Method for connecting an outer part to an inner part

Abstract

Method for connecting an outer part (50) with an inner part (52), wherein the inner part (52) and the outer part (50) are positioned relative to each other such that the inner part (52) is at least partially located inside the outer part (50), wherein a mass fraction (m50p) of the outer part (50) is energized, thereby creating several liquid melt zones (80), and subsequently the melt zone (80) solidifies, thereby causing a tensile stress (σ50) in the outer part (50), characterized in that several fields (80F) of melt zones (80) are generated on the outer part (50).

Description

State of the art

[0001] German patent application DE 10 2011 076 759 A1 discloses a method by which an inner part is fastened to an outer part by means of a press fit. First, the inner part is inserted into the outer part, and then at least one weld is formed on the outer surface of the outer part as a blind weld. The weld depth should only extend over a portion of the wall thickness of the outer part. For the blind weld described therein, for example, a closed, annular weld or a spiral weld is proposed.

[0002] Patent DE 103 03 853 B4 discloses a method for creating a high-pressure metal conduit from composite parts. This method involves creating a shrink fit. A first, inner pipe section is inserted into a bore of a second, outer pipe section. The outer pipe section is then heated and subsequently joined to the inner pipe section by cooling within the shrink fit. The heating of the outer pipe section is achieved by welding. For this purpose, for example, two diametrically opposed blind welds are produced axially parallel to each other. Cooling then occurs, during which the outer section shrinks firmly onto the inner section. This shrinkage is caused by the reduction in volume of the areas of the outer section that were previously melted by welding. Embodiments of the invention

[0003] According to one embodiment, a method for connecting an outer part to an inner part is provided, wherein the inner part and the outer part are positioned relative to each other such that the inner part is at least partially located inside the outer part, a mass fraction of the outer part is energized, thereby creating several molten zones, which then solidify, inducing a tensile stress in the outer part. It is provided that several fields of molten zones are generated on the outer part. This has the advantage, particularly with inner parts that do not rotate during the connection process, that a reliable connection can be created with reasonable effort in the energizing device.

[0004] If only a few deflection devices are permitted during beam guidance, it can be advantageous to allow the outer contour to take the form of a polycircle (n-circle) as a consequence of generating multiple fields. This provides the possibility of creating a simple and cost-effective connection under the given circumstances. The same advantage is achieved if the outer contour takes the form of a polycircle by the thermally uneven warping of the outer part due to the uneven generation of melt zones. The outer contour and its polycircle shape can be described such that the generation of multiple fields creates minimum and maximum radii, with the number of minimum and maximum radii corresponding to the number of fields. In a polycircle (n-circle), sections with a maximum radius alternate with sections with a minimum radius on the outer contour.An example of a 2-circle as a form of a polycircle can be an ellipse.

[0005] If an odd number of melting zones are created on the outer part, particularly three, the guidance between the outer and inner parts can be especially well balanced during manufacturing. If the number is three, the end face distorts in such a way that an outer contour takes on a triangular shape. The advantageous, simpler device creates a field by generating an arrangement of melting zones—particularly linear ones—whose spacing is smaller than the spacing to other melting zones—particularly linear ones—especially melting zones of another field.

[0006] Leaving an unmelted edge between a melting zone and an end prevents an energy beam from striking an area beyond an end that should not be energized. It also prevents unintended scattering of the radiation.

[0007] A reinforced edge advantageously results in a more stable end of the outer part. For this purpose, the edge can be designed with a maximum radial extent that is larger than the outer diameter of an outer part in a solidified melt zone of a field.

[0008] If the outer part is connected to one inner part and another inner part in a holding manner, whereby a distance of zero or greater than zero is set between one inner part and another inner part, mutual adverse forces on the inner parts are avoided, especially in the case of brittle materials such as ferrites.

[0009] Furthermore, a computer program is provided that is trained to perform all the steps of one of the procedures, or that it is programmed to perform a procedure when it is run on a computer.

[0010] A machine-readable storage medium is proposed on which the computer program is stored or on which the computer program is stored for use in a procedure.

[0011] A control unit should be designed to perform all steps of one of the procedures, or it should be programmed for use in one of the procedures.

[0012] The invention is explained in more detail with reference to the following figures and a table: They show Fig. 1 a first embodiment of an arrangement of an inner part to be joined and an outer part to be joined, Fig. 2 the inner part placed in the outer part before a joining process according to the first embodiment in a longitudinal section, Fig. 3. The inner part inserted into the outer part is shown in an axial side view before a joining process according to the first embodiment. An energy source and an energy conductor are also shown. Fig. Figure 4 shows a radial side view (top view) of the outer part according to the first embodiment, after a few linear melt zones have been created. Fig. Figure 5 shows an axial side view of the inner part inserted into the outer part according to the first embodiment ( Fig. 4), after a few - here four - linear melting zones have been created. Fig. Figure 6 shows an axial side view of the inner part placed in the outer part according to the first embodiment, after six linear melting zones have been created. Fig. Figure 7 shows a partial representation of the outer part according to the first embodiment, indicating where the outer part is plastically deformed by a tensile stress generated by the method. Fig. Figure 7A shows a schematic cross-section through a melting zone with particular consideration of the representation of tensile stress in the melting zone and compressive stress in radially inner regions. Fig. 7B a schematic representation of the stress curve between an outer contour and an inner contour of the outer part before it is applied to the inner part, showing in principle a transition from tensile stress to compressive stress, Fig. 7C shows the cross-section through the melting zone from Fig. 7A with particular consideration of the schematic representation of tensile stress in the melting zone and in radially inner areas after application to the inner part, as well as compressive stress in the inner part and the effect of pressure on the inner part, Fig. 7D a schematic representation of the stress distribution between an outer contour and an inner contour of the outer part after application to the inner part and exerting pressure on the inner part, as well as a schematic representation of the compressive stress distribution in the inner part, Fig. Figure 8 shows an axial side view of the inner part placed in the outer part according to the first embodiment, after eight linear melting zones have been created. Fig. Figure 8A shows a schematic approximation of an inner contour of an outer part to an outer contour of an inner part after the formation of an exemplary eighth melting zone on the outer circumference, forming a general n-circle – here an octagon. Fig. 8B a schematic state of the outer part immediately before the production of the eighth melting zone at position 0 degrees, Fig. Figure 8C shows a representation of a momentary state during the formation of a linear melt zone. Fig. Figure 9 shows an axial side view of the inner part placed in the outer part according to the first embodiment, after sixteen linear melt zones have been created. Fig. Figure 10 shows a radial side view of the outer part according to a second embodiment, after point-shaped melting zones - here rows of point-shaped melting zones - have been created. Fig. Figure 11 shows a radial side view of a third embodiment of an inner part placed in the outer part, wherein, among other things, individual point-shaped melting zones are placed so close together that an area of ​​a point-shaped melting zone was melted again by another point-shaped melting zone or another point-shaped energizing zone and This resulted in linear melt zones that are axially aligned. Fig. Figure 12 shows a radial side view of a fourth embodiment of an inner part placed in the outer part, wherein, among other things, individual point-shaped melting zones are placed so close together that an area of ​​a point-shaped melting zone was melted again by another point-shaped melting zone or another point-shaped energizing zone, thereby creating linear melting zones that are oriented in such a way that they have a component of the direction in the axial direction and simultaneously also in the circumferential direction. Fig. Figure 13 shows a fifth embodiment of an inner part inserted into the outer part, wherein three rows of point-shaped melt zones are set. These rows are circumferentially arranged linear or dot-linear melt zones. Fig. Figure 14 shows a detail of a linear melting zone, which was created by example by two point-shaped melting zones, with the individual point-shaped melting zones merging into one another. Fig. Figure 15 shows a sixth embodiment of an inner part placed in the outer part with an arrangement of individually generated point-shaped melting zones, forming several rows of point-shaped melting zones that form transition zones. Fig. Figure 16 basically shows several individually generated point-shaped melting zones, which are arranged or placed in two axial directions and form a field of melting zones. Fig. Figure 17 shows a seventh embodiment of an inner part inserted into the outer part, which is separated from the one in Fig. The embodiment shown in section 4 is based on this. Linear melt zones are formed on the outer part, with the distances between the melt zones varying. Fig. Figure 18 shows an eighth embodiment of an inner part inserted into the outer part, which is separated from the one in Fig. The embodiment shown in Figure 17 is based on this. Linear melt zones are formed on the outer part, with common linear transition zones being formed. Fig. Figure 19 shows several - here two - individually produced linear melting zones, which are arranged or placed next to each other in an axial direction and form a field of melting zones, whereby a common linear transition zone was formed between or as part of two linear melting zones. Fig. 20 shows an arrangement as in Fig. 2, wherein the outer part and the inner part are eccentrically offset from each other. Fig. Figure 21 shows another embodiment, which shows several elongated melt zones that are produced inclined to a central axis. Fig. Figure 22 shows another embodiment with a spiral melting zone. Fig. 23 shows a longitudinal section through the outer part according to Fig. 22 and the marking indicated there for a section line position. Fig. Figure 24 shows a side view of an embodiment of a device comprising an outer part with two connections between itself and an inner part. Fig. 25 shows a cross-section corresponding to the section line in Fig. 24, Fig. 26 an axial view of the object from Fig. 24 from the left, enlarged, Fig. 27 an embodiment of a sequence for the generation of melt zones for the in Fig. 24 left connection. Fig. Figure 28 shows a first basic manufacturing process, Fig. 29 the combination of outer part and inner part clamped in a machine, Fig. 30 the bearing of the second inner part as part of a shaft of a machine, Fig. 31 Connections to the creation of a target distance between an internal part and a reference point, Fig. 32 a stress-strain diagram for materials with a yield strength, Fig. 33 a stress-strain diagram for materials with a yield strength, Fig. 34 procedural steps for an exemplary procedure, Fig. 35 process steps for an exemplary embodiment of a process, Fig. 36 a general embodiment of a further combination of an outer part and an inner part, Fig. 37 a general embodiment of a further combination of an outer part and an inner part, Fig. 38 a computer program, a machine-readable storage medium, a control unit and a map.

[0013] Based on the Fig. 1 to Fig. Section 9 first describes a basic embodiment. In this embodiment, an outer part 50 and an inner part 52 are provided. The outer part 50 is a body generally referred to as a ring or cylindrical ring. This outer part 50 has an outer diameter D50 and an inner diameter d50. It also has a length, here referred to as the axial extent a50. The outer diameter D50 and the inner diameter d50 determine the material thickness of the outer part 50, which here is referred to as t50. The inner part 52 is a cylinder with a diameter D52 and an axial extent a52, which corresponds to the height of the cylinder. The outer part 50 has an inner contour 54, which here has a cylindrical shape. Furthermore, this outer part 50 has an outer contour 56, which here is also cylindrical.The inner part 52 has an outer contour 58, which is also cylindrical (cylindrical shell). Due to its basic shape already mentioned, the outer part 50 has an end face 60 that is entirely circular or annular. This end face 60 is not only on one right side ( Fig. 1) of the outer part 50, but also at the left end of the outer part 50, which is not visible here. The inner part 50 also has an end face 64, which is purely circular here. In this embodiment, the axial extent a50 of the outer part 50 is exactly the same length as the axial extent a52 of the inner part 52. Under this condition, a common overlap Ug of the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 is exactly the same size or length as the axial extent a50 and the axial extent a52; this is true at least when the two parts, outer part 50 and inner part 52, are located at the same axial position. It should also be mentioned that the outer part 50 is located on the surface shown in Fig. The left side shown in Figure 1 has a first end E150 and a second end E250, which is located on the side shown in Figure 1. Fig. The right side of the outer part 50 is shown in Figure 1. The inner part 52 has a first end E152 in a similar manner, which is located on the side shown in Figure 1. Fig. 1 left side of the inner part 52 and a second end E252, which is on the in Fig. 1. right side of the inner part 52. Furthermore, it should be noted that the outer diameter D52 of the inner part 52 is smaller than the diameter d50 of the outer part 50. The dimensions of the inner diameter d50 of the outer part 50 and the outer diameter D52 of the inner part 52 are to be selected such that, when the inner part 52 is inserted into the outer part 50, a clearance B is created between the inner part 52 and the outer part 50. This is intended to express that, after the inner part 52 is inserted into the outer part 50, the inner part 52 can move relative to the outer part 50. Here, a clearance B is defined, by way of example, as the maximum length of a straight line that an inner part 52 can move radially within the outer part 50. For the embodiment according to Fig. 1. Thus, a freedom of movement B results as a difference between the inner diameter d50 of the outer part 50 and the outer diameter D52 of the inner part 52.

[0014] The outer part 50 and the inner part 52 are to be physically arranged, step S100, such that the inner part 52 is located inside the outer part 50, or the outer part 50 is located all around the inner part 52. For this purpose, the inner part 52 can be placed inside the outer part 50 and there in its interior 62, in which this inner part 52 is oriented according to an arrow on the right side of the Fig. 1 can be, or is, essentially shifted in a straight line into the outer part 50. Conversely, the outer part 50 can be shifted relative to the inner part 52 in an analogous manner, in that this outer part 50 is shifted according to the indication given by the figure on the left side of the Fig. The arrow shown in point 1, for example, is moved in a straight line and is thereby arranged around the inner part 52. Of course, a combination of these two movements is also possible.

[0015] In Fig. Figure 2 shows a situation as it occurs after the inner part 52 has been inserted into the outer part 50 according to the specifications. Fig. 1 results. As in Fig. 2 is recognizable, is in Fig. 2. A gap 66 (annular gap) is formed between the inner part 52 and the outer part 50, which is ideally represented or assumed to be of uniform size. On average, the size of the gap 66 – i.e., a width b of the gap 66 – corresponds to half of the clearance B. A cross-sectional area A50 is a radial cross-sectional area through the outer part 50, which results as the product of the axial extent (width) a50 and the material thickness t50 (rectangle).

[0016] According to the presentation Fig. In this particular arrangement, both bodies, inner part 52 and outer part 50, have a common central axis 68. Based on this idealized arrangement of outer part 50 and inner part 52, a force-fit connection between the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 is to be established by machining the outer part 50.

[0017] In Fig. Figure 3 is an axial side view of the arrangement of inner part 52 and outer part 50 according to the illustration in Figure 3. Fig. 2 shown. In this basic embodiment, no illustration of auxiliary devices that could serve to arrange the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 in a way that holds them in relation to each other is shown. Fig. Sections 1 to 9 are not addressed initially. In connection with the process described here, an energy source 70 provides energy E in such a way that it is transferred to the outer part 50, and specifically to its outer contour 56, via an energy conductor 72. The energy E is transferred to a portion of the surface of the outer part 50, i.e., to a portion of the outer contour 56, by means of an energy beam 85. If the energy is directed or transferred to the outer part 50, for example, in the form of electromagnetic waves, particularly in the form of a laser beam, the actual direct energy transfer point 74 (or energy transition point) is relatively small. By transferring the energy E to the outer part 50, the outer part 50 is, in principle, energized (energy is added, enriched with energy).By energizing the outer part 50, it can be achieved, for example, that a mass fraction m50p located below a point-like energy transfer point 74 – particularly radially – is energized, and in particular heated, to such an extent that this mass fraction m50p melts. It is specifically intended that this mass fraction m50p, measured radially inwards from a radial position of the energy transfer point 74 on the outer circumference or in the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50, preferably melts up to 90% of the thickness t50 of the outer part 50 (wall thickness). In other words, a region should remain between the melted or partially melted mass fraction m50p that is not melted or partially melted. The depth to which the outer part 50 can be melted is here referred to as depth tm. The depth that should remain solid, i.e.,The depth ts, which is not intended to melt due to the energy input, is used here to refer to the area that remains solid. Introducing energy at only one point, as mentioned above, while ensuring that a specific zone of the outer part 50 remains solid at a depth ts, can lead to the mass fraction m50p, which is intended to be melted and is indeed melted, exhibiting, for example, a paraboloid shape, as shown in [reference]. Fig. 3 is approximately represented by a cross-section of such a shape. The heating of this mass fraction m50p is completed after a defined time tE (energizing time) if the heating is done only at a single point. The time tE can be specified for, for example, two different energizing procedures as follows: If the energizing of the outer part 50 is carried out by a stationary point-like energy transfer point 74, then the time tE corresponds to a switch-on time or transfer time of the energy. If the energizing of the outer part 50 is carried out by a moving point-like energy transfer point 74, then the time tE results from a speed of movement of the energy transfer point 74 and a length of the energy transfer point 74 in the direction of movement.

[0018] The cessation of energy input leads to the onset of cooling (energy release to the surroundings), causing the mass fraction m50p to solidify. If only a single, contiguous mass fraction m50p of the outer part 50 is melted, there is identity between the mass fraction m50p and a melt zone 80. Since this mass fraction m50p, as well as volume elements of the outer part 50 arranged directly around it, shrink during and after solidification, an internal stress state arises in this formerly molten (liquid melt zone 80) and now solidified mass fraction m50p (solid melt zone 80). This stress state can be characterized or described by tensile stress. The stress state is a multiaxial tensile stress state.This formation of the stress state (tensile stress state) in this mass fraction m50p (solid melt zone 80) leads continuously and in interaction with the remaining mass of the outer part 50 to a change in the stress state in the outer part 50. The remaining mass of the outer part 50 is here generally described by the solid mass of the outer part 50, which was never liquid after the formation of a shape of the outer part 50, and the solid mass of the outer part 50, which was liquid (melted) after the formation of the shape of the outer part 50 and has solidified again.

[0019] If one considers, for example, only one point 76 and here the complete – in particular rectangular – cross-section A50 of the outer part 50, which lies opposite the first molten mass fraction m50p (liquid melt zone 80), one will find that this cross-section A50 is characterized by a stress situation which, after the beginning of the solidification of the mass fraction m50p (melt zone 80), is characterized by a (slight, low) tensile stress in cross-section A50 compared to the situation before the introduction of energy. If one assumes, for example, point-like energy transfer points 74, these could be arranged, for example, at an axial position of the outer part 50 and, for example, offset from each other by 10°, so that, for example, a ring-shaped arrangement of – e.g.Successively melted and resolidified melt zones 80 – which together constitute a melted and resolidified mass fraction m50p – are created; in the example, this would be thirty-six such locations, i.e., solidified melt zones 80. If, for example, several such rings with such an arrangement of resolidified melt zones 80 were produced, each rotated by, say, 5° and offset axially by a suitable distance, then such an arrangement of energized, then melted, and subsequently solidified melt zones 80 could induce a tensile stress σ50 in the outer part 50, leading to plastic deformation of the outer part 50. This plastic deformation of the outer part 50 leads to a reduction in the outer diameter D50 of the outer part 50 and also to a reduction in the inner diameter d50 of the outer part 50.The tensile stress is denoted here by σ50 (the arrangement of resolidified melt zones 80 is in this sense e.g. as in . Fig. 10 shown). To distinguish between compressive stress, tensile stress is denoted with a preceding + (+σ50) and compressive stress with a preceding - (-σ50).

[0020] The outer part is to be made of a material that can be described by a material property that denotes a mechanical stress characteristic of the transition from elastic to plastic behavior. This material property can be, for example, a yield strength—especially a pronounced upper yield strength (ReH)—or an equivalent yield strength—especially a proof strength (Rp0.2)—of the material. One such material is X5CrNi18-10 (designation according to DIN), or alternatively designated as 1.4301 (designation according to EN), or as 304 (designation according to AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute)). X5CrNi18-10 has a proof strength (Rp0.2) of ≥ 190 N / mm². The tensile strength (Rm) is between 500 N / mm² and 700 N / mm² (Newtons per square millimeter).Furthermore, for the outer part 50, a material is preferably selected which has a yield strength ratio ReH / Rm which is in the range of 0.2 to 0.7.

[0021] In the corresponding processing of the outer part according to this first embodiment, the process sequence, i.e., the generation of a plastic deformation of the outer part 50, is to proceed as follows: Individual, localized melt zones 80 are to be generated on the outer part 50 by the input of energy. Through this melting and the subsequent solidification, a tensile stress σ50 is to be and will be increased in the outer part 50, so that during or at the end of a first phase, after an unspecified number of such individual, localized melt zones 80, the outer part 50 initially approaches the inner part 52 and then finally conforms to it. During this first phase, the inner diameter d50 of the outer part 50 decreases, so that the inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 finally conforms completely to the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52. With each melting of a melt zone 80, orWith each solidification of a molten zone 80, the tensile stresses σ50 in the outer part 50 increase; simultaneously, with the increase in tensile stress σ50 in the outer part 50, the inner diameter d50 of the outer part 50 decreases. During this first phase, not only tensile stress but also compressive stress develops in the outer part 50. Details will be discussed later, e.g., in connection with... Fig. 7A received.

[0022] After, for example, the inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 has been completely aligned with the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52, a second phase of the process follows. With the further generation of such solidified melt zones 80, a compressive stress is then induced in the second phase of the process by further increasing the tensile stress σ50 in the outer part 50 on the inner part 52. In this second phase, an elastic material load on the outer part 50 preferably predominates. In this second phase, two different material types are broadly distinguished: Firstly, metals or metal alloys that exhibit a transition from purely elastic to plastic behavior, which can be described by a yield strength – in particular, a pronounced upper yield strength ReH. Secondly, metals or metal alloys in which the elastic material load initially – and in particular significantly – predominates over the plastic material load, i.e.,which exhibit an equivalent yield strength – in particular, proof strength Rp0.2 – or are described, among other things, by it. In this second phase of the process, this increase in tensile stress σ50 is to be increased until a yield strength – in particular, a pronounced upper yield strength ReH – or an equivalent yield strength – in particular, proof strength Rp0.2 – of the material is reached.

[0023] In a third phase of the process, the outer part 50 is to be deformed or loaded in such a way that the deformation or loading of the outer part 50 occurs predominantly in a plastic range, i.e., by further generating initially liquid melt zones 80 and then solidified melt zones 80, the internal tensile stress σ50 is influenced in such a way that the outer part 50 deforms predominantly within the plastic range. In this third phase, the two different material types are again broadly distinguished:

[0024] Firstly, the process involves metals or metal alloys that exhibit the transition from purely elastic to plastic behavior, which can be described by a yield strength – in particular, a pronounced upper yield strength ReH. In this third phase of the process, the outer part 50 is loaded between the pronounced yield strength Re (ReH = Re), represented by the upper yield strength ReH, and the stress (σL), which – preferably – describes one end of the so-called Lüders deformation or Lüders strain. This loading in this third phase has the advantage that, until the Lüders strain is reached, the tensile stress σ50 in the outer part remains approximately constant, and thus the pressure on the inner part also remains approximately constant. This is particularly advantageous for more sensitive inner parts (e.g., brittle parts, outer rings of bearings). In practice, this would be...A load exceeding the Lüders strain is also possible, but this involves uncertainties in the technical implementation. It is particularly important to note that the tensile stress σ50 in the outer part 50 increases again, and consequently, so does the pressure on the inner part 52.

[0025] A method is thus disclosed in which, by reducing the circumference / outer circumference or the outer contour 56 – in particular stepwise – and increasing tensile and compressive stresses in the outer part 50, the outer part 50 is initially applied to the inner part 52 at least at individual points on the inner circumference in a first phase (step S150). Then, in a second phase, by further increasing the tensile stresses – in particular stepwise – and, for example, compensating for compressive stresses – a compressive stress (pressure) is generated or increased on the inner part 52 by the outer part 50 until a yield strength Re, ReH is reached (step S200). Subsequently, in a third phase, the outer part 50 is further deformed primarily tangentially in at least a plastic range (step S250). The resulting melt zones 80 can be point-like, dot-linear, linear, or planar.

[0026] On the other hand, metals or metal alloys can be used in which the elastic material stress significantly outweighs the plastic material stress in certain areas of the load, i.e., whose behavior under tensile stress is partially described by an equivalent yield strength – in particular, the proof stress Rp0.2. In this third phase of the process, the loading of the outer part 50 takes place above the proof stress Rp0.2. An upper end of the third phase of the process, defined by its loading, is preferably located in the range between Rp0.2 and Rm, whereby the stress σ50 preferably does not exceed an average value between Rp0.2 and Rm.

[0027] In Fig. Figure 4 shows a first embodiment of a combination of an outer part 50 and an inner part 52, which together form a corresponding device 113. The cylindrical outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 is machined such that four individual linear melt zones 80 are created. Of these four linear melt zones 80, three are visible. In this embodiment, they are oriented in the direction of a rotation or symmetry axis or central axis 68. This applies at least to their longer extent. These melt zones 80 could also extend from one axial end E150 of the outer part 50 to the other end E250 of the outer part 50. In this embodiment, a so-called edge 105, 107 is deliberately left free at the respective axial end E150, E250 of the outer part 50, i.e., there are no melt zones 80 or 80 at the edges 105, 107 of the outer part 50.Ends of melting zones 80. Or, put another way: On either side of the melting zones 80, there is an unprocessed (unenergized, unlasered) edge 105, 107. The advantage of this lies in the fact that it avoids or even prevents an energy transfer point 74 from being located even remotely outside the surface of the outer part 50. If the energy transfer point 74 were, for example, beyond an end E150, E250 of the outer part 50, there would be a risk that another object beyond an end E150, E250 would be affected by a corresponding energy E, if not damaged, for example, by being melted. Accordingly, between a melting zone 80 and an end E150, E250 of the outer part 50, there is an edge 105, 107 that is free of a melting zone 80.

[0028] In Fig. 5 is in accordance with the indicated situation in Fig. Figure 4 shows a cross-section through a combination of the inner part 52 and the outer part 50. The four elongated melting zones 80 and their respective angular intervals of 90° with respect to the central axis 68 are visible. Since the outer part 50 has not yet come into contact with the inner part 52 according to this illustration, this embodiment is still in the first phase of the process.

[0029] In Fig. Figure 6 is a further illustration of the embodiment according to the Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 shown. In contrast to the representation according to Fig. In Figure 5, this combination of inner part 52 and outer part 50 is still in the first phase of the process, but an approximation of the inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 to the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52 is already visible. The freedom of movement B is reduced compared to the original state. In addition, according to this illustration, a fifth and a sixth elongated melting zone 80 have already been formed on the outside and outer contour 56 of the outer part 50, respectively.

[0030] In the idealized representation according to Fig. 7 It is already apparent that, according to this representation, the inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 has just aligned itself with the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52 (compare also with Fig. 8) and accordingly the first phase of the process is completed. With each additional melting zone 80, a tensile stress σ50 is increased in the outer part 50 and the process is continued accordingly in its second phase. A compressive stress is then induced in the inner part 52.

[0031] Based on Fig. 7 is in anticipation of the number and positions of the melting zones 80 after the Fig. Figure 8 shows, for example, where the outer part 50 is plastically deformed by the tensile stress σ50. As can be seen there, several solidified melt zones 80 are depicted. According to the in Fig. In the dimensioning shown in Figure 7, for example, the material thickness t50 of the outer part is dimensioned in principle. Likewise, the radial area or the material depth or depth ts is dimensioned by way of example, which preferably remained in the solid phase not only in this single melt zone 80 during the production of the weld, but preferably in all melt zones 80.

[0032] In Fig. 7A and Fig. 7B are in principle (not exclusively) for those in the Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6 and Fig. Figure 7 illustrates the manufacturing intermediate stages, showing the stresses acting in the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 in the area of ​​a melt zone 80. Basically, the shrinkage of a solidified melt zone 80 in the annular outer part 50 creates a stress state that generates a tensile stress σ50 in the melt zone 80 itself. This tensile stress not only acts as shown in Figure 7, but also in the annular outer part 50. Fig. Figure 7A shows the stress not only in the tangential direction of the outer part 50, but also, for example, in the direction of the central axis 68 (direction of a generatrix of the cylindrical outer contour 56). Accordingly, or rather triggered by the shrinkage (action), a compressive stress is also generated in the outer part 50 (reaction). This compressive stress acts both in the tangential direction in the cross-section A50s and also in the direction of the central axis 68 (direction of a generatrix of the cylindrical outer contour 56). A transition or zero crossing from tensile stress to compressive stress is in Fig. 7A and Fig. 7B is ideally assumed to be the location of a boundary between the molten or solidified melt zone 80 and the solidified part of the cross-section. Fig. 7B, the circled “+” sign symbolizes tensile stress, the circled “-” sign symbolizes compressive stress.

[0033] In principle, this idealized state changes according to Fig. 7A Between the production of one melting zone 80 and the last melting zone 80, until the outer part 50 is just placed against the inner part 52 without force, nothing changes. The tensile stresses in the cross-sections of the melting zones 80 change in magnitude – they increase – and the compressive stresses in the cross-sections radially within the melting zones 80 also increase in magnitude.

[0034] With the beginning of the second phase, i.e. with the creation of the first melting zone 80 after being applied to the inner part 52, the change in stresses / compressive stresses in the cross-sectional areas A50s changes in principle.

[0035] An intermediate phase can precede the complete attachment of the outer part 50 to the inner part 52: By creating the individual melting zones 80, the outer part 50 is deformed melting zone 80 by melting zone 80, which is caused by the Fig. 7A and Fig. The stresses visualized in Figure 7B are caused by this. For example, with only very small dimensional differences between the outer diameter D52 and the inner diameter d50, a first section (e.g., with a point shape or area, or a line shape or area) of the inner contour 54 can come into contact with the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52 with just one manufactured melt zone 80. With larger dimensional differences between the outer diameter D52 and the inner diameter d50, and with an ideally centered relative position of the outer part 50 and inner part 52, an outer part 50 can, for example, after the eighth melt zone 80 produced around the circumference – e.g., regularly – come into contact with the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52. Fig. 8 - have approximated the form of a general n-circle - here an octagon 81 - compare with the basic representation of an inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 in Fig. 8A. After which melting zone 80 a section (e.g. with a point shape or area, or line shape or area) of the inner contour 54 comes into contact with the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52 generally depends, for example, on the aforementioned dimensional differences of the outer diameter D52 and the inner diameter d50. Fig. 8A, for example, applies the inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 to the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52 after the production of the eighth melting zone 80 with eight sections (e.g. with a point shape or surface or line shape or line surface) of the inner contour 54.

[0036] Depending on the design, the number or mass fraction of the melt zones 80 on the outer part 50 can vary in size, as can the cross-sectional area A50s in which a compressive stress acts. If the solidified mass fraction m50p is, for example, as in Fig. As shown in Figure 4, formed by several solidified melt zones 80 which are linear within the outer part 50, the area or cross-sectional area A50s of the melt zone 80, which is radially within this linear melt zone 80 or formed as a line mass, can be formed in the radial direction between the inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 and the radially innermost extension of the melt zone 80 and in the axial direction in the entire width of the outer part 50.

[0037] Under the exemplary assumption that Fig. Figure 8B showed the outer part 50 in a state immediately before the production of the eighth melt zone 80 at position 0 degrees. After the production of the eighth solidified melt zone 80, it would move radially inwards from its original position immediately before the start of production of the melt zone 80 as it solidified and shrank, cf. position 0 degrees in Fig. 8A. In this process, the stress on the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 would change. Before the production of the eighth melt zone 80, the stress state in cross-section A50 would transition continuously from a maximum tensile stress at the outer contour 56 to a maximum compressive stress at the inner contour 54. After the production of the eighth melt zone 80 in cross-section A50, the tensile stress at the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 would be increased, and the compressive stress at the inner contour 54 would be increased.

[0038] With reference to Fig. Section 8 further explains how, under the exemplary assumption of an outer part 50 attached to the inner part 52, melt zones 80 are created in the outer part 50 – here in the example linear melt zones 80, as described in Fig. As shown in Figure 4, with each additional melting zone 80 in the cross-section of the outer part 50, the stress state changes, i.e., in this case, a primarily tangentially oriented tensile stress +σ50 in cross-section A50 is increased step by step, melting zone 80 by melting zone 80. With each additional melting zone 80, the tensile load increases, resulting in a tensile stress in the outer part 50 between the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 and point T ( Fig. 7B) is increased and a compressive stress in the outer part 50 between the inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 and the point T ( Fig. 7B) is reduced. With each additional melt zone 80 produced, a zero crossing (point T) shifts further radially inwards until the compressive stress -σ50 in the outer part 50 becomes zero.

[0039] With melt zones 80 produced from this zero crossing onwards, not only does the tensile stress +σ50 increase in cross-section A50l, but also in cross-section A50s, so that a tensile stress +σ50 acts over the entire cross-section A50, compare with the Fig. 7C and Fig. 7D. The in Fig. The exemplary straight line shown in 7D for a tensile stress +σ50 across the cross-section A50 can represent an intermediate (temporal) state between the moment when the compressive stress -σ50 in the outer part 50 becomes zero and the final state after the production of the last melt zone 80. The Fig. The exemplary straight line shown in 7D for the tensile stress +σ50 across the cross-section A50 can also represent the final state after the production of the last melt zone 80. This line "moves" – more or less parallel – from the zero crossing (point T) further to the left with each additional melt zone 80 produced, indicating the increased tensile stress +σ50.

[0040] As shown by the Fig. 7C and Fig. As can also be seen in Figure 7D, the contact of the outer part 50 with the inner part 52 causes the desired pressure. Accordingly, with each additional melt zone 80 produced, the pressure on the inner part 52 increases from zero, as shown by the compressive stress -σ50 in the inner part 52.

[0041] As already mentioned Fig. As explained in section 2, a cross-section through the outer part 50 in the radial direction is designated A50. The cross-sectional part of this cross-section A50, which describes a cross-section of a melt zone 80, is here designated A50l, since this cross-section is intended to describe a cross-sectional part of the outer part 50 that was once liquid (I = liquid). For the purposes of describing the processes based on the Fig. 8 and Fig. As described in section 8C, it is assumed here by way of example and without limitation that when the melt zone 80 is produced, no edge 105, 107 is created or remains, but rather that the melt zone 80 extends from end E150 to end E250. The cross-sectional part A50s, which is part of the radial cross-section A50, is the cross-sectional portion that remains in the solid state (solid = s) when a melt zone 80 is produced. Accordingly, it is ideally assumed here that a cross-sectional area A50 of an outer part 50 can be considered as the sum of the partial cross-sectional areas A50l and A50s. Fig. Figure 8 shows a total of eight melting zones 80, which are designated in the conventional clockwise direction not only by the reference number 80, but also by a supplementary number -1 to -8. These numbers do not explicitly describe the sequence of the production of an individual melting zone 80, but merely a location on the outer part 50. Thus, melting zone 80-1 (“12 o'clock position”) is located opposite melting zone 80-5 (“6 o'clock position”) on the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50. Melting zone 80-3 (“3 o'clock position”) is located between these two melting zones 80-1 and 80-5 on the outer contour 56. Melting zone 80-7 (“9 o'clock position”) is located opposite melting zone 80-3.For example, melting zone 80-2 is located midway between melting zone 80-1 and melting zone 80-3; melting zone 80-4 is located midway between melting zone 80-3 and melting zone 80-5; melting zone 80-6 is located midway between melting zone 80-5 and melting zone 80-7; and melting zone 80-8 is located midway between melting zone 80-7 and melting zone 80-1. Melting zones 80-1 to 80-8 are ideally assumed to be evenly distributed around the circumference of the outer part 50. Each of these melting zones 80 has a cross-section A50, which is further divided into cross-sectional parts A50l and A50s. The following exemplary sequence of events applies to the description of the processes during the manufacture of the melting zones 80.

[0042] The process begins with the arrangement of outer part 50 and inner part 52, as shown in Fig. Figure 3 is shown. The first melting zone 80-1 is positioned at the "12 o'clock" position. At this point, the cross-section A50 is "divided" into a cross-sectional part A50l, characterized by liquefaction / melting, and a cross-sectional part A50s, characterized by remaining solid. The liquid melting zone 80 has the cross-section A50l, and the remaining solid part of the cross-section is designated A50s. During the subsequent solidification process of the melting zone 80 ("solidified melting zone"), the volume of a substitute volume of the melting zone 80 immediately surrounding it decreases by approximately 1% to 5%, depending on the starting material and the material of the outer part 50. This solidification and the resulting "solid shrinkage" primarily create residual stress ("internal stress") in the solidified melting zone 80-1.This is primarily because the molten zone 80 does not solidify freely. The molten material of zone 80 will solidify first at the end facing the inner ring, the inner contour 54, i.e., in the section of the liquid zone 80 closest to the solidified part of the cross-section A50s of the outer part 50. There, the heat bound in the molten material of zone 80 can dissipate most effectively. The metal or steel of the outer part 50 conducts heat better than the air closest to the energy transfer point 74. Finally, the outer surface of the molten material of zone 80 will solidify, i.e., the aforementioned energy transfer point 74 or a linear trace of the energy transfer point 74. As long as zone 80 is liquid, this molten material does not transmit any tensile or compressive stress. This melt is essentially stress-free.The residual stress generated by the shrinkage of the melt zone 80 in the solidified melt zone 80 is influenced by the adjacent solid or remaining solid areas of the outer part 50. Thus, the solid areas of the outer part 50, which were not liquefied during the production of the first melt zone 80-1, are subject to shrinkage due to their connection with the solidifying or solidified melt zone 80-1 and consequently to the internal stress developing in this melt zone 80-1. The tensile stress σ50 acting outside the solidified melt zone 80 is transmitted in the circumferential direction of the outer part 50.If one considers the outer part 50 at the point opposite the first melting zone 80-1, i.e. at the point of the later to be produced melting zone 80-5, it can be assumed that - ideally considered - the tensile stress state formed by the production of the first melting zone 80-1 at the 6 o'clock position (later position of the melting zone 80-5) will have formed uniformly over the entire cross-section A50.

[0043] If another melt track is now set, thereby creating another melt zone 80, for example at the position of the one in Fig. In the melting zone 80-5 shown in Figure 8, a stress-free state (melt) is again created via a cross-section A50l.

[0044] If an area of ​​the outer part 50 is energized via a point-like energy transfer point 74, a currently liquid melt zone core 83 will form, roughly described as conical or parabolic in shape, extending from the radial outside to the radial inside – in any case, extending from the energy transfer point 74 and tapering radially inwards. Fig. It can be deduced from Figure 8C that, in the direction of movement of the energy beam 85 (horizontal arrow), in front of the melting zone core 83, there is a melting zone area 87 which is yet to be melted, and that, in the direction of movement of the energy beam 85 (horizontal arrow), behind the melting zone core 83, there is a melting zone area 89 which has been melted and may already be solidified, for example, mostly. When a moving point-like energy transfer point 74 and a moving melting zone core 83 are generated, a stress in the cross-section A50s and the melting zone areas 87, 89 will behave as described below.

[0045] Before the energy transmission point 74 is created on the left side of the outer part 50, a stress state is to exist in the outer part 50 characterized by tensile stress near the outer contour 56 and compressive stress at the inner contour 54. Before melting, the melting zone region 87 is identical to the cross-section A50l. With the start of the melting of the melting zone region 87, the already melted part of the melting zone region 87 – the melting zone core 83 – is no longer able to transmit a tensile stress (or a compressive stress) as long as it has not solidified. Once the melting zone core 83 has penetrated or formed its entire width within the melting zone region 87, the melting zone region 87 changes; it becomes shorter. This changes the tensile stress.As the melt zone core 83 moves, the solidified melt zone area 89 behind the melt zone core 83 will shrink, thereby increasing the tensile stress there. Ultimately, this process leads to increased tensile stresses and—if still present—to reduced compressive stresses in cross-sections A50 at other locations within the cross-section.

[0046] Fig. Figure 9 shows an axial side view of the inner part 52 inserted into the outer part 50 according to the first embodiment, after sixteen linear melt zones 80 have been created. It is related to the description of the Fig. Figures 1 to 9 clearly show that the outer part 50 is plastically deformed by the process between a solidifying melt zone 80 of the outer part 50 and an inner contour 54 of the outer part 50.

[0047] With the aid of the following figures, a second embodiment II is explained in more detail: In Fig. Figure 10 shows a further embodiment. Starting from the arrangement of the outer part 50 and the inner part 52, which together form a corresponding device 113, a difference from the previous embodiment is described below. The difference is that instead of a linear melting zone 80, a point-shaped melting zone 80 is formed – viewed only from the outside. This "point-shaped" melting zone 80 extends radially inwards from the energy transfer point 74. Considering the actual spatial extent of this "point-shaped" melting zone 80, it can be described, for example, and roughly, as extending conically or rather parabolically from the radial outside to the radial inside – in any case, tapering from the energy transfer point 74.This "point-shaped" melting zone 80, formed in this way, is also referred to here as melting zone 80. As in . Fig. As can be clearly seen in Figure 10, several individual point-like melt zones 80 have been created. For example, in a row 82 of melt zones 80 in the circumferential direction, five such point-like melt zones 80 are directly visible. The other three melt zones 80 are located entirely on the back side of the outer part 50, which is not visible here (compare analogously with the illustration according to Figure 10). Fig. 8) As can be clearly seen here, in this embodiment a total of five rows 82 of melt zones 80 are formed in the circumferential direction – transverse to the central axis 68. It can also be stated that in this embodiment according to Fig. 10 Several rows 84 of (point-shaped) melt zones 80 are discernible in the axial direction – parallel to the central axis 68 – of the outer part 50. These rows 84 are arranged here in the rotational axial direction of the annular outer part 50. Taking this description into account, in Fig. A total of sixteen rows 84 of melting zones 80 are assumed, arranged in the axial direction, nine of which are directly visible. Furthermore, it can be described that the rows 84 of melting zones can be of different axial lengths. Thus, a total of eight rows 84 are designed as short rows 84, each consisting of only two point-like melting zones 80 arranged in the axial direction, whereas eight further rows 84 of melting zones 80 are designed as long rows 84; that is, these longer rows 84 have more melting zones 80 in the axial direction than the shorter rows 84, which have fewer melting zones in the axial direction. Or, put another way: The outer part 50 according to Fig. 10 has rows 84 of melting zones 80 that are shorter than other rows 84 of melting zones 80. Another description of the embodiment according to Fig. 10 can be given, for example, by arranging the point-like melting zones 80 shown therein in several rows 86 of melting zones 80, wherein a single row 86 has, by its position, a component in the axial direction and also a component in the circumferential direction. Taking into account this type of description, in Fig. 10 eight such rows 86 executed and shown.

[0048] In Fig. Figure 11 shows a further embodiment. The cylindrical outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 is machined such that individual point-shaped melt zones 80 are positioned so close together that at least one of the individual point-shaped melt zones 80 has an area that is remelted by the creation of a further point-shaped melt zone 80. As can be seen from this formulation, such a series 88 can have at least two point-shaped melt zones 80, wherein, by creating a second point-shaped melt zone 80, an area of ​​the previously created point-shaped melt zone 80 is remelted (compare with the one described below). Fig. 14) Such a series 88 can not only consist of at least two point-like melting zones 80 or have only two point-like melting zones 80, but can have a plurality of point-like melting zones 80, for example five or, as in Fig. Figure 11 shows sixteen point-like melting zones 80 arranged in a row 88, each with a region that has been melted at least twice. In this example, each row 88 contains n point-like melting zones 80, and each of these n melting zones has a region that has been melted a second time. Or, more generally, each row 88 contains n point-like melting zones 80, and each of these n melting zones has a region that has been energized (energy added, energy enriched) a second time. n-1 regions of n melting zones 80 that have been melted at least twice are disclosed. In this example, 15 regions of 16 melting zones 80 that have been melted at least twice are disclosed. Fig. 14 these areas are designated as transition zones 94.

[0049] Between the two in Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 extremes shown from individual, point-like melting zones 80 ( Fig. 10) and a series of 88 point-like melting zones 80, as they are in Fig. As shown in Figure 11, there may also be an intermediate form in which the individual point-like melting zones 80 are placed so close together that the molten areas of the individual point-like melting zones 80 are directly adjacent. As shown in Fig. 11 can also be recognized, an outer part 50 can also be machined in such a way that it has individual point-shaped melt zones 80, which may be arranged in a row 84 as here (but do not have to be) and is combined with a row 88 or several rows 88 of point-shaped melt zones 80.

[0050] In Fig. Figure 12 shows another embodiment of an outer part 50 with an outer contour 56. In this embodiment as well, individual point-like melting zones 80 are placed, which are again positioned so close together that an area of ​​one point-like melting zone 80 is melted or energized a second time by another point-like melting zone 80. In a modification of the embodiment according to Fig. 11 The rows 90 of point-like melt zones 80 shown here exhibit, in their overall appearance, both an axial and a circumferential component. For example, these rows 90 can have a kind of helical shape on the outer circumference or on the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50.

[0051] In Fig. Figure 13 shows another embodiment. This embodiment has three rows 92 of point-shaped melting zones 80 on the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50, wherein the individual point-shaped melting zones 80 have areas that merge into one another, i.e., several melting zones 80 have areas that have been remelted or energized. In this example, three rows 92 of point-shaped melting zones 80 are arranged. The number of rows 92 need not be limited to three, but could also be, for example, four, five, or more. In the extreme case, the arrangement of the rows 92 could be so dense that the individual rows 92 are directly adjacent. This means that at least two rows 92 can be directly adjacent.In another extreme form of the arrangement of rows 92, at least two rows 92 can be arranged in such a way that at least one area of ​​a point-like melting zone 80 of one row 92 has a common area with a point-like melting zone 80 of another row 92, which has been melted or energized a second time by a point-like melting zone 80 of the other row 92.

[0052] In Fig. Figure 14 shows an enlarged representation of what a series of melting zones 80 – particularly point-shaped ones – can generally look like, as is the case for the embodiments of series 88, 90, 92, in which a first point-shaped melting zone 80.1 is placed and then a second point-shaped melting zone 80.2 is placed, the second point-shaped melting zone 80.2 being placed after the first point-shaped melting zone 80.1, and the individual point-shaped melting zones 80.1, 80.2 merging into one another. As shown in the view according to Fig. As can be seen from Figure 14, there exists a melting zone here called transition zone 94, in which material from the first point-like melting zone 80.1 was first melted and then, through the second point-like melting zone 80.2, material from the first point-like melting zone 80.1 is energized or melted again, then becomes the melting zone referred to here as transition zone 94 and is then transition zone 94.

[0053] In Fig. Figure 15 shows a further embodiment of an arrangement of individually generated point-shaped melt zones 80, which are arranged in the axial direction (axis of rotation or axis of symmetry, central axis 68) with respect to the outer part 50 and therefore form several rows 88 of such point-shaped melt zones 80. At least two rows 88 are arranged so close to each other, or are generated so close together, that at least two such axially arranged rows 88 also each have at least one point-shaped melt zone 80 in the circumferential direction, which forms a transition zone 96 that arises from the successive formation of point-shaped melt zones 80. The transition zones 96 are each part of a melt zone 80 that is at least partially melted a second time.Within the framework of the disclosed method, it is provided that a tensile stress σ50 induced in the outer part 50 is caused by at least one melt zone 80, wherein the at least one melt zone 80 is or is formed as a point, a dot-like line, a line, or an area. Preferably, a plurality of melt zones 80 are produced, which are or can be formed as points, dot-like lines, lines, or areas. A region consisting of several solidified melt zones 80 can also be referred to as a set of interacting point-like or line-like melt zones 80. An area of ​​solidified or solidifying material can also be referred to as a set of interacting point-like or line-like melt zones 80.

[0054] Fig. Figure 16 shows a basic representation of a total of four different point-shaped melting zones 80. These four point-shaped melting zones 80 shown here are additionally numbered with appended digits according to an exemplary sequence of their formation during the process. This means that the first point-shaped melting zone 80 (here 80.1) is formed according to the proposed process. By subsequently generating a second point-shaped melting zone 80 (here 80.2), a first row 88 of point-shaped melting zones 80 is created, as shown in the example presented here. These zones are arranged in an axial direction—here rotationally axial or symmetry-axial to the outer part 50—and individual point-shaped melting zones 80 merge into one another. This creates the transition zone 94 of one row 88 mentioned previously, which is Fig. 16 upper row. By subsequently generating another point-shaped melting zone 80 (here 80.3), a further transition zone 96 (96.1) is created due to the proximity of the second row 88 of point-shaped melting zones 80 to be formed. This transition zone 96 is formed between the first row 88 and the point-shaped melting zone 80, which is not part of the first row 88. Rather, it is specifically intended that this third melting zone 80 (here 80.3) is part of a row 88 of point-shaped melting zones 80 to be formed, by generating the fourth melting zone 80 (here 80.4) after the formation of the third melting zone 80 (here 80.3). This creates not only another transition zone 94 within the second row 88 between the third melting zone 80 (80.3) and the fourth melting zone 80 (80.4), but also another transition zone 96 (96.2), which lies between the last point-like melting zone 80 (80.4) placed in this example and the second melting zone 80 (80.2) of the first row 88 is created. The transition zones 96 are each part of a melting zone 80, which is at least partially melted again.

[0055] In Fig. Figure 17 shows a further embodiment of a machined outer part 50 in accordance with the methods presented here. The arrangement shown here is based on the one described in Fig. The embodiment shown in Figure 4 illustrates this. Five different melting zones 80 of a mass fraction m50p are immediately visible, which are designed here as linear melting zones 80. Each of the melting zones 80 extends with its longer dimension, length L80, in the direction of the central axis 68 of the outer part 50 in this example. With its width B80, which is shorter than its length L80, the linear melting zone 80 extends circumferentially around the outer part 50. The arrangement of several linear melting zones 80 shown here, the spacing D80 between which is smaller than the spacing to other linear melting zones 80 or to other melting zones 80 – if any other melting zones 80 are present at all – is referred to here as a field 80F of melting zones 80. The spacing D80 between such linear melting zones 80 can be smaller than the width B80 of a single linear melting zone 80.A distance D80 between two linear melting zones 80 can alternatively be equal to the width 80 of a single linear melting zone 80 or – further alternatively – be greater than the width B80 of a single linear melting zone 80. Individual linear melting zones 80, in particular immediately adjacent linear melting zones 80, can be produced directly one after the other; however, it may be particularly preferred that these linear melting zones 80, in particular of a field 80F, are not produced directly one after the other, i.e., that after the production of a linear melting zone 80 of a provided field 80F, another melting zone 80 is produced, which is to be arranged outside the intended field 80F. A corresponding procedure for such production will be described later in connection with the exemplary embodiment according to the [reference to be added]. Fig. 24 to 27 are discussed. In this embodiment, it is shown how the several melting zones 80 are spaced apart such that a bridge 98 remains between two nearest melting zones 80, which remains below a melting temperature T during the process. L the material of the outer part 50 is heated.

[0056] In Fig. Figure 18 shows another embodiment of linear melt zones 80. In this modification – starting from the embodiment according to Fig. 17 - the individual linear melting zones 80 are arranged such that they no longer have any space between them. Rather, two linear melting zones 80 arranged directly next to each other merge into one another or are manufactured in such a way that these two immediately adjacent linear melting zones 98 have a common linear transition zone 100. In the embodiment according to Fig. Figure 18 also shows a field 80F of a total of six linear melting zones 80. Analogous to the representation according to Fig. 14 By manufacturing linear melting zones 80, which are formed so close to each other, at least one transition zone 100 is formed between two linear melting zones 80 as presented here. Within this field 80F, a specific or determinable number n80 (6) of linear melting zones 80 are manufactured and a number (5) of transition zones 100 are formed. The number of transition zones is then, for example, one less than the number of melting zones 80 (n80 - 1). Among other things, in the embodiments according to the Fig. References 4 to 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 to 20 disclose several melting zones 80 which are generated at least sectionally parallel to each other or that in addition to a melting zone 80 another melting zone 80 is generated and is parallel to the one melting zone 80.

[0057] In Fig. Figure 19 shows an exemplary arrangement of two linear melting zones 80 forming a field 80F. Here, for example, both melting zones 80 are arranged so close to each other that the material of the outer part 50, which was melted first, is partially melted a second time, forming a melting zone 80. As already described previously for another embodiment, the further melting of a portion of this linear melting zone 80 occurs through the creation of a second linear melting zone 80 (in Fig. 19 the melting zone 80 arranged or generated on the left). This process forms a linear transition zone 100 between two linear melting zones 80.

[0058] According to another embodiment of linear melting zones 80, which is not shown here, the two linear melting zones 80 can also be arranged so close to each other that there is no distance between these two melting zones 80 and accordingly no linear transition zone 80 is created or exists.

[0059] In summary, it should be mentioned at this point that a melting zone 80 can, for example, be designed in a point-like form; compare, for example, with the individual point-like melting zones 80, which according to Fig. 10 are executed. Furthermore, a melting zone 80 can also be dot-like, as shown in the exemplary embodiment according to Fig. 11 is first described. Another embodiment of dot-like melting zones 80 is, for example, a series 92 of dot-like melting zones 80 according to the embodiment according to Fig. 13. The exemplary embodiment according to Fig. Figure 14 can, for example, represent the smallest embodiment of a point-like melt zone 80 in this sense. Such a (short) series can, for example, be a series 82 of point-like melt zones 80 with an orientation of the axis in the circumferential direction or with an orientation of the axis in the axial direction (axis of rotation, axis of symmetry), or a series 86 of melt zones 80 with a component in an axial direction and a circumferential direction. The solidified melt zones 80 can also be formed as a planar field 80F. An example of this is shown in Fig. Figure 15 illustrates this. The rows 88 of point-shaped melting zones 80 arranged or shown there are arranged so close together that individual point-shaped melting zones merge into one another in two axial directions. For example, reference is made here to the embodiment shown in Figure 15. Fig. 16, according to which – as shown there – the individual point-like melting zones 80 are executed adjacent to each other in two mutually perpendicular axial directions or coordinate directions, thus forming a planar structure of solidified melting zones 80. In the embodiment according to Fig. In 17, a total of five solidified linear melt zones 80 can be identified. Fig. 18 and Fig. Figure 19 shows a field 80F of linear melting zones 80.

[0060] Starting from the first embodiment, which is described by the Fig. 1 is introduced and which is related to Fig. Figure 2 shows that the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 are selected such that the inner part 52 is arranged with a freedom of movement B in the outer part 50; the embodiment according to Fig. 20 briefly described. This embodiment also has a freedom of movement B in the outer part 50. In modification of the arrangement according to Fig. 2 is according to the order after Fig. 20 Alternatively, it is provided that the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 are also selected such that the inner part 52 is arranged with a freedom of movement B in the outer part 50. However, it is provided that a center of the inner part 52 and a center of the outer part 50 are not concentric with each other, but offset from each other (non-concentric, eccentric). A center of the inner part 52 can be its central axis 69, which, in the case that the inner part 52 is cylindrical, is its central axis 69 (e.g., geometrically determined axis of rotation, axis of symmetry). A center of the outer part 50 can be its central axis 68, which, for example, as shown here in this embodiment, can also be its axis of rotation or axis of symmetry. In the example according to Fig. Figure 20 shows an extreme example, in which the two central axes 68, 69 are offset from each other so far that their distance corresponds to the gap dimension according to column 66 in Fig. 2 corresponds. In a further embodiment not shown here, the central axes 68, 69 can be positioned such that their distance is smaller than the ideal width b of the gap 66 according to Fig. 2 is. In the embodiment according to Fig. 20 All previously described embodiments of melting zones 80 can be generated, since the exemplary in Fig. 1 and Fig. The concentricity of the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 shown in Figure 2 is not absolutely necessary.

[0061] According to the exemplary embodiments shown below Fig. 4, Fig. 10, Fig. 11, Fig. 12, Fig. 13, Fig. 15, Fig. 17 and Fig. Figure 18 provides that melt zones 80, which may be point-shaped, dot-like, linear, or planar, are formed on an outer part 50. The outer part 50 extends between a first end E150 and a second end E250 in the direction of a central axis 68. These melt zones 80 are formed on an outer contour 56 of the outer part 50. At least one melt zone 80 extends between the first end E150 and the second end E250. At least one melt zone 80, or several melt zones 80, may extend, at least partially, in a straight line, a wave-like shape, or a spiral.

[0062] In particular, it can be provided that an axially outermost position of a melt zone 80 is arranged at a distance from one end E150 or one end E250 or from both ends E150, E250. Thus, a melt zone 80 is provided at least at one position, wherein an unprocessed edge 105, 107 remains between this melt zone 80 and one end E150, E250, which has not been melted.

[0063] It should be mentioned here that when the outer part 50 is energized, i.e., heated and liquefied, the initially solid area exists in a first microstructure. Through liquefaction or melting, this first microstructure is transformed into a melt, i.e., a melt zone 80. Through the solidification of the liquid melt zone 80, i.e., the transformation of the liquid melt zone 80 into a solid, solidified melt zone 80, a new microstructure, the second microstructure, is established in the melt zone 80.

[0064] As is evident from the preceding description, a method for joining an outer part 50 to an inner part 52 is disclosed, wherein the inner part 52 and the outer part 50 are first positioned relative to each other such that the inner part 52 is at least partially located inside the outer part 50. Subsequently, a mass fraction m50p of the outer part 50 is energized and thereby melted, so that at least one liquid melt zone 80 is formed. This at least one liquid melt zone 80 then solidifies into at least one solid melt zone 80. This solidification induces a tensile stress σ50 in the outer part 50. The tensile stress σ50 in the outer part 50 is intended to be high enough to cause plastic deformation of the outer part 50.This also discloses a device 113 comprising an outer part 50 and an inner part 52, wherein the outer part 50 is connected to the inner part 52, and the inner part 52 and the outer part 50 are positioned relative to each other such that the inner part 52 is at least partially located within the outer part 50. A mass fraction m50p is located on the outer part 50, which is at least one solidified solid melt zone 80, and a tensile stress σ50 acts in the outer part 50. Due to the tensile stress σ50, the outer part 50 is plastically deformed, i.e., a volume fraction of the outer part 50 is plastically deformed.

[0065] According to the foregoing description, in one embodiment the outer part 50 is made of a material which has a pronounced upper yield strength ReH, compare also with the Fig. 32 and Fig. 33 and the associated description. When the outer part 50 is subjected to stress by the solidifying melt zones 80, plastic deformation of the outer part 50 beyond the pronounced yield strength ReH is to be generated. In this process, the outer part 50 is stretched plastically in addition to any purely elastic elongation. When generating and thus applying the tensile stress, a discontinuous transition from an elastic region to the plastic region occurs, depending on the material. Preferably, the outer part 50 is to be loaded in the Lüder region. According to a further embodiment, the outer part 50 can be loaded in the plastic region between the Lüder region and the tensile strength Rm. Preferably, the outer part 50 is to be made of a material that has a yield strength ratio – i.e., a ratio of the upper yield strength ReH to the tensile strength Rm – which lies in the range of 0.2 to 0.7.

[0066] In Fig. Figure 21 shows a further embodiment, which shows an elongated melting zone 80 or several elongated melting zones 80, as already shown in the embodiment according to Fig. 4 is the case. The difference to the embodiment according to Fig. 4 consists in the fact that the melting zones 80 are attached to or generated on the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 at an angle α to the central axis 68. As already in the embodiment according to Fig. 17, linear melt zones 80 are also formed here, which in this case are generated as a single field 80F that extends completely over the outer circumference or outer contour 56 of the outer part 50. In this example, there is a gap D80 between the individual linear melt zones 80, each with a web 98. A single linear melt zone 80 also has, for example, a width B80. As in the embodiment according to [reference], this is also exemplary. Fig. 20 - provided that edges 105, 107 are left unworked, i.e., unworked edges 105, 107 remain. In this example, 120 linear melt zones 80 have been created to securely hold the inner part 52 in the outer part 50 by frictional engagement.

[0067] In Fig. Figure 22 shows a view of an outer part 50 of a device 113, which has a melting zone 80 on its outer contour 56. As in the previously mentioned embodiments, an inner part 52 is located inside the outer part 50. A special feature of this embodiment is that the melting zone 80 has a particularly long length. During the production of this melting zone 80, the energy transfer point 74, which is particularly point-like, performs an absolute or relative movement composed of two different types of movement (relative movement between the energy transfer point 74 and the outer part 50). One type of movement is a circular movement, which can, for example, be a circular movement 74K. The other type of movement is a linear movement 74L.Such a movement of the energy transfer point 74, which arises from a rotary and a linear motion, results in a kind of "shallow spiral motion." This "shallow spiral motion" can consist of a combination of a rotation of the outer part 50 about its central axis 68, which, viewed from an external point, appears as a quasi-linear motion, and a rotational motion resulting from a deflection of the stationary energy beam 85 by means of a beam deflection unit (e.g., a wobbling mirror) not shown here. This "shallow spiral motion" has the advantage that the energy source does not have to be constantly switched on or off, or, in the case that the energy source is neither switched on nor off, no type of aperture or similar device is required in a beam path between the energy transfer point 74 and the energy source.to introduce into the energy beam 85 in order to interrupt the energy input to the outer part 50. In other words, the generation of the melting zone 80 can be continuously generated on the outer circumference of the outer part 50 without any interruption. In an extreme variant of such a melting zone 80, during the production of the melting zone 80, during a complete relative rotation of the outer part 50 relative to the energy transfer point 74, areas of the melting zone 80 intersect at least once. Starting from a point where material of the outer part 50 is melted, an energy beam 85 is directed such that an energy transfer point 74 of the energy beam 85 is moved such that its movement is at an angle γ greater than zero. Fig. 22 - the melting zone 80 intersects.

[0068] The molten mass fraction m50p can have several melting zones 80, which are designed such that they extend continuously and in different directions between the first end E150 and the second end E250 of the outer part 50 ( Fig. 22). The different directions are symbolically represented by the legs of the angle γ. One or more melting zones 80 can, for example, extend in a wave-like pattern around the circumference of the outer part 50, Fig. 22.

[0069] As in Fig. As can be seen in Figure 22, optional unprocessed edges 105, 107 are also provided in the device 113 shown there. As can be seen from the description of the melting zone 80 ( Fig. 22) as can be seen, a melting zone 80 is designed such that a melting zone 80, which is in particular spiral or wave-shaped, crosses itself at least once, and in particular several times, and thus extends over the outer circumference of the outer part 50. In a device 113 consisting of an outer part 50 and an inner part 52, a crossing point 114 can thus be present, i.e., formed, at least once, and in particular several times. This means that a melting zone 80 is melted again after its initial production. In particular, it can be provided that such a melting zone 80 – even if it is interrupted several times – is melted many times. Alternatively, a method and a device 113 can also be provided in which several solidified melting zones 80 are arranged such that at least one crossing point 114 is formed, or has been formed, by the several solidified melting zones 80., that at least one solidified melt zone is present which has a crossing point 114 with another solidified melt zone 80.

[0070] In Fig. 23 is a longitudinal section through the outer part 50 according to Fig. 22 and the marking indicated there for a section line position. In this Fig. Figure 23 clearly shows the outer part 50, the inner part 52, a longitudinal section through the melt zone 80 of an outer connection area 51, and the edges 105, 107, which are present but not described in detail here (generally optional). It is also evident that the at least one melt zone 80 of the outer connection area 51 has a bead 110 at each of its axial ends (right, left) with respect to the central axis 68. This bead is formed, in particular, by the production of the melt zone 80, specifically by repeated melting and solidification of one or more melt zones 80.

[0071] The outer part 50 has different outer diameters: While the outer part 50, with an optional rim 105, 107 (one rim or both rims) next to the at least one melting zone 80, has, for example, a maximum outer diameter D105, D107, a bead 110 has an outer diameter D110. The outer part 50 has an outer diameter D80 in the area of ​​the melting zone 80, in particular in its axial center. The size ratios of the outer diameters can be as follows, in particular: The outer diameter D80 in the area of ​​the melt zone 80 or the outer connection area 51 of the machined outer part 50 is smaller than an outer diameter D110 of a bead 110 after the production of at least one melt zone 80. Furthermore, the outer diameter D110 of a bead 110 can be smaller than an outer diameter D105, D107 of an outer part 50 in the area of ​​the melt zone 80 or the outer connection area 51 of the machined outer part 50.At the extreme end, E150, E250 of the outer part 50 will be, which is how it is intended here.

[0072] It should be noted here that, for example, according to Fig. 23. Alternative embodiment can be designed such that only on one side – in particular an axial side with an open end E150 as shown in Fig. As shown in Figure 23, an arrangement consisting of a rim 105 (or rim 107), a bead 110, and a region of the melting zone 80 can be provided or generated on a melting zone 80 or several melting zones 80. On one or the other axial side of the melting zone 80 or the external connection region 51, the outer part can be designed differently from the other side, for example, by a transition to a radius radially outward or radially inward, to which, for example, a flange (outward or inward) is attached, or instead of a radius, a section of the outer part that structurally corresponds to a rim (ring cylinder), but is larger, i.e., longer in the axial direction, and consequently has the shape of a tube.However, it is also provided, by way of example, that the size ratios of the outer diameters behave as follows: The outer diameter D80 in the area of ​​the melt zone 80 of the machined outer part 50 is smaller than an outer diameter D110 of a bead 110 after the production of at least one melt zone 80. In addition, the outer diameter D110 of a bead 110 can be smaller than an outer diameter D105 (or outer diameter D107) of an outer part 50 in the area or at the extreme end E150 (or end E250) of the outer part 50.

[0073] A numerical example for a device 113 consisting of an outer part 50 and an inner part 52 is as follows: D107 = 15.00 mm, D80 = 14.74 mm, D110 = 14.88 mm.

[0074] Such a bead 110 can form because, through the movement of the energy transfer point 74, areas of the melting zone 80 at the edge of a melting zone 80 towards an edge 105, 107 are melted, for example, five to ten times in succession. With regard to a bead 110 on the left side of the outer part 50 and a bead 110 on the right side of the outer part 50, it can also be observed that the bead 110s differ from each other. This is due to the different velocities (relative velocities: rotation of the outer part 50 about the axis 68 and rotation of the energy transfer point 74 about another axis, which is, for example, oriented perpendicular (radially) to axis 68) of the energy transfer point 74 on the right side of the outer part 50 and the left side of the outer part 50. According to the illustration, for example, according to Fig. 23, the velocity of the energy transfer point 74 on the right side of the outer part 50 is greater than on the left side of the outer part 50. This is a consequence of the vector addition of the velocities.

[0075] Accordingly, in the exemplary embodiment according to the Fig. 22 and Fig. 23, which structurally corresponds to the exemplary embodiments Fig. Figures 1 to 21 disclose a device 113 comprising an outer part 50 and an inner part 52. The inner part 52 is located within the outer part 50 and is joined to it. The outer part 52 has an external connection area 51 and at least one melt zone 80 on its outer contour 56. This melt zone 80 is a solidified, formerly liquid melt zone 80. The outer part 50 has, for example, a first axial end E150 and a second axial end E250. These ends are preferably arranged axially away from each other. The at least one melt zone 80 has a first axial end E80L and a second axial end E80R. In particular, viewed in the direction of the axis 64, the first axial end E80L is located on one axial side of the melt zone 80, and the second axial end E80R is located on the other axial side of the melt zone 80.It is provided that between an axial end E150, E250 of the outer part 50 and an axial end E80L, E80R of the at least one melting zone 80 of the outer connection area 51, there is a rim 105, 107 of the outer part 50. The rim 105, 107 has an outer diameter D105, D107, and the melting zone 80 has an outer diameter D80. The outer diameter D105, D107 of the rim is larger than the outer diameter D80 of the melting zone 80. As shown in... Fig. As is clearly shown in Figure 23, the device 113 has a melting zone 80, which has at least one bead 110 – here two bead 110 – and the bead 110 has an outer diameter D110. The outer diameter D110 of the bead 110 is larger than the outer diameter D80 of the melting zone 80. According to a further aspect of the design, the outer diameter D105, D107 of the rim is larger than the outer diameter D110 of a bead 110. In particular, it is provided that the rim 105, 107 of the outer part 50 is thermally distorted or that this rim 105, 107 has residual stresses that have caused a change in shape. The edge 105, 107 is preferably located at an open end E150, E250 of the outer part 50. There, the edge 105, 107 has a material thickness t105, t107 and the outer connection area 51, 51L, 51R at the melting zone 80 has a material thickness t80.The material thickness t107, t105 of the edge 105, 107 is greater than the material thickness t80 of the outer connection area 51, 51L, 51R at the melting zone 80. Furthermore, a joint 260 – in particular annular wedge-shaped – can be located between the inner part 52 and the outer part 50, wherein the joint 260 is filled with a solid substance, such as a sealant, or a liquid substance, such as oil, or a gaseous substance, such as air.

[0076] In the Fig. 24 to at least Fig. Figure 27 shows an embodiment of a device 113 comprising an outer part 50 with two connections 120 between itself and each inner part 52. The Fig. The outer part 50, designed and depicted as a sleeve or sleeve section, is an outer part 50 with two outer connection areas 51 (right outer connection area 51R, left outer connection area 51L), which in this example are integrally connected to each other via the outer part 50. One connection 120 is on the right side of the in Fig. The device 113 shown in Figure 24 depicts an inner part 52, which here is implemented as a permanent magnet, a relatively brittle component. This permanent magnet is held by the annular outer connection area 51R on the right side of the outer part 50 in the figure – in particular by frictional engagement or, in particular, only by frictional engagement. The outer connection area 51R of the outer part 50 is integrally connected here via a flange 123 to another outer connection area 51L on the other, left side. The preceding descriptions of the previously described embodiments all refer to the Fig. Connection 120 is applicable as shown on the right-hand side in the 24.

[0077] It is also provided here that between an axial end E150, E250 of the outer part 50 and an axial end E80L, E80R of at least one melting zone 80 of one outer connection area 51R, there is a rim 105, 107 of the outer part 50. The rim 105, 107 has an outer diameter D105, D107, and the melting zone 80 has an outer diameter D80. The outer diameter D105, D107 of the rim 105, 107 is larger than the outer diameter D80 of the melting zone 80. As shown from Fig. As is evident from Figure 24, the device 113 has at least one melting zone 80, which has at least one bead 110 – here two bead 110 – and each bead 110 has an outer diameter D110. The outer diameter D110 of the bead 110 is larger than the outer diameter D80 of the melting zone 80. According to a further aspect of the design, the outer diameter D105, D107 of the rim 105, 107 is larger than the outer diameter D110 of a bead 110. In particular, it is provided that the rim 107 of the outer part 50 is thermally distorted or that this rim 107 has residual stresses that have caused or are causing a change in shape. The rim 107 is preferably located at an open end E250 of the outer part 50. There, the rim 107 has a material thickness t107 and the outer connection area 51R at the melting zone 80 has a material thickness t80. The material thickness t107 of the rim 107 is greater than the material thickness t80 of the outer connection area 51R at the melting zone 80.Furthermore, a joint 260 – in particular annular wedge-shaped – can be located between the inner part 52 and the outer part 50, wherein the joint 260 is filled with a solid substance, such as a sealant, or a liquid substance, such as oil, or a gaseous substance, such as air. Comparing the outer diameters D105, 107 of the edges 105, 107, it is noticeable that the outer diameter D107 of the open end of the outer part 50 is larger than the outer diameter D105 of the other end E150 of the outer part 50 – in particular the end having the flange 123.

[0078] The outer part 50 goes according to the illustration. Fig. 24 on the left side of the right outer connection area 51 R via a flange 123 to the other, in the Fig. 24, the external connection area 51L shown on the left. This mass accumulation with respect to the central axis 68 (e.g., axis of rotation) is caused by the flange 123 on the part shown in Fig. At the left end of the right external connection area 51 R, in connection with the input of energy for the production of the at least one melting zone 80 or the several melting zones 80, a particularly good heat dissipation results at the end E80L of the melting zone 80 facing the flange 123 away from the external connection area 51 R. This results in a difference compared to the right end E250 of the external connection area 51 R. The diameter D105 formed at the left end E150R of the outer connection area 51R (at the unmachined edge 105) or next to the melt zone 80 in the area of ​​the flange 123 is smaller than the diameter D107 at the right end E250R of the outer part 50. When comparing the outer diameters D105 and D107 of the edges 105 and 107, it is noticeable that the outer diameter D107 of the open end of the outer part 50 is larger than the outer diameter D105 of the other end E150 of the outer part 50, which in particular has the flange 123.Furthermore, it can be stated that a diameter D80 in the area of ​​the melting zone 80 (particularly and by way of example in its axially central position) is smaller than the diameter D105, or put another way: the diameter D107 at end E250R is larger than the diameter D105 in the area of ​​end E150R, or at end E150R, or in the area of ​​the flange 123 (axial position), which in turn is larger than the diameter D80 of the melting zone 80. If the melting zone 80 is bounded by at least one bead 110 (to the right or left of the melting zone 80), then a diameter D110 of the bead 110 is larger than the diameter D80 of the melting zone 80 and smaller than the diameter D107 at the free end E250R, but larger than the diameter D105 of the bead 110 at end E150R. At this end E150R, the cooling (heat dissipation) is particularly good due to the flange-related mass accumulation away from the melting zone 80, so that thermal distortion is reduced.

[0079] In the right-hand external connection area 51R, the right-hand internal part 52 has an outer diameter D52 that is larger than the outer diameter D52 of the left-hand internal part 52 of the other left-hand external connection area 51R. Furthermore, it is possible – and in this case, it is – that the diameter D80 of the melting zone 80 in the right-hand external connection area 51R is larger than the diameter D80 of the melting zone 80 in the other left-hand external connection area 51R.

[0080] Furthermore, it can be noted that the size ratios in the Fig. The connection 120 shown in Figure 24, or the outer connection area 51 R, can be described as follows: The device 113 has an outer diameter D107 of the open end E250R of the outer part 50, which is larger than the diameter D110 of the bead 110 between the at least one melt zone 80 and the open end E250R of the outer part 50. The diameter D110 of the bead 110 between the at least one melt zone 80 and the open end E250R of the outer part 50 is larger than the diameter D110 of the bead 110 between the at least one melt zone 80 and the other end E150R of the outer part 50, which in particular has the flange 123. The diameter D110 of the bead 110 between the at least one melt zone 80 and the other end E150R of the outer part 50, which in particular has the flange 123, is larger than the outer diameter D105 of the other end E150R of the outer part 50, which in particular has the flange 123.The outer diameter D105 of the other end E150R of the outer part 50, which in particular has the flange 123, is larger than the outer diameter D80 of the at least one melting zone 80.

[0081] The in Fig. The connection 120 shown on the left in Figure 24 between the outer part 50 (similar to a pipe fitting) and its left outer connection area 51L represents a connection 120 with an inner part 52, in particular a shaft fitting. The fastening between the two parts is achieved, as in the previously described embodiments, by creating a shrink fit through the formation of fusion zones 80. This shaft fitting can, for example, be integrally connected to a shaft, which in turn is supported and driven in a housing by means of bearings (e.g., rolling bearings). This inner part 52 can also be designed as a type of pin or shaft pin, which is inserted as a "plug" into an end face of a shaft and a bore provided there, in particular a blind hole, in order to be held there, for example, by means of a press fit. To form the connection shown in Figure 24, the following applies: Fig. In the connection 120 shown on the left, the inner part 52 is inserted into the tubular outer part 50, or the tubular outer part 50 is inserted onto the inner part 52. For example, a distance s can be provided and set between an end face 64 of the left inner part 52 and the end face 64 of the right inner part 52. The outer part 50 holds one inner part 52 and another inner part 52 by connecting the two inner parts 52 together. There is a distance s between the one inner part 52 and the other inner part 52, which is zero or greater than zero. The connection 120 between the left inner part 52 and the left outer part 50 is defined by the Fig. 25, Fig. 26 and Fig. 27 explained in more detail.

[0082] In Fig. 25 shows a cross-section as it appears in Fig. 24 is indicated. Fig. 25 It can be seen that on the outer circumference or outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 or outer connection area 51L, there are a total of three fields 80F of melting zones 80. It is intended, for example, that these three fields 80F are at least approximately uniform in width and accordingly have an angular width α80F of 100 degrees with respect to the outer circumference of the outer contour 96. An angular distance αFR between the individual fields 80F should be equally uniform. The free space 126 is located there. This free space 126 has an angular range αFR of, for example, 20 degrees. The melting zones 80 of a field 80F are shown here as an example, as in Fig. Figure 18 illustrates this. This means that each field 80F has linear melt zones 80 extending in the direction of the central axis 68. It is specifically provided that the melt zones 80 overlap, thus forming linear transition zones 100. The manner in which the individual melt zones 80 are arranged within the plurality of fields 80F will be discussed later. A device 113 with an outer part 50 and an inner part 52 is thus disclosed, wherein the inner part 52 and the outer part 50 are positioned relative to each other such that the inner part 52 is at least partially located within the outer part 50. The outer part 50 has an outer contour 96, with at least one solidified melt zone 80 on the outer part 50, which is part of the outer contour 96. The outer part 50 has several fields 80F of melt zones 80.

[0083] In Fig. 26 is a representation (front view of the pipe stub) according to the section line as per Fig. 24 shown. As in this Fig. As can be seen in Figure 26, which shows a view from the left of the end E150L of the outer part 50, the outer part 50 – the pipe-shaped section – is deformed during the production of the connection 120. This makes it clear that a gap, and thus a gap 128, has formed between the inner part 52, which here has a cylindrical outer contour 58, and a previously cylindrical inner contour of the outer part 50 of the pipe-shaped section (analogous to the joint 260). Fig. 24), which has a varying gap dimension in the circumferential direction of the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52. Thus, this gap 128 has a minimum gap dimension sFR and a maximum gap dimension smF. Between the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 there is a gap 128 which is uneven, in particular uneven in the circumferential direction of the inner part 52. In this respect, with regard to the end view according to Fig. 26. It is generally established that a minimum gap sFR is formed between two fields 80F. A maximum gap smF, on the other hand, is formed in the center of a field 80F. Such a shape of the gap 128 is due to the fact that free spaces 126 are formed between the individual fields 80F, which are not energized during the process for producing the connection 120 and therefore act as heat sinks arranged – e.g., symmetrically – to the fields 80F. The in the Fig. 24, Fig. 25 and Fig. The embodiment of a connection 120 shown in Figure 26, comprising three fields 80F and three spaces 126, each of which is uniformly formed, is only one of several possible embodiments. For example, it is also possible to provide that there are not three fields 80F, but rather four fields 80F, five fields 80F, or more fields 80F. These fields 80F can be separated by spaces or spaces 126 of equal size. As is particularly evident in Fig. As shown in Figure 26, the multiple fields 80F are defined by a number nF of fields 80F. The outer part 50 has an end face 60 at one end E150L. The end face 60 has an outer contour 96, which has the shape of a polycircle 97. By generating the multiple fields 80F, the outer contour 96 acquires the shape of a polycircle 97, as the outer part 50 warps thermally unevenly due to the uneven generation of melting zones 80 caused by uneven heat dissipation. This results in the formation of minimum radii r96min and maximum radii r96max. A polycircle 97 can be described as having several smallest radii r96min and largest radii r96max, where a number nrk of the smallest radii r96min and a number nrg of the largest radii r96max corresponds to the number nF of the fields 80F.The relative position of the smallest radii r96min, the largest radii r96max, and the fields 80F to each other can be described, for example, as follows: the smallest radii r96min and the largest radii r96max alternate on the end face 60 of the outer part 50. The end face 60 is located at an axial position x60. Fig. 24, which relates to the common central axis 68. The clearances 126 and the fields 80F are located not only at an axial position, but also within an axial region, due to their axial extension with respect to the central axis 68. For the purposes of this disclosure, it can be specified that the clearances 126 and the fields 80F are located, for example, at a common axial position xgem ( Fig. 24, Fig. 25), which is axially spaced from the axial position x60 of the end face 60. Regarding the number of nF of the fields 80F, it is provided that the number of nF of the fields 80F can be, for example, even (2, 4, 6, 8, ...) or alternatively odd (1, 3, 5, 7, ...). In particular, it is provided that an odd number of nF of fields 80F of melt zones 80 is generated on the outer part 50, and the outer part 50 has, in particular, three nF. If the number of nF = 3, the outer contour 96 is distorted, so that the end face 60 has an outer contour 96 that has the shape of a tricircle as a special form of a polycircle 97. As already mentioned, for example, in relation to the Fig. 17, Fig. 18 and Fig. As explained in section 19, a field 80F is an arrangement of melting zones 80, particularly linear ones, whose spacing D80 between them is less than the spacing D80F to other melting zones 80, particularly linear ones, especially melting zones 80 of another field 80F. A particular embodiment is provided in that a field 80F is an arrangement of melting zones 80, particularly linear ones, whose spacing D80 between them is less than the spacing D80F to other melting zones 80, particularly linear ones, especially melting zones 80 of another field 80F, wherein the spacing D80 between the melting zones 80, particularly linear ones, is zero or less than zero and is implemented accordingly. The melting zones 80 are thus either directly adjacent to each other or with a transition zone 100, cf. Fig. 19. Between a field 80F and an end E150L of the outer part 50 there is a rim 105, compare with Fig. 24. This edge 105 is, in particular, an unprocessed, especially unenergized, unheated edge 105. This edge 105 is left as is by not bringing the melting zones 80 close to the end E150L. As in Fig. As indicated in Figure 24, the edge 105 is reinforced. For this purpose, the edge 105 has a larger outer diameter and a greater radial extent than an adjacent area of ​​the outer part 50 in its original state, before the at least one melt zone 80 is created. In particular, the edge 105 has a greater radial extent than the outer diameter of the outer part 50 when a melt zone 80 of a field 80F has solidified, by means of a corresponding manufacturing process. As in the other embodiments, the outer part 50 is and is positively connected to the inner part 52 by the fields 80F of the melt zones 80.

[0084] In Fig. Figure 27 shows an embodiment of a sequence for generating melt zones 80 for a field 80F. In this figure, Fig. 27 the outer contour 56 is shown in a development over 360°. For example, a first melting zone 80 (in Fig. (27, shown on the far left with the number 1 at the bottom of the development). Particularly with regard to energy distribution, in order to achieve the best possible uniform distribution of heat energy and the coolest possible position for the next melting zone 80 to be formed, the position opposite the first melting zone 80 (position 2) is selected and executed as the position for the next melting zone 80. The third melting zone 80 (position 3) is produced approximately evenly between the two melting zones 80 at positions 1 and 2. The fourth melting zone 80 (position 4) is, in turn, placed opposite the melting zone 80 produced at position 3.The further melting zones 80 at positions 5, 6, 7, and 8 are set, for example, in the following sequence: melting zone 80 at position 5 is created between melting zones 80 at positions 3 and 1; melting zone 80 at position 6 is placed between melting zones 80 at positions 2 and 3; melting zone 80 at position 7 is placed between melting zone 1 and melting zone 4; and melting zone 80 at position 8 is placed between melting zone 80 at position 4 and melting zone 80 at position 2. An alternative description is that, for example, the first three melting zones 80 are each placed in their designated field 80F, i.e.,First, a melting zone 80 (position 1) is set for the first field 80F, then the next melting zone 80 (at position 2) for the next field 80F, and then the next melting zone 80 (at position 3) for the next field 80F. Alternatively, it can be described that a first melting zone 80 is set at a position that is a starting position, and the next melting zone 80 is set at a position opposite the first melting zone 80 (180° opposite). A third melting zone 80 is set, for example, midway between the first and second melting zones 80, so that it is located—preferably centrally—between the melting zones 80 at positions 1 and 2. Subsequently, the melting zone 80 set at the fourth position is opposite the melting zone 80 set at the third position.This position of the melting zone 80 is therefore preferably evenly distributed between the melting zone 80 at the first position and the melting zone 80 at the second position. The next melting zone 80, which is thus produced at the fifth position, is particularly preferably placed between the already most cooled melting zone 80 at position 1 and the next melting zone 80 that is closest to and coolest from this melting zone 80 at position 1, i.e., the melting zone 80 at position 3. The production of the next three melting zones 80 at positions 6, 7, and 8 continues in this manner, such that the melting zone 80 at position 6 is placed between the melting zones 80 between position 2 and position 3, and the melting zone 80 at the seventh position is placed between the melting zone 80 at position 1 and the melting zone 80 at position 4.The melting zone 80, which is manufactured at the eighth position, is then manufactured between the melting zone 80 at position 2 and the melting zone 80 at position 4.

[0085] In the embodiment based on the previously described embodiments according to the Fig. According to sections 24 to 27, a method for connecting an outer part 50 with an inner part 52 is disclosed, wherein the inner part 52 and the outer part 50 are positioned relative to each other such that the inner part 52 is initially located at least partially inside the outer part 50. A mass fraction m50p of the outer part 50 is energized, causing several liquid melt zones 80 to form. The melt zones 80 then solidify, thereby inducing a tensile stress σ50 in the outer part 50. Several fields 80F of melt zones 80 are generated on the outer part 50.

[0086] The following section details the manufacturing processes related to the previously described exemplary embodiments, particularly in connection with the example according to the Fig. 24 to 27. In Fig. Figure 28 illustrates the manufacturing process described below in principle. To connect an outer part 50 with a first inner part 52 and with a second inner part 52, the outer part 50 and the first inner part 52 are first aligned (e.g., as shown in Figure 28). Fig. 1 or Fig. 20), that these can be inserted or joined together. For this purpose, the outer part 50 is, for example, brought into contact with a receptacle 153 before the inner part 52 is inserted and detachably fastened to the receptacle 153, for example, by means of a clamping force FK, step S50, so that later a drive torque M can be and is transmitted from a lathe 156 - a machine for jointly driving the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 by means of rotation - to the outer part 50 and the inner part 52.

[0087] Both parts, outer part 50 and the first inner part 52, are energized in step S130 and joined together by at least one melt zone 80. The at least one melt zone 80 can be designed according to one of the previously described embodiments. It is preferably provided that the inner part 52 is placed against an inner surface 159 of the flange 123 or an end face of the outer part 50 and preferably positioned there before the outer part 50 begins to rotate, until the inner part 52 is in contact with the inner surface 159 of the flange 123. A holding force FH is applied to the inner part 52 before and during the creation of the at least one melt zone 80 (step S120) so that the inner part 52 remains in place in the outer part 50. During the generation of at least one melting zone 80, the drive torque M is transferred to the outer part 50 and the first inner part 52 and the holding force FH is applied, Fig. 29. While the outer part 50 is arranged and rotating within the first inner part 52, during step S130 the first inner part 52 is preferably rotated at the same speed n52 as the rotating outer part 50. The generation of the at least one melting zone 80 takes place with the energy conductor 72 stationary (see Figure 1). Fig. 3) and – for example – also at a stationary energy transmission point 74. Alternatively, the energy beam can also be deflected by means of a deflecting device – see the description at Fig. 22 - directed towards the outer part 50. That is, the outer circumference or outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 rotates past the energy conductor 72, so that during step S130 the melting zone 80 is created on the rotating outer part 50. This forms an assembly 200 from the outer part 50 and the first inner part 52, with the two parts being firmly connected. The outer part 50 can thus transmit a torque to the inner part 52, which is held so firmly in the outer part 50 that it is secured against falling out of the outer part 50. In a further step S270, the holding force FH is released or reduced to zero, and in step S300 the assembly 200 is removed from the holder 153.In a further step S320, the assembly 200 is placed onto a second inner part 52, and in a further step S340, by further energizing, the outer part 50 is connected to the second inner part 52 at a second outer connection area 51 by at least one melting zone 80. For this purpose, the assembly 200 is used, compare with . Fig. 24, onto the second inner part 52. The second inner part 52 is designed in the manner of a shaft stub 203 or is a shaft stub 203 of a machine 204. This shaft stub 203 is, for example, integrally connected to a shaft 206, which in turn is supported in a housing 212 by means of bearing means 209 (for example, rolling bearings). Fig. 30. For the purpose of generating the at least one melt zone 80 during step S340 between the second outer connection area 51 and the second inner part 52 (equivalent to shaft stub 203), the inner part 52, the shaft stub 203, or the shaft 206 is not driven, but held or fixed in place, and thus remains stationary. The outer part 50 also remains stationary. In principle, during this step, the assembly 200 can simply be attached, preferably held or secured by step S330, and then connected by energizing, step S340.For the design of the second connection between the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 (shaft), it is preferably provided that the second inner part 52 – particularly in an embodiment of the inner part 52 as a shaft 206 – has a rotational moment of inertia l52, and the assembly 200 consisting of the outer part 50 and the first inner part 52 has a rotational moment of inertia l200, wherein the rotational moment of inertia l52 of the second inner part 52 is greater than the rotational moment of inertia l200 of the assembly 200. To design the second connection, the previously mentioned embodiments for the at least one melting zone 80 can be applied and produced. The second connection can be formed by at least one point-shaped melting zone 80 or several point-shaped melting zones 80, by at least one line-shaped melting zone 80 or several line-shaped melting zones 80 (e.g., as in ). Fig. 4 to Fig. 9 or Fig. 17 to 22 or Fig. 25 and Fig. 26), through several point-like melting zones 80 (e.g. as described in 26) Fig. 10 to Fig. 16 described), which are formed, for example, by the formation of transition zones 94 (point-shaped melting zones 80).

[0088] When mounting the assembly 200 onto the second inner part 52 – particularly in the case of an embodiment of the inner part 52 as a shaft 206 – it is provided that the already Fig. The distance s mentioned in section 24 is established between the end faces 64 of the two inner parts 52. For this purpose, the right inner part 52 has, by way of example, its right-facing end face 215. For instance, a point 218 is a reference point used to establish the distance s. Point 218 is an element of a set of all points or surface points of the end face 215 and thus an element of the assembly 200. A point 221 is an element of a set of all points or surface points of the end face 224 and is thus connected to the left inner part 52. Establishing the distance s is a consequence of setting a distance s0. The distance s0, as the actual distance, is a distance s0 between point 218 as the reference point of the assembly 200 and point 221 as the reference point of the second inner part 52. A target dimension s_target includes several possible actual dimensions and thus also the distance s0. This point 221 is a machine-side reference point, or...The reference point of the second, or left, inner part 52. The end face 224 is produced, for example, by facing a designated area of ​​the housing 212. The point 221 itself, as an element of the end face 224, can be a component of a mounting surface of the lathe 156, e.g., a mounting flange and / or a bearing plate of the lathe 156. The connection of the second inner part 52 to a point 221 is achieved by the fact that the shaft 206, or the second inner part 52, is mounted in the housing 212 in a fixed but rotatable manner, and the point 221 is an element of the end face 224 of the housing 212.

[0089] The following procedure is used to adjust the distance s0: The assembly 200 is slid or inserted onto the second (left) inner part 52 in the direction of the central axis 68, step S320. The distance s0 is measured or determined while the assembly 200 is being slid, step S325. After reaching a target dimension s_target, the sliding is stopped and the target dimension s_target is held. The assembly 200 is held or secured in step S330. Thus, a distance s0 between point 218 (reference point of the assembly 200) and point 221 (reference point of the second inner part 52) ​​fulfills the target dimension s_target.

[0090] After reaching the position of assembly 200, which is given by the target dimension s_target, the connection between assembly 200 and the second or left inner part 52 is created (energized) by generating at least one melt zone 80 on the outer connection area 51L, according to the previously described embodiments, step S340.

[0091] In connection with all the previously described embodiments, to improve the process and the connection, it may be provided that the following specific procedures or process steps are carried out during the process for generating the at least one melt zone 80 for joining the outer part 50 with an inner part 52. The inner part 52 and the outer part 50 are first positioned relative to each other such that the inner part 52 is at least partially located inside the outer part 50 (step S100), compare with all the previously illustrated and described figures. Then, as already described, at least one or the intended mass fraction m50p of the outer part 50 is energized, and the intended mass fraction m50p is melted in order to create the connection between the outer part 50 and an inner part 52 according to the previously described examples (step S130).At least one liquid melt zone 80 is formed, and then the mass fraction m50p solidifies into at least one solid melt zone 80. This induces a tensile stress σ50 in the outer part 50. The outer part 50 has a surface in the form of the outer contour 56. At an energy transfer point 74, the surface or outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 is energized, and the energy transfer point 74 is actively cooled by means of a step S350; compare, for example, with the... Fig. 3 and Fig. 27, which show the corresponding devices and methods.

[0092] In the Fig. 3 and Fig. Figure 27 shows an exemplary supply 227 of a coolant, in particular air. By means of a blower 233, air, represented by an arrow symbolizing a volume flow 230, is driven onto the surface and, in particular, onto the energy transfer point 74. The energy transfer point 74 is cooled by forced convection during step S350. In the exemplary embodiment according to Fig. Figure 3 provides that the energy transfer point 74 is moved relative to the surface of the outer part 50. This means that the supply 227 of coolant through the rotating outer part 50 regularly cools different sections or areas of the surface of the outer part 50, but during the energizing process in step S340, it is the energy transfer point 74 that is cooled. In the embodiment according to Fig. 27 provides that the energy transfer point 74 is not moved relative to the surface of the outer part 50. It is provided that the outer part 50 remains stationary, for example, because the rotational moment of inertia l52 of the second inner part 52 is greater than the rotational moment of inertia l200 of the assembly 200, cf. the embodiment according to the Fig. 28 to 31, in which the melting zones 80 are generated with the second inner part 52 stationary. The blower 233 is stationary relative to the outer part 50, while the energy transfer point 74 is moving relative to the outer part 50. The in the Fig. The embodiments illustrated in Figures 24 to 31 show that a volume flow 230 is first guided over an edge 105, 107 and / or an end E250R and then over the energy transfer point 74. After the connection between the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 has been formed, the product is removed from the production plant in step 400.

[0093] In Fig. Figure 32 shows a basic stress-strain diagram for a metal or metal alloy that, for example, has a pronounced upper yield strength ReH. According to part of the description before the description of the Fig. 4. It is intended that, during the melting of a specified mass fraction m50p of the outer part 50, a stress is generated in the outer part 50 that lies in the plastic range, meaning that a tensile stress σ50 is induced in the outer part 50, causing it to plastically deform and thus connecting it—in particular, by frictional engagement—to the inner part 52. The stress state in the outer part 50 increases from the origin of the diagram along the straight line. This first phase ends when the outer part 50 is brought into contact with the inner part 52, after which the second phase begins. According to the behavior of metals that have a pronounced upper yield strength ReH, it is intended in the corresponding examples mentioned above that the stress reaches the yield strength ReH. At that point, the end of the second phase is reached. This end is finally reached with a melting zone 80, the numerical value of which is not specified here.The third phase begins. With each additional melt zone 80 created, the metal is stressed in the Lüders region between the upper yield strength ReH and the lower yield strength ReL, with the plastic component of the strain increasing with each additional melt zone 80 created. After reaching the lower yield strength ReL, and depending on the number of additional melt zones 80 created, the tensile stress σ50 increases in the region between the lower yield strength ReL and the tensile strength Rm, provided this is permissible. The end of the third phase of the process can, in principle, be set such that the tensile stress σ50 lies between the upper yield strength ReH and the lower yield strength ReL. For example, when dimensioning the end of the third phase of the process, it can be selected that the strain is between 0.25 and 0.9 of the Lüders strain εL, preferably between 0.5 and 0.9 of the Lüders strain εL.Alternatively, the end of the third phase of the process, as intended by its load, can also be reached if the load on the outer part 50 lies in the range between the lower yield strength ReL and the tensile strength Rm, wherein the tensile stress σ50 preferably does not exceed a mean value σ50m between ReL and Rm.

[0094] As previously described, it is also possible that a metal or metal alloy – as in Fig. Figure 33 illustrates this behavior. A basic stress-strain diagram for corresponding materials is shown there, in which, during the initial increase in tensile stress σ50, the elastic material stress significantly outweighs the plastic material stress, i.e., which exhibit an equivalent yield strength – in particular, the proof stress Rp0.2. As with the other metal or metal alloy, the first phase ends with the application of the outer part 50 to the inner part 52. The second phase then follows until the proof stress Rp0.2 is reached. Above the proof stress Rp0.2, the third phase of loading the outer part 50 begins. An upper end of the third phase of the process, determined by its loading characteristics, is provided in the range between Rp0.2 and Rm, whereby the tensile stress σ50 preferably does not exceed an average value between Rp0.2 and Rm.Consequently, with regard to material selection, it is alternatively provided that, within the framework of the process, the outer part 50 is manufactured from a material which, under load, exhibits a continuous, steady transition from a predominantly elastic mixed elastoplastic strain to a predominantly plastic mixed plastoelastic strain, generating a deformation of the outer part 50 that reaches at least a yield strength Rp0.2 – for which a permanent strain Rp of 0.2% is determined. If a higher load is desired, it can be provided that the load on the outer part 50 is greater than the yield strength Rp0.2. Preferably, the outer part 50 is to be loaded between the yield strength Rp0.2 and the tensile strength Rm.

[0095] The behavior of the materials, whose properties correspond to the Fig. 32 and Fig. 33 can be described, can be used in such a way that, after an exemplary specific number of melt zones 80 of a specific shape and roughly toleranced inner parts 52 and outer parts 50, a load is applied to an outer part 52 made of a material that is characterized by the Fig. 32 or Fig. 33 can be described, e.g., safely in the Lüders range or safely above the yield strength Rp0.2 in a defined area.

[0096] As part of an alternative method, the exemplary determination of a number of melt zones 80 of a specific shape and for roughly toleranced inner parts 52 and outer parts 50 is not provided for in order to determine the load on an outer part 52 made of a material that is subjected to the Fig. 32 or Fig. 33 can be described, to obtain safely in the Lüders range or above the yield strength Rp0.2 in a defined area. Rather, the method described below provides for the precise dimensioning of the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 involved and then individually determining and producing a number of melt zones 80 of a specific shape.

[0097] The method for connecting an outer part 50 with an inner part 52 comprises the following steps: first, at least one dimension of the inner part 52 and one dimension of the outer part 50 are to be determined (step S500). Then, the inner part 52 and the outer part 50 are to be positioned relative to each other (step S100) such that the inner part 52 is at least partially located inside the outer part 50 (compare with the Fig. 1 to 31. Subsequently, as in the previously described embodiments, a mass fraction m50p of the outer part 50 is to be energized and thereby melted, step S130. At least one liquid melt zone 80 is formed. This at least one melt zone 80 then solidifies into a solid melt zone 80. This causes a tensile stress σ50 in the outer part 50. The tensile stress σ50 causes the outer part 50 to press against the inner part 52, step S150. The outer diameter D52 of the inner part 52 and the inner diameter d50 of the outer part 50 are to be determined as dimensions of the inner part 52. This allows, as a first approximation and in one step S550, the determination of the quantity or number of melt zones 80, which, according to their shape and number, determine a plastic deformation of the outer part 50 and a desired pressure of the outer part 50 on the inner part 52. This applies particularly when the wall thickness t50 of the outer part 50 is known.As a second approximation, an additional dimension is to be determined: an inner diameter d52 of the inner part 52 (if present, because it is shaped like a tube) and / or an outer diameter D50 of the outer part 50. To determine an exact tensile stress σ50 in the outer part 50 and a pressure of the outer part 50 on the inner part 52, it is provided that a dimension for the total mass m50p of the outer part 50 to be melted is determined from at least one of the dimensions. From this, a number n80 of melting zones 80 to be generated on the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 is determined. For each of the melting zones 80 to be generated, a shape (length, depth) and possibly also a width are determined, unless the width is simply defined by the width of the energy beam. The width is then determined, for example, by a transition zone 94.Length is determined, for example, by the duration of a single energizing process, while depth is determined, for example, by the speed of an energy beam or an energy transfer point of the energy beam.

[0098] Depending on the design of the process, the number n80 of melt zones 80 to be generated on the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 can be determined in different ways. For example, the number n80 of melt zones 80 to be generated and the associated mass fraction m50p to be melted can each be individually determined or calculated as a function of one or more of the aforementioned dimensions (step S570, calculation). Alternatively, the number n80 of melt zones 80 to be generated and the associated mass fraction m50p to be melted can each be individually determined by reading (step S580) a characteristic map 590. After determining (S550, S570, S580) the quantity of mass fraction m50p to be melted, respectively, the process continues.For the number n80 of melt zones 80 to be generated, the specified melt zones 80 are energized in steps S130 and S340, thereby generating a pressure p50 between the outer part 50 and the inner part 52, which results in sufficient static friction between the outer part 50 and the inner part 52. The generation of the specified number of melt zones 80 in the outer part 50 induces an elastic strain e, or additionally a plastic strain e (through steps S150, S200, and S250), or an elastoplastic strain e in the outer part 50.

[0099] The relevant procedural steps are described in the Fig. 34 and the Fig. 35 shown. The in Fig. The 34 process steps shown are exemplary and only partially apply to all examples. The following are described in Fig. The 34 illustrated process steps can be used, for example, for the embodiment shown from Fig. 24 apply. The procedural steps according to Fig. For example, 35 can be applied after process step S120 instead of step S130.

[0100] Finally, various embodiments of the outer part 50 and inner part 52 are briefly described and shown, in which the presented methods can be carried out.

[0101] Fig. Figure 36 shows a general embodiment of a combination of an outer part 50 and an inner part 52. The inner part 52 has a simple cylindrical shape. The outer part 50 has an outwardly facing flange 123 at each of its two ends E150 and E250. Depending on the magnitude of the rotational moment of inertia l200 of the assembly 200 to be manufactured, the two parts can rotate (low moment of inertia l200) or remain stationary (high moment of inertia l200) during the production of the melting zones 80 and the joining of the outer part 50 and the inner part 52. Since the two flanges 123 obstruct an axial flow of coolant, the energy transfer point 74 would, for example, be approached radially or tangentially with respect to the axis 68.

[0102] Fig. Figure 37 shows a general embodiment of a combination of an outer part 50 and an inner part 52. The inner part 52 has a ring-cylindrical shape and is exemplified as the outer ring 223 of a rolling bearing 226.

[0103] Furthermore, a computer program 600 is planned, Fig. 38, which is equipped to perform all the steps of one of the procedures described above, or which is programmed to perform a procedure when executed on a computer. Furthermore, a machine-readable storage medium 620 is proposed, on which the computer program 600 is stored, or on which the computer program 600 is stored for use in one of the procedures described above.

[0104] A control unit should be designed to perform all steps of one of the procedures, or it should be programmed for use in one of the procedures. QUOTES INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION

[0000] This list of documents cited by the applicant was automatically generated and is included solely for the reader's convenience. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA accepts no liability for any errors or omissions. Cited patent literature

[0000] DE 10 2011 076 759 A1

[0001] DE 103 03 853 B4

[0002]

Claims

[1] Method for connecting an outer part (50) with an inner part (52), wherein the inner part (52) and the outer part (50) are positioned relative to each other such that the inner part (52) is at least partially located inside the outer part (50), wherein a mass fraction (m50p) of the outer part (50) is energized, thereby creating several liquid melt zones (80), and subsequently the melt zone (80) solidifies, thereby causing a tensile stress (σ50) in the outer part (50), characterized by , that several fields (80F) of melting zones (80) are generated on the outer part (50). [2] Method according to claim 1, characterized by , that the multiple fields (80F) are given by a number (nF) of fields (80F), wherein the inner part (52) has an end face (60) at one end (E150L), wherein the end face (60) has an outer contour (96), and by generating the multiple fields (80F) the outer contour (96) takes on the form of a polycircle (97). [3] Method according to claim 2, characterized by , that the outer contour (96) takes on a polycircle shape (97) by the outer part (50) being thermally unevenly warped through the uneven generation of melt zones (80). [4] Method according to claim 2 or 3, characterized by , that by generating the multiple fields (80F) smallest radii (r96min) and largest radii (r96max) are formed, where a number (nrk) of the smallest radii (r96min) and a number (nrg) of the largest radii (r96max) corresponds to the number (nF) of fields (80F). [5] Method according to any of the foregoing claims, characterized by , that an odd number (nF) of fields (80F) of melting zones (80) is generated on the outer part (50), wherein the number (nF) is in particular three. [6] Method according to claim 5, characterized by, that the number (nF) is three, wherein the end face (60) has an outer contour (96) that warps into a shape which is a tricircle. [7] Method according to any of the foregoing claims, characterized by , that a field (80F) is generated by creating an arrangement of - in particular linear - melting zones (80) whose distance (D80) from each other is smaller than a distance (D80F) to other - in particular linear - melting zones (80), in particular melting zones (80) of another field (80F). [8] Method according to claim 7, characterized by, that a field (80F) is generated by generating an arrangement of - in particular linear - melting zones (80) whose distance (D80) from each other is smaller than a distance (D80) to other - in particular linear - melting zones (80), in particular melting zones (80) of another field (D80F), wherein the distance (D80) of the melting zones (80) - in particular linear - is such that this distance (D80) from each other is zero or less than zero. [9] Method according to any of the foregoing claims, characterized by , that between a field (80F) and an end (E150L) of the outer part (50) a margin (105) is left - in particular an unprocessed, especially unenergized margin (105). [10] Method according to claim 9, characterized by , that the edge (105) is reinforced. [11] Method according to any of the foregoing claims, characterized by, that the edge (105) is designed with a maximum radial extent that is greater than an outer diameter (D80) of an outer part (50) at a solidified melt zone (80) of a field (80F). [12] Method according to any of the foregoing claims, characterized by , that the outer part (50) is force-fitted to the inner part (52) by the fields (80F) of fusion zones (80). [13] Method according to any of the preceding claims, characterized by , that the outer part (50) is designed as a sleeve. [14] Method according to any of the preceding claims, characterized by , that the inner part (52) is designed as a pin. [15] Method according to any of the foregoing claims, characterized by , that the outer part (50) is held connected to one inner part (52) and another inner part (52), wherein a distance (s) is set between one inner part (52) and another inner part (52) which is zero or greater than zero. [16] Computer program (600) configured to perform all the steps of one of the methods according to any one of claims 1 to 15 or programmed to perform a method according to any one of claims 1 to 15 when executed on a computer. [17] Machine-readable storage medium (620) on which the computer program (600) according to claim 16 is stored or on which the computer program (600) according to claim 16 is stored for use in a method of claims 1 to 15. [18] Control unit (640) configured to perform all steps of one of the methods according to any one of claims 1 to 15 or programmed for use in a method according to any one of claims 1 to 15.

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