light of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1, the oscillation plane of the light of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 can be rotated or reversed. This enables control over the polarization of the light of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1, which is important in the application presented here.

[0156] In summary, the λ / 2 delay plate 11 enables the targeted manipulation of the polarization of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 through a phase shift of half a wavelength. The λ / 2 delay plate 11 in the rotation mount 12 thus allows a targeted rotation of the polarization plane of the excitation laser beam of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 relative to the orientation of the axis of the paramagnetic centers 22.

[0157] The setup presented here offers the option of optionally replacing the λ / 2 waveplate 11 in the rotation mount 12 with a λ / 4 waveplate, which enables the preparation of an elliptical, preferably circular, polarization state of the laser radiation of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. Of course, other waveplates can also be used here. However, the two presented here are preferred.

[0158] If the pump radiation 54 is not sufficiently polarized upon entering the λ / 2 delay plate 11, an optional additional upstream polarization filter in the first optical sub-path 70 can improve or establish this polarization. This optional additional upstream polarization filter is shown in the Fig. 1, however, is not drawn for clarity. A knowledgeable person may read this information. dichroic mirror

[0159] A dichroic mirror 13 is then typically inserted into the beam path of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. The dichroic mirror 13 preferably transmits in the spectral range from 485 nm to 545 nm. The two immediately preceding wavelength specifications preferably have a tolerance of + / -25%, better + / -10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1%. Thus, the dichroic mirror 13 preferably transmits electromagnetic radiation with the fluorescence radiation wavelength λ flthe fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22. The dichroic mirror 13 is preferably reflective in the range from 570 nm to 825 nm. The two immediately preceding wavelength specifications preferably have a tolerance of + / -25%, better + / -10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1%, better + / -0.5%, better + / -0.2%, better + / -0.1%. Thus, the dichroic mirror 13 preferably reflects electromagnetic radiation with the pump radiation wavelength λ pmpthe pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. The function of the dichroic mirror 13 is to selectively reflect or transmit the light in the beam path of the device based on its wavelength. It is an optical filter capable of treating light of different wavelengths differently. The dichroic mirror 13 typically comprises, for example, a thin layer or coating on a glass or substrate material. This coating is preferably designed to reflect certain wavelengths of light in the beam path and transmit other wavelengths of light in the beam path.When the light of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 and / or the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 strikes the dichroic mirror 13, a portion of the light—here the light of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1—is reflected at the surface of the dichroic mirror 13, while another portion—here the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22—penetrates the material of the dichroic mirror 13. The reflected light component—here the light of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1—and the transmitted light component—here the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22—have different properties that depend on the specific coating properties of the dichroic mirror 13. Typically, the functionality of a dichroic mirror 13 is based on the principle of interference.The coating of the dichroic mirror 13 is preferably designed to manipulate the phases of the different wavelengths of the incident light so that certain wavelengths, here the pump radiation wavelength λ. pmp , reflected and others, here the fluorescence radiation wavelength λ fl , are transmitted. This allows a selective separation of the light of the pump radiation 54 with the pump radiation wavelength λ pmp and the fluorescence radiation 33 with the fluorescence radiation wavelength λ fl based on the wavelength of the respective radiation. In summary, the dichroic mirror 13 thus serves to selectively reflect or transmit light from the pump radiation 54 and the fluorescence radiation 33 based on its respective wavelength. The dichroic mirror 13 thus serves to spectrally separate or filter the light from the pump radiation 54 with the pump radiation wavelength λ.pmp and the fluorescence radiation 33 with the fluorescence radiation wavelength λ fl An optics mount 14, better a rotating mount, preferably a three-axis rotating mount, integrated in a connecting cube 15 preferably supports the dichroic mirror 13. The three-axis rotating mount 14 allows fine adjustment of the mirror alignment of the dichroic mirror 13 in the beam path of the cage system 51. Thus, the dichroic mirror 13 reflects the excitation laser beam of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1, which serves for optical excitation, toward an objective 20. The dichroic mirror 13 transmits the fluorescence radiation 33 of the NV centers 22 collected by the objective 20 toward the detection system with the single-photon detector 50. piezoelectric tilt and scanner system

[0160] Typically, a piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror 16 is inserted into the beam path following the dichroic mirror 13 in the third optical sub-path 72. The exemplary distance of the mirror of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror 16 from the dichroic mirror 13 preceding it in the third optical sub-path 72 is in the examples of Fig. 1 to 8 exemplary 122mm

[0161] The piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror 16 is preferably integrated with the holder 17 of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system 16 in a mirror holder 18.

[0162] Preferably, the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror 16 deflects the light of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 coming from the excitation laser 1 in the direction of the objective 20 by 90° + / - 10° or smaller in magnitude.

[0163] Preferably, the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror 16 deflects the light of the fluorescent radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 coming from the objective 20 in the direction of the dichroic mirror 13 by -90° + / - 10° or smaller in magnitude.

[0164] A piezoelectric tilt and scanner system 16 is preferably used for the fine positioning of the excitation location in the form of the focal point of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 on the sample 21 with the paramagnetic centers 22 by changing the angle of the optical path to the objective 20. The sample 21 preferably comprises one or more crystals, preferably diamond crystals, with paramagnetic centers 22.

[0165] Preferably, a control device 62 of the quantum computer controls the piezoelectric tilt and scanner system 16 via control lines of the piezoelectric tilt and scanner system 16. lens

[0166] Preferably, the lens 20 is inserted into the beam path of the device after the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror 16. The exemplary distance of the thread of the piezoelectric Z-lens positioner 19, into which the lens 20 is typically screwed, from the mirror of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror 16 preceding in the third optical sub-path 72 is in the examples of Fig. 1 to 8 exemplary 38mm.

[0167] The exemplary distance of the thread of the piezoelectric Z-objective positioner 19, into which the objective 20 is typically screwed, from the sample 21 following in the third optical sub-path 72 is in the examples of Fig. 1 to 8, for example, 92mm. This distance depends largely on the focal length of the lens used.

[0168] In the microprojection device described here, the objective lens 20 serves to reduce the size of the object to be imaged and to project the generated image of the light exit surface at the end of the first optical waveguide 2 for the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 onto the surface of the sample 21 as a projection surface. The objective lens 20 plays a central role in imaging and enables a significant reduction in the size of the light exit surface at the end of the first optical waveguide 2 for the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 and a high spatial resolution. The function of the objective lens 20 in the microprojection device presented here encompasses several aspects: Reduction: The lens 20 reduces the imaged light exit area at the end of the first optical fiber 2 for the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 by capturing a large angle of view and projecting it onto a smaller image field. This allows for the exposure of fine structures.

[0169] Resolution: The lens 20 has a high resolution, meaning it is capable of clearly imaging fine details of the light exit surface to be imaged at the optical fiber end of the first optical fiber 2 for the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. This enables precise and accurate imaging of the light exit surface at the optical fiber end of the first optical fiber 2 for the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 onto the surface of the sample 21.

[0170] Correction of optical aberrations: The lens 20 can be equipped with corrections for optical aberrations such as chromatic aberration, spherical aberration, and distortions. This can improve image quality and achieve a precise imaging of the light exit surface at the optical waveguide end of the first optical waveguide 2 for the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1.

[0171] Numerical aperture: The lens 20 has a numerical aperture that determines the lens 20's ability to gather light from a limited angular range. A higher numerical aperture enables better light gathering and thus higher resolution and contrast of the projected image.

[0172] Focusing: The lens 20 enables the precise focusing of the light exit surface to be imaged at the optical waveguide end of the optical waveguide 2 for the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. By adjusting the focal plane, the sharpness and clarity of the projected image on the sample 21 can be optimized.

[0173] In summary, the objective lens 20 in the microprojection device presented here has the function of reducing the imaged light exit surface at the optical waveguide end of the first optical waveguide 2 for the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1, ensuring high resolution and image quality on the surface of the sample 21, preferably also correcting optical aberrations, and enabling precise focusing. It is crucial for generating a detailed and well-projected image of the imaged light exit surface at the optical waveguide end of the first optical waveguide 2 for the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 on the surface of the sample 21.

[0174] The objective 20 focuses the laser beam of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 for optically exciting the paramagnetic centers 22 in the sample 21. The objective 20 collects the fluorescence radiation 33 emitted by the paramagnetic centers 22 in the sample 21 and feeds it to the single-photon detector 50 via other optical functional components of the setup. piezoelectric Z-lens positioner

[0175] A piezoelectric Z-lens positioner 19 is preferably used to adjust the distance between lens 20 and sample 21 to an accuracy of up to 50 nm, preferably 25 nm, preferably 10 nm, preferably 5 nm, or better. Adjusting the distance between lens 20 and sample 21 to an accuracy of up to 5 nm or better is preferred. This piezoelectric Z-lens positioner 19 can preferably also perform an adjustment in the xy direction. Sample carrier device

[0176] The structure of the sample carrier device includes, for example, a sample positioning device 26, an adapter plate 25, a PCB board 24 (PCB = printed circuit board), and the sample 21. The sample positioning device 26 positions the sample 21 relative to the objective 20, preferably with an accuracy of up to 50 nm or better. The PCB board 24 serves to attach the sample 21 to the adapter plate 25 of the sample carrier device. The PCB board 24 also serves to connect the sample 21 to the microwave sources 55 or the microwave amplifiers for microwave transmission, and to connect the sample 21 to the RF sources 56 or the RF amplifiers for RF transmission.

[0177] A microwave line 57 connects the microwave source 55 via a microwave connector 59 to a typically planar microwave line 60 on the PCB board 24. Typically, the microwave source 55 comprises a microwave amplifier that amplifies the AWG microwave signal 79 of an AWG 78 according to the setting that the microwave amplifier, as microwave source 55, received from the control device 63 via the control bus 66, and feeds it into the microwave line 57. During normal operation, the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier feeds a microwave signal into the preferably planar microwave line 61 on the PCB board 24 via the microwave connector 59.The planar microwave line 61 on the PCB board 24 is preferably arranged relative to the sample 21 and the paramagnetic centers 22 such that the microwave field of the microwave signal in the preferably planar microwave line 61 on the PCB board 24 can influence the quantum states of the paramagnetic centers 22 in the sample 21. The control device 63 preferably controls the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier via a control bus 67 by executing a computer-implemented control method for the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier using its computer core 65 and in doing so sending control commands to the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier via a control bus 66. The control device 63 preferably monitors the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier via the control bus 67 by executing the computer-implemented control method for the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier.the microwave amplifier by means of its computer core 65 and, in doing so, queries data and status data of the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier from the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier via a control bus 66. Preferably, the control device 63 monitors the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier via the control bus 67 by executing the computer-implemented control method for the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier by means of its computer core 65 and, in doing so, queries data and status data of the microwave source 56 or the microwave amplifier from the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier via a control bus 66. Preferably, a memory and / or storage medium 64 of the control device 63 comprises the program code for executing the computer-implemented control method for the microwave source 56 or the microwave amplifier by the computer core 65 of the control device 63.

[0178] An RF line 58 connects the RF source 56 via an RF connector 60 to a typically planar RF line 62 on the PCB board 24. Typically, the RF source 56 includes an RF amplifier that amplifies the AWG RF signal 80 of an AWG 78 according to the setting that the RF amplifier, as the RF source 56, received from the control device 63 via the control bus 66, and feeds it into the RF line 58. During normal operation, the RF source 56 feeds an RF signal into the preferably planar RF line 62 on the PCB board 24 via the RF connector 60. Preferably, the planar RF line 62 on the PCB board 24 is arranged relative to the sample 21 and the paramagnetic centers 22 in such a way that the RF field of the RF signal in the preferably planar RF line 62 on the PCB board 24 encloses the quantum states of the paramagnetic centers 22 and the nuclear spins of isotopes with a magnetic nuclear moment, e.g.14 N, 15 N, 13 C, in which the sample can influence 21. These nuclear spins of isotopes with magnetic nuclear moment - e.g. 14 N, 15 N, 13C, in the sample 21, nuclear quantum bits 67 form, which can be manipulated and read out by means of the paramagnetic centers 22. Using the microwave signals in conjunction with the RF signals and in conjunction with the possibly pumped pump radiation 54, the device can manipulate the quantum states of the paramagnetic centers 22 as electronic quantum bits and / or the quantum states of the nuclear quantum bits. Using the microwave signals in conjunction with the RF signals and in conjunction with the possibly pumped pump radiation 54, and by evaluating the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22, the device can read out the quantum states of the paramagnetic centers 22 as electronic quantum bits and / or the quantum states of the nuclear quantum bits. Preferably, the control device 63 controls the RF source 56 orthe RF amplifier by executing the computer-implemented control method for the RF source 56 using its computer core 65 and sending control commands to the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier via the control bus 66. Preferably, the control device 63 monitors the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier via the control bus 66 by executing the computer-implemented control method for the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier using its computer core 65 and querying data and status data of the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier from the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier via the control bus 66. Preferably, a memory and / or storage medium 64 of the control device 63 comprises the program code for executing the computer-implemented control method for the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier by the computer core 65 of the control device 63.

[0179] Preferably, the control device 63 (see also Fig. 5) one or more memories and / or one or more storage media 64 in which the program code for a higher-level computer-implemented control method for the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier on the one hand and / or for the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier on the other hand is stored and is kept ready for execution by the computer core 65 of the control device 63 at least temporarily. Preferably, the program code of the higher-level computer-implemented control method in the one memory or the multiple memories and / or in the one storage medium 64 or the multiple storage media 64 comprises the program code of the computer-implemented control method of the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier.The program code of the higher-level computer-implemented control program in the one memory or multiple memories and / or in the one storage medium 64 or multiple storage media 64 preferably comprises the program code of the computer-implemented control method of the RF source 55 or the RF amplifier. The one or more memories and / or the one or more storage media 64 of the control device 63 are preferably coupled to the computer core 65 of the control apparatus 63 via an internal data bus 68. The computer core 65 of the control apparatus 63 is preferably coupled to a data interface 69 via an internal data bus 68. The computer core 65 of the control apparatus can typically access the control bus 66 via the data interface 69 and control and / or monitor device parts of the device and / or read data from device parts of the device.Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 controls and monitors the excitation laser 1 of the device via the control bus 66.

[0180] Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 controls and monitors the single-photon detector 50 of the device via the control bus 66 and preferably reads its data via the control bus 66. The device may comprise further device components such as waveform generators, lock-in amplifiers, amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters, etc., which may also be part of the device components already mentioned here. If possible, the computer core 65 of the device also controls and monitors these device components via a control bus 66 and, if necessary, reads their data. In this context, the document presented here refers to the prior art documents that describe these device components and their operation in more detail.

[0181] The sample 21 preferably comprises a diamond material with paramagnetic centers 22 as electronic quantum bits and preferably nuclear quantum bits. The sample 21 preferably comprises a microwave antenna 23, which is preferably connected to the microwave line 61. The sample 21 preferably comprises an RF antenna 23, which is preferably connected to the RF line 62. However, it is also conceivable for the microwave line 61 to serve as a microwave antenna if the microwave line 61 is positioned close enough to the paramagnetic centers 22. However, it is also conceivable for the RF line 61 to serve as an RF antenna if the RF line 62 is positioned close enough to the paramagnetic centers 22 and the isotopes 67 with nuclear spins that serve as nuclear quantum bits and that can couple with the paramagnetic centers 22.

[0182] It is also conceivable to couple the RF signal and the microwave signal into a common waveguide via a wave coupler and to use this common waveguide and a common antenna instead of two separate waveguides, the microwave line 61 and the RF line 62. Particularly preferably, the waveguide is a waveguide comprising the microwave line 61 and the RF line 62. It is preferably a differential tri-plate waveguide. In this context, the document presented here refers to the German utility model DE 20 2023 101 056 U1, the content of which is incorporated in its entirety by reference. Magnetic positioning device structure

[0183] The magnetic positioning device assembly preferably comprises a magnetic positioning device 28, an adapter plate 29, and a magnetic assembly 30. The magnetic positioning device 28 preferably positions the magnetic assembly 30 relative to the sample 21 with a relative positional accuracy of the magnetic assembly 30 relative to the sample 21 of better than 10 µm, better than 5 µm, better than 2 µm, better than 1 µm, better than 0.5 µm, better than 0.2 µm, better than 0.1 µm, better than 50 µm, better than 20 µm, and better than 10 µm. A relative positioning accuracy of the magnetic assembly 30 relative to the sample 21 of better than 50 µm is typically sufficient and preferred. The magnetic assembly 30 optionally comprises a single magnet or a Halbach magnet assembly 30.

[0184] A Halbach magnet structure as a magnet structure 30, a so-called Halbach array, is described in the Wikipedia article https: / / de.wikipedia.org / wiki / Halbach-Array. The document presented here quotes this article as follows: "A Halbach array is a special configuration of permanent magnets. It allows the magnetic flux to almost cancel out on one side, but to strengthen it on the other. [...] A Halbach array is composed of segments of permanent magnets whose magnetization direction is tilted by 90° relative to each other in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the array. As a result, the field lines on the side in which the field director is tilted move closer together, which increases the magnetic flux density. On the opposite side, the field lines are less close together than in the undisturbed magnet, so the field is weakened or increased even at close distances."disappears completely, since the north and south poles alternate. In principle, the magnetization directions of neighboring segments can also enclose an angle of less than 90°, which makes assembly more complex but still improves the field concentration. The ideal case of perfectly one-sided field concentration is achieved by continuously changing the magnetization direction,[4] which is no longer achieved by joining individual permanent magnets, but by one-sided anisotropic magnetization of a flat magnetic material."

[0185] A Halbach array as a magnetic assembly 30, as defined in the document presented here, is an arrangement of magnets that generates a magnetic field with special properties and comprises a series of permanent magnets that are typically arranged so that the flux density of the magnetic field is increased on one side, while the flux density of the magnetic field is greatly weakened on the other side. The main function of the Halbach array in the magnetic assembly 30 is to generate a strong and focused magnetic field on one side, while creating a very weak magnetic field on the opposite side. This one-sided magnetic field is used in the applications described here to generate a strong and homogeneous magnetic field.Through the targeted arrangement of the permanent magnets in the Halbach array of the magnet assembly 30, the magnetic field can be optimized and adapted to the specific requirements of the technical solution presented here. This enables a more efficient use of the magnetic forces to influence the paramagnetic centers 22 as electronic quantum bits and the nuclear spins of the isotopes with a magnetic moment, which serve as nuclear quantum bits.

[0186] Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 controls the magnetic positioning device 28 via the exemplary control bus 66. Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 detects a measured value for the fluorescence radiation 33 of one or more paramagnetic centers 22 using the single-photon detector 50 and, if applicable, other auxiliary devices of the device, and determines therefrom a measured value that depends on the magnetic flux density at the location of the one or more paramagnetic centers 22. If this measured value deviates from a reference value, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 or another part of the device, for example a PID or PD controller, determines the control deviation and changes the magnetic flux density flowing through the paramagnetic centers 22 of the sample 21 accordingly.Such a change can occur, for example, by changing the current supply to a coil whose magnetic flux density flows through the paramagnetic centers 22. Such a change can also occur by changing the positioning of the Hallbach magnet array 30 relative to the sample 21 with the paramagnetic centers 22. To this end, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 can, for example via the control bus 66, cause a magnet positioning device 28 to use appropriate positioning commands to change the positioning of the Hallbach magnet array 30 relative to the sample 21 with the paramagnetic centers 22 in accordance with the transmitted signaling. As a result, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 can stabilize the magnetic flux density at the location of the paramagnetic centers 22 and adjust it to a desired value. In the example of the . Fig. 1, the magnet positioning device 28 is mechanically connected to the Hallbach magnet array 30 by means of an adapter plate 29, so that the magnet positioning device 28 can change the position of the Hallbach magnet array 30 relative to the sample 21.

[0187] Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 can control a sample positioning device 26 via the control bus 66 and query its status and other data from the sample positioning device 26. The sample positioning device 26 is in the example of Fig. 1 is mechanically connected to the PCB board 24 of the sample carrier device via an adapter plate 25 of the sample carrier device. As a result, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 can use the sample positioning device 26 to change the position of the sample 21, which is located on the PCB board 24 of the sample carrier device, and the paramagnetic centers 22 located in the sample 21 relative to the objective 22 and adapt them to requirements.

[0188] Using the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror 16, the device is capable of scanning an area of ​​the sample surface 21 with pump radiation 54. The pump radiation 54 penetrates the surface of the sample and generates a fluorescence signal of the fluorescence radiation 33 when the focus point, which moves during scanning, encounters one or more paramagnetic centers 22 on or near the surface of the sample. This eliminates the need for a camera. A camera would have to be inserted into the beam path via a semi-transparent mirror, which would impair photon efficiency. The solution using a piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror 16 is therefore advantageous.Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 controls the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror 16 via the control bus 66 and monitors the operating parameters of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror 16 via the control bus 66 and reads other data from the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror 16 via the control bus 66.

[0189] The sample carrier device and the magnetic positioning device assembly are preferably connected to and aligned with each other by a common base plate 27. The base plate 27 is preferably fixed to the base plate 52. The base plate 52 is preferably fixed to a housing, for example, a 19" rack, by means of damping means. For example, the base plate 52 can also be located on a damping table or be part of a damping table. optical sub-paths of the device

[0190] Preferably, the network of optical paths of the device can be divided into at least three optical sub-paths 70, 71, 72. In the example of Fig. 1, these are the first optical sub-path 70, the second sub-path 71 and the third optical sub-path 72.

[0191] The first optical sub-path 70 comprises the pump radiation source, here the excitation laser 1, and the first optical functional elements for processing the radiation of the pump radiation source, here the excitation laser 1, for use as pump radiation 54 in the device, as well as a second optical coupling functional element, here the dichroic mirror 13, for coupling the pump radiation 54 of the first optical sub-path into the third optical sub-path.

[0192] The second optical sub-path 71 comprises a third optical coupling functional element, here the dichroic mirror 13, for coupling out the fluorescent radiation 33 from the third optical sub-path and fourth optical functional elements for processing the fluorescent radiation 33 for detection by a photodetector, here the exemplary single-photon detector 50.

[0193] The third optical sub-path 72 comprises the second optical coupling functional element, here the dichroic mirror 13, for coupling the pump radiation 54 into the third optical sub-path and the third optical coupling functional element, here the dichroic mirror 13, for coupling the fluorescence radiation 33 into the second optical sub-path and fifth optical functional elements for optimally irradiating the paramagnetic centers 22 with pump radiation 54 and for detecting the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 with as little loss as possible.

[0194] In the example of Fig. 1, the second optical coupling functional element is identical to the third optical coupling functional element. The second optical coupling functional element and the third optical coupling functional element are in the example of Fig. 1 around the dichroic mirror 13.

[0195] The first optical functional elements in the example include the Fig. 1 the first optical waveguide 2, the first collimator lens 5, the optional optical neutral density filter 7, the typically provided, optional first optical bandpass filter 9, the preferably also provided and the also optional λ / 2 delay plate 11 or λ / 4 delay plate.

[0196] The third optical functional elements include in the example of the Fig. 1 an optical long-pass filter 31, an optical band-stop filter 53, an optional mirror 13, a first focusing lens 36, a pinhole 37, a second collimator lens 39, a fluorescence band-pass filter 42, a second focusing lens 45, and a second optical waveguide 49 of the single-photon detector 50.

[0197] The fifth optical functional elements include in the example of Fig. 1 the mirror of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system 16, and the lens 20.

[0198] The dichroic mirror 13 separates the pump radiation 54 from the electromagnetic radiation 33, 54 reradiated by the paramagnetic centers 22 and the sample 21 via the objective 20 and the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system 16 with a mirror, and reradiates it in the direction of the first optical waveguide 2, for example, at a 90° angle. Preferably, the device absorbs pump radiation 54 scattered in this region. The dichroic mirror 13 also separates the fluorescence radiation 33 from the electromagnetic radiation 33, 54 reradiated by the paramagnetic centers 22 and the sample 21 via the objective 20 and the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system 16 with a mirror, and typically allows it to pass in the direction of the single-photon detector 50. The dichroic mirror 13 thus splits the optical path from the objective 20 into two partial optical paths 70, 71.

[0199] The first optical sub-path 70 comprises, for example, the excitation laser 1, the first optical waveguide 2, the first collimator lens 5, the optional optical neutral density filter 7, the typically provided, optional first optical bandpass filter 9, the preferably also provided, likewise optional λ / 2 delay plate 11 or λ / 4 delay plate, and the dichroic mirror 13.

[0200] The second optical sub-path 71 comprises, for example, the dichroic mirror 13, an optical long-pass filter 31, an optical band-stop filter 53, an optional mirror 33, a first focusing lens 36, a pinhole 37, a second collimator lens 39, a fluorescence band-pass filter 42, a second focusing lens 45, a second optical waveguide 49 of the single-photon detector 50, and the single-photon detector 50. The second optical waveguide 49 can also be designed as a glass fiber.

[0201] The third optical sub-path 72 comprises, for example, the dichroic mirror 13, the mirror of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system 16, the objective 20 and the sample 21 with the paramagnetic centers 22 and the nuclear spins of the isotopes with a magnetic moment (e.g. 14 N, 15 N, 13 C). optical longpass filter

[0202] Behind the dichroic mirror 13 is thus in the example the Fig. 1 an optical long-pass filter 31 is inserted. The second removable holder 32 comprises this optical long-pass filter 31. The exemplary distance of the optical long-pass filter 31 from the deflection mirror 34 following in the second optical sub-path is in the examples of Fig. 1 to 8 is 32mm. The exemplary distance of the optical long-pass filter 31 from the dichroic mirror 13 preceding it in the second optical sub-path is in the examples of Fig. 1 to 8, exemplary 50 mm. The optical long-pass filter 31 typically serves to filter out the laser radiation reflected by the sample and collected by the objective 20, as well as the reflected pump radiation 54 transmitted into the second optical sub-path despite the dichroic mirror 13. It is essential that the intensity of the pump radiation 33 in the second optical sub-path is reduced as much as possible, while the intensity of the fluorescence radiation 33 should preferably remain as unchanged and as constant as possible in the second optical sub-path over the entire length of the second optical sub-path compared to the intensity of the fluorescence radiation in the third optical sub-path in order to achieve maximum photon yield for the single-photon detector 50. This optimizes the signal-to-noise ratio of the output signal of the single-photon detector 50.

[0203] Preferably, the optical long-pass filter 31 has an edge wavelength λ 31 =542 nm + / -25%, better + / - 10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1%. optional optical band-stop filter

[0204] Optionally, for further suppression of the reflected pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 in the second optical sub-path, an optical band-stop filter 53 can be integrated in the removable holder 32 in the second optical sub-path after the optical long-pass filter 31.

[0205] Preferably, the optical band-stop filter 53 has a central wavelength which corresponds to + / -25%, better + / -10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1% of the central wavelength of the emitted laser radiation.

[0206] Preferably, the optical band-stop filter 53 has a bandwidth of 17 nm + / -25%, better + / - 10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1%. Deflecting mirror

[0207] Preferably, a deflecting mirror, mirror 34, is inserted into the beam path of the second partial optical path, which shortens the overall length of the optical system so that it can be accommodated, for example, in a conventional 19" rack. Said mirror 34, in a preferably adjustable mirror mount 35, thus serves to deflect the beam path to compact the system of the device. Preferably, mirror 34 deflects the beam path in the second partial beam path by approximately 90° + / - 10°, better + / - 5°, better + / - 1°, better + / - 1°, better + / - 0.5°, better + / - 0.1°, better + / - 0.1°. first focusing lens

[0208] Preferably, a first focusing lens 36 is inserted into the beam path of the second optical sub-path 71. The focusing lens 36 is preferably an achromatic focusing lens. The first focusing lens 36 preferably serves to focus the photoluminescence signal of the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 in the second optical sub-path onto a pinhole 37. The exemplary distance of the pinhole 37 from the focusing lens 36 is Fig. 1 to 8 is 37mm. The exemplary distance of the focusing lens 36 from the deflection mirror 34 preceding it in the second optical sub-path is in the examples of Fig. 1 to 8 exemplary 43mm. The focal length of the first focusing lens 36 is preferably f 37= 30 mm + / -25%, better + / - 10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1%. The first focusing lens 36 preferably has the same focal length as the second collimator lens 39, which preferably follows it in the beam path of the second optical subpath. In principle, other focal lengths of the lenses (39, 36) could also be selected. Focal lengths between approximately 7 mm and 100 mm would probably be practical. pinhole

[0209] Preferably, a pinhole 37 is inserted into the beam path of the second optical sub-path behind the focusing lens 36. The pinhole 37 is preferably located in an xyz adjuster 38, which enables exact positioning of the pinhole 37 in the beam path of the second optical sub-path. The exemplary distance of the second collimator lens 39 from the pinhole 37 is Fig. 1 to 8 exemplary 39mm. The xyz adjuster 38 of the pinhole 37 is typically used for fine positioning of the pinhole 37 in the common focal point of the first focusing lens 36 and the second collimator lens 39. In a high C pk In a device manufactured with the same values, this xyz adjuster 38 of the pinhole 37 should not be necessary. The pinhole 37 preferably has an aperture with a diameter in the range of 5 µm to 50 µm, better still, 10 µm to 20 µm. The pinhole 37 serves to spatially filter the photoluminescence signal 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 collected by the objective 20. Second collimator lens

[0210] Preferably, a second collimator lens 39 is inserted into the beam path of the second optical sub-path behind a pinhole 37. Preferably, the second collimator lens 39 is an achromatic collimator lens. The second collimator lens 39 is preferably inserted into the second holder plate 40. The second collimator lens 39 serves to collimate the light beam of the fluorescent radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22. The first focusing lens 36, which preferably precedes it in the beam path of the second optical sub-path, preferably has the same focal length as the second collimator lens 39. The focal length of the second collimator lens 39 is preferably f 40 = 30 mm + / -25%, better + / - 10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1%. In principle, other focal lengths for the 39 mm and 36 mm lenses could also be selected. Focal lengths between approximately 7 mm and 100 mm would probably be practical. Optical spatial filter

[0211] The first focusing lens 36 and the pinhole 37 and the second collimator lens 39 together form a first optical spatial filter for separating the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 from the radiation in the second optical partial path of the device. Since other optical spatial filter designs - for example based on optical waveguides - are also known, the second optical sub-path thus comprises, for example, the dichroic mirror 13, an optical long-pass filter 31, an optical band-stop filter 53, an optional mirror 33, a first optical spatial filter, here comprising the first focusing lens 36, the pinhole 37 and the second collimator lens 39, a fluorescence band-pass filter 42, a second focusing lens 45, a second optical waveguide 49 of the single-photon detector 50 and the single-photon detector 50. The second focusing lens 45 and the second optical waveguide 49 form a second optical spatial filter.

[0212] The function of the first optical spatial filter 36, 37, 30 is to isolate and separate the fluorescence radiation 33 from the point of the paramagnetic centers 22 used in the spatial region of the paramagnetic centers 22 used in the sample 21 from other radiation components and to minimize the influence of other light sources in the beam path of the device and the sample 21. This is used in the fluorescence microscopy used here to enhance the fluorescence signal of the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers 22 of the sample 21 and to reduce background noise. By using the first optical spatial filter, the scattered light or light from neighboring sample regions can be effectively blocked, so that the light of interest of the fluorescence radiation 33 from the target region of the paramagnetic centers 22 can be isolated and detected in the downstream single-photon detector 50.

[0213] The first optical spatial filter can be implemented as an aperture, a pinhole, or a spatial filter with more complex optical elements such as gratings or special lenses. The selection of the appropriate filter size and geometry depends on the specific application and the desired spatial resolution requirements and should be calculated and confirmed by simulation during rework.

[0214] Overall, the first optical spatial filter enables improved spatial resolution, contrast enhancement and selective detection of fluorescence signals of the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers 22 of the sample 21 from a specific region of the sample 21 with the paramagnetic centers 22 of the sample 21.

[0215] There are various ways to implement an optical spatial filter to isolate the fluorescence signal from the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers 22 of sample 21 and suppress light from other light sources. This paper lists some methods for implementing such an optical spatial filter: Aperture: A simple way to implement an optical spatial filter is to place an aperture—here, the pinhole 37—in the beam path of the second optical path of the device. The aperture is an opaque or impermeable plate with a small central hole that acts as a pinhole. The light from the point light source of interest—here, the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22—can pass through the hole, while the light from other areas is blocked.

[0216] Pinhole: A pinhole is a tiny hole drilled or cut directly into an opaque plate. It functions similarly to an aperture, allowing only the light from the selected point light source—here, the fluorescence radiation 33 from the paramagnetic centers 22—to pass through.

[0217] Spatial filter (Z-scanner): This is a mechanical device that allows light from different depth levels to be filtered. Light from a specific focal point in the sample chamber—here, the fluorescence radiation 33 from the paramagnetic centers 22—is selectively transmitted, while light from other depth levels is suppressed.

[0218] Grid aperture: A grid aperture preferably comprises a grid with closely spaced holes or slits. It allows only light from a specific spatial region near the optical axis—here, the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22—to pass through, while blocking light from other regions.

[0219] Mask: A specially shaped opaque mask is used to transmit light only from a specific area—here, the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22. The mask can be manufactured using techniques such as photolithography to create precisely defined patterns.

[0220] Holographic spatial filter: A holographic spatial filter is created using holographic techniques to filter out light from a specific spatial region—here the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22—and suppress other regions.

[0221] Optical fiber: Optical fibers can also act as spatial filters by efficiently collecting light from specific spatial regions in the environment—here, the fluorescence radiation 33 from the paramagnetic centers 22—while omitting light from other regions. This principle is used in second optical spatial filters 45, 49.

[0222] The spatial filtering of the photoluminescence signal 33 of the NV centers 22 collected by the objective 20 by means of the optical spatial filter, here the pinhole 37, results in the device subsequently detecting only the signal from the focal volume of the objective 20 - here the fluorescence radiation 33 from the region of the paramagnetic centers 22 of the sample 21. Fluorescence bandpass filter (second bandpass filter)

[0223] Preferably, a further fluorescence bandpass filter 42 is inserted into the beam path of the second optical subpath behind the first optical spatial filter. The fluorescence bandpass filter 42 is an optical bandpass filter in the sense of the document presented here. The exemplary distance of the further fluorescence bandpass filter 42 from the second collimator lens 39 is Fig. 1 to 8 is 76mm. The exemplary distance of the further fluorescence bandpass filter 42 from the second holding plate 40 of the second collimator lens 39 is in the examples of Fig. 1 to 8 exemplary 55mm. The fluorescence bandpass filter 42 is preferably located in a third preferably removable holder 43. The fluorescence bandpass filter 42 typically serves for the further spectral selection of the collected and here already spatially filtered photoluminescence signal 41 fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 to a spatially and spectrally selected photoluminescence signal 44. The fluorescence bandpass filter 42 preferably has a central wavelength of 697 nm + / -25%, better + / - 10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1%, better + / -0.5%, better + / -0.2%, better + / -0.1%. The fluorescence bandpass filter 42 preferably has a bandwidth of 75 nm + / - 25%, better + / - 10%, better + / - 5%, better + / - 2%, better + / - 1%, better + / - 0.5%, better + / - 0.2%, better + / - 0.1%.

[0224] It has been shown that this second bandpass filter has a particularly beneficial effect on the properties of the quantum computer, especially in combination with the first optical spatial filter and / or the second optical spatial filter. second focusing lens

[0225] Preferably, a second focusing lens 45 is inserted into the beam path of the second optical sub-path behind the further fluorescence bandpass filter 42 and behind the optical spatial filter. The exemplary distance of the center of the second focusing lens 45 from the center of the further fluorescence bandpass filter 42 is in the examples of Fig. 1 to 8, an exemplary 55mm. The second focusing lens 45 is preferably an achromatic focusing lens. The second focusing lens 45 is preferably mounted in a second z-adjuster 46. Instead of a second z-adjuster 46, a different adjuster that allows the z-adjustment can also be used here. The second z-adjuster 46 can, if necessary, also be fully automatic and motor-driven. In this case, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 preferably controls the motor of the second z-adjuster 46 via the control bus 66 of the device. In this case, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 preferably monitors the electrical control of the motor of the second z-adjuster 46 and reads operating parameters and data acquired therefrom as needed. In the examples in the figures, the second z-adjuster 46 is operated manually, for example.Preferably, the second focusing lens 45 serves to focus the spatially and spectrally filtered photoluminescence signal 44 onto the optical fiber input of the second optical fiber 49 of the single-photon detector 50. The focal length f. 45 the second focusing lens 45 is preferably at f 45 = 10 mm + / -25%, better + / - 10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1%. The focal length f 45 of the second focusing lens 45 typically depends on the choice of the second optical waveguide 49, for example the second glass fiber 49, of the single-photon detector 50. The focal length f 45 The second focusing lens 45 can therefore also be used in a focal length range of f 45 = 150mm to 1mm. second optical fiber

[0226] The second optical waveguide 49 is preferably a single-mode optical waveguide and / or, better, a polarization-maintaining optical waveguide. The second optical waveguide 49 transports the spectrally and spatially filtered photoluminescence signal of the fluorescent radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 to the single-photon detector 50. The second optical waveguide 49 can be designed as a glass fiber. The optical waveguide holder 47 in the xy adjuster 48 serves to position the optical waveguide input of the second optical waveguide 49 relative to the focal point of the second focusing lens 45 for the fluorescent radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 in the cage system 51. The exemplary distance of the center of the second focusing lens 45 from the optical waveguide input of the second optical waveguide 49 is, in the examples presented here, Fig. 1 to 8, an exemplary 46 mm. The second optical waveguide 49 mechanically decouples the single-photon detector 50 from the optical system and allows the optical device to be compacted to geometric dimensions that allow installation in a 19" rack. The second optical waveguide 49 typically irradiates the single-photon detector 50 with the spectrally and spatially filtered photoluminescence signal of the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22.

[0227] The second optical waveguide 49 is preferably flexible, for example designed as a glass fiber, and can then mechanically decouple the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 from the optical system and enable the compaction of the optical device to geometric dimensions that allow installation in a 19'' rack. Second optical spatial filter

[0228] The second optical waveguide 49 and the second focusing lens 45 together form a second optical spatial filter, which further improves the selectivity of the optical spatial filtering of the first optical spatial filter.

[0229] It is therefore a preferred feature of the device proposed here that it has a double optical spatial filter in the second partial optical path. Base plate

[0230] A base plate 52 on a damping table is preferably used to secure all components to each other and to dampen vibrations / shocks. In the example of the Fig. 1 is a base plate 52 with a grid of mounting sockets for mounting in a 19'' rack. Single-photon detector

[0231] The single-photon detector 50 typically converts the spectrally and spatially filtered photoluminescence signal of the fluorescent radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 into a first photon detection signal 83 and, if appropriate, a second photon detection signal 84. The first photon detection signal 83 may, if appropriate, also be identical to the second photon detection signal 84.

[0232] A slow photon counter 76 is preferably connected to the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 directly or indirectly via a first photon detection signal 83. The slow photon counter 76 typically counts the photons whose reception the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 signals via the first photon detection signal 83, typically without a time stamp. The slow photon counter 76 typically serves to generate a scan image 91 by the control device 63.

[0233] To create the scan image 91, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 preferably sets a predetermined focal point on the surface of the sample 21 via the control bus 66 and by means of a mirror mount 18 with a piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16. Using the slow photon counter 76, the computer core typically counts the photons whose reception the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 signals via the first photon detection signal 83. For this purpose, the computer core 65 preferably executes program code for a computer-implemented scan image creation method for a scan image 91, which program code is located in a memory and / or in a storage medium 64 of the control device 63.Preferably, after a predetermined period of time, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 reads the photon count value determined by the slow photon counter 76 for this currently set focal point on the surface of the sample 21 from the slow photon counter 76 via the control bus 66. Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 stores the photon count value thus determined in a data record of a computer-implemented photon count database in a memory and / or in a storage medium 64 of the control device 63. Each data record of the photon count database preferably includes information about the detected photon count value and the spatial coordinate of the focal point on the surface of the sample 21 associated with this photon count value.In addition to a two-dimensional scan, a three-dimensional scan is also conceivable, in which the computer core 65 of the control device 63 sets the focal point not only in the x- and y-direction, for example, by means of the mirror holder 18 with a piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16, to a predetermined focal point on the surface of the sample 21, but also in the z-direction by means of a sample positioning device 26 via the control bus 66. In this case, a data record of the photon count database includes information about the recorded photon count and the spatial coordinates of the focal point in the sample 21 associated with this photon count. The photon counts typically represent fluorescence intensity values ​​of the fluorescence radiation 33 of paramagnetic centers 22 at the spatial coordinates of the corresponding focal points.

[0234] Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 determines the image data for a computer-implemented scan image 91 by executing the program code of the computer-implemented scan image creation method and stores it in an image storage area, which is preferably located in a memory and / or in a storage medium 64 of the control device 63. Preferably, an imaging unit, for example a screen, displays this computer-implemented scan image 91 in a manner perceivable by humans. The computer-implemented scan image 91 preferably includes information about the spatial coordinates of the paramagnetic centers 22 in the sample 21 and, if applicable, their quantum states. This enables the selection of clusters of paramagnetic centers 22 for use as quantum dots of the quantum computer.Typically, the intensity values ​​of the computer-implemented scan image 91 represent fluorescence intensity values ​​of the fluorescence radiation 33 of paramagnetic centers 22 at the spatial coordinates of the corresponding focus points.

[0235] A fast photon counter 77 is typically connected to the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 directly or indirectly via a second photon detection signal 84. Preferably, the fast photon counter 77 includes a time base, for example, in the form of a clock, in order to be able to determine and record the time values ​​of points in time. The fast photon counter 77 typically counts the photon detection events transmitted by the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 by means of the second photon detection signal 84. In doing so, the fast photon counter 77 preferably records each photon detection event and preferably provides each photon detection event thus recorded with a time stamp for the time of arrival corresponding to the current time value of its time base at the time of this arrival relative to a temporal reference point.Preferably, the AWG 78 signals this temporal reference point to the fast photon counter 77 by means of an AWG synchronization signal 82. Preferably, the fast photon counter 77 sets the time value of its time base to a predetermined time value, for example zero, depending on this AWG synchronization signal 82. As a result, the time base of the fast photon counter 77 is synchronous with the modulation of the pump radiation 54 of the pump radiation source, for example in the form of the excitation laser 1 and / or with the modulation of the microwave signal of the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier and / or with the modulation of the RF signal of the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier.

[0236] Preferably, the fast photon counter 77 and / or the computer core 65 of the control device 63 create a photon histogram from the time stamps of the detected photon detection events thus acquired in order to determine the statistical temporal distribution of the photon events.

[0237] For this purpose, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 preferably executes a computer-implemented statistical evaluation method, which preferably evaluates the recorded time stamps of the detected photon detection events. Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 queries the recorded time stamps of the photon detection events from the fast photon counter 77 via the control bus 66. The program code for the computer-implemented statistical evaluation method is preferably located in a memory and / or in a storage medium 64 of the control device 63. When executed by the computer core 65 of the control device 63, the computer-implemented statistical evaluation method preferably generates a histogram of the recorded time stamps of the detected photon detection events.Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 uses the aforementioned computer-implemented statistical evaluation method in the memory and / or storage medium 64 of the control device 63 to infer a quantum state of the paramagnetic centers 22 in the sample 21. Preferably, the content of the memory and / or storage medium 64 of the control device 63 also includes program code of a computer-implemented quantum computer program, which the computer core 65 of the control device 63 typically executes as needed. Typically, this program code includes the computer-implemented quantum computer program. • at least one program code for modifying the quantum state of at least one paramagnetic center, for example an NV center 22, and / or the quantum state of a nuclear quantum bit (a nuclear spin of an isotope with a magnetic nuclear moment) in the sample 21 and / or • at least one program code for reading the quantum state of at least one paramagnetic center, for example an NV center 22, and / or the quantum state of a nuclear quantum bit (a nuclear spin of an isotope with a magnetic nuclear moment) in the sample 21.

[0238] The computer core 65 of the control device 63 preferably accesses this measured value or values ​​derived from this and / or other measured values ​​via the control bus 66. Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 controls the single-photon detector 50 and its auxiliary devices via the control bus 66 and monitors the operating parameters of the single-photon detector 50 and its auxiliary devices via the control bus 66 and reads other data from the single-photon detector 50 and its auxiliary devices via the control bus 66.

[0239] Fig. 2 shows the cage system 51 with essential optical parts of the system of Fig. 1 in plan view. Regarding the description of the device components of the cage system 51, the document presented here refers to the previous description of the Fig. 1. In the example of Fig. 1, the threaded holes in the base plate 52 are spaced at an exemplary distance of 1 inch, which can be used as a reference scale for the sizes of the fixture parts. It should be noted that the scale in the X-direction in the Fig. 2 deviates slightly from the scale in the Y-direction. For greater clarity, this document refers to the following Fig. 3. In the Fig. 2, the actual optical functional elements are not always specified. In this regard, the document presented here refers to the following Fig. 3.

[0240] For further description of the figure, the document presented here refers to the previous descriptions of the other figures.

[0241] The Fig. 3 corresponds to the Fig. 2, where scales and exemplary dimensions are now given. For better orientation of the reader, the reference symbols of the optical functional elements located in their respective holders are added in parentheses to the reference symbols of their respective holders. The dimensions are exemplary and can be changed if necessary during rework. Please note that the drawing is slightly distorted in the X direction compared to the Y direction, which does not, however, detract from the content of the technical teaching of the disclosure of the document presented here. For better orientation, the positions of the mirrors 34, 16 and the dichroic mirror 13 are indicated by dashed lines. The first optical sub-path 70 and the second optical sub-path 71 and the third optical sub-path 72 are shown with their optical axes as bold black dashed lines.The dichroic mirror 13 is common to the first optical sub-path 70, the second optical sub-path 71, and the third optical sub-path 72. The first optical sub-path 70, the second optical sub-path 71, and the third optical sub-path 72 form an optical path system in the shape of a capital "E." (See also .) Fig. 5). This design of the device's optical path system as a capital "E" enables a particularly compact design of the device and the integration of the device into a 19" rack.

[0242] Characteristic of the device proposed in this document is the use of at least one mirror 34 for deflecting the second optical partial path 71. This makes such compaction of the optical device possible.

[0243] The device proposed in this document is therefore also characterized by the use of at least one further mirror 16 for deflecting the third partial optical path 72. This also enables such compaction of the optical device and improves it.

[0244] In principle, the first optical subpath can be interchanged with the third optical subpath in the E-arrangement. Therefore, a mirror (not shown here) for deflecting the first optical subpath can also be characteristic of the technical teaching proposed in this document. This mirror also enables such compaction of the optical device.

[0245] The technical teaching of the document presented here thus proposes arranging at least some of the partial optical paths in the shape of an "E," i.e., in the form of an E-arrangement. Preferably, the dichroic mirror 13 is placed at the T-shaped intersection point of the "E" of the E-arrangement of the device.

[0246] For further description of the figure, the document presented here refers to the previous descriptions of the other figures.

[0247] Fig. 4 corresponds to the Fig. 2 to 3, where the preferred plain bearings are now indicated by arrows "<->" and the fixed bearings by crosses "X." This ensures that temperature fluctuations do not lead to uncontrolled and not always predictable Eulerian buckling.

[0248] The holders for the optical functional elements of the proposed device are connected to each other via sliding fits via four metal axes in each branch of the E-arrangement.

[0249] The mounts of some optical functional elements are rigidly connected to the base plate 52 via feet 73. Other mounts of optical functional elements are held by the four rods in the respective branch of the E-arrangement.

[0250] The four rods of each branch of the E-arrangement are preferably held by at least two holders for optical functional elements, which in turn are connected to the base plate 52 by the aforementioned feet 73. The four rods of a branch of the E-arrangement are firmly connected, typically by screwing, to a first holder of an optical functional element of these two holders for optical functional elements in this branch of the E-arrangement. The four rods of a branch of the E-arrangement are slidably connected, typically via sliding fits and / or sliding bearings, to a second holder of an optical functional element of these two holders for optical functional elements in this branch of the E-arrangement, displaceable in the direction of the branch. These displaceable bearings in the second holders are indicated by double arrows "<->". These fixed bearings in the first holders as fixed bearings are indicated by crosses "X".This ensures that temperature fluctuations do not distort the device. For further descriptions of the figure, the document presented here refers to the previous descriptions of the other figures.

[0251] Fig. 5 corresponds to the Fig. 2 to 4, with the exemplary E-arrangement of the partial optical paths (70, 71, 72) now drawn for greater clarity. For the further description of the figure, the document presented here refers to the preceding descriptions of the other figures.

[0252] Fig. For better clarity of disclosure, Figure 6 shows a detail of the exemplary E-arrangement of the optical sub-paths 70, 71, 72 and their device parts in an oblique view. For better clarity, the cover of the connecting cube 15 is not shown, i.e., shown as removed, so that the dichroic mirror 13 is visible. The figure was created to illustrate the optical functional elements that are concealed by the holders in the top view. For the further description of the figure, the document presented here refers to the preceding descriptions of the other figures.

[0253] Fig. For better clarity of the disclosure, Fig. 7 shows a detail of the exemplary E-arrangement of the optical sub-paths (70, 71, 72) and their device parts in another oblique view. The cover of the connecting cube 15 is here, in contrast to Fig. 6, so that the dichroic mirror 13 is not directly visible. This figure was created to illustrate the optical functional elements that are obscured by the mounts in plan view. For further descriptions of the figure, the document presented here refers to the previous descriptions of the other figures.

[0254] Fig. Figure 8 shows the magnet positioning device assembly and the sample support device. For further description of this figure, the document presented here refers to the preceding descriptions of the other figures.

[0255] The Fig. Figure 9 shows a simplified schematic of a 19" server cabinet 98 with the essential components of the proposed quantum computer. Fig. 9a shows the exemplary 19" server cabinet in a front view. The Fig. Figure 9b shows the exemplary 19'' server cabinet from the side in side view with the arrangement of essential device parts sketched in dashed lines.

[0256] A control device 63 is installed at the very bottom of the 19" server cabinet 98. The control device 63 preferably comprises a conventional PC or a conventional server, such as is used for server farms. Typically, the control device 63 is connectable to the Internet and / or other computer systems via a data interface 69. Preferably, the control device 63 controls the quantum computer depending on binary codes of a quantum computer program within a memory 64 and / or storage medium of the control device 63 by means of one or more computer-implemented control methods for device parts of the quantum computer, the program code of which is preferably located at least temporarily within a memory 64 and / or storage medium of the control device 63.

[0257] Preferably, the control device 63 is connected to other parts of the quantum computer via a control bus 66. The control bus 66 is preferably laid as a data line, preferably within the 19" server cabinet 98. For a better overview, this control bus 66 is shown in the Fig. 9 not shown.

[0258] In order to give the 19'' server cabinet 98 the greatest possible mechanical stability, the Fig. 9, the control unit 63 is located at the very bottom of all device parts of the quantum computer, since this control unit is typically the heaviest device part due to the weight of its power supply and typically does not require any further manual intervention after assembly. Device parts that may require manual intervention, such as calibration access, are preferably inserted at a height of 80 cm to 1.2 m. In the example of Fig. 9, the base plate 52 with the calibration-intensive cage system 51 is therefore located at an exemplary height of 83 cm measured from the lower edge of the castors of the 19'' server cabinet 98. Preferably, the base plate 52 with the calibration-intensive cage system 51 is therefore located at a height of 75 cm to 1.20 m measured from the lower edge of the castors of the 19'' server cabinet 98 and / or better at a height of 77 cm to 1.10 m measured from the lower edge of the castors of the 19'' server cabinet 98 and / or better at a height of 78 cm to 1.00 m measured from the lower edge of the castors of the 19'' server cabinet 98 and / or better at a height of 79 cm to 90 cm measured from the lower edge of the castors of the 19'' server cabinet 98 and / or better at a height of 80 cm to 85 cm measured from the bottom edge of the castors of the 19'' server cabinet 98.

[0259] The optics box 74 with the base plate 52 and an optional electrical and / or magnetic shield 90 is mounted, for example, on an exemplary damping material 89 for insulation against acceleration, shocks, vibrations, and structure-borne noise. Handles attached to the base plate 52, not shown in the figures to simplify the illustration, preferably enable safe handling of the opened optics box 74.

[0260] In the example of Fig. 9, the AWG 78 is arranged, for example, above the control unit 63 in the 19" server cabinet 98. This is because the arrangement of the devices in the 19" server cabinet 98 from bottom to top preferably essentially follows the signal propagation direction. This shortens the cable lengths and thus reduces the parasitic line losses that occur. Since the optimal positioning of the control unit 63 at the bottom of the 19" server cabinet and the base plate 52 with the calibration-intensive cage system 51 are predetermined according to the above considerations, the arrangement of the other device components of the quantum computer essentially follows an up-down sequence, starting with the control unit 63 to the base plate 52 with the cage system 51 and back to the control unit 63.

[0261] Following this arrangement logic, in the example of the Fig. 9 of the AWG 78, for example, is located above the control unit 63 in the 19" server cabinet 98, while the heat sink(s) 97 for the power stages are located above it. Above this are the microwave source 55 or microwave amplifier and the RF source 56 or RF amplifier.

[0262] Preferably, the power stage of the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier is thermally connected to one or more of the heat sinks 97 or the heat sink 97 with the smallest possible thermal resistance, so that the waste heat of the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier can be transferred from the quantum computer by convection or, better, by means of a fan via the heat exchanger of the heat sink 97 to the air as a heat transport medium, and this heat transport medium can then be removed from the quantum computer, in particular from the 19'' server cabinet 98.

[0263] Preferably, the power stage of the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier is thermally connected to one or more of the heat sinks 97 or the heat sink 97 with the smallest possible thermal resistance, so that the waste heat of the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier can be transferred from the quantum computer via the heat exchanger of the heat sink 97 to the air as a heat transport medium by means of convection or, better, by means of a fan, and this heat transport medium can then be removed from the quantum computer, in particular from the 19'' server cabinet 98.

[0264] An RF line 58 connects the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier to the PCB board 24 of the sample support device in the cage system 51 on the base plate 52. The length of the RF line 58 is less critical than that of the measurement lines and other lines, since the RF line 58 has relatively few parasitic component permeations, whose parameter values ​​are typically small and which typically have only a minor influence. Therefore, the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier can be arranged lower than other device parts of the quantum computer, as viewed from the base plate 52 with the cage system 51.

[0265] A microwave line 57 connects the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier to the PCB board 24 of the sample carrier device in the cage system 51 on the base plate 52. The length of the microwave line 57 is also less critical than that of the measurement lines and other lines, since the microwave line 57 has only relatively few parasitic component coatings, whose parameter values ​​are typically small and which typically have only a minor influence. Therefore, the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier can also be arranged lower than other device parts of the quantum computer, as viewed from the base plate 52 with the cage system 51. In the example of the side view of the 19" server cabinet 98 of the Fig. 9b, the RF line 58 and the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier cover the microwave line 57 and the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier. The person skilled in the art can deduce the exemplary arrangement of the microwave line 57 and the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier from the fact that they are Fig. 9b, the reference numeral 58 of the RF line is replaced by the reference numeral 57 of the microwave line and the reference numeral 56 of the RF source or the RF amplifier is replaced by the reference numeral 55 of the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier.

[0266] Preferably, the slow photon counter 76 and the fast photon counter 77 are arranged close to the base plate 52 with the cage system 51. However, the optical fibers 2 and 49 should be as short as possible. Therefore, the pump radiation source, here the excitation laser 1, and the single-photon detector 50 or photodetector 50 are arranged on the same 19" shelf of the 19" server cabinet 98 as the slow photon counter 76 and the fast photon counter 77, but further to the right in Fig. 1b. This arrangement maximally shortens the optical waveguide lengths of the optical waveguides 2, 49 and does not change the length of the line of the first photon detection signal 83 of the single-photon detector 50 or the photon detector 50 and the length of the line of the second photon detection signal 84 of the single-photon detector 50 or the photon detector 50.

[0267] The arrangement sequence from top to bottom in the 19'' server cabinet 98 of base plate 52 with the cage system 51 -> pump radiation source, here the excitation laser 1, and the single photon detector 50 or photodetector 50 with slow photon counter 76 and fast photon counter 77 -> microwave source 55 or microwave amplifier and RF source 56 or the RF amplifier -> heat sink 97 -> control device 63 is therefore not random, but well thought out and reduces the parasitic elements of the lines with maximum reduction effect on undesirable effects of these parasitic elements of the lines on the functional result of the quantum computer when executing quantum computer programs.

[0268] To reduce mechanical influences, vibrations and shocks and to reduce thermal influences, the base plate 52 with the cage system 51 and its optical functional elements is preferably mechanically and / or thermally insulated from the 19'' server cabinet 98 over its entire surface or at several points by means of a damping material 89.

[0269] Fig. 10 largely corresponds to the Fig. 1 with the following differences: 1. The dichroic mirror 13 still separates the pump radiation 54 from the fluorescence radiation 33. In the case of Fig. 1, the dichroic mirror 13 reflected the pump radiation 54 from the first optical sub-path 70 into the third optical sub-path 72 and the reflected pump radiation 54 reflected back from the sample 21 from the third optical sub-path 72 in the direction of the pump radiation source 1 into the first optical sub-path 70. At the same time, the dichroic mirror 13 transmitted in the case of Fig. 1 the fluorescence radiation 33 emitted by the sample 21 and the paramagnetic centers 22 present in the sample 21 from the third optical sub-path 72 into the second optical sub-path 71 to the single photon detector 50 or to the photodetector 50. Here in the case of Fig. 10, the function of the dichroic mirror 13 is somewhat different. Here, however, the dichroic mirror 13 transmits the pump radiation 54 from the first optical sub-path 70 into the third optical sub-path 72 and the reflected pump radiation 54, reflected back from the sample 21, from the third optical sub-path 72 in the direction of the pump radiation source 1 back into the first optical sub-path 70. At the same time, Fig. 10 the dichroic mirror 13, the fluorescent radiation 33 emitted by the sample 21 and the paramagnetic centers 22 present in the sample 21, from the third optical sub-path 72 into the second optical sub-path 71 to the single photon detector 50 or to the photodetector 50. Reflection and transmission of the dichroic mirror 13 are therefore in the technical teaching of Fig. 10 compared to the technical teaching of Fig. 1. This results in the first optical sub-path 70 and the second optical sub-path 71 exchanging their positions. However, the second optical sub-path 71 is typically longer than the first optical sub-path 70 due to the two optical spatial filters 36, 37, 39; 45, 49. Therefore, this exchange would lead to an increase in the footprint of the cage system 51 on the base plate 52. As a result, the base plate 52 with the cage system 51 would no longer fit into the 19" server cabinet 98. Therefore, this change typically requires a second change. The pump radiation 54 passes through the dichroic mirror 13 and thus passes from the first optical sub-path 70 into the third optical sub-path 72. The dichroic mirror 13 is therefore designed here to transmit the pump radiation 54. This is different from the Fig. 1 to 8. 2. As a first part of this second modification, the document presented here proposes the insertion of a first additional mirror 85 into the first optical subpath 70. The first additional mirror 85 preferably deflects the pump radiation 54 by 90°. The first optical subpath 70 and the third optical subpath 72 then form a first shape corresponding to a first capital "C." 3. As a second part of this second modification, the document presented here proposes the insertion of a second additional mirror 86 into the second optical sub-path 71. The second additional mirror 86 and the mirror 34 thereby modify the second optical sub-path 71 such that the second optical sub-path 71 then forms a second shape corresponding to a second capital "C."

[0270] The first capital “C” and the second capital “C” form a structure which the present document refers to as a double-C structure.

[0271] It is conceivable that, instead of the piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16, a third additional mirror 87 could deflect the pump radiation 54 by 90° in the third optical subpath 72. However, this would have the disadvantage of making it impossible to capture a scan image 91.

[0272] The device can change the focus range of the objective lens 20 within the sample using the piezoelectric Z-objective positioner 19. Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 controls the piezoelectric Z-objective positioner 19 via a control bus 66.

[0273] The sample 21 with the paramagnetic centers 22 is attached to the adapter plate 25, which positions the sample positioning device 26 relative to the objective 20. Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 controls the sample positioning device 26 via a control bus 66.

[0274] An exemplary Halbach magnet assembly 30 and / or another permanent magnet structure is preferably attached to an adapter plate 29 of the magnetic positioning device 28, which positions the Halbach magnet assembly 30 relative to the sample 21 and the objective 20. Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 controls the magnetic positioning device 28 via a control bus 66.

[0275] The objective 20 thus preferably irradiates the paramagnetic centers 22 in the sample 21 with pump radiation 54 of the pump radiation wavelength λ pmp The sample 21 preferably comprises diamond as the sample material. Preferably, the diamond comprises the paramagnetic centers. Paramagnetic centers can be NV centers 22, SiV centers, GeV centers, ST1 centers, TR1 centers, TR12 centers, and / or PBV centers.

[0276] Preferably, the electronic spins of the electron configuration of the paramagnetic centers can be coupled with nuclear spins of isotopes with a non-vanishing nuclear magnetic moment µ.

[0277] A typically planar microwave antenna, as a component of the typically planar microwave line 61, preferably irradiates paramagnetic centers 22 in the sample 21 with microwave radiation from a microwave signal from the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier. The microwave signal serves to influence the quantum state of one or more electrons in the electron configurations of one or more paramagnetic centers 22.

[0278] A typically planar RF antenna, as a sub-device of the typically planar RF line 62, preferably irradiates paramagnetic centers 22 in the sample 21 with RF radiation from an RF signal from the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier. The microwave signal serves to influence the quantum states of one or more pairs of an electron of an electron configuration of a paramagnetic center, here an NV center 22, on the one hand, and the quantum state of a nuclear spin of an isotope with a non-vanishing magnetic moment, on the other hand, which is coupled to the spin of the electron of the electron configuration of the paramagnetic center 22.

[0279] The typically planar microwave antenna and planar microwave line 61, and the typically planar RF antenna and planar RF line 62 are preferably located on the top side of a PCB board 24 of the sample support device, which is attached to the adapter plate 25 of the sample support device. The sample 21 with the paramagnetic centers 22 is preferably attached to the top side of a PCB board 24, for example, by means of adhesives, clamps, or other means of support.

[0280] Depending on the quantum state of the electrons of the electron configuration of the paramagnetic centers 22 in the sample 21 and on the intensity of the pump radiation 54, the paramagnetic centers 22 in the sample 21 emit fluorescence radiation 33 of a fluorescence wavelength λ fl Typically, the fluorescence wavelength λ fl longer wavelength, i.e. larger than the pump radiation wavelength λ pmp .

[0281] The objective 20 detects the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 and the pump radiation reflected by the sample 21 and the remaining structure and the ambient radiation located in the region of the focal point of the objective and scattered towards the objective 20 and feeds this back into the third optical sub-path 72 as detected electromagnetic radiation 33, 54.

[0282] The third additional mirror 87 or the piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16 again preferably deflects the detected electromagnetic radiation 54, 33 by 90°.

[0283] The proportion of reflected pump radiation 54 in the detected electromagnetic radiation 54, 33 passes through the dichroic mirror 13 and thus returns from the third optical sub-path 70 to the first optical sub-path 70. The dichroic mirror 13 is designed here, as already mentioned, to transmit the pump radiation 54. This is therefore different from the Fig. 1 to 8.

[0284] The dichroic mirror 13 reflects the portion of the fluorescent radiation 33 in the detected electromagnetic radiation 54, 33 out of the beam path of the third optical sub-path 72, preferably at an angle of 90°. The portion of the fluorescent radiation 33 in the detected electromagnetic radiation 54, 33 thus passes from the third optical sub-path 732 into the second optical sub-path 71. The dichroic mirror 13 is designed here, as already mentioned, to reflect the fluorescent radiation 33. This is thus different from the Fig. 1 to 8.

[0285] The device parts of the second optical partial path 71 again comprise, as in the Fig. 1 to 8 essentially optical filters. What is written below regarding the second optical path 71 also applies to the descriptions of the Fig. 1 to 8. The optical filters of the second optical sub-path 71 serve, as with the filters in the second optical sub-path 71 of the device examples of Fig. 1 to 8, the purpose, • Firstly, the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 is separated as selectively as possible based on the wavelength from the electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths other than the fluorescence wavelength λ fl and electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths other than the fluorescence wavelength λ fl to suppress and • Secondly, to separate fluorescence radiation 33 that originates from the observed paramagnetic centers 22 from fluorescence radiation 33 that does not originate from the observed paramagnetic centers 22 and to suppress the fluorescence radiation 33 that does not originate from the observed paramagnetic centers 22.

[0286] The second optical sub-path 71 thus comprises first means which are designed to separate the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 as selectively as possible based on the wavelength from the electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths other than the fluorescence wavelength λ fl and electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths other than the fluorescence wavelength λ fl to suppress.

[0287] The second optical sub-path 71 thus comprises second means which are designed to separate fluorescence radiation 33 originating from the observed paramagnetic centers 22 from fluorescence radiation 33 which does not originate from the observed paramagnetic centers 22 and to suppress the fluorescence radiation 33 which does not originate from the observed paramagnetic centers 22

[0288] Preferably, the first means may comprise band-stop filters 53 which filter optical interference radiation with an interference radiation wavelength λ stör other than the fluorescence wavelength λ fl in a particular interfering wavelength range during a single pass. The interfering wavelength range is typically defined by a minimum interfering wavelength λ störmin and a maximum interference wavelength λ störmaxIf an electromagnetic radiation with its wavelength lies within the interference radiation wavelength range [λ störmin to λ stör max ], the band-stop filter 53 preferably attenuates this electromagnetic radiation to such an extent that it is subsequently irrelevant for the measurement results. If an electromagnetic radiation with its wavelength lies outside the interference radiation wavelength range [λ störmin to λ störmax ], the band-stop filter 53 preferably does not attenuate this electromagnetic radiation substantially, so that its function in determining the measurement results is substantially unaffected. "Substantially" means that the influence can preferably be neglected for the respective application. Preferably, the pump radiation wavelength λ pmp the pump radiation 54 in the interference radiation wavelength range [λ störmin to λ störmax] of the band-stop filter 53. Preferably, the fluorescence radiation wavelength λ fl of the fluorescence radiation 33 outside the interference radiation wavelength range [λ störmin to λ störmax] of the band-stop filter 53. The band-stop filter 53 is necessary in the second optical sub-path 71 in order to particularly strongly attenuate a particularly strong interference radiation spike in the light signal in the second optical sub-path 71, since the other filters here do not have the necessary spectral slope. A particularly important interference radiation spike is naturally attributable to the pump radiation 54 parasitically reradiated by the sample and other device components of the setup. In a setup with further particularly intense wavelength spikes in the spectrum of the optical radiation in the second optical sub-path 71, special attenuation can therefore be achieved with optional, further, additional band-stop filters 53. Preferably, the optical band-stop filter 53 has a central wavelength which is + / -25%, better + / -10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1% of the central wavelength of the emitted laser radiation, i.e. preferably the pump radiation wavelength λpmp , corresponds to. Preferably, the optical band-stop filter 53 has a bandwidth of 17 nm + / -25%, better + / - 10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1%.

[0289] Preferably, the first means may comprise long-pass filters 31 which filter out electromagnetic interference radiation having an interference radiation wavelength λ stör shorter than their respective edge wavelength λ 31 attenuate during one pass. The interference wavelength range is typically defined by a minimum interference wavelength λ störmin If an electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength below the minimum interference wavelength λ störmin , the respective long-pass filter 31 preferably attenuates this electromagnetic radiation to such an extent that it is subsequently irrelevant for the measurement results. If an electromagnetic radiation with its wavelength lies above the minimum interference radiation wavelength λ störmin, the long-pass filter 31 in question preferably does not substantially attenuate this electromagnetic radiation, so that its function in determining the measurement results is substantially unaffected. "Substantially" means that the influence can preferably be neglected for the respective application. Preferably, the pump radiation wavelength λ pmp the pump radiation 54 below the minimum interference radiation wavelength λ störmin .

[0290] Preferably, the fluorescence radiation wavelength λ fl of the fluorescence radiation 33 above the minimum interference radiation wavelength λ störminThe long-pass filter 31 is required in the second optical sub-path 71 to attenuate short-wavelength interference radiation regions in the light signal in the second optical sub-path 71. This also attenuates the pump radiation 54 parasitically reradiated by the sample and other parts of the setup. Using various consecutive long-pass filters 31, the filter curve shape can be optimized for the application. Preferably, electromagnetic radiation with the fluorescence wavelength λ fl the fluorescence radiation 33 is not attenuated, since every photon is important here.

[0291] Preferably, the first means may comprise one or more fluorescence bandpass filters 42 (second bandpass filters) which filter out optical interference radiation having an interference radiation wavelength λ stör other than the fluorescence wavelength λ flin a first upper interference wavelength range and in a second lower interference wavelength range during a single pass. The first upper interference wavelength range is typically characterized by a maximum interference wavelength λ störmax The first lower interference wavelength range is typically characterized by a minimum interference wavelength λ störmin If an electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength above the maximum interference radiation wavelength λ störmax the upper interference wavelength range or below the minimum interference wavelength λ störminof the lower interference wavelength range, the fluorescence bandpass filter 42 preferably attenuates this electromagnetic radiation to such an extent that it is subsequently irrelevant for the measurement results. If an electromagnetic radiation with its wavelength lies below the maximum interference wavelength λ störmax of the upper interference wavelength range and above the minimum interference wavelength λ störmin of the lower interfering radiation wavelength range, the fluorescence bandpass filter 42 preferably substantially does not attenuate this electromagnetic radiation, so that its function in determining the measurement results is substantially unaffected. "Substantially" means that the influence can preferably be neglected for the respective application. Preferably, the pump radiation wavelength λ pmpthe pump radiation 54 and below the minimum interference radiation wavelength λ störmin of the lower interference radiation wavelength range. Preferably, the fluorescence radiation wavelength λ fl of the fluorescence radiation 33 below the maximum interference radiation wavelength λ störmax of the upper interference wavelength range and above the minimum interference wavelength λ störmin of the lower interference radiation wavelength range of the fluorescence bandpass filter 42. The bandstop filter 53 is necessary in the second optical sub-path 71 to filter out electromagnetic radiation that does not have the fluorescence radiation wavelength λ flin the light signal in the second optical sub-path 71. This also attenuates parasitic fluorescence radiation from other crystal defects, the optical waveguide, etc. The fluorescence bandpass filter 42 preferably has a central wavelength of 697 nm + / -25%, better + / - 10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1%, better + / -0.5%, better + / -0.2%, better + / -0.1%. The fluorescence bandpass filter 42 preferably has a bandwidth of 75 nm + / -25%, better + / - 10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1%, better + / -0.5%, better + / -0.2%, better + / -0.1%.

[0292] Preferably, the second means may comprise optical spatial filters. Optical spatial filters, also referred to as spatial filters or spatial-domain filters, are, in the context of the document presented here, devices that attenuate or block light that does not originate from a specific spatial region or a specific spatial direction. In the device presented here, these filters serve the purpose of reducing unwanted background radiation and improving the quality of the detected signal of the fluorescence radiation 33 of the observed paramagnetic centers 22 in the sample 21. Some of the possible implementations of optical spatial filters are as follows:

[0293] A simple way to create an optical spatial filter is to use a diaphragm in the form of a small opening or slit element. The diaphragm only allows light coming from a specific solid angle range to pass through and blocks light from other angles. Using the example of the Fig. 10, the first focusing lens 36 projects the image of the paramagnetic centers 22 of the sample 21 observed through the objective 20 onto the pinhole 37. Radiation sources with fluorescence radiation wavelength λ fl , whose radiation was able to pass the preceding filters 31, 53, will usually differ from the location of the observed paramagnetic centers 22 of the sample 21 by the location of the origin, which is located in front of or behind the location of the observed paramagnetic centers 22 of the sample 21. Therefore, the first focusing lens 36 will focus these radiation sources with fluorescence radiation wavelength λ flnot focus as strongly as the light of the observed paramagnetic centers 22 of sample 21. Thus, the attenuation factor for the light of these radiation sources with fluorescence radiation wavelength λ fl greater than for the fluorescence radiation 33 of the observed paramagnetic centers 22 of sample 21. This increases the signal-to-noise ratio. The second collimator lens 39 parallelizes the beam path again.

[0294] Instead of a pinhole 37, masks can also be used. In the sense of the document presented here, masks are specially shaped absorbers or materials that are not transparent to radiation and are introduced into the second optical sub-path 71. They can be designed to only allow light from a specific spatial region to pass through. A special case are holographic two- and / or three-dimensional masks, which, in the sense of the document presented here, can also include photonic crystals and / or optical metamaterials. Complex optical spatial filters can be created using holograms. Specially designed holographic elements can specifically amplify or attenuate light from specific angles or spatial regions. Phase masks also belong to this category. Phase masks can be used to suppress certain spatial frequencies and thus achieve optical spatial filtering effects to filter radiation, • which does not originate from the spatial region of the observed paramagnetic centers 22 of the sample 21 and / or • a radiation wavelength different from the fluorescence radiation wavelength λ fl of the observed paramagnetic centers 22 of sample 21.

[0295] Optical fibers can also be used as spatial optical filters. In the context of this document, optical fibers are fiber-shaped optical functional and / or component elements that can guide light in a specific direction. By arranging them at the appropriate locations, unwanted light from specific spatial directions can be filtered out.

[0296] Furthermore, interference techniques can be used to create optical spatial filters. By superimposing light from different spatial directions, the interference pattern can be designed to attenuate specific areas in the room.

[0297] The invention presented here comprises two second means, by way of example. The first exemplary optical spatial filter is formed by the first focusing lens 36, the pinhole 37, and the second collimator lens 39.

[0298] The second exemplary optical spatial filter is formed by the second focusing lens 45 and the second optical waveguide 49 of the single-photon detector 50.

[0299] It has proven to be advantageous that the fluorescence bandpass filter 42 (second bandpass filter) is placed in the second optical sub-path 71 between the first optical spatial filter 36, 37, 39 and the second optical spatial filter 45, 49, since its filtering effect is optimal there.

[0300] The first optical spatial filter 36, 37, 39 and the fluorescence bandpass filter 42 (second bandpass filter) and the second optical spatial filter 45, 49 form a double fluorescence bandpass spatial filter.

[0301] By means of a second optical fiber 49 that is as short as possible, the cage system 51 of the optics box 74 transmits the received fluorescence photons of the fluorescence radiation 33 to the single-photon detector 50 or the photon detector 50.

[0302] The document presented here thus proposes a double-C structure as a compact arrangement of the cage system 51 of the optical functional elements of the quantum computer.

[0303] The cage system 51 with the essential optical functional elements is typically located on the base plate 52. The base plate 52 is preferably provided with an electrical and / or magnetic shield 90, which in the exemplary device of the Fig. 9, when assembled, forms a shielding box that protects the cage system 51 in the optics box 74 from electromagnetic radiation (light, EMC radiation, etc.). The exemplary quantum computer includes a screen 93, on which essential operating parameters and the scanner image are preferably displayed.

[0304] The Fig. 11 corresponds to the Fig. 10, where the first capital "C" from the first optical subpath 70 and the third optical subpath 72 is now marked with thick black solid lines, and the second capital "C" from the second optical subpath 71 is marked with thick black dashed lines. Furthermore, the device components of the evaluation group 99 of the second optical subpath 71 are marked with a circumferential dashed line.

[0305] Fig. 12 shows an exemplary screen 93 of the exemplary quantum computer, which displays exemplary operating data of an arbitrarily selected operating example. In this arbitrarily selected operating example, the screen 93 displays an exemplary scan image 91 of the local intensity distribution of the intensity of the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22, which the device typically determined using the slow photon counter 76 by scanning the sample 21 and detecting the intensity of the fluorescence radiation 33.

[0306] This allows an operator to specifically approach, select and control a paramagnetic center.

[0307] In addition, the display on the screen 93 preferably shows further information 92 such as recorded resonance frequencies, etc.

[0308] Fig. 13 shows the exemplary evaluation group 99 of the second optical partial path 71 of the Fig. 10 again. As in the Fig. 10 it is marked with a dashed line. Fig. 13 therefore represents only a section of the Fig. 10 or the Fig. 1. The Fig. The exemplary evaluation group 99 shown in Figure 13 can thus be used in a device according to the Fig. 1 as well as in a device according to Fig. 10 can be used.

[0309] As already mentioned in the description of the Fig. As mentioned in Figure 10, a simple way to create an optical spatial filter is to use a pinhole 37 in the form of a small opening or slit element. The pinhole 37 only transmits light that enters from a specific solid angle range and blocks light from other angles. In the example presented here, Fig. 13, the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 enters the evaluation group 99 from the right.

[0310] The first focusing lens 36 again projects the image of the fluorescent radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 of the sample 21 observed through the objective 20 onto the pinhole 37. The fluorescent radiation 33, which enters the evaluation group 99 from the right, also includes • Firstly, interference radiation from interference emitters that emit radiation whose wavelength differs from the fluorescence wavelength λ fl of the paramagnetic centers 22, and • Secondly, interference radiation from stray emitters, the radiation with the fluorescence wavelength λ fl emitted from spatial regions in front of or behind the paramagnetic centers 22 under investigation.

[0311] For such radiation sources with fluorescence radiation wavelength λ fl, whose radiation was able to pass the preceding filters 31, 53, the origin of the radiation will generally be in front of or behind the location of the observed paramagnetic centers 22 of the sample 21. Therefore, this emission location can be used to separate this radiation from these interfering radiation sources. Since the emission location of this interfering radiation differs from the location of the observed paramagnetic centers 22 in the sample 21, separation by means of an optical spatial filter is possible. Due to the different emission location in the sample 21, the first focusing lens 36 will focus these radiation sources that lie outside the focal point of the objective 20 in the sample and that emit radiation with fluorescence radiation wavelength λ flemit, do not focus as strongly as the light of the observed paramagnetic centers 22 of sample 21. Thus, the attenuation factor for the radiation of these interfering radiation sources with fluorescence radiation wavelength λ fl greater than for the fluorescence radiation 33 of the observed paramagnetic centers 22 of sample 21. Thus, the signal-to-noise ratio increases in favor of the radiation of the observed paramagnetic centers 22 of sample 21. The second collimator lens 39 again parallelizes the beam path in the second optical subpath 71.

[0312] Instead of a pinhole 37, masks can also be used to implement the first optical spatial filter 36, 37, 39. Masks, as defined in the document presented here, are specially shaped absorbers or materials that are not transparent to radiation and are introduced into the second optical partial path 71. They can be designed to only allow light from a specific spatial region to pass through. A special case is holographic two- and / or three-dimensional masks, which, as defined in the document presented here, can also include photonic crystals and / or optical metamaterials. Holograms, for example, can be used to create complex optical spatial filters. Specially designed holographic elements can specifically amplify or attenuate light from specific angles or spatial regions. Phase masks also count as such.Phase masks can be used to suppress certain spatial frequencies and thus achieve optical spatial filtering effects to filter radiation. • which does not originate from the spatial region of the observed paramagnetic centers 22 of the sample 21 and / or • a radiation wavelength different from the fluorescence radiation wavelength λ fl of the observed paramagnetic centers 22 of sample 21.

[0313] Optical fibers 2, 49 can also be used as optical spatial filters. In the context of this document, optical fibers are fiber-shaped optical functional and / or component elements that can guide light in a specific direction. By arranging them at the appropriate locations, unwanted light from specific spatial directions can be filtered out.

[0314] Furthermore, interference techniques can be used to create optical spatial filters. By superimposing light from different spatial directions, the interference pattern can be designed to attenuate specific areas in the room.

[0315] The one presented here has two second means, as an example. The first exemplary optical spatial filter consists of the first focusing lens 36, the pinhole 37, and the second collimator lens 39.

[0316] The second exemplary optical spatial filter is formed by the second focusing lens 45 and the second optical waveguide 49 of the single-photon detector 50.

[0317] It has proven to be advantageous that the fluorescence bandpass filter 42 (second bandpass filter) is placed in the second optical sub-path 71 between the first optical spatial filter 36, 37, 39 and the second optical spatial filter 45, 49, since its filtering effect is optimal there.

[0318] The first optical spatial filter 36, 37, 39 and the fluorescence bandpass filter 42 (second bandpass filter) and the second optical spatial filter 45, 49 form a double fluorescence bandpass spatial filter.

[0319] By means of a second optical waveguide 49 that is as short as possible, the cage system 51 of the optics box 74 transmits the received fluorescence photons of the fluorescence radiation 33 to the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50.

[0320] The document presented here thus proposes a double-C structure as a compact arrangement of the cage system 51 of the optical functional elements of the quantum computer.

[0321] Preferably, a second focusing lens 45 is inserted into the beam path of the second optical sub-path 71 behind the further fluorescence bandpass filter 42 and behind the first optical spatial filter 36, 37, 39 in the evaluation group 99. The second focusing lens 45 is preferably an achromatic focusing lens. Preferably, the second focusing lens 45 is mounted in a second z-adjuster 46. Instead of a second z-adjuster 46, another adjuster that allows the z-adjustment can also be used here. The second z-adjuster 46 can also be fully automatic and motor-driven if necessary. In this case, the control device of the motor of the second z-adjuster 46 is preferably connected to the control device 63 via the control bus 66. In this case, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 preferably controls the motor of the second z-adjuster 46 via the control bus 66 of the device.In this case, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 preferably monitors the electrical control of the motor of the second z-adjuster 46 and reads out the operating parameters and data recorded therefrom as needed. The second z-adjuster 46 preferably comprises position sensors which determine the current position of the second z-adjuster 46. The computer core 65 of the control device 63 can then preferably read out the position values ​​of the second z-adjuster 46 determined by these position sensors of the second z-adjuster 46, compare them with a target value and use them to readjust the position of the second z-adjuster 46, for example by means of a computer-implemented PID Z-position control method. In the examples of the . Fig. 2 to 8, the second z-adjuster 46 is, for example, manually operated.

[0322] Preferably, the second focusing lens 45 serves to focus the spatially and spectrally filtered photoluminescence signal 44 of the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 onto the optical fiber input of the second optical fiber 49 of the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50. The focal length f 45 the second focusing lens 45 is preferably at f 45 = 10 mm + / -25%, better + / - 10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1%. The focal length f 45 The focal length of the second focusing lens 45 typically depends on the choice of the second optical waveguide 49, for example the second glass fiber 49, the single-photon detector 50, or the photodetector 50. The focal length f 45 The second focusing lens 45 can therefore also be used in a focal length range of f 45 = 150mm to 1mm.

[0323] The second optical waveguide 49 is preferably a single-mode optical waveguide and / or, better, a polarization-maintaining optical waveguide. The second optical waveguide 49 transports the spectrally and spatially filtered photoluminescence signal of the fluorescent radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 to the single-photon detector 50 or to the photodetector 50. The second optical waveguide 49 can be designed as a glass fiber. A fiber optic holder 47 in an xy adjuster 48 serves to position the optical waveguide input of the second optical waveguide 49 relative to the focal point of the second focusing lens 45 for the fluorescent radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 in the cage system 51. The exemplary distance of the center of the second focusing lens 45 from the optical waveguide input of the second optical waveguide 49 is, in the examples presented here, Fig. 1 to 8, an exemplary 46 mm. The second optical waveguide 49 mechanically decouples the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 from the optical system and allows the compaction of the optical device to geometric dimensions that allow installation in a 19" rack and / or a 19" server cabinet 98. In particular, this enables the positioning of the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 directly below or above the optics box 74 with the base plate 52 and the optical functional elements in the 19" server cabinet 98. The second optical waveguide 49 typically irradiates the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 with the spectrally and spatially filtered photoluminescence signal of the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22.

[0324] The second optical waveguide 49 is preferably flexible, for example designed as a glass fiber, and can thus then mechanically decouple the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 from the optical system and enable the compaction of the optical device to geometric dimensions that allow installation in a 19'' rack.

[0325] The second optical waveguide 49 and the second focusing lens 45 together form a second optical spatial filter, which further improves the selectivity of the optical spatial filtering of the first optical spatial filter.

[0326] It is therefore a preferred feature of the device proposed here that it has a double spatial filter in the second partial optical path.

[0327] The single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 typically converts the spectrally and spatially filtered photoluminescence signal of the fluorescent radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 into a first photon detection signal 83 and optionally a second photon detection signal 84. The first photon detection signal 83 may optionally also be identical to the second photon detection signal 84.

[0328] A slow photon counter 76 is preferably connected to the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 directly or indirectly via a first photon detection signal 83. The slow photon counter 76 typically counts the photons whose reception the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 signals via the first photon detection signal 83, typically without a time stamp. The slow photon counter 76 typically serves to generate a scan image 91 by the control device 63. (See also Fig. 12.)

[0329] To create the scan image 91, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 preferably sets a predetermined focal point on the surface of the sample 21 via the control bus 66 and by means of a mirror mount 18 with a piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16. Using the slow photon counter 76, the computer core typically counts the photons whose reception the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 signals via the first photon detection signal 83. For this purpose, the computer core 65 preferably executes program code for a computer-implemented scan image creation method for a scan image 91, which program code is located in a memory and / or in a storage medium 64 of the control device 63.Preferably, after a predetermined period of time, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 reads the photon count value determined by the slow photon counter 76 for this currently set focal point on the surface of the sample 21 from the slow photon counter 66 via the control bus 66. Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 stores the photon count value thus determined by the slow photon counter 76 for this focal point on the sample 21, set by the mirror holder 18 with the piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16, in a data record of a computer-implemented photon count database in a memory and / or in a storage medium 64 of the control device 63.Preferably, each data record of the photon count database includes information about the recorded photon count and the location coordinate of the focus point on the surface of the sample 21 associated with this photon count and set by means of the piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16. In addition to a two-dimensional scan, a three-dimensional scan is also conceivable, in which the computer core 65 of the control device 63 sets the focus point not only in the x and y directions, for example by means of the mirror holder 18 with piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16, a predetermined focus point on the surface of the sample 21, but also in the z direction by means of a sample positioning device 26 and / or by means of the piezoelectric Z lens positioner of the lens 20 via the control bus 66.In this case, a data record of the photon count database includes information about the detected photon count and the spatial coordinate of the focal point in the sample 21 corresponding to this photon count. The photon counts typically represent fluorescence intensity values ​​of the fluorescence radiation 33 of paramagnetic centers 22 at the spatial coordinates of the corresponding focal points.

[0330] Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 determines the image data for a computer-implemented scan image 91 by executing the program code of the computer-implemented scan image creation method in a memory and / or a storage medium 64 of the control device 63 and stores this data in an image storage area, which is preferably located in a memory and / or a storage medium 64 of the control device 63. Preferably, an imaging unit, for example, a screen 93, displays this computer-implemented scan image 91 in a manner perceivable by humans. The computer-implemented scan image 91 preferably includes information about the spatial coordinates of the paramagnetic centers, here, for example, NV centers 22, in the sample 21 and, if applicable, their quantum states. This enables the selection of clusters of paramagnetic centers 22 for use as quantum dots of the quantum computer.Typically, the intensity values ​​of the computer-implemented scan image 91 represent fluorescence intensity values ​​of the fluorescence radiation 33 of paramagnetic centers 22 at the spatial coordinates of the corresponding focus points. The creation of this computer-implemented scan image 91 with the aid of a piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16 is new compared to the prior art and has the advantage that the speed is significantly increased.

[0331] Instead of the piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16, another actuator-based tilt and scanner system with mirror 16 can be used in a functionally equivalent manner. Therefore, if the claims refer to a piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16, such other actuator-based tilt and scanner system with mirror 16 is expressly encompassed by such a claim. For example, a piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16 can also be a single- or dual-axis MEMS mirror system with a MEMS tilt mirror that can be tilted about one or two axes using comb drives.

[0332] A fast photon counter 77 is typically connected to the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 directly or indirectly via a second photon detection signal 84. Preferably, the fast photon counter 77 includes a time base, for example, in the form of a clock, in order to be able to determine and record the time values ​​of points in time. The fast photon counter 77 typically counts the photon detection events transmitted by the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 by means of the second photon detection signal 84. In doing so, the fast photon counter 77 preferably records each photon detection event and preferably provides each photon detection event thus recorded with a time stamp for the time of arrival corresponding to the current time value of its time base at the time of this arrival relative to a temporal reference point.The AWG 78 preferably signals the fast photon counter 77 about this temporal reference point by means of an AWG synchronization signal 82. The fast photon counter 77 preferably sets the time value of its time base to a predetermined time value, for example zero, depending on this AWG synchronization signal 82. As a result, the time base of the fast photon counter 77 is synchronous with the modulation of the pump radiation 54 of the pump radiation source, for example in the form of the excitation laser 1 and / or with the modulation of the microwave signal of the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier and / or with the modulation of the RF signal of the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier.

[0333] Preferably, the fast photon counter 77 and / or the computer core 65 of the control device 63 create a photon histogram from the time stamps of the detected photon detection events thus acquired in order to determine the statistical temporal distribution of the photon events.

[0334] For this purpose, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 preferably executes a computer-implemented statistical evaluation method, which preferably evaluates the recorded time stamps of the detected photon detection events. The computer core 65 of the control device 63 preferably queries the recorded time stamps of the photon detection events from the fast photon counter 77 via the control bus 66. The program code for the computer-implemented statistical evaluation method is preferably located in a memory and / or in a storage medium 64 of the control device 63. When executed by the computer core 65 of the control device 63, the computer-implemented statistical evaluation method preferably generates a histogram of the recorded time stamps of the detected photon detection events.Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 uses the aforementioned computer-implemented statistical evaluation method in the memory and / or storage medium 64 of the control device 63 to infer a quantum state of the paramagnetic centers 22 in the sample 21. Preferably, the content of the memory and / or storage medium 64 of the control device 63 also includes program code of a computer-implemented quantum computer program, which the computer core 65 of the control device 63 typically executes as needed. Typically, this program code includes the computer-implemented quantum computer program. • at least one program code for modifying the quantum state of at least one paramagnetic center, for example an NV center 22, and / or the quantum state of a nuclear quantum bit (a nuclear spin of an isotope with a magnetic nuclear moment) in the sample 21 and / or • at least one program code for reading the quantum state of at least one paramagnetic center, for example an NV center 22, and / or the quantum state of a nuclear quantum bit (a nuclear spin of an isotope with a magnetic nuclear moment) in the sample 21.

[0335] The computer core 65 of the control device 63 preferably accesses this measured value or values ​​derived from this and / or other measured values ​​via the control bus 66. Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 controls the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 and their auxiliary devices via the control bus 66 and monitors the operating parameters of the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 and their auxiliary devices via the control bus 66 and reads other data from the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 and their auxiliary devices via the control bus 66.

[0336] The computer core 65 of the control device 63 accesses the contents of the memory and / or storage medium 64 of the control device 63 via the internal data bus 68. This content typically includes data and program code. The memory and / or storage medium 64 of the control device 63 can itself include multiple memories and / or storage media 64. The program code of computer-implemented methods that the computer core 65 of the control device 63 executes can be located in a different memory and / or storage medium 64 than the program data (Harvard architecture). The program code of computer-implemented methods that the computer core 65 of the control device 63 executes can be located in the same memory and / or storage medium 64 as the program data (von Neumann architecture).

[0337] Fig. 14 shows a modified exemplary evaluation group 99 of the second optical partial path 71 of the Fig. 13. As in the Fig. 13 it is marked with a dashed line. Fig. 14 therefore represents only a section of the Fig. 10 or the Fig. 1 and is based on an extension of the Fig. 13. The Fig. The exemplary evaluation group 99 shown in Figure 14 can thus be used in a device according to the Fig. 1 as well as in a device according to Fig. 10 can be used.

[0338] As already mentioned in the description of the Fig. 10 and the Fig. As mentioned in Figure 13, a simple way to create an optical spatial filter is to use a pinhole 37 in the form of a small opening or slit element. The pinhole 37 only transmits light that enters from a specific solid angle range and blocks light from other angles. In the example presented here, Fig. 14, the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 enters the evaluation group 99 from the right.

[0339] The first focusing lens 36 again projects the image of the fluorescent radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 of the sample 21 observed through the objective 20 onto the pinhole 37. The fluorescent radiation 33, which enters the evaluation group 99 from the right, also includes • Firstly, interference radiation from interference emitters that emit radiation whose wavelength differs from the fluorescence wavelength λ fl of the paramagnetic centers 22, and • Secondly, interference radiation from stray emitters, the radiation with the fluorescence wavelength λ fl emitted from spatial regions in front of or behind the paramagnetic centers 22 under investigation.

[0340] For such radiation sources with fluorescence radiation wavelength λ fl, whose radiation was able to pass the preceding filters 31, 53, the origin of the radiation will generally be in front of or behind the location of the observed paramagnetic centers 22 of the sample 21. Therefore, this emission location can be used to separate this radiation from these interfering radiation sources. Since the emission location of this interfering radiation differs from the location of the observed paramagnetic centers 22 in the sample 21, separation by means of an optical spatial filter is possible. Due to the different emission location in the sample 21, the first focusing lens 36 will focus these radiation sources that lie outside the focal point of the objective 20 in the sample 21 and that emit radiation with fluorescence radiation wavelength λ flemit, do not focus as strongly as the light of the observed paramagnetic centers 22 of sample 21. Thus, the attenuation factor for the radiation of these interfering radiation sources with fluorescence radiation wavelength λ fl greater than for the fluorescence radiation 33 of the observed paramagnetic centers 22 of sample 21. Thus, the signal-to-noise ratio increases in favor of the radiation of the observed paramagnetic centers 22 of sample 21. The second collimator lens 39 again parallelizes the beam path in the second optical subpath 71.

[0341] Instead of a pinhole 37, masks can also be used to implement the first optical spatial filter 36, 37, 39. Masks, as defined in the document presented here, are specially shaped absorbers or materials that are not transparent to radiation and are introduced into the second optical partial path 71. They can be designed to only allow light from a specific spatial region to pass through. A special case is holographic two- and / or three-dimensional masks, which, as defined in the document presented here, can also include photonic crystals and / or optical metamaterials. Holograms, for example, can be used to create complex optical spatial filters. Specially designed holographic elements can specifically amplify or attenuate light from specific angles or spatial regions. Phase masks also count as such.Phase masks can be used to suppress certain spatial frequencies and thus achieve optical spatial filtering effects to filter radiation. • which does not originate from the spatial region of the observed paramagnetic centers 22 of the sample 21 and / or • a radiation wavelength different from the fluorescence radiation wavelength λ fl of the observed paramagnetic centers 22 of sample 21.

[0342] Optical fibers 2, 49 can also be used as optical spatial filters. In the context of this document, optical fibers are fiber-shaped optical functional and / or component elements that can guide light in a specific direction. By arranging them at the appropriate locations, unwanted light from specific spatial directions can be filtered out.

[0343] Furthermore, interference techniques can be used to create optical spatial filters. By superimposing light from different spatial directions, the interference pattern can be designed to attenuate specific areas in the room.

[0344] The evaluation group 99 presented here comprises two pairs of second means. The first exemplary optical spatial filter consists of the first focusing lens 36 and the pinhole 37, and the second collimator lens 39.

[0345] A first polarization-dependent mirror 100 splits the fluorescence radiation 33 in the second optical subpath 71 into vertically polarized fluorescence radiation in the fourth optical subpath 101 and horizontally polarized fluorescence radiation in the fifth optical subpath 102. The terms "vertically polarized" and "horizontally polarized" are intended merely to clarify that the polarization directions in the fourth optical subpath 101 and the fifth optical subpath 102 are preferably perpendicular to one another and do not have a specific relationship to the cage system 51 or device components of the quantum computer, with the exception of the sample 21.

[0346] The second exemplary optical spatial filter is formed by the second focusing lens 45 and the second optical waveguide 49 of the single-photon detector 50 or photodetector 50 in the fourth optical sub-path 101.

[0347] The third exemplary optical spatial filter is formed by the third focusing lens 104 and the third optical waveguide 105 of the second single-photon detector 108 or second photodetector 108 in the fifth optical sub-path 102.

[0348] It has proven useful that the first fluorescence bandpass filter 42 (second bandpass filter) is placed in the fourth optical sub-path 101 between the first optical spatial filter 36, 37, 39 and the second optical spatial filter 45, 49, since its filtering effect is optimal there.

[0349] It has proven to be advantageous that the second fluorescence bandpass filter 103 (third bandpass filter) is placed in the fifth optical sub-path 102 between the first optical spatial filter 36, 37, 39 and the third optical spatial filter 104, 105, since its filtering effect is optimal there.

[0350] The first optical spatial filter 36, 37, 39 and the first fluorescence bandpass filter 42 (second bandpass filter) and the second optical spatial filter 45, 49 form a first double fluorescence bandpass spatial filter.

[0351] The first optical spatial filter 36, 37, 39 and the second fluorescence bandpass filter 103 (third bandpass filter) and the third optical spatial filter 104, 105 form a second double fluorescence bandpass spatial filter.

[0352] By means of a second optical waveguide 49 that is as short as possible, the cage system 51 of the optics box 74 transmits the received fluorescence photons of the fluorescence radiation 33 with the vertical polarization direction to the first single-photon detector 50 or the first photodetector 50.

[0353] By means of a third optical waveguide 105 that is as short as possible, the cage system 51 of the optics box 74 transmits the received fluorescence photons of the fluorescence radiation 33 with the horizontal polarization direction to the second single-photon detector 108 or the second photodetector 108.

[0354] Preferably, a second focusing lens 45 is inserted into the beam path of the fourth optical subpath 101 behind the first fluorescence bandpass filter 42 and behind the polarizing mirror 100 and behind the first optical spatial filter 36, 37, 39 in the evaluation group 99. The second focusing lens 45 is preferably an achromatic focusing lens. Preferably, the second focusing lens 45 is mounted in a second z-adjuster 46. Instead of a second z-adjuster 46, another adjuster that allows the z-adjustment can also be used here. The second z-adjuster 46 can also be fully automatic and motor-driven if necessary. In this case, the control device of the motor of the second z-adjuster 46 is preferably connected to the control device 63 via the control bus 66. In this case, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 preferably controls the motor of the second z-adjuster 46 via the control bus 66 of the device.In this case, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 preferably monitors the electrical control of the motor of the second z-adjuster 46 and reads out the operating parameters and data recorded therefrom as needed. The second z-adjuster 46 preferably comprises position sensors which determine the current position of the second z-adjuster 46. The computer core 65 of the control device 63 can then preferably read out the position values ​​of the second z-adjuster 46 determined by these position sensors of the second z-adjuster 46, compare them with a target value and use them to readjust the position of the second z-adjuster 46, for example by means of a computer-implemented PID Z-position control method. In the examples of the . Fig. 2 to 8, the second z-adjuster 46 is, for example, manually operated.

[0355] Preferably, the second focusing lens 45 serves to focus the spatially and spectrally filtered photoluminescence signal 44 of the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22, with perpendicular polarization, onto the optical fiber input of the second optical fiber 49 of the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50. The focal length f 45 the second focusing lens 45 is preferably at f 45 = 10 mm + / -25%, better + / - 10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1%. The focal length f 45 The focal length of the second focusing lens 45 typically depends on the choice of the second optical waveguide 49, for example the second glass fiber 49, the single-photon detector 50, or the photodetector 50. The focal length f 45 The second focusing lens 45 can therefore also be used in a focal length range of f 45 = 150mm to 1mm.

[0356] Preferably, a third focusing lens 104 is inserted into the beam path of the fifth optical subpath 102 behind the second fluorescence bandpass filter 103 and behind the polarizing mirror 100 and behind the first optical spatial filter 36, 37, 39 in the evaluation group 99. The third focusing lens 104 is preferably an achromatic focusing lens. Preferably, the third focusing lens 104 is mounted in a third z-adjuster. Instead of a third z-adjuster, another adjuster that allows the z-adjustment can also be used here. The third z-adjuster can also be fully automatic and motor-driven if necessary. In this case, the control device of the motor of the third z-adjuster is preferably connected to the control device 63 via the control bus 66. In this case, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 preferably controls the motor of the third z-adjuster via the control bus 66 of the device.In this case, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 preferably monitors the electrical control of the motor of the third z-adjuster and reads the operating parameters and data recorded therefrom as needed. The third z-adjuster preferably comprises position sensors that determine the current position of the third z-adjuster. The computer core 65 of the control device 63 can then preferably read the position values ​​of the third z-adjuster determined by these position sensors of the third z-adjuster, compare them with a target value, and use them to readjust the position of the third z-adjuster, for example, using a computer-implemented PID Z-position control method. The third z-adjuster can also be operated manually.

[0357] Preferably, the third focusing lens 104 serves to focus the spatially and spectrally filtered photoluminescence signal of the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 with horizontal polarization onto the optical fiber input of the third optical fiber 105 of the second single-photon detector 108 or the second photodetector 108. The focal length f 104 the third focusing lens 104 is preferably at f 104 = 10 mm + / -25%, better + / - 10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1%. The focal length f 104 The focal length of the third focusing lens 104 typically depends on the choice of the third optical waveguide 105, for example, the third glass fiber 105, the second single-photon detector 108, or the photodetector 108. The focal length f 104 The third focusing lens 104 can therefore also be used in a focal length range of f 104 = 150mm to 1mm.

[0358] The second optical waveguide 49 is preferably a single-mode optical waveguide and / or, better, a polarization-maintaining optical waveguide. The second optical waveguide 49 transports the spectrally and spatially filtered photoluminescence signal of the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 with perpendicular polarization to the first single-photon detector 50 or to the first photodetector 50. The second optical waveguide 49 can be designed as a glass fiber. A light wave holder 47 in an xy adjuster 48 serves to position the optical waveguide input of the second optical waveguide 49 relative to the focal point of the second focusing lens 45 for the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 with perpendicular polarization in the cage system 51. The exemplary distance of the center of the second focusing lens 45 from the optical waveguide input of the second optical waveguide 49 is, in the examples presented here, Fig. 1 to 8, an exemplary 46 mm. The second optical waveguide 49 mechanically decouples the first single-photon detector 50 or the first photodetector 50 from the optical system and allows the compaction of the optical device to geometric dimensions that enable installation in a 19" rack and / or a 19" server cabinet 98. In particular, this enables the positioning of the first single-photon detector 50 or the first photodetector 50 directly below or above the optics box 74 with the base plate 52 and the optical functional elements in the 19" server cabinet 98. The second optical waveguide 49 typically irradiates the first single-photon detector 50 or the first photodetector 50 with the spectrally and spatially filtered photoluminescence signal of the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 with perpendicular polarization.

[0359] The second optical waveguide 49 is preferably flexible, for example designed as a glass fiber, and can thus then mechanically decouple the first single-photon detector 50 or the first photodetector 50 from the optical system and enable the compaction of the optical device to geometric dimensions that allow installation in a 19'' rack.

[0360] The second optical waveguide 49 and the second focusing lens 45 together form a second optical spatial filter, which further improves the selectivity of the optical spatial filtering of the first optical spatial filter.

[0361] The third optical waveguide 105 is preferably a single-mode optical waveguide and / or, better, a polarization-maintaining optical waveguide. The third optical waveguide 105 transports the spectrally and spatially filtered photoluminescence signal of the fluorescent radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 with horizontal polarization to the second single-photon detector 108 or to the second photodetector 108. The third optical waveguide 105 can be embodied as a glass fiber. A light wave holder in an xy-adjuster preferably serves to position the optical waveguide input of the third optical waveguide 105 relative to the focal point of the third focusing lens 104 for the fluorescent radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 with horizontal polarization in the cage system 51. The exemplary distance of the center of the third focusing lens 104 from the optical waveguide input of the third optical waveguide 105 is, for example, 46 mm.The third optical waveguide 105 mechanically decouples the second single-photon detector 108 or the second photodetector 108 from the optical system and allows the optical device to be compacted to geometric dimensions that allow installation in a 19" rack and / or a 19" server cabinet 98. In particular, this enables the positioning of the second single-photon detector 108 or the second photodetector 108 directly below or above the optics box 74 with the base plate 52 and the optical functional elements in the 19" server cabinet 98. The third optical waveguide 105 typically irradiates the wide single-photon detector 108 or the second photodetector 108 with the spectrally and spatially filtered photoluminescence signal of the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 with horizontal polarization.

[0362] The third optical waveguide 105 is preferably flexible, for example designed as a glass fiber, and can thus then mechanically decouple the second single-photon detector 108 or the second photodetector 108 from the optical system and enable the compaction of the optical device to geometric dimensions that allow installation in a 19'' rack.

[0363] The third optical waveguide 105 and the third focusing lens 104 together form a third optical spatial filter, which further improves the selectivity of the optical spatial filtering of the first optical spatial filter for the detection of the spatially filtered photoluminescence signal of the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 with horizontal polarization.

[0364] It is therefore a feature of the device proposed here that it is in the form of Fig. 14 has a first double optical spatial filter in the fourth optical sub-path 101 and a second double optical spatial filter in the fifth optical sub-path 102. This has the advantage that the device, in contrast to the device of Fig. 13 can provide further information about the quantum state of the observed paramagnetic centers 22.

[0365] The first single-photon detector 50 or the first photodetector 50 typically converts the spectrally and spatially filtered photoluminescence signal of the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 with perpendicular polarization into a first photon detection signal 83 and optionally a second photon detection signal 84. The first photon detection signal 83 may optionally also be identical to the second photon detection signal 84.

[0366] A first slow photon counter 76 is preferably connected to the first single-photon detector 50 or the first photodetector 50 directly or indirectly via a first photon detection signal 83. The first slow photon counter 76 typically counts the photons whose reception the first single-photon detector 50 or the first photodetector 50 signals via the first photon detection signal 83, typically without a time stamp. The first slow photon counter 76 typically serves to generate a first scan image 91 by the control device 63. (See also Fig. 12.)

[0367] To create the first scan image 91 of the fluorescent radiation with perpendicular polarization, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 preferably sets a predetermined focal point on the surface of the sample 21 via the control bus 66 and by means of a mirror mount 18 with a piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16. Using the first slow photon counter 76, it typically counts the photons with perpendicular polarization, the reception of which is signaled by the first single-photon detector 50 or the first photodetector 50 via the first photon detection signal 83. For this purpose, the computer core 65 preferably executes program code for a computer-implemented scan image creation method for a first scan image 91 of the fluorescent radiation 33 with perpendicular polarization, which program code is located in a memory and / or in a storage medium 64 of the control device 63.Preferably, after a predetermined period of time, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 reads the first photon count value determined by the first slow photon counter 76 for photons with perpendicular polarization from this currently set focal point on the surface of the sample 21 via the control bus 66 from the first slow photon counter 76. Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 stores the thus determined first photon count value of the slow photon counter 76 for this focal point on the sample 21 set by the mirror holder 18 with piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16 in a data record of a computer-implemented photon count database in a memory and / or in a storage medium 64 of the control device 63.Preferably, each data record of the photon count database comprises information about the detected photon count of the photons with perpendicular polarization and the spatial coordinate of the focus point on the surface of the sample 21 associated with this first photon count and set by means of the piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16. In addition to a two-dimensional scan, a three-dimensional scan is also conceivable, in which the computer core 65 of the control device 63 sets the focus point not only in the x and y directions, for example by means of the mirror holder 18 with piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16, a predetermined focus point on the surface of the sample 21, but also in the z direction by means of a sample positioning device 26 and / or by means of the piezoelectric Z lens positioner of the lens 20 via the control bus 66.In this case, a data record of the photon count database comprises information about the detected first photon count of the photons with perpendicular polarization and the spatial coordinate of the focal point in the sample 21 corresponding to this first photon count. The first photon counts typically represent fluorescence intensity values ​​of the fluorescence radiation 33 of paramagnetic centers 22 with perpendicular polarization at the spatial coordinates of the corresponding focal points.

[0368] Preferably, by executing the program code of the computer-implemented scan image creation method in a memory and / or in a storage medium 64 of the control device 63, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 also determines the image data for a computer-implemented scan image 91 of the fluorescent radiation 33 with perpendicular polarization and stores this in an image storage area, which is preferably located in a memory and / or in a storage medium 64 of the control device 63. Preferably, an imaging unit, for example a screen 93, displays this computer-implemented scan image 91 of the fluorescent radiation 33 with perpendicular polarization in a manner perceivable by humans. The computer-implemented scan image 91 preferably includes information about the spatial coordinates of the paramagnetic centers 22 in the sample 21 and, if applicable, their quantum states.This enables the selection of clusters of paramagnetic centers 22 with a predetermined orientation in the sample 21 for use as quantum dots of the quantum computer. Typically, the intensity values ​​of the computer-implemented scan image 91 represent fluorescence intensity values ​​of the fluorescence radiation 33 of paramagnetic centers 22 with perpendicular polarization at the spatial coordinates of the corresponding focal points. The creation of this computer-implemented scan image 91 of the fluorescence radiation 33 with perpendicular polarization using a piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16 is novel compared to the prior art and has the advantage of significantly increasing speed.

[0369] The second single-photon detector 108 or the second photodetector 108 typically converts the spectrally and spatially filtered photoluminescence signal of the fluorescent radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 with horizontal polarization into a third photon detection signal 111 and, if appropriate, a fourth photon detection signal 110. The third photon detection signal 111 may, if appropriate, also be identical to the fourth photon detection signal 110.

[0370] A second slow photon counter 112 is preferably connected to the second single-photon detector 108 or the second photodetector 108 directly or indirectly via a third photon detection signal 111. The second slow photon counter 112 typically counts the photons with horizontal polarization, the reception of which the second single-photon detector 108 or the second photodetector 108 signals via the third photon detection signal 111, typically without a time stamp. The second slow photon counter 112 typically serves to generate a second scan image 91 of the fluorescent radiation 33 with horizontal polarization by the control device 63. (See also Fig. 12.)

[0371] To create the second scan image 91 of the fluorescent radiation 33 with horizontal polarization, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 preferably sets a predetermined focal point on the surface of the sample 21 via the control bus 66 and by means of a mirror mount 18 with a piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16. Using the second slow photon counter 112, it typically counts the photons with vertical polarization, the reception of which is signaled by the second single-photon detector 108 or the second photodetector 108 via the third photon detection signal 111. For this purpose, the computer core 65 preferably executes program code for a computer-implemented scan image creation method for a second scan image 91, which program code is located in a memory and / or in a storage medium 64 of the control device 63.Preferably, after a predetermined period of time, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 reads the second photon count value for photons with horizontal polarization determined by the second slow photon counter 112 from this currently set focal point on the surface of the sample 21 via the control bus 66 from the second slow photon counter 112. Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 stores the thus determined second photon count value for photons with horizontal polarization of the second slow photon counter 112 for this focal point on the sample 21 set by the mirror holder 18 with the piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16 in a data record of a computer-implemented photon count database in a memory and / or in a storage medium 64 of the control device 63.Preferably, each data record of the photon count database comprises information about the detected second photon count for photons with horizontal polarization and the spatial coordinate of the focus point on the surface of the sample 21 associated with this second photon count and set by means of the piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16. In addition to a two-dimensional scan, a three-dimensional scan is also conceivable, in which the computer core 65 of the control device 63 sets the focus point not only in the x and y directions, for example by means of the mirror holder 18 with piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16, a predetermined focus point on the surface of the sample 21, but also in the z direction by means of a sample positioning device 26 and / or by means of the piezoelectric Z lens positioner of the lens 20 via the control bus 66.In this case, a data record of the photon count database includes information about the detected second photon count for photons with horizontal polarization and the spatial coordinate of the focus point in the sample 21 corresponding to this second photon count. The second photon counts for photons with horizontal polarization typically represent fluorescence intensity values ​​of the fluorescence radiation 33 of paramagnetic centers 22 with horizontal polarization at the spatial coordinates of the corresponding focus points.

[0372] Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 determines the image data for a computer-implemented second scan image 91 of the fluorescent radiation 33 with horizontal polarization by executing the program code of the computer-implemented scan image creation method in a memory and / or in a storage medium 64 of the control device 63 and stores this in an image storage area, which is preferably located in a memory and / or in a storage medium 64 of the control device 63. Preferably, an imaging unit, for example a screen 93, displays this computer-implemented second scan image 91 of the fluorescent radiation 33 with horizontal polarization in a manner that is perceivable by humans. Preferably, the computer-implemented second scan image 91 of the fluorescent radiation 33 with horizontal polarization comprises information about the spatial coordinates of the paramagnetic centers 22 in the sample 21 and, if applicable,their quantum states. This enables the selection of clusters of paramagnetic centers 22 with a predetermined orientation in the sample 21 for use as quantum dots of the quantum computer. Typically, the intensity values ​​of the computer-implemented second scan image 91 represent fluorescence intensity values ​​of the fluorescence radiation 33 of paramagnetic centers 22 with horizontal polarization at the spatial coordinates of the corresponding focus points. The creation of this computer-implemented second scan image 91 of the fluorescence radiation 33 with horizontal polarization using a piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16 is new compared to the prior art and has the advantage of significantly increasing speed.

[0373] Instead of the piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16, another actuator-based tilt and scanner system with mirror 16 can be used in a functionally equivalent manner. Therefore, if the claims refer to a piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16, such other actuator-based tilt and scanner system with mirror 16 is expressly encompassed by such a claim. For example, a piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16 can also be a single- or dual-axis MEMS mirror system with a MEMS tilt mirror that can be tilted about one or two axes using comb drives.

[0374] A first fast photon counter 77 is typically connected to the first single-photon detector 50 or the first photodetector 50 directly or indirectly via a second photon detection signal 84. Preferably, the first fast photon counter 77 includes a first time base, for example, in the form of a clock, to determine and record the time values ​​of points in time. The first fast photon counter 77 typically counts the photon detection events with perpendicular polarization transmitted by the first single-photon detector 50 or the first photodetector 50 using the second photon detection signal 84.The first fast photon counter 77 preferably records each photon detection event with perpendicular polarization and preferably provides each photon detection event thus recorded with a time stamp for the time of arrival corresponding to the current time value of its time base at the time of this arrival relative to a temporal reference point. The AWG 78 preferably signals this temporal reference point to the first fast photon counter 77 by means of an AWG synchronization signal 82. The first fast photon counter 77 preferably sets the time value of its time base to a predetermined time value, for example zero, depending on this AWG synchronization signal 82. As a result, the time base of the first fast photon counter 77 is synchronous with the modulation of the pump radiation 54 of the pump radiation source, for example in the form of the excitation laser 1 and / or with the modulation of the microwave signal of the microwave source 55 orof the microwave amplifier and / or for modulating the RF signal of the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier.

[0375] Preferably, the first fast photon counter 77 and / or the computer core 65 of the control device 63 create a first photon histogram from the thus acquired timestamps of the acquired photon detection events with perpendicular polarization in order to determine the statistical temporal distribution of the photon events with perpendicular polarization.

[0376] For this purpose, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 preferably executes a first computer-implemented statistical evaluation method, which preferably evaluates the recorded time stamps of the detected photon detection events with vertical polarization. The computer core 65 of the control device 63 preferably queries the recorded time stamps of the photon detection events with vertical polarization from the first fast photon counter 77 via the control bus 66. The program code for the first computer-implemented statistical evaluation method is preferably located in a memory and / or in a storage medium 64 of the control device 63. When executed by the computer core 65 of the control device 63, the first computer-implemented statistical evaluation method preferably generates a first histogram of the recorded time stamps of the detected photon detection events with vertical polarization.Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 infers a quantum state of the paramagnetic centers 22 in the sample 21 by means of the said first computer-implemented statistical evaluation method in the memory and / or in the storage medium 64 of the control device 63.

[0377] A second fast photon counter 109 is typically connected to the second single-photon detector 108 or the second photodetector 108 directly or indirectly via a fourth photon detection signal 110. Preferably, the second fast photon counter 109 includes a second time base, for example, in the form of a clock, to determine and record the time values ​​of points in time. The second fast photon counter 109 typically counts the photon detection events with horizontal polarization transmitted by the second single-photon detector 108 or the first photodetector 108 via the fourth photon detection signal 110.The second fast photon counter 109 preferably detects each photon detection event with horizontal polarization and preferably provides each photon detection event thus detected with a time stamp for the time of arrival corresponding to the current time value of its second time base at the time of this arrival relative to a temporal reference point. The AWG 78 preferably signals this temporal reference point to the second fast photon counter 109 using the AWG synchronization signal 82. The second fast photon counter 109 preferably sets the time value of its second time base to a predetermined time value, for example, zero, depending on this AWG synchronization signal 82.As a result, the time base of the second fast photon counter 109 is synchronous with the modulation of the pump radiation 54 of the pump radiation source, for example in the form of the excitation laser 1 and / or with the modulation of the microwave signal of the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier and / or with the modulation of the RF signal of the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier.

[0378] Preferably, the second fast photon counter 109 and / or the computer core 65 of the control device 63 create a second photon histogram from the thus acquired timestamps of the acquired photon detection events with horizontal polarization in order to determine the statistical temporal distribution of the photon events with horizontal polarization.

[0379] For this purpose, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 preferably executes a second computer-implemented statistical evaluation method, which preferably evaluates the recorded time stamps of the detected photon detection events with horizontal polarization. The computer core 65 of the control device 63 preferably queries the recorded time stamps of the photon detection events with horizontal polarization from the second fast photon counter 109 via the control bus 66. The program code for the second computer-implemented statistical evaluation method is preferably located in a memory and / or in a storage medium 64 of the control device 63. When executed by the computer core 65 of the control device 63, the second computer-implemented statistical evaluation method preferably generates a second histogram of the recorded time stamps of the detected photon detection events with horizontal polarization.Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 uses the said second computer-implemented statistical evaluation method in the memory and / or in the storage medium 64 of the control device 63 to infer a quantum state of the paramagnetic centers 22 in the sample 21. If necessary, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 uses the said first computer-implemented statistical evaluation method in the memory and / or in the storage medium 64 of the control device 63 in combination with the second computer-implemented statistical evaluation method in the memory and / or in the storage medium 64 of the control device 63 to infer a quantum state of the paramagnetic centers 22 in the sample 21. If necessary.the computer core 65 of the control device 63 uses said first histogram of the first computer-implemented statistical evaluation method in the memory and / or in the storage medium 64 of the control device 63 in combination with said second histogram of the second computer-implemented statistical evaluation method in the memory and / or in the storage medium 64 of the control device 63 to infer a quantum state of the paramagnetic centers in the sample 21.

[0380] Preferably, the content of the memory and / or the storage medium 64 of the control device 63 also includes program code of a computer-implemented quantum computer program, which the computer core 65 of the control device 63 typically executes as needed. Typically, this program code of the computer-implemented quantum computer program • at least one program code for modifying the quantum state of at least one paramagnetic center, for example at least one NV center 22, and / or the quantum state of at least one nuclear quantum bit (at least one nuclear spin of an isotope with a magnetic nuclear moment) in the sample 21 and / or • at least one program code for reading out the quantum state of at least one paramagnetic center, for example at least one NV center 22, and / or the quantum state of at least one nuclear quantum bit (at least one nuclear spin of an isotope with a magnetic nuclear moment) in the sample 21.

[0381] The computer core 65 of the control device 63 preferably accesses at least this measured value or one or more of the values ​​derived from this and / or other measured values ​​via the control bus 66. The computer core 65 of the control device 63 preferably controls the first single-photon detector 50 or the first photodetector 50 and the second single-photon detector 108 or the second photodetector 108 and their auxiliary devices via the control bus 66 and monitors the operating parameters of the first single-photon detector 50 or the first photodetector 50 and the operating parameters of the second single-photon detector 108 or the second photodetector 108 and the operating parameters of their auxiliary devices of the quantum computer via the control bus 66 and reads other data from the first single-photon detector 50 or the first photodetector 50 and the second single-photon detector 108 orof the second photodetector 108 and its auxiliary devices via the control bus 66.

[0382] The computer core 65 of the control device 63 preferably accesses the contents of the memory and / or storage medium 64 of the control device 63 via the internal data bus 68. This content typically includes data and program code. The memory and / or storage medium 64 of the control device 63 can itself include multiple memories and / or storage media 64. The memories and / or storage media 64 can be volatile or non-volatile. Storage media 64 can be exchangeable using a removable socket and / or a corresponding connector. Such a storage medium 64 with corresponding data and / or program code can represent a computer program product that can be offered separately. The program code of computer-implemented methods that the computer core 65 of the control device 63 executes can be located in a different memory and / or storage medium 64 than the program data (Harvard architecture).The program code of computer-implemented methods executed by the processor core 65 of the control device 63 can be located in the same memory and / or storage medium 64 as the program data (von Neumann architecture). The control device 63 can thus have, among other things, a Harvard architecture or a von Neumann architecture.

[0383] The Fig. 13 and Fig. 14 shown features can also be found in the Fig. 1 shown quantum computer can be used.

[0384] The claims filed now with the application and those filed later are without prejudice to the attainment of further protection.

[0385] Should a closer examination, particularly of the relevant prior art, reveal that one or another feature is beneficial to the purpose of the invention but not crucially important, then, of course, a formulation is already being sought that no longer contains such a feature, especially in the main claim. Such a subcombination is thus also covered by the disclosure of this application.

[0386] The references cited in the dependent claims indicate the further development of the subject matter of the main claim through the features of the respective subclaim. However, these are not to be understood as a waiver of independent, objective protection for the features of the referenced subclaims.

[0387] It should also be noted that the embodiments and variants of the invention described in the various embodiments and shown in the figures can be combined with one another as desired. Individual or multiple features are interchangeable. These feature combinations are also disclosed.

[0388] Features that were only disclosed in the description or individual features from claims that comprise a plurality of features can at any time be incorporated into the independent claim(s) as being of essential importance to the invention in order to distinguish them from the prior art, even if such features were mentioned in connection with other features or achieve particularly favorable results in connection with other features.

[0389] Thus, all features presented in the general description of the invention, the description of the exemplary embodiments, the following claims, and the figures can be essential to the invention both individually and in any combination. These features or combinations of features can each form the basis of an independent invention, the right to claim which is expressly reserved. Individual features from the description of an exemplary embodiment do not necessarily have to be combined with one or more or all of the other features specified in the description of this exemplary embodiment; in this regard, each sub-combination is expressly disclosed. Furthermore, physical features of a device can be reformulated to also be used as method features, and method features can be reformulated to be used as physical features of a device.Such a reformulation is therefore automatically disclosed. List of cited writings DE 10 2020 101 784 B3 WO 2021 083 448 A1 PCT / EP2023 / 055729 Philipp Neumann, “Towards a room temperature solid-state quantum processor - The nitrogen vacancy center in diamond,” dissertation at the Faculty 8 of Mathematics and Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany, December 21, 2011 DE 20 2023 101 056 U1

[0390] These documents and their respective contents are incorporated by reference in their entirety within the scope of this invention. This shall also apply to any subsequent applications to the present patent application. In particular, this incorporation by reference shall apply in the context of the nationalization of a subsequent international application, if the law of the respective legal system of the state in which the international application of the document submitted here is nationalized permits such incorporation by reference. glossary

[0391] Definition of the terms “bandwidth” and “central wavelength” of electromagnetic radiation in relation to the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation background

[0392] The document presented here refers at various points to bandwidth or central wavelength of the pump radiation 54 and bandwidth of the fluorescence radiation 33. For greater clarity, the document presented here defines these terms and their measurement.

[0393] The "bandwidth" of electromagnetic radiation refers to the range of wavelengths within a specific frequency range that the radiation transmits. It is usually expressed in nanometers (nm) or hertz (Hz) and corresponds to the difference between the longest and shortest wavelengths or frequencies covered by the radiation.

[0394] The "central wavelength" of electromagnetic radiation is the middle or central wavelength within the frequency range at which the radiation exhibits its maximum intensity or power. It represents the wavelength or frequency at which the radiation achieves its highest energy transfer or its dominant resonant frequency. Measurement method for measuring the bandwidth and central wavelength of electromagnetic radiation

[0395] The bandwidth and central wavelength of electromagnetic radiation can be determined using various measurement techniques. Two common methods are described below:

[0396] Bandwidth: a) 10%-90% bandwidth method: This method defines the bandwidth of radiation by the wavelength ranges where the intensity or power lies between 10% and 90% of the maximum value. The bandwidth corresponds to the difference between the wavelength points or frequency values ​​where the intensity or power reaches 10% and 90% of the maximum value. b) Spectral analysis for bandwidth: This method uses a spectrum analyzer to measure the intensity of the various wavelength components of electromagnetic radiation. The bandwidth is calculated by determining the frequency range or wavelength range where the intensity exceeds a certain threshold. c) Full-width at half maximum (FWHM) for bandwidth: Specifically, the FWHM refers to the frequency or wavelength range within which the intensity, amplitude, or power of the radiation has dropped to half its maximum value. This means that the FWHM is the difference between the wavelength points where the intensity reaches 50% of the maximum value of the radiation.

[0397] Central wavelength: a) Maximum intensity method for the central wavelength: The central wavelength is defined by the wavelength or frequency at which the radiation reaches its maximum intensity or power. It is the point in the frequency range with the highest intensity or power. b) Center of Gravity Method for the Central Wavelength: The center of gravity method is a common method for determining the central wavelength of a signal, particularly in spectroscopy and wavelength measurement of optical components such as filters or lasers. This method is based on calculating the center of gravity of a signal distribution to determine the central wavelength. c) To apply the center-of-mass method, the measurement data of the signal or signal distribution are first recorded. These are usually intensity measurements recorded as a function of the wavelength or frequency of the signal. d) The center of gravity method works by calculating the sum of the products of the intensity measurements and the corresponding wavelengths (or frequencies) and dividing this sum by the total intensity of the signal. Mathematically, the formula for the center of gravity (CGF) is as follows: SP=∑(Intensity_i∗Wavelength_i) / ∑Intensity_i Where "Intensity_i" represents the intensity of the signal at the i-th measured wavelength, and "Wavelength_i" represents the i-th measured wavelength. The sums are calculated across all measured values. The center of gravity (CGF) thus corresponds to the weighted average of the signal's wavelengths or frequencies, with the intensity serving as the weighting factor. The resulting center of gravity indicates the signal's central wavelength. The center-of-mass method is a simple and effective way to calculate the central wavelength of a signal, especially when the signal distribution is symmetric. This method is widely used in many applications and offers a precise way to determine the characteristic wavelength of a signal. However, it should be noted that the accuracy of the method depends on the quality of the measurement data, and other analysis methods may be required for asymmetric or complex signal distributions. Measuring the bandwidth and central wavelength of electromagnetic radiation is crucial for characterizing the properties of the radiation and for its targeted use in various applications such as optical communication systems, sensor technologies, and spectral analysis.

[0398] The terms bandwidth and central wavelength can also be applied to the various optical filters mentioned in this document when they are transmitted with white light, or when the filter spectra are converted to white light transmission. The terms bandwidth and central wavelength of the filter then refer to the spectrum of the light transmitted by the filter when white light is transmitted.

[0399] Definition of the terms “bandwidth” and “central wavelength” of an optical bandpass filter in relation to the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation optical bandpass filter

[0400] An optical bandpass filter is a device capable of transmitting a specific range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation while blocking other wavelengths. The "bandwidth" of an optical bandpass filter refers to the range of wavelengths that the filter effectively passes. It is usually measured in nanometers (nm) or angstroms (Å) and corresponds to the difference between the longest and shortest wavelengths that the filter allows to pass.

[0401] The "center wavelength" of an optical bandpass filter is the middle or central wavelength within the passband where the filter efficiency is highest. It represents the wavelength at which the filter achieves its maximum transmission rate.

[0402] Measurement method for measuring the bandwidth and the central wavelength of an optical bandpass filter

[0403] The bandwidth and center wavelength of an optical bandpass filter can be determined using various measurement techniques. Two common methods are described below: a) Full-width at half maximum (FWHM) bandwidth: This method measures the wavelength ranges where the transmission intensity is half of the maximum transmission value. The bandwidth corresponds to the difference between the wavelength points where the transmission intensity has dropped to half of the maximum value. b) Maximum transmission method for the center wavelength: The center wavelength is defined by the wavelength at which the filter achieves its maximum transmission rate. This is the point in the passband with the highest transmission rate.

[0404] Measuring the bandwidth and center wavelength are crucial to characterizing the filtering performance of an optical bandpass filter and ensuring that it efficiently passes the desired wavelengths. 2. Definition of the term "edge wavelength" of an optical longpass filter in relation to the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation: Definition of the terms “edge wavelength” of an optical long-pass filter in relation to the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation optical longpass filter

[0405] An optical longpass filter is a device capable of transmitting electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength greater than a certain edge wavelength, also called the cutoff wavelength, while blocking shorter wavelengths. The edge wavelength of an optical longpass filter is the critical wavelength at which the transmission rate drops abruptly from high transmission (transmittance) for longer wavelengths to low transmission for shorter wavelengths. Measurement method for measuring the edge wavelength of an optical long-pass filter

[0406] The edge wavelength of an optical longpass filter can be determined using various measurement techniques. Two common methods are described below: a) 50%-point method: In this method, the edge wavelength is defined as the wavelength at which the transmission rate is 50% of the maximum value. The edge wavelength corresponds to the point at which the filter efficiency reaches half of the maximum transmission rate. b) 10%-90% method: This method determines the edge wavelength based on the wavelength ranges where the transmission rate lies between 10% and 90% of the maximum value. The edge wavelength corresponds to the point at which the filter efficiency increases from 10% to 90%.

[0407] Definition of the terms “bandwidth” and “central wavelength” of an optical band-stop filter in relation to the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation optical band-stop filter

[0408] An optical band-stop filter is a device capable of blocking a specific range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation while allowing other wavelengths to pass through.

[0409] The "bandwidth" of an optical band-stop filter refers to the range of wavelengths that the filter effectively blocks. It is usually measured in nanometers (nm) or angstroms (Å) and corresponds to the difference between the longest and shortest wavelengths that the filter does not transmit.

[0410] The "center wavelength" of an optical band-stop filter is the middle or central wavelength within the stopband where the filter efficiency is highest. It represents the wavelength at which the filter achieves maximum transmission suppression.

[0411] Measurement method for measuring the bandwidth and central wavelength of an optical band-stop filter: The bandwidth and center wavelength of an optical band-stop filter can be determined using various measurement techniques. Two common methods are described below: a) 10%-90% bandwidth method: In this method, the filter's bandwidth is defined by the wavelength ranges where the transmission rate lies between 10% and 90% of the maximum value. The bandwidth corresponds to the difference between the wavelength points where the transmission rate reaches 10% and 90%. b) Maximum suppression method for the central wavelength: The central wavelength is defined by the wavelength at which the filter achieves the maximum suppression of the transmission.

[0412] This is the point in the stop band with the lowest transmission rate.

[0413] Measuring the bandwidth and center wavelength are crucial to characterize the filtering performance of an optical band-stop filter and ensure that it efficiently blocks specific wavelength ranges. List of reference symbols 1 excitation laser 2 first optical waveguide of the excitation laser 1 3 Optical fiber holder of the excitation laser 1 4 first xy-adjuster 5 first collimator lens 6 first z-adjuster 7 optical neutral density filter 8 first removable bracket 9 first optical bandpass filter (also called laser bandpass filter) 10 first retaining plate 11 λ / 2 delay plate 12 Rotation bracket 13 dichroic mirrors 14 three-axis rotary mount 15 connecting cubes 16 piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 17 Holder of the piezoelectric tilt and scanner system 18 Mirror mount with piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16 19 piezoelectric Z-lens positioner 20 lens 21 Sample 22 NV centers 23 Antenna 24 PCB board of the sample carrier device 25 Adapter plate of the sample carrier device 26 Sample positioning device 27 Base plate of the sample carrier device 28 Magnetic positioning device 29 Adapter plate of the magnetic positioning device 30 Halbach magnet assembly 31 long-pass filters 32 second removable bracket 33 Fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers, here the NV centers 22 34 mirrors 35 Adjustable mirror mount 36 first focusing lens 37 pinhole 38 xyz adjusters 39 second collimator lens 40 second retaining plate 41 spatially filtered photoluminescence signal of the NV centers 42 fluorescence bandpass filters (second bandpass filters) 43 third removable bracket 44 spectrally and spatially filtered photoluminescence signal of the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers, here the NV centers 22 45 second focusing lens 46 second z-adjuster 47 Optical waveguide holder of the second optical waveguide 49 of the single-photon detector 50 48 second xy-adjuster 49 second optical fiber of the single-photon detector 50 50 single-photon detectors 51 Cage system 52 base plate 53 band-stop filters 54 Pump radiation 55 Microwave source (microwave amplifier) 56 RF source (RF amplifier) 57 Microwave line 58 RF cable 59 microwave connectors 60 RF connectors 61 typically planar microwave line 62 typically planar RF lines 63 Control device 64 Memory and / or storage medium of the control device 63 65 Computer core of the control unit 63 66 control bus 67 Nuclear quantum bit 68 internal data bus of the control device 63 69 Data interface 70 optical axis of the first optical sub-path 71 optical axis of the second optical path 72 optical axis of the third optical path 73 feet 74 Optics box with base plate 52, which includes the cage system 51 with the optical functional elements 75 Control of the magnetic positioning device 28, this control being considered in this document as part of the magnetic positioning device 28 76 Slow photon counter. The slow photon counter 76 is preferably connected to the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 directly or indirectly via a first photon detection signal 83. The slow photon counter 76 counts the photons whose reception the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 signals via the first photon detection signal 83, typically without a time stamp. The slow photon counter 76 typically serves to generate a scan image by the control device 63. 77 fast photon counter. The fast photon counter 77 is connected to the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 directly or indirectly via a second photon detection signal 84. The fast photon counter 77 typically counts the photon detection events transmitted by the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 via a second photon detection signal 84. The fast photon counter 77 provides each event with a time stamp for the time of arrival relative to a temporal reference point. Preferably, the AWG 78 signals the fast photon counter 77 about this temporal reference point using an AWG synchronization signal 82. 78 AWG (arbitrary waveform generator = signal generator with freely selectable waveform) 79 AWG microwave signal 80 AWG RF signal 81 AWG laser modulation signal 82 AWG synchronization signal 83 first photon detection signal of the single-photon detector 50 or the photon detector 50 84 second photon detection signal of the single-photon detector 50 or the photon detector 50 85 first additional mirror 86 second additional mirror 87 third additional mirror 88 Carrying handle 89 Damping material 90 electrical and / or magnetic shielding 91 scan image 92 further information 93 Screen 94 Control of the sample positioning device 26, this control being considered in this document as part of the sample positioning device 26 95 Operating side 96 Maintenance page 97 heat sinks 98 19'' server cabinet 99 Evaluation group of the second optical sub-path 71 100 first polarization-dependent mirror 101 fourth optical subpath 102 fifth optical sub-path; 103 second fluorescence bandpass filter 104 third focusing lens 105 third optical fiber 106 second optical waveguide holder 106 of the third optical waveguide 105 of the second single-photon detector 108 or the second photodetector 108 107 spectrally and spatially filtered photoluminescence signal of the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers, here the NV centers 22, with horizontal polarization 108 second single-photon detector 108 or second photodetector 108 109 second fast photon counter 110 fourth photon detection signal 111 third photon detection signal 112 second slow photon counter QUOTES CONTAINED IN THE DESCRIPTION

[0000] This list of documents submitted by the applicant was generated automatically and is included solely for the convenience of the reader. This list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions. Cited patent literature

[0000] DE 10 2020 101 784 B3 [0006, 0007, 0012, 0389] WO 2021 083 448 A1 [0006, 0389] EP 2023 / 055729 [0006, 0389] DE 10 2020 008 157 B3 [0018, 0019] DE 20 2023 101 056 U1 [0182, 0389] Cited non-patent literature

[0000] Philipp Neumann entitled “Towards a room temperature solid state quantum processor - The nitrogen vacancy center in diamond”, which was held on 21 December 2011 at the Faculty 8 Mathematics and Physics of the University of Stuttgart, Germany

[0007]

Claims

[1] Quantum computer comprising a sample (21) having paramagnetic centers, preferably NV centers (22), and a pump radiation source (1), in particular in the form of an excitation laser (1), wherein the pump radiation source (1) is configured to supply the paramagnetic centers (22) with pump radiation (54) of a pump radiation wavelength (λ pmp), and wherein the optical system is configured to at least partially detect the fluorescence radiation (33) of the paramagnetic centers (22) and to at least partially guide this detected fluorescence radiation (33) to a photodetector (50) and / or a single-photon detector (50) via a second optical sub-path (71), wherein the first optical sub-path (70) is at least partially different from the second optical sub-path (71), and wherein the photodetector (50) or the single-photon detector (50) are configured to convert the fluorescence signal of the fluorescence radiation (33) of the paramagnetic centers (22) into at least one measurement signal and / or at least one measured value, and wherein the quantum computer is configured to use this at least one measurement signal or this at least one measured value for performing a quantum operation, characterized bythat the quantum computer has an optical spatial filter (36, 37, 39, 45, 49) in the second optical sub-path. [2] Quantum computer according to claim 1, characterized by , that the first optical spatial filter (36, 37, 39) comprises at least one of the following elements: an optical focusing device, preferably in the form of at least one focusing lens (36), a pinhole (37), a grid aperture, a photonic crystal, an optical metamaterial, a mask, a two- or three-dimensional holographic mask, an optical phase mask, a holographic filter, an optical fiber, a polarization-maintaining optical fiber, an optical fiber, an interference filter, an optical collimator device, preferably in the form of at least one collimator lens (39), and / or that the second optical sub-path comprises the first optical spatial filter (36, 37, 39) and a second optical spatial filter (45, 49) as a double optical spatial filter (36, 37, 39, 45, 49), wherein the second optical spatial filter (45, 49) preferably comprises at least one of the following elements: an optical focusing device, preferably in the form of at least one focusing lens (45), a second optical fiber (49), a pinhole, a grid aperture, a photonic crystal, an optical metamaterial, a mask, a two- or three-dimensional holographic mask, an optical phase mask, a holographic filter, an optical fiber, an interference filter. [3] Quantum computer according to one of claims 1 to 2, characterized bythat in the second optical sub-path (71) at least one of the following elements exists: an optical long-pass filter (31) for the pump radiation (54), an optical band-stop filter (53) for the pump radiation (54), a mirror (34), an optical bandpass filter (42) for the fluorescent radiation (33), wherein the optical bandpass filter (42) is preferably arranged after the first optical spatial filter (36, 37, 39) and in particular before the second optical spatial filter (45, 49) according to claim 2. [4] Quantum computer according to claim 3, characterized by , that the central wavelength of the pump radiation (54) of the pump radiation source (1) and the bandwidth of the pump radiation (54) of the pump radiation source (1) and the bandwidth and the central wavelength of the bandpass filter (42) for the fluorescence radiation (33) are matched to one another, that the calculated constructive C pk42-value is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, where a constructiveC pk42 -value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred, and / or that the calculated constructive C pk42b -value is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, where a constructive C pk42b-value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred, and / or that the bandwidth of the wavelength of the pump radiation (54) of the pump radiation source (1) and the central wavelength of the pump radiation (54) of the pump radiation source (1) define a tolerance range for the bandwidth of the wavelength of the optical band-stop filter (53) in which the optical band-stop filter (53) does not attenuate the optical radiation during transmission or only insignificantly, according to position and width, and wherein the central wavelength of the pump radiation (54) of the pump radiation source (1) and the bandwidth of the pump radiation (54) of the pump radiation source (1) and the bandwidth and the central wavelength of the optical band-stop filter (53) are matched to one another in such a way that the constructive C calculated with reference to this tolerance window pk -value is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, where a constructive C pk-value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred, and / or that the calculated constructive C pkb -value is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, where a constructive C pkb -value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred. [5] Quantum computer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by that in the first optical sub-path (70) at least one of the following elements exists: a first optical waveguide (2) which feeds the pump radiation (54) of the pump radiation source (1) into the first optical sub-path (70), wherein the first optical waveguide (2) is preferably at least partially a single-mode optical waveguide and / or at least partially a polarization-maintaining optical waveguide, an optical collimator (5), an optical neutral density filter (7) for the pump radiation (54), a first optical bandpass filter (9) for the pump radiation (54), an optical delay plate, preferably in the form of a λ / 2 delay plate or λ / 4 delay plate for the pump radiation (54). [6] Quantum computer according to claim 5, characterized by that the central wavelength of the pump radiation (54) of the pump radiation source (1) and the bandwidth of the pump radiation (54) of the pump radiation source (1) and the bandwidth and the central wavelength of the first optical bandpass filter (9) are matched to one another such that the calculated constructive C pk9 -value is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, where a constructiveC pk9 -value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred, and / or that the calculated constructive C pk9b-value is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, where a constructive C pk9b -value greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred. [7] Quantum computer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by that the optical system of the quantum computer has a third optical sub-path (72) in which the sample (21) is arranged, wherein the optical system is preferably designed such that the first optical sub-path (70), the second optical sub-path (71) and the third optical sub-path (72) are arranged in an E-arrangement or the first optical sub-path (70), the second optical sub-path (71) and the third optical sub-path (72) are arranged in a double-C arrangement. [8] Quantum computer according to claim 7, characterized by that in the third optical sub-path (72) at least one of the following elements exists: a mirror (16), a piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror (16), a lens (20), which is preferably arranged on a lens positioner (19). [9] Quantum computer according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized by that the quantum computer has a magnetic positioning device (28) for the sample (21), which comprises a magnet structure (30) with at least one or more permanent magnets, wherein the magnetic positioning device (28) is preferably designed such that the magnetic flux density of the magnetic field of the at least one permanent magnet flows through the paramagnetic centers (22) and / or the magnet structure (30) has a Halbach magnet structure (30). [10] Quantum computer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that an optical coupling functional element (13) is provided for coupling the pump radiation (54) of the first optical sub-path (70) into the third optical sub-path (72), and / or that an optical coupling functional element (13) for coupling out the fluorescence radiation (33) from the third optical partial path and / or that an optical coupling functional element (13) for coupling the fluorescence radiation (33) from the third optical sub-path into the second optical sub-path (71) is provided, wherein the optical coupling functional elements (13) are preferably designed as dichroic mirrors (13), in particular as a common dichroic mirror (13), wherein the dichroic mirror (13) is preferably designed such that it reflects the pump radiation (54) and transmits the fluorescence radiation (33) or that it transmits the pump radiation (54) and reflects the fluorescence radiation (33). [11] Quantum computer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that the sample (21) has nuclear spin centers (67) which are preferably 14 N-, 15 N and 13 C isotopes, wherein the quantum computer in particular comprises means adapted to couple and / or entangle the spins of the electron configurations of the paramagnetic centers with the nuclear spins of the nuclear spin centers (67), said means preferably comprising an RF source, and / or that means for manipulating the quantum states of the paramagnetic centers (22) exist, which preferably comprise a microwave source, and / or that means for resetting the paramagnetic centers (22) exist, which preferably comprise the pump radiation source (1), wherein the pump radiation source is designed in particular as an excitation laser. [12] Quantum computer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by in that the second optical partial path (71) has an optical polarization filter (100), which preferably comprises a polarization-dependent mirror (100) which is designed such that it reflects fluorescent radiation with a first optical polarization and transmits fluorescent radiation with a second optical polarization different from the first polarization, wherein the second optical spatial filter (45, 49, 104, 105) is arranged in particular in the radiation direction downstream of the optical polarization filter (100), wherein preferably downstream of the optical polarization filter (100) there are two optical partial paths (101, 102) and in each partial path (101, 102 there is a second optical spatial filter (45, 49, 104, 105) and / or an optical bandpass filter (42, 103) for the fluorescent radiation (33). [13] Quantum computer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by that the quantum computer includes the following elements: a 19'' rack or a 19'' server cabinet (98), wherein the 19'' rack or the 19'' server cabinet (98) has an operating side (95) and a maintenance side (96), an optical box (74) having the first optical sub-path (70) and the second optical sub-path (71), a control device (63), an excitation laser (1), an AWG (78), wherein on the maintenance side (96) of the 19'' server cabinet (98) a first optical waveguide (2) optically connects the excitation laser (1) to the first optical sub-path (70) and wherein on the maintenance side (96) of the 19'' server cabinet (98) a second optical waveguide (49) optically connects the single-photon detector (50) or the photon detector to the second optical sub-path (71), wherein the control device (63) has the lowest mounting position in the 19'' rack or a 19'' server cabinet (98), wherein the AWG (78) has a mounting position in the 19'' rack or the 19'' server cabinet (98) which is above the mounting position of the control device (63) in the 19'' rack or a 19'' server cabinet (98), wherein the excitation laser (1) and the single-photon detector (50) or the photon detector each has mounting positions in the 19'' rack or the 19'' server cabinet (98) that are above the mounting positions of the control device (63) and the AWG (78) in the 19'' rack or a 19'' server cabinet (98), wherein the optics box (74) has a mounting position in the 19'' rack or the 19'' server cabinet (98) that is above the mounting positions of the control device (63) and the AWG (78) and the excitation laser (1) and the single-photon detector (50) or the photon detector in the 19'' rack or a 19'' server cabinet (98), wherein the length of the first optical fiber (2) and the length of the second optical fiber (49) are dimensioned such that the optics box (74) from the 19'' rack or the 19'' server cabinet (98) can be pulled out on the operating side (95) for calibration and adjustment purposes without interrupting the operation of the quantum computer. [14] Quantum computer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that the quantum computer is part of a quantum computer production set, wherein the quantum computer production set comprises a plurality of at least 5 and / or at least 10 and / or at least 20 quantum computers according to one of the preceding claims, and wherein with respect to this quantum computer production set at least one of the following conditions applies: a) λ opmpm be the mean value of the respective upper wavelengths λ opmp the respective bandwidths λ bpmp the respective pump radiations, σ λopmp let the scattering of the respective upper wavelengths be λ opmp the respective bandwidths λ bpmp the respective pump radiations, λ upmpm be the mean value of the respective lower wavelengths λ upmp the respective bandwidths λ bpmp the respective pump radiations, σ λupmp let the scattering of the respective lower wavelengths be λupmp the respective bandwidths λ bpmp the respective pump radiations, λ zpmpm =(λ opmpm +λ upmpm ) / 2be the mean value of the respective central wavelengths λ zpmp the respective pump radiations, λ o_9m be the mean value of the respective upper wavelengths λ o_9 the respective bandwidths λ 6_9 the respective first optical bandpass filters (9), c λo_9m let the scattering of the respective upper wavelengths be λ o_9 the respective bandwidths λ 6_9 the respective first optical bandpass filters (9), A u_9m be the mean value of the respective lower wavelengths λ u_9 the respective bandwidths λ 6_9 the respective first optical bandpass filters (9), c λu_9m let the scattering of the respective lower wavelengths be λ u_9 the respective bandwidths λ 6_9the respective first optical bandpass filters (9), where the C pk9p -value (C pk9p ) of the first optical bandpass filter (9) of the quantum computer of the quantum computer production set is then defined as: Cpk9p=Min(|(λz_pmpm−λu_9m)|,|(λo_9m−λz_pmpm)|) / 3(σλupmp+σλopmp+σλu_9m+σλo_9m) where the C pk9p -value (C pk9p ) of the first optical bandpass filters (9) of the quantum computer of the quantum computer production quantity is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, wherein a C pk9p -value (C pk9p ) of the first optical bandpass filter (9) of the quantum computer of the quantum computer production quantity greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred, b) λ oflm be the mean value of the respective upper wavelengths A oflp the respective bandwidths λ bfl the respective fluorescence radiation paramagnetic centers, σ λofl let the scattering of the respective upper wavelengths be λ ofl the respective bandwidths λ bfl the respective fluorescence radiation paramagnetic centers, λ uflm be the mean value of the respective lower wavelengths λ ufl the respective bandwidths λ bfl the respective fluorescence radiation paramagnetic centers, σ λufl let the scattering of the respective lower wavelengths be λ ufl the respective bandwidths λ bfl the respective fluorescence radiation paramagnetic centers, λ zflm =(λ oflm +λ uflm ) / 2 is the mean value of the respective central wavelengths λ zfl the respective fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers, λ o_42m be the mean value of the respective upper wavelengths λ o_42 the respective bandwidths λ b_42 the respective fluorescence bandpass filters (42), σλo_42m let the scattering of the respective upper wavelengths be λ o_42 the respective bandwidths λ b_42 the respective fluorescence bandpass filters (42), λ u_42m be the mean value of the respective lower wavelengths λ u_42 the respective bandwidths λ b_a2 the respective fluorescence bandpass filters (42), σ λu_42m let the scattering of the respective lower wavelengths be λ u_42 the respective fluorescence bandpass filters (42), where the C pk42p -value (C pk42p ) the fluorescence bandpass filter (42) of the quantum computer of the quantum computer production set is then defined as: Cpk42p=Min(|(λz_flm−λu_42m)|,|(λo_42m−λz_flm)|) / 3(σλ_ufl+σλ_ofl+σλu_42m+σλo_42m) where the C pk42p -value (C pk42p) the fluorescence bandpass filter (42) of the quantum computer of the quantum computer production quantity is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, wherein a C pk42p -value (C pk42p ) the fluorescence bandpass filter (the respective second bandpass filter (42)) of the quantum computer of the quantum computer production quantity greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred, and c) λ opmpm be the mean value of the respective upper wavelengths λ opmp the respective bandwidths λ bpmp the respective pump radiations, σ λopmp let the scattering of the respective upper wavelengths be λ opmp the respective bandwidths λ bpmp the respective pump radiations, λ upmpm be the mean value of the respective lower wavelengths λ upmp the respective bandwidths λ bpmp the respective pump radiations, σ λupmplet the scattering of the respective lower wavelengths be λ upmp the respective bandwidths λ bpmp the respective pump radiations, λ zpmpm =(λ opmpm +λ upmpm ) / 2 is the mean value of the respective central wavelengths λ zpmp the respective pump radiations, λ o_53m be the mean value of the respective upper wavelengths λ o_53 the respective bandwidths λ b_53 the respective band-stop filter (53), σ λo_53m let the scattering of the respective upper wavelengths be λ o_53 the respective bandwidths λ b_53 the respective band-stop filter (53), λ U_53m be the mean value of the respective lower wavelengths λ u_53 the respective bandwidths λ b_53 the band-stop filter (53), σ λu_53m let the scattering of the respective lower wavelengths be λ u_53 the respective band-stop filter (53), where the C pk53p -value (Cpk53p ) the band-stop filter (53) of the quantum computer of the quantum computer production set is then defined as: Cpk53p=Min(|(λz_pmpm−λu_53m)|,|(λo_53m−λz_pmpm)|) / 3(σλupmp+σλopmp+σλu_53m+σλo_53m) where the C pk53p -value (C pk53p ) the band-stop filter (53) of the quantum computer of the quantum computer production quantity is greater than 0.5 and / or greater than 0.75 and / or greater than 1.0 and / or greater than 1.25 and / or greater than 1.66, wherein a C pk53p -value (C pk53p ) the band-stop filter (53) of the quantum computer of the quantum computer production quantity greater than 1.66 is particularly preferred.

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