HYGIENE PAPER PRODUCTS, CONTAINING ONCE DRIED FIBERS

Abstract

Processes for the manufacture of hygiene paper products according to the present disclosure may include re-floating the pulp containing non-wood fibers before the pulp is fed into a riser box; forming a web comprising the non-wood fibers; creating zones of different density in the web; and creping the web.

Description

AREA

[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to fibrous structures and more particularly to fibrous structures comprising non-wood fibers, including tissue products including non-wood fibers. BACKGROUND

[0002] While the paper industry knows a great deal about how to achieve the desired properties of tissue paper products using wood fibers, less is known about how to achieve these properties using non-wood fibers, particularly when the fiber structures include a higher non-wood content or consist entirely of non-wood. For this reason, paper manufacturers prefer to manufacture, and consumers prefer to use, substrates that include virgin wood pulp. In particular, the morphological properties of virgin wood pulp fibers are known and understood, and they can be trusted to deliver the tissue paper products preferred by consumers (e.g., those with superior hand protection).In the manufacturing of tissue paper products, the substrate developer undergoes a very deliberate process when selecting the fibers to include in their substrate. Their choice is often based on fiber morphology. For example, for soft and strong tissue products, a blend of eucalyptus fibers with low coarseness and length may be included for softness, while soft softwood fibers, such as NSK fibers, may be included for strength while still allowing good flexibility. To achieve the correct ratios of strength, softness, and flexibility, the substrate developer varies the addition of chemicals, the fiber composition by layer, and the finishing of the wood pulp. The choice of one of these variables (as well as others) affects the resulting substrate properties and makes the substrate more or less desirable to the consumer.

[0003] Non-wood fibers often exhibit different properties than wood fibers. In particular, the morphological properties of the fibers, such as length, cell wall thickness, width, curvature, curl, fibrillation, and others, can vary considerably from non-wood to non-wood, even compared to wood pulp. Therefore, it is a current challenge to develop tissue paper products that meet the desired properties when using non-wood fibers that have a very different morphology (compared to wood pulp), which often compromises the performance of tissue paper products.

[0004] The morphological differences between wood and non-wood pulps pose significant challenges even for experienced papermakers in delivering fiber structures with the desired properties. Due to these differences, the incorporation of non-wood pulps often results in reduced quality of the formed fiber structures (e.g., low softness, low strength, poor hand protection, poor compressibility, poor rolling properties, etc.), partly due to poor formation. For these reasons, non-wood pulp blends (especially at higher blend levels) are not preferred by consumers, as they can lead to the resulting fibrous tissue structures (e.g., in hygiene paper products such as toilet paper and paper towels) being perceived as low-quality, inferior, or not of high quality.

[0005] The previously and currently marketed tissue products that include non-wooden materials (e.g., bamboo) demonstrate the difficulty of integrating non-wooden materials into tissue products, as these currently and previously marketed non-wooden products generally do not perform well and lack many of the properties desired by consumers. Several references (e.g., patents) have revealed that bamboo, for example, is used in tissue products, but do not provide any information on how good performance can be achieved. For example, Fig. As shown in Tables 1A-2JJ and the tables below, toilet paper and paper towels containing non-wood fibers that are or have been on the market are not performing as well as many users would like. All of this proves that simply incorporating X% of non-wood fibers into a fiber structure, even using a through-air drying (TAD) process, does not achieve the desired performance—especially at higher levels of non-wood fiber. One of the main reasons for this is that non-wood fibers can, and often do, have a different morphology and behave differently than conventional wood fibers.

[0006] Part of the explanation for this is simple—since non-wood fibers are not wood fibers, substituting bamboo, abaca, and / or other non-wood fibers in their fiber structures cannot be expected to result in fiber structures that exhibit the same desired properties and / or performance characteristics as those made largely or exclusively from wood fibers (e.g., softwoods and hardwoods). Indeed, a study of the data below demonstrates that the desired properties and performance characteristics cannot be achieved solely by substituting non-wood fibers for wood fibers. This is despite the fact that many of the comparative fiber structures listed in the tables below are produced and marketed by experienced manufacturers.The failure of these experienced paper manufacturers is also proof that it is not obvious to process non-wood fibers in tissue paper products in a first-class manner.

[0007] The challenges associated with the morphology of non-wood fibers are further complicated by the use of once-dried fibers in the papermaking process. Although never-dried and once-dried fibers are chemically similar, they differ greatly in their physical properties. The walls of never-dried fibers contain much more water per unit dry mass than those of dried fibers after reslurrying. Because they are more swollen, the never-dried walls are more flexible or conformable. In contrast, the walls of once-dried (and rewetted or reslurryed or reprocessed) fibers are stiff (compared to never-dried fibers) due to keratinization. The properties of fibers for papermaking change significantly with water removal, as the walls become increasingly stiffer and less conformable.

[0008] While it may be desirable to use never-dried fibers, this requires the pulp mill to be located close to the papermaking process because transporting the wet fibers is too expensive. Since this proximity is often not possible, the inventors of the present application used non-wood fibers that were dried at least once, thereby overcoming not only the problems associated with non-wood fibers, but also the challenge of the non-wood fibers being dried at least once in the pulp mill and then shipped as dried sheets before the fibers were incorporated into the papermaking process. That is, the non-wood fibers disclosed herein were reslurried from dried sheets before being fed into a headbox in the papermaking process. Furthermore, the fiber length of once-dried non-wood fibers in the final product (e.g.,The saturation strengths of single-fiber paper (e.g., tissue paper product) are typically shorter than those of never-dried non-wood fibers, because the non-wood fibers, once dried, must be re-moistened. These shorter fibers exhibit different material properties that affect, among other things, the strength of the finished product.

[0009] As further disclosed below, the inventors of the present disclosure have overcome the challenges associated with the differences in the morphology of non-wood fibers using once-dried non-wood fibers; and have found new ways to design and construct sanitary tissue products and structures that surpass all known offerings comprising relevant amounts of non-wood fibers. For these reasons, the inventive sustainable offerings as disclosed herein can be used to offer the publicly desired properties of their fiber structures and can therefore, in many cases, be considered superior due to what the inventors of the present disclosure have achieved. SUMMARY

[0010] In one aspect of the present disclosure, a method of making a sanitary tissue product may comprise reslurrying pulp comprising non-wood fibers prior to sending the pulp to a headbox; forming a web comprising the non-wood fibers; creating zones of different density in the web; and creping the web. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0011] The above and other features and advantages of this disclosure, as well as the manner in which they may be achieved, will become more apparent and the disclosure itself will be better understood with reference to the following description of non-limiting examples of the disclosure in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig. Figure 1A is a TS7 graph (y-axis) illustrating the inventive and comparative non-wood toilet paper samples of Table 3. Fig. Figure 1B is a graph of PVD absorption (y-axis) from 2.5-160 micrometers illustrating the inventive and comparative non-wood toilet paper samples of Table 2. Fig. Figure 1C is a graph of PVD desorption (y-axis) from 2.5-160 micrometers illustrating the inventive and comparative non-wood toilet paper samples of Table 2. Fig. Figure 1D is a graph illustrating the VFS values ​​in g / g (y-axis) and the dry strength values ​​(x-axis) of the inventive and comparative non-wood toilet paper samples of Table 3. Fig. Figure 1E is a graph illustrating the slip-adhesion values ​​(y-axis) and dry strength values ​​(x-axis) of the inventive and comparative non-wood toilet paper samples of Table 3. Fig. Figure 1F is a graph illustrating the TS7 values ​​(y-axis) and lint values ​​(x-axis) of the inventive and comparative non-wood toilet paper samples of Table 3. Fig. Figure 1G is a graph illustrating the roll strength (y-axis) and roll volume (x-axis) values ​​of the inventive and comparative non-wood toilet paper samples of Table 2. Fig. Figure 1H is a graph illustrating the roll compressibility (“percent roll compressibility” (y-axis)) and roll volume (x-axis) of inventive and comparative non-wood toilet paper samples of Table 2. Fig. Figure 1I is a graph illustrating the average formation index (y-axis) and dry tensile strength ratio (x-axis) values ​​of inventive and comparative non-wood toilet paper samples and paper towel samples of Table 2. Fig. Figure 1J is a graph illustrating fiber coverage (fiber layers (y-axis)) for inventive and comparative non-wood toilet paper samples of Table 2. Fig. Figure 1K is a graph illustrating the fiber coverage (fiber layers (y-axis)) and fiber count area (C(1)) (x-axis) values ​​of the inventive and comparative non-wood toilet paper samples of Table 2. Fig. Figure 1L is a graph illustrating the fiber coverage (fiber layers (y-axis)) and fiber count area (C(n)) (x-axis) values ​​of the inventive and comparative non-wood toilet paper samples of Table 2. Fig. Figure 1M is a graph of PVD hysteresis (y-axis) from 2.5-100 micrometers illustrating the inventive and comparative non-wood toilet paper samples of Table 2. Fig. Figure 1N is a graph illustrating the TS7 values ​​(y-axis) and the total dry tensile strength values ​​(x-axis) of the inventive and comparative non-wood toilet paper samples of Table 3. Fig. Figure 1O is a graph illustrating the HFS values ​​(y-axis) and wet burst strength values ​​(x-axis) of the inventive and comparative non-wood toilet paper samples of Table 3. Fig. Figure 1P is a graph illustrating the TS7 (y-axis) and TS750 (x-axis) values ​​of the inventive and comparative non-wood toilet paper samples of Table 3. Fig. Figure 2A is a TS7 graph (y-axis) illustrating the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel samples of Table 3a. Fig. Figure 2B is a graph of PVD absorption (y-axis) from 2.5-160 micrometers illustrating the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel samples of Table 2. Fig. Figure 2C is a graph of PVD desorption (y-axis) from 2.5-160 micrometers illustrating the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel samples of Table 2. Fig. Figure 2D is a graph of PVD hysteresis (y-axis) from 2.5-100 micrometers illustrating the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel samples of Table 2. Fig. Figure 2E is a graph illustrating the roll strength (y-axis) and roll volume (x-axis) values ​​of inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel samples of Table 2. Fig. Figure 2F is a graph illustrating the percent roll compressibility (y-axis) and roll volume (x-axis) of the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel samples of Table 2. Fig. Figure 2G is a graph illustrating the VFS values ​​(y-axis) and dry strength values ​​(x-axis) of the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel samples of Table 3a. Fig. Figure 2H is an HFS graph (y-axis) illustrating the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel samples of Table 3a. Fig. Figure 2I is a graph illustrating the TS7 values ​​(y-axis) and the total dry tensile strength values ​​(x-axis) of the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel samples of Table 3a. Fig. Figure 2J is a graph illustrating the peak CD tensile force (y-axis) and total dry tensile value (x-axis) of the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel and toilet paper samples of Tables 3 and 3a. Fig. Figure 2K is a graph illustrating the peak MD tensile force (y-axis) and total dry tensile value (x-axis) of the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel and toilet paper samples of Tables 3 and 3a. Fig. Figure 2L is a graph illustrating the dry draw ratio (y-axis) and total dry draw value (x-axis) of the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel and toilet paper samples of Tables 3 and 3a. Fig. Figure 2M is a graph illustrating the CD elongation at break (dry) (y-axis) and total dry tensile strength values ​​(x-axis) of the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel and toilet paper samples of Tables 3 and 3a. Fig. Figure 2N is a graph illustrating the CD TEA values ​​(y-axis) and total dry tensile strength values ​​(x-axis) of the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel and toilet paper samples of Tables 3 and 3a. Fig. Figure 2O is a graph illustrating the CD modulus (y-axis) and total dry tensile strength (x-axis) of the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel and toilet paper samples of Tables 3 and 3a. Fig. Figure 2P is a graph illustrating the MD modulus (y-axis) and total dry tensile strength (x-axis) of the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel and toilet paper samples of Tables 3 and 3a. Fig. Figure 2Q is a graph illustrating the geometric mean (GM) dry modulus (y-axis) and total dry tensile strength (x-axis) of the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel and toilet paper samples of Tables 3 and 3a. Fig. Figure 2R is a graph illustrating the VFS values ​​(y-axis) and wet burst strength (x-axis) of the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel and toilet paper samples of Tables 3 and 3a. Fig. Figure 2S is a graph illustrating the TS7 values ​​(y-axis) and wet burst strength (x-axis) of the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel and toilet paper samples of Tables 3 and 3a. Fig. Figure 2T is a graph illustrating the HFS values ​​(y-axis) and wet burst strength (x-axis) of the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel and toilet paper samples of Tables 3 and 3a. Fig. Figure 2U is a graph illustrating the residual water (y-axis) and wet burst strength (x-axis) values ​​of inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel samples of Table 3a. Fig. Figure 2V is a graph illustrating the TS7 values ​​(y-axis) and the total wet tensile strength values ​​(x-axis) of the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel samples of Table 3a. Fig. Figure 2W is a graph illustrating the TS750 values ​​(y-axis) and the total wet tensile strength values ​​(x-axis) of the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel samples of Table 3a. Fig. Figure 2X is a graph illustrating the SST values ​​(y-axis) and total wet tensile strength values ​​(x-axis) of the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel samples of Table 3a. Fig. Figure 2Y is a graph illustrating the stack compressibility (y-axis) and total wet tensile strength (x-axis) values ​​of the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel samples of Table 3a. Fig. Figure 2Z is ​​a graph illustrating the bulk resilience (y-axis) and total wet tensile strength (x-axis) values ​​of the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel samples of Table 3a. Fig. Figure 2AA is a graph illustrating stack compressibility multiplied by bulk resilience (y-axis) and total wet tensile strength values ​​(x-axis) of the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel samples of Table 3a. Fig. Figure 2BB is a graph illustrating the MD wet peak elongation (y-axis) and total wet tensile strength (x-axis) values ​​of the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel samples of Table 3a. Fig. Figure 2CC is a graph illustrating the MD wet peak TEA values ​​(y-axis) and total wet tensile strength values ​​(x-axis) of the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel samples of Table 3a. Fig. Figure 2DD is a graph illustrating the CD wet peak elongation (y-axis) and total wet tensile strength (x-axis) values ​​of the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel samples of Table 3a. Fig. Figure 2EE is a graph illustrating the CD wet peak TEA values ​​(y-axis) and total wet tensile strength values ​​(x-axis) of the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel samples of Table 3a. Fig. Figure 2FF is a graph illustrating the TS7 (y-axis) and TS750 (x-axis) values ​​of the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel samples of Table 3a. Fig. Figure 2GG is a graph illustrating the SST (y-axis) and TS7 (x-axis) values ​​of the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel samples of Table 3a. Fig. Figure 2HH is a graph illustrating the VFS values ​​(y-axis) of the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel samples of Table 3a. Fig. Figure 2II is a graph illustrating the TS7 values ​​(y-axis) and the wet burst strength / total dry tensile strength values ​​(x-axis) of the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel and toilet paper samples of Tables 3 and 3a. Fig. Figure 2JJ is a graph illustrating the dry strength values ​​(y-axis) and the wet burst strength / total dry tensile strength values ​​(x-axis) of the inventive and comparative non-wood paper towel and toilet paper samples of Tables 3 and 3a. Fig. 3A is a photograph of a portion of a fibrous structure, particularly a paper towel, comprising non-wood fibers and having tufts and cushions. Fig. Figure 3B is a photograph of a portion of a fiber structure, specifically a WSO washcloth comprising non-wood fibers and having pills and cushions. Fig. Figure 3C is a photograph of a section of a fiber structure, specifically an FSO washcloth comprising non-wood fibers and having tufts and cushions. Fig. Figure 4A is a representative cross-sectional view of a tissue product comprising nodules and pads produced by a typical TAD process such as that shown in Fig. 6A illustrated. In Fig. 4A each layer 53 is placed with the fabric side out (Fabric Side Out - FSO). Fig. Figure 4B is a representative cross-sectional view of a tissue paper product produced by a UCTAD process such as that shown in Fig. 6B and Fig. 6C - this tissue product does not have distinct regions or zones for pills and cushions. Fig. Figure 4C is a representative cross-sectional view of a tissue paper product comprising nodules and pads produced by a typical TAD process such as that shown in Fig. 6A illustrated. In Fig. 4C is layer 53 with the wire side out (WSO) and layer 53' is FSO. Fig. 4D is a representative cross-sectional view of a tissue product manufactured using a UCTAD process as described in Fig. 6B and Fig. 6C - this tissue product does not have distinct regions or zones for pills and cushions. Fig. Figure 4E is a representative cross-sectional view of a tissue product manufactured using a UCTAD process as described in Fig. 6B and Fig. 6C - this tissue product does not have distinct regions or zones for pills and cushions. Fig. Figure 4F is a representative cross-sectional view of a tissue paper product comprising nodules and pads produced by a typical TAD process such as that shown in Fig. 6A illustrated. Fig. 4G is a cross-sectional view of a tissue paper product manufactured using a UCTAD process as described in Fig. 6B and Fig. 6C - this tissue product does not have distinct regions or zones for pills and cushions. Fig. Figure 4H is a representative cross-sectional view of a tissue product made using a conventional wet pressing process - this tissue product does not exhibit distinct regions or zones for pilling and cushioning. Fig. Figure 4I is a representative cross-sectional view of a tissue product made using a conventional wet pressing process - this tissue product does not exhibit distinct regions or zones for pilling and cushioning. Fig. Figure 5 is a plan view of a portion of a mask pattern used to make the papermaking belt that represents the fiber structure of Fig. 3A has been generated. Fig. Figure 6A is a schematic representation of a process for producing the novel fiber structures described herein. Specific details of the process and equipment used in Fig. 6A can be found in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,714,041; 9,217,226; 9,435,081; 9,631,323; 9,752,281; 10,240,296; and U.S. Publication Nos. 2013-0048239; 2022-0010497. Fig. Figure 6B is a schematic representation of a process for producing the novel fiber structures described herein. Specific details of the process and equipment used in Fig. 6B can be found in U.S. Patent No. 7,972,474. Fig. Figure 6C is a schematic representation of a process for making the novel fiber structures described herein. Fig. Figure 7 is a perspective view of a test rig for measuring roll compressibility as described herein. Fig. Figure 8 is a perspective view of the test fixture used in the roll strength measurement described herein. Fig. Figure 9 is a diagram of an SST test procedure set up as described herein. Fig. Figure 10 is a schematic illustration of the positioning of the Gocator camera on a test surface in connection with the process for texturing the surface of wet wipes. Fig. Figure 11 is an enlarged view of a cell group overlaid by a quadrangle associated with the measurement of continuous region density differences. Fig. 12 is a density image for use in the micro-CT procedure for measuring intensive quantities. Fig. 13 is a binary image for use in the micro-CT method for measuring intensive quantities. Fig. Figure 14 is an example of a specimen holding rack used in the HFS and VFS test methods. Fig. Figure 14A is a cross-sectional view of the sample support frame of Fig. 14. Fig. Figure 15 is an example of a sample support rack cover used in the HFS and VFS test procedures. Fig. Figure 15A is a cross-sectional view of the sample support rack cover of Fig. 15. Fig. 16A is a portion of a fibrous structure of the present disclosure including an embossed pattern. Fig. 16B is a portion of a fibrous structure of the present disclosure including an embossed pattern. Fig. 17 is a representative papermaking belt suitable for making non-wood fiber fiber structures of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0012] Various non-limiting examples of the present disclosure are described below to provide a comprehensive understanding of the principles of structure, function, manufacture, and use of the fibrous structures comprising non-wood disclosed herein. One or more non-limiting examples are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Those skilled in the art will understand that the fibrous structures described herein and illustrated in the accompanying drawings are non-limiting examples. The features illustrated and / or described in connection with a non-limiting example may be combined with the features of other non-limiting examples. Such modifications and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure. Production of fiber structures of the present disclosure

[0013] “Machine direction” or “MD,” as used herein, means the direction parallel to the flow of the fiber structure through the papermaking machine and / or product manufacturing equipment.

[0014] “Cross direction” or “CD”, as used herein, means the direction perpendicular to the machine direction in the same plane of the fiber structure.

[0015] In general, the fibrous structures of the present disclosure are typically produced in "wet-laid" papermaking processes. In such papermaking processes, a fiber slurry, typically wood pulp fibers, is deposited onto a forming wire and / or one or more papermaking belts to form an embryonic fibrous structure. After drying and / or bonding the fibers of the embryonic fibrous structure, a fibrous structure is formed. The fibrous structure can then be further processed after the papermaking process. For example, the fibrous structure can be wound onto the roll and / or glued and / or embossed. As further described, visually distinct features can be imparted to the fibrous structures in various ways. In a first process, the fibrous structures can have visually distinguishable features added during the papermaking process.In a second method, the fiber structures may have visually distinguishable features added during the papermaking process (i.e., after the papermaking process). Some of the example fiber structures disclosed herein may have visually distinct features added only during the papermaking process, and some example fiber structures may have visually distinct features added during both the papermaking process and the converting process.

[0016] Regarding the first method, a wet-laid papermaking process can be designed so that the fiber structure is "wet-formed" during the papermaking process and exhibits visually distinct features. Each of the various forming wires and papermaking belts can be designed to leave physical, three-dimensional features in the fiber structure. Such three-dimensional features are well known in the art, particularly in the art of TAD (Through Air Drying) processes, with such features often being known by the terms "nodules" and "pillows." "Nodules" or "nodule regions" or "nodule zones" are usually regions of relatively high density that are wet-formed within the fiber structure (extending from a pillow surface of the fiber structure) and correspond to the nodules of a papermaking belt, i.e.the filaments or resinous structures that lie at a higher elevation than other portions of the tape. "Relatively high density" as used herein means that a portion of a fibrous structure has a higher density than a portion of the fibrous structure with a relatively low density. Zones or regions of relatively high density may be about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, or about 65% higher than regions or zones of relatively low density. For example, discrete nodules, as measured by the micro-CT method of measuring intensive quantities, may have a density that is more than about ("more than about" is used interchangeably with "at least about") 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, or about 65% higher than that of a pad.Regardless of whether short or long wood fibers are replaced with non-wood fibers, no direct non-wood substitute is available for several reasons, such as the different morphology between wood and non-wood fibers. For example, even if the non-wood fiber has a fiber length equal to that of the wood fiber being replaced, it is likely to exhibit important differences, such as fiber width, stiffness, etc. For some of these reasons, nodules and pads comprising non-wood fibers will generally be different (e.g., less dense) than nodules and pads consisting of non-wood fibers. These are some of the reasons why incorporating non-wood fibers into established tissue paper products is not straightforward and produces unexpected results. This is especially true when attempting to achieve parity (when using non-wood fibers) for several key parameters of tissue paper products.

[0017] Likewise, "pillows" or "pillow regions" or "pillow zones" are typically relatively low-density regions that are wet-formed within the fiber structure and correspond to the relatively open regions between or around the nodules of the papermaking belt. The pillow regions form a pillow surface of the fiber structure from which the nodule regions extend. "Relatively low density" here means that a portion of a fiber structure has a lower density than a relatively high-density portion of the fiber structure. Further, the nodules and pillows wet-formed in a fiber structure can have a range of basis weights and / or densities relative to one another, since changing the size of the nodules or pillows on a papermaking belt can change these basis weights and / or densities. A fiber structure (e.g.Tissue products) produced by a TAD papermaking process described herein is known in the art as "TAD paper."

[0018] Therefore, in the present description, the terms "nodules" or "nodule regions" or "nodule zones" or the like may be used to refer either to the raised portions of a papermaking belt or to the densified, raised portions wet-formed within the fibrous structure produced on the papermaking belt (i.e., the raised portions extending from a surface of the fibrous structure), and the meaning should be clear from the context of the present description.Likewise, "pillows" or "pillow regions" or "pillow zones" or the like may be used to refer either to the portion of the papermaking belt between or around the nodules (also referred to in the art as "deflection channels" or "pockets") or to the relatively uncompressed regions wet-formed between or around the nodules within the fibrous structure produced on the papermaking belt, and the meaning should be clear from the context of the present description. Nodules or pillows may each be either continuous or discrete, as described herein. As in . Fig. 5, such illustrated masks can be used in the manufacture of papermaking belts that produce fibrous structures having discrete nodules and continuous / substantially continuous cushions. Similar masks can be used in the manufacture of papermaking belts that produce fibrous structures having discrete cushions and continuous / substantially continuous nodules. The term "discrete," as used herein with reference to nodules and / or cushions, means a portion of a papermaking belt or fibrous structure defined or surrounded by a continuous / substantially continuous nodule or cushion.The term "continuous / substantially continuous," as used herein with reference to nodules and / or cushions, means a portion of a papermaking belt or fibrous structural network that completely or at least largely defines or surrounds a single nodule or cushion. Furthermore, the substantially continuous element may be interrupted by macropatterns in the papermaking belt, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,820,730, issued to Phan et al. on October 13, 1998.

[0019] Pills and cushions in paper towels (also referred to as "paper towel") and washcloths (also referred to as "toilet tissue" or "toilet paper") may be visible to the end user of these products. The pills and cushions can be added to a fiber structure by a papermaking line at various stages of the process (i.e., at different consistencies and at various steps during the drying process), and the visual pattern created by the pill and cushion pattern can be designed to enhance functional performance as well as be visually appealing. Such pill and cushion patterns can be produced by the techniques described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,610,173, issued to Lindsay et al. on August 26, 2003, or U.S. Pat. No. 4,514,345, issued to Trokhan on April 30, 1985, or U.S. Pat. No. 6,398,910, issued to Burazin et al., on June 4, 2002, or US Pat. No. 2013 / 0199741; published in the name of Stage et al. on June 8.August 2013. The disclosures of Lindsay, Trokhan, Burazin, and Stage describe tapes representative of papermaking tapes made with cured resin on a woven reinforcing member, in which aspects of the present disclosure are an improvement. In addition, however, the improvements described herein may also be used as a fabric masking tape, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,494,563, issued to Edwards et al. on February 24, 2009, or U.S. Pat. No. 8,152,958, issued to Super et al. on April 10, 2012, and as a ribbon masking tape, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,293,072, issued to Super et al. on October 23, 2012.When used as a fabric creping belt, a papermaking belt of the present disclosure can provide relatively large, depressed pockets and sufficient nodule dimensions to redistribute the fibers during high-impact creping in a creping nip between a backing and the fabric to form additional bulk in conventional wet-pressing processes. Likewise, when used as a belt in a belt creping process, a papermaking belt of the present disclosure can provide the fiber-enriched dome-shaped regions arranged in a repeating pattern corresponding to the pattern of the papermaking belt, as well as the interconnected plurality of surrounding areas, to form additional bulk and local basis weight distribution in a conventional wet-laid process.Furthermore, the improvements described here can also be used as an uncreped through-air dried (UCTAD) belt. UCTAD (uncreped through-air dried) is a variation of the TAD process in which the web is not creped but dried by thermal drying to 99% solids, removed from the structured fabric, and then optionally calendered and reeled. US Pat. No. 6,808,599 describes a process for uncreped through-air drying. US Pat. No. 10,610,063 describes an uncreped through-air dried product produced using a belt. Furthermore, the improvements described here can be used as an ATMOS belt. The ATMOS process was developed by Voith and is marketed under the name ATMOS.The process / method and paper machine system have several variations, but all involve the use of a textured fabric in conjunction with a belt press. This process is described in numerous patent publications, including U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,510,631, 7,686,923, 7,931,781, 8,075,739, and 8,092,652. Furthermore, the improvements described here can be used as an NTT belt. The NTT process was developed by Metso and is marketed under the name NTT. The NTT process includes an extended press nip in which the web is transferred from a press felt to a texturing belt. Examples of texturing belts used in the NTT process can be found in International Publication No. WO 2009 / 067079 A1 and U.S. Patent Application No. 2010 / 0065234 A1.An example of a papermaking belt structure of the general type useful in the present disclosure and made according to the disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 4,514,345 is shown in . Fig. 17. As shown, the papermaking belt 17 may include cured resin elements 4 forming nodules 20 on a woven reinforcing element 6. The reinforcing element 6 may be made of woven filaments 8, as is known in the art of papermaking belts, for example, resin-coated papermaking belts. Fig. The papermaking belt structure shown in Figure 17 includes discrete nodules 20 and a continuous deflection channel or cushion region (cushion zone). The discrete nodules 20 can wet form within the fibrous structure produced thereon; and likewise, the continuous deflection channel, i.e., cushion region, can wet form a continuous cushion region within the fibrous structure produced thereon. The nodules can be arranged in a pattern described with reference to an XY coordinate plane, and the spacing between the nodules 20 in at least one of the X or Y directions can vary according to the examples disclosed herein. To clarify, the visually distinct nodules and cushions of a fibrous structure wet formed in a wet-laid papermaking process are distinct from any further structure added to the fibrous structure during later, optional processing operations (e.g.,one or more embossing processes) and are independent thereof. For certain embodiments of the present disclosure, it may be desirable to use the bands disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 9,435,081; 9,631,323; 9,752,281; 10,240,296; and U.S. Publication Nos. 2022-0010497; and 2021-0140114, since some of these bands create sinusoidal and / or serpentine pillow regions and / or nodule regions or zones; in some embodiments, these pillow and / or nodule zones or regions may be continuous and / or semi-continuous. These patterns referred to in the patents and publications of the previous sentence may be particularly useful for achieving the most desirable properties of webs comprising non-wood, even with a high non-wood admixture (e.g., bamboo).

[0020] After the papermaking process is complete, a second way to provide visually distinct features to a fibrous structure is through embossing. Embossing is a known process in which at least one embossing roll having a plurality of individual embossed elements extending radially outward from its surface may be connected to a base or anvil, a roller, to form a nip through which the fibrous structure can pass, such that the discrete embossed elements compress the fibrous structure to form discrete, relatively high-density elements ("embossed regions") in the fibrous structure, while leaving an uncompressed or substantially uncompressed, continuous or substantially continuous network ("unembossed regions") at least partially defining or surrounding the discrete, relatively high-density elements.

[0021] As in Fig. 6B and Fig. 6C illustrates, beyond the above-described creation of knots and cushions with resinous ribbons and the various types of creping, paper can also be converted in other ways to produce advantageous properties, particularly when the speed of a belt or wire transfers the web to a belt or wire with a different speed, such as when the upstream belt or wire is moving faster than the downstream belt or wire. It may be desirable to have several such transfers in the same papermaking process. Furthermore, it may be desirable to have different speed differences at different transfers in such a process. As a more specific example, with reference to Fig. 6B, the speed of the forming fabric 154 in a first rush transfer 175 may run at a first rate while the transfer fabric 174 runs at a second rate (slower than the first rate, but faster than 2,000 feet per minute (fpm), 2,050 fpm, 2,100 fpm, 2,150 fpm, 2,200 fpm, 2,250 fpm, 2,300 fpm, 2,350 fpm, 2,400 fpm, 2,450 fpm, 2,500 fpm, 2,600 fpm, 2,700 fpm, 2,800 fpm, 2,900 fpm, or greater than 3,000 fpm); Furthermore, a second rush transfer 175' may occur, in which the transfer fabric moves at the second speed while the TAD fabric 164 moves at a third speed, which may be faster or slower (e.g., about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50% faster or slower) than the second speed. While the UCTAD process does not form traditional density differences (e.g.,such as knots and pillows), said rush transfers, depending on the speed differences of the transfers, can create fiber orientations within the web, thus improving the performance of the fiber structure, such as elongation, draw ratio, tensile strength, modulus, strength, bulk.

[0022] Embossed features in paper towels and washcloths may be visible to the end user of these products. Embossed patterns such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. App. Nos. 29 / 673,106; 29 / 673,105; and 29 / 673,107 may be used to manufacture the fibrous structures of the present disclosure. Embossed patterns may be manufactured according to the methods and processes described in U.S. App. Nos. US 2010-0028621 A1 in the name of Byrne et al. or US 2010-0297395 A1 in the name of Mellin, or US Pat. No. 8,753,737, issued to McNeil et al. on June 17, 2014. For clarity, it should be noted that such embossed features are formed during the converting process and are distinct from and independent of the pillow and tuft features that are wet formed on a papermaking line during the manufacture of wet-laid paper.

[0023] Below, more specific papermaking processes are revealed and described in Fig. 6A and Fig. 6B, in contrast to the more general description above. Fig. 6A and Fig. 6B are simplified schematic representations of processes and machines for producing continuous fibrous structures useful in practicing the present disclosure. The following description of the process and machine includes non-limiting examples of process parameters useful for producing a fibrous structure in accordance with the present invention.

[0024] As in Fig. 6A, the process and equipment 150 for manufacturing fibrous structures according to the present disclosure includes feeding an aqueous dispersion of fibers (a fibrous fabric) to a headbox 152, which may have any form known to those skilled in the art. The aqueous dispersion of fibers may include wood and non-wood fibers, northern softwood kraft fibers ("NSK"), eucalyptus fibers, southern softwood kraft fibers (SSK), northern hardwood kraft fibers (NHK), acacia, bamboo, straw and bast fibers (wheat, flax, rice, barley, etc.), corn stalks, bagasse, abaca, kenaf, reed, synthetic fibers (PP, PET, PE, bico version of such fibers), regenerated cellulosic fibers (viscose, lyocell, etc.).) and other fibers known in papermaking, including short fibers with an average length of less than 1.0 mm (Average Short Fiber Length - ASFL) and including long fibers with an average length of more than 1.0 mm, from about 1.2 mm to about 3.5 mm, or from about 3 mm to about 10 mm (Average Long Fiber Length - ALFL). Depending on the non-wood fibers used, they can be in the long fiber range. For example, bamboo can be 1.1 to 2.0 mm long, and sunburst hemp is even longer, 2.8 to 3.0 mm long, and sisal hemp can be 2.5 to 2.7 mm long. Kenaf can be 2.7 to 3.0 mm long, and abaca can be 4.0 to 4.3 mm long. This becomes apparent when short fibers like eucalyptus are replaced with longer non-wood fibers.

[0025] From the headbox 152, the aqueous dispersion of fibers may be delivered to a foraminous element 154, which may be a fourdrinier wire, to produce an embryonic fiber web 156. In the present disclosure, blends of from about 20% to about 50% short fibers and from about 40% to about 100% long fibers may be useful, including, but not limited to, any 1% increments between the stated ranges.

[0026] The foraminous element 154 may be supported by a breast roll 158 and a plurality of idler rolls 160, only two of which are illustrated here. The foraminous element 154 may be driven by a drive means (not illustrated) at a predetermined speed, Vi, in the direction indicated by directional arrow 162. Optional accessories and / or devices commonly associated with the fibrous structure manufacturing machines and the foraminous element 154, but not illustrated, include dewatering tables, hydrofoils, vacuum boxes, tension rolls, backup rolls, screen cleaning showers, and other various components known to those skilled in the art.

[0027] After the aqueous fiber dispersion is applied to the foraminous member 154, the embryonic fiber web 156 is formed, typically by removing a portion of the aqueous dispersion medium using techniques known to those skilled in the art. Vacuum boxes, dewatering tables, hydrofoils, and other equipment known to those skilled in the art are useful for removing water. The embryonic fiber web 156 may move with the foraminous member 154 around the idler roll 160 and be brought into contact with a papermaking belt 164 in a transfer zone 136, after which the embryonic fiber web continues to travel on the papermaking belt 164. During contact with the papermaking belt 164, the embryonic fiber web 156 may be deflected, rearranged, and / or further dewatered.Depending on the process, mechanical and fluid pressure differentials can be used alone or in combination to deflect a portion of the fibers into the deflection channels of the papermaking belt. For example, in a through-air drying process, a vacuum device 176 can apply a fluid pressure differential to the embryonic web 156 disposed on the papermaking belt 164, thereby directing the fibers into the deflection channels of the deflection element. The deflection process can be continued, if necessary, with additional vacuum pressure 186 to further deflect and dewater the fibers of the web 184 into the deflection channels of the papermaking belt 164.

[0028] The papermaking belt 164 may be in the form of an endless belt. In this simplified illustration, the papermaking belt 164 travels around the idler rolls 166 and the nip roll 168 and may move in the direction indicated by the directional arrow 170 at a papermaking belt speed V2 that may be less than, equal to, or greater than the foraminous element speed V1. In the present disclosure, the papermaking belt speed V2 is less than the foraminous element speed V1, such that the partially dried fibrous web in the transfer zone 136 is shortened by a percentage determined by the relative speed difference between the foraminous element and the papermaking belt.Associated with the papermaking belt 164, but not illustrated, may be various backup rolls, other idler rolls, cleaning means, drive means, and other miscellaneous equipment known to those skilled in the art and commonly used in machines for making fibrous structures.

[0029] The papermaking belts 164 of the present disclosure may be made according to the process described in U.S. Patent No. 4,637,859, issued January 20, 1987, to Trokhan, and may have the cell patterns disclosed therein.

[0030] The fibrous web 192 may then be creped with a creping blade 194 to remove the web 192 from the surface of the Yankee dryer 190, resulting in the production of a creped fibrous structure 196 according to the present disclosure. As used herein, creping refers to the reduction in the length of a dry fibrous web (having a consistency of at least about 90% and / or at least about 95%) that occurs when energy is applied to the dry fibrous web in a manner that reduces the length of the fibrous web and rearranges the fibers in the fibrous web, resulting in a disruption of fiber-to-fiber bonds. Creping can be accomplished in a variety of ways because the doctor blades can be set at various angles.The creped fiber structure 196 is wound onto a roll, commonly referred to as a parent roll, and may undergo further processing steps, such as calendering, tufting, embossing, and / or converting. The roll winds the creped fiber structure at a roll surface speed V4.

[0031] The papermaking belts of the present disclosure can be used to form discrete elements and a continuous / substantially continuous network (i.e., nodules and pads) into a fibrous structure during a through-air drying process. The discrete elements can be nodules, which have a relatively high density compared to the continuous / substantially continuous network, which can be a continuous / substantially continuous pad, which has a relatively lower density. In other examples, the discrete elements can be pads, which have a relatively low density compared to the continuous / substantially continuous network, which can be a continuous / substantially continuous nodule.In the example described above, the fiber structure is a homogeneous fiber structure, but such a papermaking process may also be suitable for producing layered fiber structures, as is known in the art. As explained above, the fiber structure may be embossed during a processing operation to produce the embossed fiber structures of the present disclosure. Education

[0032] One area of ​​particular interest is the formation of the fiber structure. This is an area where, as demonstrated in the detailed description, many sustainable tissue paper products fail, and the prior art does not disclose how to achieve well-formed fiber structures comprising bamboo and / or other sustainable non-wood fibers. The formation of non-wood fibers can be challenging due to their morphology, which differs from that of wood fibers. For example, bamboo fibers, which can be considered flexible (relative to their length / width ratio compared to certain wood fibers and relative to their length / width ratio compared to certain non-wood fibers such as straw fibers (e.g., wheat straw)), often flak out in the headbox, which can lead to heterogeneous sheet formation.The inventors of the present disclosure have found ways to overcome these challenges so that the addition of bamboo fibers into the fiber structure, even at high levels of incorporation, can result in products that exhibit good formation, as demonstrated by the inventive Formation Index values ​​as well as the draw ratio values ​​disclosed herein. It should also be noted that the better the sheet formation, the better the coverage. This is important, of course, because formation and coverage directly impact hand protection for tissue products. Details can be found in the specification below.

[0033] As described above, the fibers are partially delivered to the headbox and diluted there. All other things being equal, increasing the dilution of the headbox (reducing the headbox consistency) leads to better formation. Without being bound by theory, one reason for this could be that the fibrous particles in the headbox interact less with each other as they flow through the headbox because the consistency of the stock decreases. Since fibers (wood and non-wood) generally have a ribbon-like cross-section, a sphere is formed if this fiber can rotate in all three axes. This sphere of fibers can be referred to as the "displacement volume" of the fiber. As the consistency of the headbox increases, and assuming a perfectly homogeneous distribution of the fibers in the solution, the spheres approach the displacement volume and eventually overlap.As the spheres overlap more and more, the fibers are more likely to interact with each other, resulting in flocculation and a heterogeneously formed web. This is also referred to as poor formation.

[0034] The jet-to-screen ratio (“jet / screen”) is known in the art as the velocity ratio between the velocity of the jet exiting the headbox and the velocity of the screen(s) encountered by the jet. The main ways to adjust the jet-to-screen ratio are (1) increasing the flow rate through the headbox for a fixed headbox geometry while keeping the screen velocity constant, (2) increasing the screen velocity while keeping the headbox flow and geometry constant, (3) decreasing the flow rate through the headbox for a fixed headbox geometry while keeping the screen velocity constant, or (4) decreasing the screen velocity while keeping the headbox flow and geometry constant.Method (1) observes the incompressible fluid dynamics concept of continuity, which states that if the volume flow rate through a fixed region increases, the velocity must increase - in method (3), the opposite is true. For methods (2) and (4), again via continuity, the jet velocity is constant, while the wire velocity increases or decreases, respectively. This jet / wire ratio also affects the draw ratio of the subsequently formed web. This mechanism operates via the orientation of the fibers on the wire as the fibers are deposited. It is generally known that the greater the jet / wire velocity difference (either a much faster or a much slower jet), the higher the draw ratio, and that there is a minimum draw ratio between the extremes.For this reason, it may be desirable for the fiber structures of the present disclosure to exhibit certain draw ratios, which are described in more detail below. Fiber orientation may also influence web formation through greater substrate heterogeneity.

[0035] Finally, one of the largest costs in paper manufacturers' production is energy. Pumps, especially fan pumps, consume large amounts of energy through the work of increasing the pressure of a volume flow (known as PV work). Reducing the flow through the headbox (and thus increasing consistency and reducing the jet / wire ratio at constant throughput and headbox geometry) reduces production costs for the paper manufacturer. Furthermore, all other things being equal, reducing dilution in the headbox would result in a reduction in drying energy and overall water consumption, a significant cost factor in a world where resources are becoming increasingly scarce.

[0036] Papermakers therefore strive to balance these competing priorities. Recent experiments have surprisingly found that the relationships between jet / wire, draw ratio, and formation are different for non-wood fibers than for wood fibers. More specifically, the draw ratios disclosed below can be achieved, at least in part, by a jet flow that is slower than the forming wire speed.

[0037] As mentioned earlier in this section, it is challenging to produce toilet paper of the highest level (softness, absorption, strength, bulk, etc.) by using bamboo with high coarseness in the blend. It is generally known that substrates with a very uniform fiber distribution (good formation) are preferred by consumers. One reason for this is that the even distribution of fibers is pleasing to the eye. Another reason is that the even distribution of fibers means that for a given basis weight, there is a higher minimum coverage area of ​​the web's fibers, as there are fewer heavy and light spots on the web, which contributes to better hand protection. Better formation also equals better absorption properties due to better pore interconnection and better pore volume distribution.In most conventional wet-press processes, uniform formation exhibits better tensile strength, resulting in a stronger web at a given basis weight. Through-air drying produces webs that exhibit higher bulk. Due to bulk retention, a through-air-dried web with higher bulk at a given basis weight would tend to have a lower formation index than a conventional wet-pressed web of similar basis weights and fiber compositions.

[0038] Another way to improve the formation index is to select fibers that allow for high coverage (i.e., fibers with low coarseness and a wide fiber width). Bamboo, for example, is known in the art as a fiber suitable for fabric production. However, the morphology of bamboo fiber (high level of fines content, broad fiber length distribution, high coarseness, high fibrillation, etc.) results in the fiber dewatering poorly, making it particularly unsuitable for through-air drying machines due to the high energy costs associated with drying the resulting web. The high coarseness of bamboo, as well as its wide fiber width, results in poorer fiber coverage than webs composed primarily of eucalyptus. This also results in a lower formation index than eucalyptus or other webs with high fiber coverage.For example, toilet paper sheets predominantly comprising eucalyptus fibers, which are short, narrow, and have low coarseness, exhibit better fiber coverage in the sheet and a higher formation index. When the paper manufacturer uses a higher level of bamboo incorporation, they inevitably replace the eucalyptus fibers with longer, wider, and coarser bamboo fibers. The fiber coverage in the substrate decreases, and the formation index also decreases. This applies not only to bamboo, but also to many other non-wood species. Surprisingly, the inventors of the present disclosure have discovered that decreasing the draw ratio of structured fiber structures comprising non-woods improves the formation index of these fiber structures. This is the exact opposite of unstructured fiber structures, where increasing the draw ratio improves the formation index.Without being bound by any theory, it is believed that the interplay of fiber distribution on the wire, deformation of the web into a patterned fabric, and subsequent differential drying and creping of the resulting web leads, at least in part, to this counterintuitive relationship - see for example . Fig. 1I .

[0039] The majority of bamboo-based webs are produced on conventional wet presses. These machines produce low-gauge webs that, when converted into finished product rolls, result in either hard, low-bulk rolls or extremely soft, high-bulk rolls. There are a few bamboo-based products produced using through-air drying machines. These examples have a lower formation index and also exhibit other non-consumer-preferred characteristics, such as low volumetric PVD absorption in the range of 2.5-160 µm. It is therefore astonishing that a low formation index substrate can be produced from a coarse non-wood fiber, such as bamboo, and still meet the standards for high-quality fabric. Fig. Figure 1B illustrates the PVD absorption values ​​of a tissue product of the present disclosure.

[0040] The inventors of the present disclosure have surprisingly demonstrated that substrates comprising non-woods (e.g., bamboo, abaca, etc.) can be produced that have high consumer appeal despite their lower formation indices. As described in more detail herein, non-wood fibers can be processed into webs in a continuous papermaking process with high percentage non-wood admixture. These webs can then be pressed onto a structured fabric, creating zones of varying density that contribute, in part, to the preferred properties of the resulting "structured" fiber structures. Structured fiber structures can be achieved using various papermaking processes, such as TAD, fabric crepe, NTT, QRT, creped TAD, and UCTAD.

[0041] In addition, preferred properties can be achieved at least partially by adjusting the jet / screen speed, different degrees of shortening at the screen / belt interface and during creping, by changes in the creping geometry and by the targeted placement of high and low density zones in the substrate. Fractionation

[0042] It is well known that substrates comprising virgin wood pulp are preferred by consumers. The substrate developer undergoes a very deliberate process when selecting the fibers to include in their substrate. Generally, for soft and strong fabric products, a blend of low-coarseness, short-length eucalyptus fibers is included for softness, while low-coarseness softwood fibers, such as NSK fibers, are included for strength while still allowing good flexibility. To achieve the correct ratios of strength, softness, and flexibility, the substrate developer varies the addition of chemicals, the fiber composition by layer, and the finishing of the wood pulp. The choice of one of these variables (and more) affects the resulting substrate properties and makes the substrate more or less desirable to the consumer.

[0043] It is also generally known that non-wood fibers often exhibit different properties than wood fibers. The morphological properties of the fibers, such as length, cell wall thickness, width, Runkel ratio, buckling, curl, fibrillation, and other characteristics, can vary considerably both from non-wood to non-wood and compared to wood pulp. Therefore, it is a current challenge to develop tissue paper products that exhibit superior properties when using non-wood fibers with sub-superior morphology.

[0044] To solve this problem, non-wood fibers can be passed through a hydrocyclone and separated into two distinct streams, referred to as "accepts" and "rejects." Despite this nomenclature, both outgoing streams can be used by the substrate developer through various layering schemes. When non-wood fibers are passed through a fractionation unit, an important method of separating the fibers is the degree of fibrillation. Since many non-wood fibers are more highly fibrillated than wood fibers, choosing to place the less fibrillated non-wood fiber stream closer to the consumer can result in a higher-quality, wood-fiber-like experience. Furthermore, it has been observed that less fibrillated non-wood fibers end up in the reject stream, which is normally reserved for longer, denser, and coarser fibers.Traditionally, this broke stream would be kept away from the consumer-facing layer, but the inventors of the present disclosure have surprisingly found that it is better to shift the broke stream to the consumer-facing layer. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the hydrodynamic differences in fiber fibrillation overcome the hydrodynamic differences in fiber density and length. Because fiber fibrillation dominates, the more highly fibrillated fibers follow the majority of the fluid and are carried into the accepts section of the cyclone. The coarser, longer, and less fibrillated fibers concentrate on the peripheral wall of the cyclone and flow preferentially into the broke stream at the bottom of the cyclone. These.

[0045] However, "reject fibers" exhibit better mobility and lower bonding, and are more wood-like due to their lower degree of fibrillation. The use of non-wood-based rejects in the consumer-facing layer can thus result in a tissue product with superior properties (e.g., softness). Once dried non-wood fibers

[0046] The challenges associated with the morphology of non-wood fibers are further complicated by the use of once-dried (as opposed to never-dried, which comprise a water content greater than 45%) fibers in the papermaking process. Although never-dried and once-dried fibers are chemically similar, they differ greatly in their physical properties. The walls of never-dried fibers contain much more water per unit dry mass than those of dried fibers after reslurrying. Because they are more swollen, the never-dried walls are more flexible or conformable. In contrast, the walls of once-dried (and rewetted, or reslurryed, or reprocessed) fibers are stiff (compared to never-dried fibers).The properties of papermaking fibers change significantly with water removal, as the walls become increasingly stiffer and less conformable. Table 6 shows the differences in fiber properties between non-wood fibers that have never been dried and those that have been dried once; see also, for example, A.M. Scallan and G.V. Laivins, The mechanism of hornification of wood pulps in Products of Papermaking, Trans. of the Xth Fund. Res. Symp. Oxford, 1993, (CFBaker, ed.), pp. 1235-1260, FRC, Manchester, 2018. DOI: 10.15376 / frc.1993.2.1235, on page 1242 (effect of temperature) it states: "Drying and reslurrying at 25 °C reduced the fracture length from 7.3 km for the untreated sheet to 2.7 km. Increasing the drying temperature to 105 °C and 150 °C further reduced the fracture length to 1.6 and 0.6 km, respectively.This study shows that the largest reduction in sheet strength is due to water removal, and that heat causes an additional, but much smaller, reduction." The same article further states: "Few studies exist that aim to separate the effects of temperature and water removal during drying. Lyne and Gallay avoided this problem by heating without drying; in their experiments, wet handsheets were heated to 95°C for three minutes in a water vapor-saturated atmosphere before being air-dried (19). The tensile strength of the handsheet was reduced by 14% compared to an unheated control group. The result shows that heat treatment led to a reduction in the extent of fiber-to-fiber bonding, which they attributed to a loss of pulp swelling upon heating.Table 6 also illustrates that never-dried fibers bond better than once-dried fibers. To overcome the effects of temperature and water removal, the strength of the web (e.g., a tissue paper product) can be achieved through temporary and / or permanent additives for wet strength, dry strength, fiber blend ratios (e.g., softwood-to-hardwood ratio), process manipulations (finishing, forming, calendering, creping, etc.), etc.

[0047] While it may be desirable to use never-dried fibers (see, for example, the following publications assigned to Essity Hygiene and Health Aktiebolag: WO2023282811A1, WO2023282812A1, WO2023282813A1, WO2023282818A1), the pulping plant must be located close to the papermaking plant, as transporting wet fibers is too expensive. Since this proximity is often not possible, the inventors of the present application used non-wood fibers that have been dried at least once, thus overcoming not only the problems associated with the non-wood fibers, but also the challenge of the non-wood fibers being dried at least once in the pulping plant and then shipped as dried sheets before the fibers were incorporated into the papermaking process.That is, the non-wood fibers disclosed herein were reslurried from dried leaves before being fed into a headbox in the papermaking process. Furthermore, based on a single fiber, the fiber length of once-dried non-wood fibers in the finished product (e.g., tissue paper product) is typically shorter than that of never-dried non-wood fibers, due to the additional processing required to rehydrate once-dried non-wood fibers. These shorter fibers exhibit materially different properties that affect, among other things, the strength of the finished product.

[0048] When using once-dried non-wood pulp, the pulp unit is typically in a bale, sheet, or log containing less than approximately 45%, 40%, 35%, 25%, 15%, 10%, 5%, or 2% water (water content). The water content (% moisture) of the pulp is measured using an Ohaus MB45 moisture balance or equivalent instrument set at a drying temperature of 130°C, with moisture determined after the weight has changed by less than 1 mg within 60 seconds (A60 hold time). The once-dried non-wood pulp unit can then be placed in a processing unit to be reprocessed (also called "re-pulped" or "re-moisturized"). The processed non-wood fibers can then be further refined or sent directly to a headbox.As mentioned above, the re-suspended non-wood fibers are likely to be stiffer due to cornification (in contrast to fibers that have never been dried).

[0049] Another benefit of using once-dried fibers instead of never-dried fibers is that once-dried fibers are less likely to stick together and bond together during the papermaking process, resulting in a softer tissue product, making the tissue product more cloth-like and desirable.For example, once-dried fibers of the present disclosure may have a breaking length of less than about 2700 m, less than about 2000 m, less than about 1700 m, less than about 1600 m, less than about 1400 m, less than about 1250 m, less than about 1100 m, less than about 900 m, less than about 750 m, or less than about 450 m, while never-dried fibers tend to have higher breaking lengths, such as greater than about 2700 m, greater than about 2800 m, greater than about 3000 m, greater than about 3200 m, or greater than about 3500 m, specifically reciting all 1 m increments within the above-mentioned ranges of this paragraph and all ranges formed therein or thereby.

[0050] Furthermore, once dried fibers of the present disclosure may have a breaking length ratio (which is the breaking length (m) according to the breaking length test method divided by the length-weighted fiber length (micrometers) according to the fiber length, width, coarseness, and count test method) of less than about 3.25 m / micrometer, less than about 2.7 m / micrometer, less than about 2.5 m / micrometer, less than about 2.0 m / micrometer, less than about 1.8 m / micrometer, less than about 1.6 m / micrometer, less than about 1.5 m / micrometer, less than about 1.0 m / micrometer, less than about 0.6 m / micrometer, or less than about 0.5 m / micrometer, while never-dried fibers tend to have a higher breaking length ratio, such as greater than about 3.0 m / micrometer, greater than about 3.5 m / micrometer, greater than about 4.0 m / micrometer, greater than about 5.0 m / micrometer, or greater than about 6.0 m / micrometer, specifically reciting all 0.1 m / micrometer increments within the above-mentioned ranges of this paragraph and all ranges formed therein or thereby.

[0051] In view of the paragraphs of this section (Once-dried non-wood fibers), a desirable process for manufacturing sanitary tissue products of the present disclosure may include: repulping pulp containing non-wood fibers prior to directing the slurry to a headbox; forming a web comprising the non-wood fibers; creating zones of varying density in the web; and creping the web. The once-dried non-wood pulp may be introduced into a preparation unit prior to the pulp re-pulping step. The once-dried non-wood pulp comprises non-wood fibers having a water content of less than about 10%, 20%, or 40%. The once-dried non-wood pulp may be in the form of a bale, a sheet, or a block. The non-wood fibers may be selected from the group consisting of bamboo, abaca, and mixtures thereof.The web may be treated with permanent or temporary wet strength. This process for manufacturing sanitary tissue products according to the present disclosure may further include harvesting non-wood fibers and pulping the non-wood fibers, as well as drying the non-wood fibers. The non-wood fibers may be dried (for example, using a pulp dryer (e.g., from Andritz, Valmet, etc.)) in a facility other than the papermaking facility (i.e., where the pulp will be used to manufacture sanitary tissue products, including paper towels, toilet paper, and / or facial tissue). The dried non-wood fibers may then be transported to a papermaking facility. The transport distance may be greater than: about 25, about 50, about 75, about 100, about 200, about 500, about 1,000 miles to reach the papermaking facility.In some cases, the dried non-wood fibers can even be shipped from Asia (e.g. China) to North America (e.g. USA). Structures of the present disclosure

[0052] "Fiber," as used herein, means an elongated physical structure that has an apparent length that significantly exceeds its apparent diameter, i.e., has a length-to-diameter ratio of at least about 10. Fibers that have a non-circular cross-section and / or a tubular shape are common; the "diameter," in this case, can be considered the diameter of a circle with a cross-sectional area equal to the cross-sectional area of ​​the fiber. In particular, the term "fiber" refers to fibrous, structural fibers. The present disclosure contemplates the use of a variety of fibrous, structural fibers, such as naturally occurring fibers (wood and non-wood fibers), synthetic (man-made) fibers, and / or other suitable fibers, and any combination thereof.

[0053] "Fibrous structure," as used herein, means a structure comprising a plurality of fibers. In one example, a fibrous structure according to the present disclosure means an ordered arrangement of fibers within a structure to perform a function. A bag of loose fibers is not a fibrous structure as defined in the present disclosure. The terms "web," "fibrous web," "embryonic web," and "embryonic fibrous web" are used to describe the web in the process of becoming a fibrous structure. Further, fibrous structures can be rolled, nested, perforated, and / or packaged to form one or more finished products, such as a tissue product.

[0054] "Nonwoven fibrous structure," as used herein, means a fibrous structure wherein the fibers forming the fibrous structure are not arranged in an orderly fashion by weaving and / or knitting the fibers. In other words, nonwoven fibrous structures do not include textiles, garments, and / or clothing. The nonwoven fibrous structures of the present disclosure are disposable items (i.e., they are typically discarded after one or two uses—unlike clothing, rags, wipes, etc.).

[0055] "Ply" or "plies," as used herein, means a single fibrous structure that may optionally be arranged in a substantially contiguous, facing relationship with other plies to form a multi-ply fibrous structure. It is also contemplated that a single fibrous structure may effectively form two "plies" or multiple "plies," for example, by being folded upon itself. A ply may comprise multiple layers. Multiple plies may be formed, for example, as follows: The fibrous structure of the present disclosure may be combined with one or more additional fibrous structures, the same as or different from the fibrous structures of the present disclosure, to form a multi-ply sanitary tissue product; the additional fibrous structure may be combined with the fibrous structure of the present disclosure by any suitable means.

[0056] “Sanitary tissue product” as used herein means a soft fiber structure with low density (i.e. < about 0.25 g / cm 3 ), which is useful as a wipe for cleansing after urination and defecation (toilet paper), for otorhinolaryngological secretions (facial tissue), and as a multifunctional absorbent and cleaning agent (absorbent wipes and napkins). The sanitary tissue product may be wound around a core or without a core to form a roll of the sanitary tissue product. Further, the fibrous structure comprising the sanitary tissue product may be perforated to form interconnected sheets. Sanitary tissue products may have fibers that have an average length of less than about 1 inch; further, sanitary tissue products must not have fibers (or filaments) that are longer than 1 inch. Sanitary tissue products may be manufactured by a wet-laid process, as in Fig. 6A-C illustrates.

[0057] The term “fabric-like,” as used herein, refers to the feel of the nonwoven fibrous structure to the consumer, the appearance of the nonwoven fibrous structure to the consumer, and / or the performance (e.g., absorbency, strength, durability, etc.) of the nonwoven fibrous structure during use by the consumer.

[0058] "Fuzz," as used herein, means any material originating from a fibrous structure according to the present disclosure that remains on a surface after the fibrous structure and / or the tissue product has come into contact therewith. The lint value of a fibrous structure and / or a tissue product comprising such a fibrous structure is determined according to the lint test method described herein.

[0059] "Differential density," as used herein, means a fibrous structure and / or a sanitary tissue product comprising one or more regions of relatively low fiber density, referred to as cushion regions, and one or more regions of relatively high fiber density, referred to as pill regions. In one example, a fibrous structure of the present disclosure comprises a surface comprising a surface pattern including a continuous pill region and a plurality of discrete cushion regions having different densities. For example, one or more of the discrete cushion regions may have a density that differs from the density of the continuous pill region (e.g., 30% difference).

[0060] “Condensed,” as used herein, refers to a region of a fiber structure and / or a tissue product characterized by regions of relatively high fiber density (nodular regions).

[0061] “Non-densified,” as used herein, means a region of a fibrous structure and / or a tissue product that has a lower density (one or more regions of relatively lower fiber density) (cushion regions) than another region (e.g., a tuft region) of the fibrous structure and / or the tissue product.

[0062] "Dry fiber structure," as used herein, means that the fiber structure has a water content (% moisture) of less than 20% and / or less than 15% and / or less than 10% and / or less than 7% and / or less than 5% and / or less than 3% and / or less than 1% to 0% and / or greater than 0%. The water content (% moisture) of the fiber structure is measured using an Ohaus MB45 moisture balance or equivalent instrument set to a drying temperature of 130°C, with moisture being determined after the weight has changed by less than 1 mg within 60 seconds (A60 holding time).Dry fibrous structures of the present disclosure may have a water content (% moisture) of from about 0.0001% to about 20% and / or from about 0.001% to about 15% and / or from about 0.001% to about 12% and / or from about 0.001% to about 10% and / or from about 0.001% to about 7% and / or from about 0.001% to about 5%, based on the weight of the dry fibrous structure.

[0063] "Stacked products," as used herein, include fibrous structures, paper, and tissue products that are in web form and cut into individual sheets, where the sheets are folded (e.g., z-folded or c-folded) and may be interleaved such that the trailing edge of one is joined to the leading edge of the other. Common examples of stacks of folded and / or interleaved sheets include facial tissue and napkins.

[0064] "Percent Difference (%)", "X% Difference" or "X% Different" is calculated as follows: The lower value (e.g., joint value of an intensive quantity) is subtracted from the higher value (e.g., joint value of an intensive quantity), this value is then divided by the average of the lower and higher values, and the result is then multiplied by 100.

[0065] “Within X%” or “within X percent” is calculated by the following non-limiting example: If the first and second tissue products share a common intensive parameter (e.g., lint), and if a second lint value of the second tissue product is 10, then “within 25%” of the second lint value for this example is calculated as follows: Multiplying 10 (the second lint value) by 25%, which is 2.5, then adding 2.5 to 10 (the second lint value) and subtracting 2.5 from 10 (the second lint value) to obtain a range, such that “within 25%” of the second lint value for this example means a lint value of or between 12.5 and 7.5. The absolute value of "X% change" can be used to determine whether "within X%" is met; for example, can also be determined by using the absolute.For example, if “X% change” is -25%, then “within 25%” is met, but if “X% change” is -25%, then “within 20%” is not met.

[0066] “Percentage (%) change”, “X% change” or “X% change” is calculated by: subtracting the reference value (e.g. common value of an intensive size of a sustainable tissue product) from the comparison value (e.g. common value of an intensive size of a tissue product), then dividing by the reference value, and then multiplying the result by 100. For example, if a reference value is 18 (e.g. a basis weight of a sustainable tissue product) and the comparison value is 31 (e.g. a basis weight of a soft tissue product), then 18 should be subtracted from 31, giving 13, which should be divided by 18, giving 0.722, which should be multiplied by 100, giving a change of 72.2%.

[0067] The fibrous structures of the present disclosure can be used to manufacture sanitary tissue products, including paper towels, washcloths, napkins, and facial tissues. The fibrous structures can be single-ply or multi-ply and comprise cellulose pulp fibers.

[0068] The fiber structures of the present disclosure may be selected from the group consisting of: through-air dried fiber structures, fiber structures with different density, fiber structures with different basis weights, wet-laid fiber structures, air-laid fiber structures, conventional dried fiber structures, creped or uncreped fiber structures, patterned-densified or non-patterned-densified fiber structures, densified or undensified, especially high-bulk undensified fiber structures, other nonwoven fiber structures comprising synthetic or multi-component fibers, homogeneous or multi-layer fiber structures, double-creped fiber structures, uncreped fiber structures, co-form fiber structures, and combinations thereof.

[0069] As in Fig. 3A-3C, fibrous structures and / or sanitary tissue products of the present disclosure may include a surface having undulations (e.g., nodules 20 and cushions 22) and / or embossments (e.g., 32, 34). Fig. 16A and Fig. 16B illustrate imprints 32 (each in Fig. 16A and Fig. 16B and each dot is an embossment) that may be desirable for use with fiber structures 10 of the present disclosure.

[0070] The fiber structures of the present disclosure may be airlaid and may be selected from the group consisting of thermally bonded airlaid (TBAL) fiber structures, latex bonded airlaid (LBAL) fiber structures, and mixed bonded airlaid (MBAL) fiber structures.

[0071] The fibrous structures of the present disclosure may have a substantially uniform density or may have regions of varying density; in other words, regions of high density compared to other regions within the patterned fibrous structure. Typically, the fibrous structure will have a substantially uniform density when not pressed against a cylindrical dryer, such as a Yankee dryer, while the fibrous structure is still wet and supported by a through-air drying fabric or other fabric, or when an air-laid fibrous structure is not spot-bonded. Regions of varying density may contribute to the softness of the fibrous structures of the present disclosure (particularly when compared to conventional wet pressing). As a particular example, the fibrous structures of the present disclosure may include tufts and cushions, which may contribute to softness.Softness may be further enhanced when the pads are disposed on a consumer-facing surface of the fibrous structure, such as a consumer-facing surface of a tissue product.

[0072] As in Fig. As shown in Figures 4A, C and E, the fibrous structures of the present disclosure may include nodules 20 and cushions 22, which is one way to achieve different densities. Fig. Figure 5 shows a portion of the pattern on the mask 14 used to make a papermaking belt (not specifically shown, but from the Fig. 17 shown type), with which the Fig. 3A shown hygiene fabric 12 can be produced. The hygiene fabric 12 of Fig. Figure 3A shows a pattern of nodules 20 and cushions 22 formed by discrete, cured resin nodules 20 on a papermaking belt, which correspond to the white areas, ie, the cells 24, of the Fig. 5 correspond to mask 14 shown.

[0073] As in the exemplary fiber structure in Fig. 3A and by the Fig. As is even more apparent from the masks shown in Figure 5, the fibrous structures of the present disclosure may include a pattern of discrete nodules and a continuous / substantially continuous cushion region. However, in other examples, the fibrous structures may also include a pattern of discrete cushions and a continuous / substantially continuous nodule region.

[0074] As in Fig. 4A-F, the fibrous structure may have a first and a second, consumer-facing side 50. It may be desirable for the cushion regions to face outward, as indicated by the directional arrow 51, so that the user of the fibrous structure feels the cushions with their skin. It should be understood that, depending on the type of process used to structure the fibrous structure, for multi-layer fibrous structures, the consumer-facing side may be either the fabric side out (“FSO”) or the wire side out (WSO). In a typical TAD, as shown in Fig. 6A, “fabric side” means the side contacting the TAD fabric (164) and “wire side” means the side contacting the forming wire / fabric (154); for UCTAD, as in Fig. 6B, "sides" are determined in the TAD area, with the "fabric" side touching the TAD fabric (164) and the "air" side not. In a process as described in Fig. As illustrated in Figure 6A, it depends on whether the consumer-facing side of the fiber structure is the wire side (WSO) or the fabric side (FSO), whether a flatter surface (surface where the pads are not facing outward) or a surface where the pads are facing outward is desired. When the pads are facing outward, the TS7 values ​​decrease (in contrast to when the pills are on the consumer-facing surface).

[0075] The fiber structures of the present disclosure may be pattern-densified. A pattern-densified fiber structure is characterized by having a relatively bulky field with a relatively low fiber density and a series of densified zones (regions) with a relatively high fiber density. The high-volume field is alternatively referred to as an array of pillow zones (regions). The densified zones (regions) are alternatively referred to as nodule zones (regions). The densified zones (regions) may be discretely spaced within the high-volume field or may be either fully or partially interconnected within the high-volume field.

[0076] The fibrous structures of the present disclosure may be undensified and non-pattern densified. The fibrous structure may consist of a homogeneous or multi-layer construction. The fibrous structure may be manufactured with a fibrous material that results in a single-layer embryonic fibrous web or with a fibrous material that results in a multi-layer embryonic fibrous web.

[0077] The fibrous structures of the present disclosure may comprise any suitable ingredients known in the art. Non-limiting examples of suitable ingredients that may be included in the fibrous structures are permanent and / or temporary wet strength resins, dry strength resins (e.g., carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)), plasticizers, wetting agents, anti-lint agents, absorbency enhancers, immobilizing agents, particularly in combination with emollient lotion compositions, antiviral agents including organic acids, antibacterial agents, polyol polyesters, anti-migration agents, polyhydroxy plasticizers, opacifiers, binders, release agents, dyes, and mixtures thereof. Such ingredients, when present in the fibrous structure of the present disclosure, may be present in any amount based on the dry weight of the fibrous structure.When such ingredients are present, they may be present at a level of from about 0.001 to about 50%, and / or from about 0.001 to about 20%, and / or from about 0.01 to about 5%, and / or from about 0.03 to about 3%, and / or from about 0.1 to about 1.0% by weight of the dry fiber structure. It may be desirable to use one or a combination of the aforementioned suitable ingredients on a fiber structure comprising non-wood fibers, such as a particular lotion(s) on a fiber structure comprising bamboo, wherein the lotion improves softness or at least improves the perception of softness and may further reduce lint formation. Non-wood fibers

[0078] The term "non-wood fiber(s)" or "non-wood content," as used herein, refers to naturally occurring fibers derived from non-wood plants, including animal fibers, mineral fibers, plant fibers, and mixtures thereof, and specifically excludes non-naturally occurring fibers (e.g., synthetic fibers). Animal fibers can, for example, be selected from the group consisting of: wool, silk, and other naturally occurring protein fibers and mixtures thereof. The plant fibers can, for example, be obtained directly from a plant. Non-limiting examples of suitable plants include cotton, cotton linters, flax, sisal, abaca, hemp, hesperaloe, jute, bamboo, bagasse, kudzu, corn, sorghum, pumpkin, agave, luffa, trichomes, seed hairs, wheat, and mixtures thereof.

[0079] The non-wood fibers of the present disclosure may be obtained from one or more non-wood plants of the Asparagaceae family. Suitable non-wood plants may include, but are not limited to, one or more plants of the genus Agave, such as A. tequilana, A. sisalana, and A. fourcroyde, and one or more plants of the genus Hesperaloe, such as H. funifera, H. parviflora, H. nocturna, H. chiangii, H. tenuifolia, H. engelmannii, and H. malacophylla. Furthermore, the non-wood fibers of the present disclosure may be prepared from one or more plants of the genus Hesperaloe, such as H. funifera, H. parviflora, H. nocturna, H. chiangii, H. tenuifolia, H. engelmannii, and H. malacophylla.

[0080] As used herein, the term "wood fiber(s)" or "wood content" means that both fibers from deciduous trees (hereinafter also referred to as "hardwood") and coniferous trees (hereinafter also referred to as "softwood") can be used. Wood fibers can typically be short (typical of hardwood fibers) or long (typical of softwood fibers). Non-limiting examples of short fibers include fibers derived from a fiber source selected from the group consisting of acacia, eucalyptus, maple, oak, aspen, birch, cottonwood, alder, ash, cherry, elm, hickory, poplar, eucalyptus, walnut, black locust, sycamore, beech, catalpa, sassafras, gmelina, albizia, anthocephalus, and magnolia. Non-limiting examples of long fibers include fibers derived from pine, spruce, fir, tamarack, hemlock, cypress, and cedar.

[0081] The term "synthetic fiber(s)" or "synthetic content" refers to man-made fibers and specifically excludes "wood fibers" and "non-wood fibers." Synthetic fibers may be used in combination with non-wood fibers (e.g., bamboo) in the fiber structures of the present disclosure. Synthetic fibers may be polymeric fibers. Synthetic fibers may include elastomeric polymers, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, polyolefin, polyvinyl alcohol, and nylon obtained from petroleum sources. In addition, synthetic fibers comprising natural polymers obtained from natural sources such as starch, protein, and / or cellulose sources may also be used in the fiber structures of the present disclosure. The synthetic fibers may be prepared by any suitable method known in the art.

[0082] The fibrous structure(s), the web(s) forming the fibrous structure(s), the layer(s) of the fibrous structure(s) (including at least one or each of the first and second layers of a ply) and / or the sheet(s) of the fibrous structure may contain at least about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 50%, about 75%, about 80%, or about 100% non-wood content, or from about 5% to about 15%, from about 10% to about 30%, from about 20% to about 40%, from about 30% to about 50%, from about 40% to about 60%, from about 50% to about 70%, from about 55% to about 95%, from about 65% to about 85%, from about 60% to about 80%, from about 70 % to about 90%, from about 80% to about 100%, from about 90% to about 100%, from about 95% to about 100%, or from about 97.5% to about 100% non-wood content (e.g. bamboo, abaca, hemp, etc.), including in particular any 0.1% increments within the above-mentioned ranges of this paragraph and any ranges formed therein or thereby. bamboo

[0083] In general, "bamboo," "bamboo fiber," "bamboo portion," or "bamboo fiber portion" incorporated into fiber structures of the present disclosure are fibrous materials derived from any bamboo species. In particular, the bamboo fiber species can be selected from the group consisting of: Acidosasa sp., Ampleocalamus sp., Arundinaria sp., Marmora sp., Bashania sp., Borinda sp., Brachystachyum sp., Cephalostachyum sp., Chimonobambusa sp., Chusquea sp., Dendrocalamus sp., Dinochloa sp., Drepanostachyum sp., Eremitis sp., Fargesia sp., Gaoligongshania sp., Gelidocalamus sp., Gigantocloa sp., Guadua sp., Hibanobambusa sp., Himalayacalamus sp., Indocalamus sp., Indosasa sp., Lithachne sp., Melocanna sp., Menstruocalamus sp., Nastus sp., Neohouzeaua sp., Neomicrocalamus sp., Ochlandra sp., Oligostachyum sp., Olmeca sp., Otatea sp., Oxytenanthera sp., Phyllostachys sp., Pleioblastus sp., Pseudosasa sp., Raddia sp., Rhipidocladum sp., Sasa sp., Sasaella sp., Sasamorpha sp., Schizostachyum sp., Semiarundinaria sp., Shibatea sp., Sinobambusa sp., Thamnocalamus sp., Thyrsostachys sp., Yushania sp. and mixtures thereof.

[0084] The bamboo fibers may be derived from temperate bamboo species of the Phyllostachys species, for example, Phyllostachys heterocycla pubescens, also known as Moso bamboo. However, it should be understood that, unless otherwise stated, the compositions disclosed herein are not limited to containing a single bamboo fiber, but may comprise a variety of fibers from different species. For example, the composition may comprise a bamboo from a Phyllostachys heterocycla pubescens species and a bamboo from another species, such as Phyllostachys bambusoides.

[0085] Bamboo fibers for use in the webs, fiber structures, and products of the present disclosure may be produced by any suitable methods known in the art. The bamboo fibers may be disintegrated bamboo fibers produced from shredded bamboo culms by a chemical process. The chemical processing may include treating the shredded bamboo culm with a suitable alkaline solution. One skilled in the art will be able to select a suitable alkaline solution. Bamboo fibers may also be produced by mechanically processing shredded bamboo culms, which may involve enzymatic digestion of the shredded bamboo culms.Although bamboo fibers may be produced by any suitable process known in the art, a desirable method for producing the bamboo pulp may be a chemical pulping process, such as, but not limited to, kraft, sulfite, or soda / AQ pulping processes.

[0086] The bamboo fibers of the present disclosure may be bamboo pulp fibers and have an average fiber length of at least about 0.8 mm. When blends of fibers from different bamboo species are used, the blends may comprise two or more bamboo species, or three or more bamboo species, such that the average fiber length is at least about 1.1 mm, at least about 1.5 mm, or about 1.1 to about 2 mm.The fibrous structure(s), the web(s) forming the fibrous structure(s), the layer(s) of the fibrous structure(s) (including at least one or each of the first and second layers of a ply) and / or the sheet(s) of the fibrous structure may contain at least about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 50%, about 75%, about 80%, or about 100% bamboo content, or from about 5% to about 15%, from about 10% to about 30%, from about 20% to about 40%, from about 30% to about 50%, from about 40% to about 60%, from about 50% to about 70%, from about 60% to about 80%, from about 70% to about 90%, from about 80% to about 100%, from about 90 % to about 100%, from about 95% to about 100%, or from about 97.5% to about 100% bamboo content, specifically including any 0.1% increments within the above ranges of this paragraph and any ranges formed therein or thereby.

[0087] Bamboo fibers may be more desirable than other non-wood fibers, such as various straws (e.g., wheat straw), for several reasons. One is that bamboo fibers are generally longer than straw fibers, resulting in fiber structures comprising bamboo fibers being stronger (without the use of strength-enhancing chemistry or process manipulation) than similar fiber structures comprising shorter straw fibers. Abaca

[0088] Generally, "abaca," "abaca fibers," "abaca content," or "abaca fiber content" incorporated into the fiber structure(s) of the present disclosure are fibrous materials derived from Musa textilis (a banana species native to the Philippines). Abaca may also be referred to as Manilla hemp, Cebu hemp, Davao hemp, banana hemp, or Musa hemp and may be used to obtain abaca cellulose fibers.

[0089] Abaca can have a fiber coarseness of more than 16 mg / 100 m (or less than 20 mg / 100 m) and a fiber length of 2.5 mm, 2.6 mm, 2.7 mm, 2.8 mm, or more. In addition to abaca, sun hemp, kenaf, and sisal hemp can also exhibit these properties.

[0090] Abaca includes properties that may make its use in sanitary paper products of the present invention difficult (especially at higher levels), as it is more commonly known for producing thin, strong, and porous paper that can withstand harsh use.

[0091] The fibrous structure(s), the web(s) forming the fibrous structure(s), the layer(s) of the fibrous structure(s) (including at least one or each of the first and second layers of a ply) and / or the sheet(s) of the fibrous structure may contain at least about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 75%, about 80%, or about 100% abaca content, or about 5% to about 15%, about 10% to about 30%, about 20% to about 40%, about 30% to about 50%, about 40% to about 60%, about 50% to about 70%, about 60% to about 80%, about 70% to about 90%, about 80% to about 100%, about 90% to about 100%, about 95% % to about 100% or about 97.5% to about 100% abaca content, specifically reciting any 0.1% increments within the above ranges of this paragraph and any ranges formed therein or thereby.Abaca fibers may be more desirable than other non-wood fibers, such as various straws (e.g., wheat straw), for several reasons. One is that abaca fibers are generally longer than straw fibers, resulting in fiber structures comprising abaca fibers being stronger (without the use of strength-enhancing chemistry or process manipulation) than similar fiber structures comprising shorter straw fibers. Furthermore, abaca's length, width, and coarseness make it a better substitute for softwood. Its higher degree of fibrillation increases the specific surface area of ​​the fiber, and its carboxyl groups make it more suitable for the attachment of strength-enhancing chemicals. hemp

[0092] In general, the "hemp," "hemp fiber," "hemp portion," or "hemp fiber portion" incorporated into the fiber structure(s) of the present disclosure may consist of hemp cellulose fibers obtained from the plants Cannabis sativa or Cannabis sativa indica. The hemp cellulose fibers may be processed into a fiber pulp.

[0093] Hemp cellulose fibers can be obtained from one or more of the plant sources Cannabis, Cannabis sativa, Cannabis sativa indica, Agava Sisalana (i.e. sisal hemp).

[0094] Cannabis is a genus of flowering plants comprising three distinct species: Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis. The cannabis stem (or trunk) consists of an open cavity surrounded by an inner layer of core fibers, often called the "hurd," and an outer layer, the bast. The bast fibers make up about 20% of the stem mass, and the "hurd" makes up 80% of the mass. Cannabis bast fibers range in length and diameter, but on average are very long and medium-coarse, suitable for the production of textiles, paper, and nonwovens. The "hurd" consists of very short, voluminous fibers, typically 0.2–0.65 mm long.

[0095] The fibrous structure(s), the web(s) forming the fibrous structure(s), the layer(s) of the fibrous structure(s) (including at least one or each of the first and second layers of a ply) and / or the sheet(s) of the fibrous structure may contain at least about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 75%, about 80%, or about 100% abaca content, or about 5% to about 15%, about 10% to about 30%, about 20% to about 40%, about 30% to about 50%, about 40% to about 60%, about 50% to about 70%, about 60% to about 80%, about 70% to about 90%, about 80% to about 100%, about 90% to about 100%, about 95% % to about 100% or about 97.5% to about 100% hemp content, specifically including any 0.1% increments within the above ranges of this paragraph and any ranges formed therein or thereby. Bagasse

[0096] Generally, the "bagasse," "bagasse fibers," "bagasse content," or "bagasse fiber content" incorporated into the fiber structure(s) of the present disclosure may consist of "sugarcane bagasse"—the dry, pulpy residue remaining after sap extraction from sugarcane or sorghum stalks. Agave bagasse is similar but is the material left over after blue agave juice extraction.

[0097] The fibrous structure(s), the web(s) forming the fibrous structure(s), the layer(s) of the fibrous structure(s) (including at least one or each of the first and second layers of a ply) and / or the sheet(s) of the fibrous structure may contain at least about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 75%, about 80%, or about 100% abaca content, or about 5% to about 15%, about 10% to about 30%, about 20% to about 40%, about 30% to about 50%, about 40% to about 60%, about 50% to about 70%, about 60% to about 80%, about 70% to about 90%, about 80% to about 100%, about 90% to about 100%, about 95% % to about 100% or about 97.5% to about 100% bagasse content, specifically including any 0.1% increments within the above ranges of this paragraph and any ranges formed therein or thereby. flax

[0098] In general, the "flax," "flax fiber," "flax content," or "flax fiber content" incorporated into the fiber structure(s) of the present disclosure may be composed of Linum usitatissimum of the Linaceae family. Flax fiber is obtained from the bast beneath the surface of the stem of the flax plant.

[0099] The fibrous structure(s), the web(s) forming the fibrous structure(s), the layer(s) of the fibrous structure(s) (including at least one or each of the first and second layers of a ply) and / or the sheet(s) of the fibrous structure may contain at least about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 75%, about 80%, or about 100% abaca content, or about 5% to about 15%, about 10% to about 30%, about 20% to about 40%, about 30% to about 50%, about 40% to about 60%, about 50% to about 70%, about 60% to about 80%, about 70% to about 90%, about 80% to about 100%, about 90% to about 100%, about 95% % to about 100% or about 97.5% to about 100% flax content, specifically reciting any 0.1% increments within the above ranges of this paragraph and any ranges formed therein or thereby. Cotton

[0100] Generally, the "cotton," "cotton fibers," "cotton portion," or "cotton fiber portion" incorporated into the fiber structure(s) of the present disclosure may consist of cotton linters, which are fine, silky fibers that adhere to the seeds of the cotton plant after ginning. These curly fibers are typically less than 1 / 8 inch (3.2 mm) long. The term may also be used for the longer textile fibers as well as the shorter down fibers of some upland species.

[0101] The fibrous structure(s), the web(s) forming the fibrous structure(s), the layer(s) of the fibrous structure(s) (including at least one or each of the first and second layers of a ply) and / or the sheet(s) of the fibrous structure may contain at least about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 75%, about 80%, or about 100% abaca content, or about 5% to about 15%, about 10% to about 30%, about 20% to about 40%, about 30% to about 50%, about 40% to about 60%, about 50% to about 70%, about 60% to about 80%, about 70% to about 90%, about 80% to about 100%, about 90% to about 100%, about 95% % to about 100% or about 97.5% to about 100% cotton content, specifically including any 0.1% increments within the above ranges of this paragraph and any ranges formed therein or thereby. morphology

[0102] Because non-wood fibers can have a high degree of coarseness, they feel poor on the surface and may not mold well, thus lacking the desired strength and volume. Part of this dynamic is that certain non-wood fibers, such as bamboo, are often wider than the wood fibers they are intended to replace. Furthermore, compared to woods of the same fiber width, bamboo has a smaller lumen and a thicker cell wall (i.e., a higher Runkel ratio (i.e., the ratio of twice the cell wall thickness to the lumen diameter), which is even greater than 1.0), so non-wood fibers (e.g., bamboo) can behave more stiffly, especially when using wood fiber knowledge. For these reasons, it may be desirable to spread the nodules apart and / or increase the molding forces (take-up shoe (molding vacuum)) and / or increase the speed difference during transfer.If nothing is done (i.e., if no adjustments are made for the use of non-wood), the strength and / or roll volume will decrease, and / or the sheet will be less compressible, and / or the sheet will become stiffer (in the plane and / or when flexed). Layers

[0103] As in Fig. As shown in Figures 4A-4F and described in Table A, a layer of fibrous structures of the present disclosure may be homogeneous or constructed in layers. When layered, a layer of the fibrous structures may comprise at least two, at least three, at least four, and / or at least five layers. The fibrous structures may comprise a single layer, two, three, four, or five layers.

[0104] As used herein, the term "layer" means a plurality of layers of fibers, chemical treatments, or the like within a ply. As used herein, the terms "layered," "multi-layered," and the like refer to fibrous sheets made from two or more layers of an aqueous papermaking material, which may comprise different fiber types. The layers may be formed by the deposition of separate streams of dilute fiber suspensions on one or more endless foraminous screens. If the individual layers are initially formed on separate foraminous screens, the layers may subsequently be combined (while wet) to form a layered composite web. Naturally occurring (e.g., wood and certain non-woods) and / or non-naturally occurring (e.g.,Synthetic fibers may also be present in the fiber structures, as will be disclosed in more detail below. Fig. 4A illustrates a first layer 53 and a second layer 53 of a fibrous structure 10. Each of the layers may comprise two layers 55. The layers may be bonded together 57 by adhesive, embossing, or the like. The cushions 22 may face outward 51 toward the consumer-facing side 50 of the fibrous structure 10. The nodules 20 may face inward toward the product-facing side 52 of the fibrous structure 10, which is more consistent with processes and equipment such as in Fig. 6A. As disclosed in Fig. As illustrated in Figure 4A, both layers are 53 FSO. Fig. 4B resembles Fig. 4A, except that the fiber structure 10 does not have distinct regions or zones of nodules 20 and cushions 22, which is more similar to processes and equipment such as those in Fig. 6A and Fig. 6B disclosed. Fig. 4B and Fig. 4C are similar to Fig. 4A and 4B respectively, with the difference that each layer comprises 3 layers 55. Fig. Figure 4E illustrates a single ply comprising 3 layers and is representative of a fiber structure resulting from processes and equipment as described in Fig. 6B and Fig. 6C; as such, the fibrous structure 10 does not have distinct regions or zones with nodules 20 and cushions 22. Fig. 4F is like Fig. 4A, with the difference that it comprises 3 layers and layer 53''' is FSO and has 51 outwardly directed cushions 22, while layer 53 is WSO and has 51 outwardly directed nodules. Fig. 4F may alternatively have both layers 53 and 53''' as FSO or both layers as WSO; and both layers 53 and 53''' may have outwardly directed 51 cushions 22 or both layers may have outwardly directed 51 nodules 20 - these FSO / WSO alternatives and cushion / nodule alternatives also apply to Fig. 4A and Fig. 4C.

[0105] It may be desirable to have the highest fiber count (million fibers / g) in a consumer-facing layer of a ply comprising non-wood fibers. A higher fiber count (relative to other layers in a ply) may be implemented in combination with outward-facing cushions of a consumer-facing side of a fibrous structure of a tissue product. The outward-facing cushion region of a layer (e.g., 55a) may comprise a higher fiber count than an adjacent region of an adjacent layer (e.g., 55b). Further, a cushion may have a greater basis weight than an adjacent nodule. Alternatively, a nodule may also have a greater basis weight than an adjacent cushion. Properties of the fiber structure(s)

[0106] The fibrous structure(s), the web(s) forming the fibrous structure(s), the layer(s) of the fibrous structure(s) (including at least one or each of the first and second layers of a ply), and / or the sheet(s) of the fibrous structure as disclosed herein, particularly with various non-wood admixtures according to the invention, even with more than 80 wt.% non-wood in the fibrous structure, and even with 100 wt.% non-wood in the fibrous structure, may have one or a combination of the following properties: a VFS of more than about 5.5 g / g, more than about 6.0 g / g, more than about 7.0 g / g, from about 3 g / g to about 20 g / g, from about 4 g / g to about 18 g / g, from about 5 g / g to about 16 g / g, from about 6 g / g to about 14 g / g, from about 8 g / g to about 12 g / g or from about 5 g / g to about 6 g / g, specifically including all increments of 0.01 g / g within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; an HFS of more than about 13 g / g, or more than about 14 g / g, or more than about 15 g / g, or more than about 16 g / g, or more than about 16.5 g / g, or more than about 17 g / g, or more than about 17.5 g / g, or more than about 18 g / g, or more than about 18.5 g / g, or more than about 19 g / g, or more than about 20 g / g, or more than about 21 g / g, or from about 4 g / g to about 30 g / g, from about 6 g / g to about 28 g / g, from about 8 g / g to about 26 g / g, from about 10 g / g to about 24 g / g, from about 12 g / g to about 22 g / g, from about 13 g / g to about 20, from about 14 g / g to about 18 g / g, from about 13 g / g to about 15 g / g, or from about 13 g / g to about 14 g / g, specifically including all increments of 0.1 g / g within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a stack compressibility of more than about 40 mils / (log(g / in 2 )), more than about 41 mils / (log(g / in 2 )), more than about 45 mils / (log(g / in 2)), more than about 50 mils / (log(g / in 2 )), of about 25 mils / (log(g / in 2 )) to about 100 mils / (log(g / in 2 )), of about 30 mils / (log(g / in 2 )) to about 75 mils / (log(g / in 2 )), of about 40 mils / (log(g / in 2 )) to about 50 mils / (log(g / in 2 )), of about 41 mils / (log(g / in 2 )) to about 48, or from about mils / (log(g / in 2 )) to about 48 mils / (log(g / in 2 )), where in particular all increments of 0.1 mils / (log(g / in 2 )) are listed within the above-mentioned areas and all areas formed therein or thereby; an MD wet peak elongation of greater than about 18%, greater than about 20%, from about 10% to about 30%, from about 14% to about 25%, from about 18% to about 22%, or from about 18% to about 20%, specifically including any 0.1% increments within the above ranges and any ranges formed therein or thereby; a CD wet peak elongation of greater than about 12%, from about 5% to about 30%, from about 10% to about 25%, from about 12% to about 20%, or from about 12% to about 15%, specifically including any 0.1% increments within the above ranges and any ranges formed therein or thereby; an MD wet tip TEA of more than about 21 g*inch / inch 2 , more than about 22 g*inch / inch 2 , of about 15 g*inch / inch 2 up to about 50 g*inch / inch 2 , of about 20 g*inch / inch 2 up to about 40 g*inch / inch 2 , of about 21 g*inch / inch 2 up to about 30 g*inch / inch 2 , or about 21 g*inch / inch 2 up to about 25 g*inch / inch 2 , in particular all increments of 1 g*inch / inch 2 within the above-mentioned areas and all areas formed therein or thereby; a CD wet tip TEA of more than about 7 g*inch / inch 2, of about 6 g*inch / inch 2 up to about 40 g*inch / inch 2 , of about 6.5 g*inch / inch 2 up to about 30 g*inch / inch 2 , of about 7 g*inch / inch 2 up to about 20 g*inch / inch 2 , or from about 7.5 g*inch / inch* to about 15 g*inch / inch 2 , or about 8 g*inch / inch 2 up to about 12 g*inch / inch 2 , in particular all increments of 0.5 g*inch / inch 2 within the above-mentioned areas and all areas formed therein or thereby; a CD elongation at break (dry) of greater than about 5%, of greater than about 8%, of greater than about 12%, of greater than about 13.5%, or from about 5% to about 25%, from about 10% to about 20%, from about 12% to about 18%, from about 13% to about 17%, or from about 14% to about 16%, specifically including any 0.5% increments within the above ranges and any ranges formed therein or thereby; a CD TEA of more than about 35 inch-g / inch 2 , of more than about 32 inch-g / inch 2 , or about 5 inch-g / inch 2 up to about 100 inch-g / inch 2 , of about 15 inch-g / inch 2 up to about 75 inch-g / inch 2 , of about 25 inch-g / inch 2 up to about 50 inch-g / inch 2 , of about 32 inch-g / inch 2 up to about 45 inch-g / inch 2 , of about 33 inch-g / inch 2 up to about 40 inch-g / inch 2 , of about 34 inch-g / inch 2 up to about 38 inch-g / inch 2 , specifically listing all increments of 1 inch-g / inch within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a dry CD tensile modulus / dry CD tensile peak load (derived from the corresponding one of: 1) dry elongation, tensile strength, TEA, and modulus test methods for toilet tissue, 2) dry elongation, tensile strength, TEA, and modulus test methods for paper towels, or 3) dry elongation, tensile strength, TEA, and modulus test methods for facial tissue) of less than about 5.0 g / g, less than about 4.5 g / g, less than about 4.0 g / g, less than about 3.5 g / g, less than about 3.0 g / g, from about 5.0 g / g to about 2.5 g / g, from about 4.0 g / g to about 2.0 g / g, or from about 3.5 g / g to about 1.5 g / g, particularly reciting all increments of 0.1 g / g within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a wet CD tensile modulus / peak load of less than about 5.0 g / g, less than about 4.5 g / g, less than about 4.25 g / g, less than about 4.0 g / g, less than about 3.75 g / g, less than about 3.5 g / g, less than about 3.25 g / g, less than about 3.0 g / g, less than about 2.5 g / g, less than about 2 g / g, from about 5.0 g / g to about 2.5 g / g, from about 4.0 g / g to about 2.0 g / g, or from about 3.5 g / g to about 1.5 g / g, particularly reciting all increments of 0.1 g / g within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a CD modulus (dry) of less than about 2000 g / cm, of less than about 2400 g / cm, of less than about 2500 g / cm, of less than about 3270 g / cm, or from about 200 g / cm to about 5000 g / cm, or from about 1000 g / cm to about 4500 g / cm, or from about 2000 g / cm to about 4000 g / cm, or from about 3000 g / cm to about 4000 g / cm, or from about 3270 g / cm to about 3800 g / cm, or from about 3300 g / cm to about 3700 g / cm, or from about 3350 g / cm to about 3600 g / cm, or from about 3400 g / cm to about 3500 g / cm, in particular all increments of 1 g / cm within the above-mentioned ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; an MD modulus (dry) of less than about 3360 g / cm, or less than about 1750 g / cm, or from about 500 g / cm to about 6000 g / cm, or from about 1000 g / cm to about 5000 g / cm, or from about 2000 g / cm to about 4000 g / cm, or from about 3000 g / cm to about 4000 g / cm, or from about 3360 g / cm to about 3800 g / cm, or from about 3400 g / cm to about 3700 g / cm, or from about 3450 g / cm to about 3600 g / cm, or from about 3500 g / cm to about 3600 g / cm, particularly reciting all increments of 1 g / cm within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a TS7 of less than approximately 40.00 dB V 2 rms, or less than about 30.00 dB V 2 rms, or less than about 22.00 dB V 2 rms, or less than about 20.00 dB V 2 rms, or less than about 24.00 dB V 2 rms, or less than about 15.00 dB V 2 rms, or less than about 14.00 dB V 2 rms, or less than about 10.00 dB V2 rms, or less than about 8.00 dB V 2 rms, or more than about 5.00 dB V 2 rms, or between about 3.00 dB V 2 rms and about 40.00 dB V 2 rms (“between about ‘X’ and about ‘X’’ is used interchangeably with “from about ‘X’ to about ‘X’’), or between about 3.00 dB V 2 rms and about 20.00 dB V 2 rms, or between about 4.00 dB V 2 rms and about 30 dB V 2 rms, or between approximately 15.00 dB V 2 rms and about 30.00 dB V 2 rms, or between about 5.00 dB V 2 rms and about 20.00 dB V 2 rms, or between about 6.00 dB V 2 rms and about 14 dB V 2 rms, or between about 7.00 dB V 2 rms and about 12.00 dB V 2 rms, or between about 8.00 dB V 2 rms and about 11.50 dB V 2 rms, or between about 9.0 dB V 2 rms and about 11.00 dB V 2 rms, or between about 9.50 dB V 2rms and about 10.50 dB V 2 rms, between about 9.50 dB V 2 rms and about 10.00 dB V 2 rms, between about 15 dB V 2 rms and about 17 dB V 2 rms, or between about 15 dB V 2 rms and about 16 dB V 2 rms, where in particular all increments of 0.01 dB V 2 rms within the above-mentioned areas and all areas formed therein or thereby; a compression set of less than about 14.0 mil / g, or less than about 3.0 mil / g, or less than about 4.0 mil / g, or less than about 5.0 mil / g, or less than about 6.0 mil / g, or less than about 7.0 mil / g, or less than about 8.0 mil / g, or less than about 9.0 mil / g, or greater than about 12.0 mil / g, or greater than about 11.0 mil / g, or greater than about 12.0 mil / g, or between about 4.0 mil / g and about 10.0 mil / g, or between about 8.0 mil / g and about 12.0 mil / g, or between about 6 mil / g and about 14.0 mil / g, or between about 8.0 mil / g and about 14 mil / g, or between about 7.5 mil / g and about 11 mil / g, or between about 12.0 mil / g and about 3.0 mil / g, or between about 11.0 mil / g and about 5.0 mil / g, or between about 10.0 mil / g and about 4.0 mil / g, or between about 8.0 mil / g and about 5.0 mil / g, specifically reciting all increments of 0.01 mil / g within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; an education index of less than about 170, or less than about 90, or less than about 65, or more than about 30, or more than about 50, or between about 55 and about 165, or between about 55 and about 85, or between about 60 and about 80, or between about 65 and about 75, specifically including all increments of 0.1 within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a covering of less than about 10 fiber layers (forming one layer 55 of a ply 53), or less than about 9 fiber layers, or less than about 8 fiber layers, or less than about 7 fiber layers, or less than about 6 fiber layers, or less than about 5 fiber layers, or less than about 4 fiber layers, or more than about 2 fiber layers, or more than about 4.75 fiber layers, or more than about 5 fiber layers, or more than about 5.25 fiber layers, or more than about 5.5 fiber layers, or more than about 5.75 fiber layers, or more than about 6 fiber layers, or more than about 6.25 fiber layers, or more than about 6.5 fiber layers, or more than about 7 fiber layers, or more than about 7.25 fiber layers, or more than about 7.5 fiber layers, or more than about 7.75 fiber layers, or more than about 8 fiber layers, or more than about 8.25 fiber layers, or more than about 8.5 fiber layers, or more than about 9 fiber layers,or between about 2 and about 10 fiber layers, or between about 4 and about 9 fiber layers, or between about 5 and about 8 fiber layers, or between about 4 and about 7 fiber layers, specifically including all increments of 1 fiber layer within the above-mentioned ranges and all regions formed therein or thereby; a coarseness (as tested to determine coverage and fiber count) of less than about 0.35 mg / m, or less than about 0.30 mg / m, or less than about 0.25 mg / m, or less than about 0.20 mg / m, or more than about 0.13 mg / m, or more than about 0.14 mg / m, or more than about 0.15 mg / m, or more than about 0.16 mg / m, or more than about 0.17 mg / m, or between about 0.15 mg / m and about 0.35 mg / m, or between about 0.15 mg / m and about 0.30 mg / m, or between about 0.16 mg / m and about 1.7 mg / m, or between about 0.15 mg / m and about 0.17 mg / m, or between about 0.15 mg / m and about 0.20 mg / m, or between about 0.25 mg / m and about 0.26 mg / m, or between about 0.22 mg / m and about 0.3 mg / m, or between about 0.19 mg / m and about 0.32 mg / m, specifically including all increments of 0.01 mg / m within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a lint value of less than about 11, or less than about 10, or less than about 9, or less than about 8, or less than about 7, or less than about 6, or less than about 5, or greater than about 0.5, greater than about 4.1, greater than about 6, or between about 0.5 and about 11, or between about 0.7 and about 11, or between about 7.5 and about 10.5, or between about 4 and about 5.5, or between about 6.3 and about 7.7, or between about 3 and about 10, or between about 4 and about 9, or between about 5 and about 8, or between about 6 and about 8, specifically reciting all increments of 0.01 (Hunter L value) within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a fiber length of less than about 4 mm, less than about 3 mm, less than about 2.3 mm, or less than about 2.2 mm, or less than about 2.1 mm, or less than about 2.0 mm, or less than about 1.9 mm, or less than about 1.5 mm, or less than about 1.4 mm, or more than about 0.7 mm, or more than about 1 mm, or more than about 2 mm, or between about 0.6 mm and about 2.4 mm, or between about 0.7 mm and about 2.2 mm, or between about 0.8 mm and about 2 mm, or between 2.5 mm and 3.7 mm, or between about 0.9 mm and about 1.8 mm, or between about 1 mm and about 1.6 mm, or between about 1.1 mm and about 1.5 mm, or between about 1.1 mm and about 1.4 mm, or between about 1.1 mm and about 1.3 mm, including in particular all increments of 0.01 mm within the above-mentioned ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a fiber width of less than about 31 µm, or less than about 28 µm, or less than about 25 µm, or less than about 22 µm, or less than about 20 µm, or greater than about 8 µm, or between about 7 µm and about 32 µm, or between about 8 µm and about 31 µm, or between about 10 µm and about 28 µm, or between about 12 µm and about 26 µm, or between about 14 µm and about 24 µm, or between about 16 µm and about 22 µm, or between about 22 µm and about 27 µm, or between about 25 µm and about 31 µm, or between about 15 µm and about 19 µm, or between about 18 µm and about 20 µm, or between about 7.5 µm and about 9.5 µm, specifically including all increments of 0.1 µm within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a fiber length / width ratio (according to the method for testing fiber length, width, coarseness, and count) of less than about 190, or less than about 180, or less than about 170, or less than about 160, or less than about 150, or less than about 140, or less than about 130, or less than about 120, or less than about 110, or less than about 106, or less than about 100, or less than about 75, or less than about 50, or greater than about 40, or between about 190 and about 35, or between about 185 and about 40, or between about 175 and about 50, or between about 150 and about 75, or between about 125 and about 100, specifically reciting all increments of 1 within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a fiber count (length average) of less than about 30 fibers / g, or less than about 25 fibers / g, or less than about 20 fibers / g, or less than about 16 fibers / g, or less than about 15 fibers / g, or less than about 14 fibers / g, or less than about 13 fibers / g, or less than about 10 fibers / g, or more than about 3 fibers / g, or between about 2.75 fibers / g and about 5 fibers / g, or between about 3 fibers / g and about 35 fibers / g, or between about 3.5 fibers / g and about 30 fibers / g, or between about 5 fibers / g and about 25 fibers / g, or between about 10 fibers / g and about 20 fibers / g, or between about 10 fibers / g and about 15 fibers / g, in particular all Increments of 0.1 fibres / g within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby are listed; a fiber count (number average) of less than about 30 fibers / g, or less than about 25 fibers / g, or less than about 20 fibers / g, or less than about 16 fibers / g, or less than about 15 fibers / g, or less than about 14 fibers / g, or less than about 13 fibers / g, or less than about 10 fibers / g, or more than about 3 fibers / g, or more than about 8.9 fibers / g, or between about 3 fibers / g and about 35 fibers / g, or between about 3.5 fibers / g and about 30 fibers / g, or between about 5 fibers / g and about 25 fibers / g, or between about 10 fibers / g and about 20 fibers / g, or between about 10 fibers / g and about 15 fibers / g, in particular all increments of 0.1 fibers / g within the above-mentioned areas and all areas formed therein or thereby; a fiber count range (C(n)) of greater than about 800 million / m^2, greater than about 830 million / m^2, greater than about 850 million / m^2, greater than about 900 million / m^2, greater than about 950 million / m^2, greater than about 1,000 million / m^2 or less than about 1,050 million / m^2, less than about 950 million / m^2, or from about 800 million / m^2 to about 1,000 million / m^2, from about 850 million / m^2 to about 975 million / m^2, particularly including all increments of 1 million / m^2 within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a fiber count range (C(1)) of more than about 260 million / m^2, more than about 280 million / m^2, more than about 300 million / m^2, more than about 350 million / m^2, more than about 400 million / m^2, more than about 450 million / m^2, more than about 500 million / m^2, more than about 525 million / m^2, or less than about 530 million / m^2, less than about 500 million / m^2, less than about 400 million / m^2, or from about 260 million / m^2 to about 530 million / m^2, from about 260 million / m^2 to about 400 million / m^2, from about 260 million / m^2 to about 400 million / m^2, in particular all increments of 1 million / m^2 within the above mentioned areas and all areas formed therein or thereby; a tensile ratio (also called "dry tensile ratio," see the test methods below for dry elongation, tensile strength, TEA, and modulus) of less than about 4.5, or less than about 4, or less than about 3.5, or less than about 3, or less than about 2.5, or less than about 2.1, or less than about 2, or less than about 1.9, or less than about 1.7, or more than about 0.5, or more than about 1.3, or more than about 1.6, or more than about 2, or greater than about 2.5, or between about 0.4 and about 0.5, or between about 0.5 and about 4.5, or between about 1.1 and about 1.6, or between about 1.25 and about 3, or between about 1.8 and about 2.4, or between about 1 and about 3, or between about 1.2 and about 2.1, or between about 1.5 and about 2, or between about 1.7 and about 2, specifically including all increments of 0.01 within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; an Emtec TS750 of more than about 10 dB V 2 rms, or more than about 20 dB V 2 rms, or more than about 40 dB V 2 rms, or more than about 47.7 dB V 2 rms, or more than about 50 dB V 2 rms, or more than about 75 dB V 2 rms, or less than about 115 dB V 2 rms, or less than about 20 dB V 2 rms, or less than about 40 dB V 2 rms, or less than about 45 dB V 2 rms, or less than about 60 dB V 2 rms, or less than about 80 dB V 2 rms, or between about 10 dB V 2 rms and about 120 dB V 2 rms, or between about 14 dB V 2 rms and about 113 dB V 2 rms, or between about 14 dB V 2 rms and about 75 dB V 2 rms, or between about 50 dB V 2 rms and about 112 dB V 2 rms, or between about 15 dB V 2 rms and about 50 dB V 2 , or between about 16 dB V2 rms and about 40 dB V 2 , or between about 20 dB V 2 rms and about 30 dB V 2 , or between about 25 dB V 2 rms and about 35 dB V 2 , or between about 40 dB V 2 rms and about 55 dB V 2 , in particular all increments of 1 dB V 2 rms within the above-mentioned areas and all areas formed therein or thereby; a slip-adhesion value of more than about 235, or more than about 270, more than about 300, or more than about 350, or more than about 400, or more than about 500, or more than about 600, or more than about 700, more than about 800, or more than about 900, or less than about 435, or less than about 605, or less than about 1000, or between about 230 and about 1400, or between about 235 and about 435, or between about 235 and about 605, or between about 280 and about 965, or between about 300 and about 800, or between about 350 and about 500, or between about 400 and about 600, wherein in particular all increments of 10 within the above-mentioned ranges and all therein or thereby formed areas are listed; a density of a first zone (a first region) or a cushion region may differ from the density of a second zone (a second region or a nodule region) adjacent to the first zone, such that the density of a second zone (a second region or a nodule region) may be 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, or 200% greater than that of the first zone (first region or cushion region), in particular listing all 0.01% increments within the above-mentioned ranges and all regions formed therein or thereby (the micro-CT method for measuring intensive quantities may be used to determine the density of a region of interest); a Runkel ratio of greater than about 1, or greater than about 2, or greater than about 3, or greater than about 5, or greater than about 6, or greater than about 7, or less than about 10, between about 0.5 and about 10, or between about 1 and about 8, or between about 1.5 and about 6.5, specifically including all increments of 0.1 within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a PVD desorption of 2.5-160 micrometers of less than about 1600 mg, or less than about 1550 mg, or less than about 1500 mg, or less than about 1400 mg, or less than about 1300 mg, or less than about 1200 mg, or less than about 1100 mg, or less than about 1000 mg, or less than about 900 mg, or less than about 800 mg, or less than about 700 mg, or less than about 600 mg, or greater than about 550 mg, or between about 550 mg and about 1600 mg, or between about 600 mg and about 1550 mg, or between about 700 mg and about 1550 mg, or between about 825 mg and about 1550 mg, or between about 850 mg and about 1500 mg, or between about 900 mg and about 1400 mg, or between about 1000 mg and about 1200 mg, specifically including all increments of 1 mg within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a PVD absorption of 2.5-160 micrometers of less than about 1200 mg, or less than about 1100 mg, or less than about 1000 mg, or less than about 900 mg, or more than about 400 mg, or more than about 800 mg, or more than about 825 mg, or between about 400 mg and about 1200 mg, or between about 500 mg and about 1200 mg, or between about 600 mg and about 1200 mg, or between about 700 mg and about 1200 mg, or between about 800 mg and about 1200 mg, or between about 900 mg and about 1100 mg, particularly reciting all increments of 1 mg within the above-mentioned ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a VFS of more than about 4 g / g, or more than about 5.5 g / g, or more than about 6.0 g / g, or more than about 7.0 g / g, or more than about 7.3 g / g, or more than about 7.5 g / g, or more than about 8 g, or more than about 8.5 g / g, or more than about 9 g / g, or more than about 9.5 g / g, or more than about 10 g / g, or more than about 10.5 g / g, or more than about 11 g / g, or more than about 11.5 g / g, or more than about 12 g / g, or more than about 12.5 g / g, or less than about 13 g / g, or between about 4 g / g and about 15 g / g, or between about 5 g / g and about 11 g / g, or between about 10 g / g and about 15 g / g, or between about 7 g / g and about 13 g / g, or between about 7.5 g / g and about 13 g / g, or between about 8 g / g and about 13 g / g, or between about 9 g / g and about 13 g / g, or between about 10 g / g and about 13 g / g, or between about 10.5 g / g and about 12.5 g / g, or between about 10 g / g and about 12 g / g, or between about 10.5 g / g and about 11.5 g / g, wherein all increments from 0,1 g / g within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby;, a residual water content of less than about 10%, less than about 9%, less than about 7%, less than about 5%, less than about 4%, less than about 3.5%, from about 1% to about 20%, from about 2% to about 18%, from about 3% to about 16%, from about 4% to about 14%, from about 5% to about 12%, from about 6% to about 10%, from about 1% to about 3%, or from about 1% to about 2%, specifically including any increments of 0.1% within the above ranges and any ranges formed therein or thereby; a basis weight of at least about 48 g / m 2 (ie gsm), between about 10 g / m 2 and about 100 g / m 2 , or between about 10 g / m 2 and about 45 g / m 2 , between about 20 g / m 2 and about 40 g / m 2 , or between about 24 g / m 2 and about 40 g / m2 , or between about 30 g / m 2 and about 32 g / m 2 , or between about 40 g / m 2 and about 65 g / m 2 , or between about 45 g / m 2 and about 60 g / m 2 , or between about 50 g / m 2 and about 58 g / m 2 , or between about 50 g / m 2 and about 55 g / m 2 , or between about 50 g / m 2 and about 75 g / m 2 , in particular all increments of 0.1 g / m 2 within the above-mentioned areas and all areas formed therein or thereby; a density (based on the measurement of thickness at 95 g / in^2) of less than about 0.60 g / cm^3 and / or less than about 0.30 g / cm^3 and / or less than about 0.20 g / cm^3 and / or less than about 0.10 g / cm^3 and / or less than about 0.07 g / cm^3 and / or less than about 0.05 g / cm^3 and / or from about 0.01 g / cm^3 to about 0.20 g / cm^3 and / or from about 0.02 g / cm^3 to about 0.10 g / cm^3, particularly reciting all increments of 0.001 g / cm^3 within the above-mentioned ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a volume (also called "dry volume" based on a thickness measurement at 95 g / in^2) of more than about 1.67 cm^3 / g and / or more than about 3.33 cm^3 / g and / or more than about 5.00 cm^3 / g and / or more than about 10.00 cm^3 / g and / or more than about 14.29 cm^3 / g and / or more than about 15.0 cm^3 / g and / or more than about 18.0 cm^3 / g and / or more than about 20.00 cm^3 / g and / or from about 100.00 cm^3 / g to about 5.00 cm^3 / g and / or from about 50.00 cm^3 / g to about 10.00 cm^3 / g, in particular all increments of 0.01 cm^3 / g within the above ranges and all therein or the ranges formed thereby (Note: This is different from “dry volume ratio” and “bulk elasticity”); an SST (absorption rate) of more than about 0.3 g / sec 0,5 , or more than about 0.4 g / sec 0,5 , or more than about 0.45 g / sec 0,5 , or more than about 0.5 g / sec 0,5 , or more than about 0.75 g / sec 0,5, or more than about 1.0 g / sec 0,5 , or more than about 1.60 g / sec 0,5 , or more than about 1.65 g / sec 0,5 , or more than about 1.70 g / sec 0,5 , or more than about 1.75 g / sec 0,5 , or more than about 1.80 g / sec 0,5 , or more than about 1.82 g / sec 0,5 , or more than about 1.85 g / sec 0,5 , or more than about 1.88 g / sec 0,5 , or more than about 1.90 g / sec 0,5 , or more than about 1.95 g / sec 0,5 , or more than about 2.00 g / sec 0,5 , or between about 1.60 g / sec 0,5 and about 2.50 g / sec 0,5 , between about 1.0 g / sec 0,5 and about 2.0 g / sec 0,5 , or between about 2.0 g / sec 0.5 and about 2.50 g / sec 0,5 , or between about 0.3 g / sec 0,5 and about 0.7 g / sec 0,5 , or between about 1.0 g / sec 0,5 and about 1.50 g / sec 0,5 , or between about 0.3 g / sec 0,5 and about 0.9 g / sec 0,5, or between about 1.65 g / sec 0,5 and about 2.50 g / sec 0,5 , or between about 1.70 g / sec 0,5 and about 2.40 g / sec 0,5 , or between about 1.75 g / sec 0,5 and about 2.30 g / sec 0,5 , or between about 1.80 g / sec 0,5 and about 2.20 g / sec 0,5 , or between about 1.82 g / sec 0,5 and about 2.10 g / sec 0,5 , or between about 1.85 g / sec 0,5 and about 2.00 g / sec 0,5 , in particular all increments of 0.1 g / sec 0,5 within the above-mentioned areas and all areas formed therein or thereby; a plate stiffness of more than about 0.3 N*mm, or more than about 0.5 N*mm, or more than about 1.0 N*mm, or more than about 2.0 N*mm, or more than about 4.0 N*mm, or more than about 6.0 N*mm, or more than about 8.0 N*mm, or more than about 12.0 N*mm, or more than about 12.5 N*mm, or more than about 13.0 N*mm, or more than about 13.5 N*mm, or more than about 14 N*mm, or more than about 14.5 N*mm, or more than about 15 N*mm, or more than about 15.5 N*mm, or more than about 16 N*mm, or more than about 16.5 N*mm, or more than about 17 N*mm, or between about 0.3 N*mm and about 20 N*mm, or between about 1 N*mm and about 20 N*mm, or between about 2 N*mm and about 20 N*mm, or between about 4 N*mm and about 20 N*mm, or between about 6 N*mm and about 20 N*mm, or between about 8 N*mm and about 20 N*mm, or between about 10 N*mm and about 20 N*mm, or between about 12 N*mm and about 20 N*mm, or between about 12.5 N*mm and about 20 N*mm, or between about 13 N*mm and about 20 N*mm,or between about 13.5 N*mm and about 20 N*mm, or between about 14 N*mm and about 20 N*mm, or between about 14.5 N*mm and about 20 N*mm, or between about 15 N*mm and about 20 N*mm, or between about 15.5 N*mm and about 20 N*mm, or between about 16 N*mm and about 20 N*mm, or between about 16.5 N*mm and about 20 N*mm, or between about 17 N*mm and about 20 N*mm, particularly including all increments of 0.1 N*mm within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a bulk elasticity of more than about 25 cm 3 / g, or more than about 29 cm 3 / g, or more than about 40 cm 3 / g, or more than about 50 cm 3 / g, or more than about 60 cm 3 / g, or more than about 62 cm 3 / g, or more than about 75 cm 3 / g, or more than about 85 cm 3 / g, or more than about 90 cm 3 / g, or more than about 95 cm 3 / g, or more than about 100 cm 3 / g, or more than about 102 cm 3 / g, or more than about 105 cm 3 / g, or between about 29 cm 3 / g and about 112 cm 3 / g, or between about 29 cm 3 / g and about 103 cm 3 / g, or between about 40 cm 3 / g and about 100 cm 3 / g, or between about 50 cm 3 / g and about 75 cm 3 / g, or between about 55 cm 3 / g and 70 cm 3 / g, or between about 85 cm 3 / g and about 110 cm 3 / g, or between about 90 cm 3 / g and about 110 cm 3 / g, or between about 95 cm 3 / g and about 110 cm 3 / g, or between about 100 cm 3 / g and about 110 cm 3 / g, where in particular all increments of 1 cm 3 / g are listed within the above-mentioned areas and all areas formed therein or thereby; a total wet tensile strength of greater than about 50 g / inch, or greater than about 75 g / inch, or greater than about 100 g / inch, or greater than about 200 g / inch, or greater than about 300 g / inch, or greater than about 400 g / inch, or greater than about 450 g / inch, or greater than about 470 g / inch, or greater than about 500 g / inch, or greater than about 550 g / inch, or greater than about 600 g / inch, or greater than about 650 g / inch, or greater than about 700 g / inch, or greater than about 750 g / inch, or greater than about 758 g / inch, or greater than about 800 g / inch, or greater than about 850 g / inch, or greater than about 900 g / inch, or greater than about 2278.or between about 350 g / inch and about 475 g / inch, or between about 420 g / inch and about 440 g / inch, or between about 100 g / inch and about 640 g / inch, or between about 300 g / inch and about 1000 g / inch, or between about 400 g / inch and about 900 g / inch, or between about 500 g / inch and about 900 g / inch, or between about 550 g / inch and about 900 g / inch, or between about 600 g / inch and about 900 g / inch, or between about 650 g / inch and about 900 g / inch, or between about 700 g / inch and about 900 g / inch, specifically reciting all increments of 10 g / inch within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby;. a total wet tensile strength (Finch) of greater than about between about 10 g / inch and about 125 g / inch, or between about 20 g / inch and about 55 g / inch, or between about 30 g / inch and about 100 g / inch, or between about 10 g / inch and about 65 g / inch, specifically reciting all increments of 1 g / inch within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a dry burst strength (peak load) of greater than about 250 g, or greater than about 400 g, or greater than about 600 g, or greater than about 800 g, or greater than about 1000 g, or greater than about 1200 g, or greater than about 1300 g, or greater than about 1400 g, or between about 250 g and about 1500 g, or between about 400 g and about 1500 g, or between about 600 g and about 1500 g, or between about 800 g and about 1450 g, or between about 1000 g and about 1400 g; a wet burst strength (peak load) of more than about 3 g, more than about 5 g, or more than about 10 g, or more than about 20 g, or more than about 50 g, or more than about 55 g, or more than about 75 g, or more than about 100 g, or more than about 115 g, or more than about 150 g, or more than about 177 g, or more than about 200 g, or more than about 300 g, or more than about 350 g, or more than about 400 g, or more than about 450 g, or more than about 478 g, or more than about 500 g, or more than about 550 g, or more than about 600 g, or between about 20 g and about 530 g, or between about 3 g and about 22 g, or between about 25 g and about 52 g, or between about 230 g and about 525 g, or between about 180 g and about 525 g, or between about 200 g and about 700 g, or between about 350 g and about 600 g, or between about 350 g and about 550 g, or between about 400 g and about 550 g, or between about 400 g and about 525 g, or between about 50 g and about 220 g,or between about 50 g and about 60 g, or between about 50 g and 55 g, specifically including all increments of 10 g within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a flexural rigidity (average) of more than about 40 mg-cm, more than about 75 mg-cm, more than about 175 mg-cm, 100, more than about 125 mg-cm, more than about 150 mg-cm, more than about 175 mg-cm, more than about 200 mg-cm, or more than about 700 mg-cm, or more than about 800 mg-cm, or more than about 900 mg-cm, or more than about 1000 mg-cm, or more than about 1100 mg-cm, or more than about 1200 mg-cm, or more than about 1300 mg-cm, or more than about 1400 mg-cm-cm, or more than about 1500 mg-cm, or more than about 1600 mg-cm, or more than about 1700 mg-cm, or between about 40 mg-cm and about 200 mg-cm, or between about 60 mg-cm and about 150 mg-cm, or between about 80 mg-cm and about 125 mg-cm, or between about 80 mg-cm and about 100 mg-cm, or between about 700 mg-cm and about 1800 mg-cm, or between about 800 mg-cm and about 1600 mg-cm, or between about 900 mg-cm and about 1400 mg-cm, or between about 1000 mg-cm and about 1350 mg-cm,or between about 1050 mg-cm and about 1350 mg-cm, or between about 1100 mg-cm and about 1350 mg-cm, or between about 1100 mg-cm and about 1300 mg-cm, particularly including all increments of 10 mg-cm within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a dry thickness of greater than about 4.0 mils, or greater than about 10.0 mils, or greater than about 15.0 mils, or greater than about 20.0 mils, or greater than about 26.0 mils, or greater than about 28.0 mils, or greater than about 40 mils, or greater than about 55 mils, or between about 4.0 mils and about 27.0 mils, or between about 18.0 mils and about 24.0 mils, or between about 45.0 mils and about 51.0 mils, or between about 29 mils and about 33.0 mils, or between about 19.0 mils and about 43.0 mils, or between about 26.0 mils and about 80.0 mils, or between 40.0 mils and 60.0 mils, or between about 50 and about 60 mils, specifically including all increments of 0.10 mils within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a wet thickness of greater than about 8.0 mils, or greater than about 10.0 mils, or greater than about 15.0 mils, or greater than about 17.0 mils, or greater than about 26 mils, or between about 10.0 mils and about 33.0 mils, or between about 15.0 mils and about 25.0 mils, or between about 8.0 mils and about 20.0 mils, or between about 26.0 mils and about 70.0 mils, or between about 26.0 mils and about 40.0 mils, specifically reciting all increments of 0.10 mils within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a total dry tensile strength (total tensile strength) of more than about 250 g / inch, or more than about 400 g / inch, or more than about 500 g / inch, or more than about 700 g / inch, or more than about 800 g / inch, or more than about 1000 g / inch, or more than about 1200 g / inch, or more than about 1300 g / inch, or more than about 1700 g / inch, or more than about 2278 g / inch, or between about 880 g / inch and about 2570 g / inch, or between about 1800 g / inch and about 2485 g / inch, or between about 1900 g / inch and about 2300 g / inch, or between about 250 g / inch and about 1000 g / inch, or between about 400 g / inch and about 580 g / inch, or between about 700 g / inch and about 800 g / inch, or between about 275 g / inch and about 1310 g / inch, or about 1300 g / inch and about 4000 g / inch, or between about 1800 g / inch and about 2800 g / inch, specifically reciting all increments of 10 g / inch within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a geometric mean (GM) dry modulus of greater than about 1000 g / cm, or greater than about 1700 g / cm, or less than about 3320 g / cm, or less than about 2500 g / cm, or less than about 2400 g / cm, or less than about 2300 g / cm, or less than about 2000 g / cm, or less than about 1500 g / cm, or less than about 1000 g / cm, or between about 1800 g / cm and about 4000 g / cm, or between about 1800 g / cm and about 3500 g / cm, or between about 3300 g / cm and about 3350 g / cm, particularly reciting all increments of 10 g / cm within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a geometric mean wet tensile modulus (GM modulus) of greater than about 250 g / cm, or greater than about 375 g / cm, or between about 250 g / cm and about 700 g / cm, or between about 250 g / cm and about 525 g / cm, or between about 375 g / cm and 525 g / cm, specifically including all increments of 10 g / cm within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a CRT rate of greater than about 0.30 g / sec, or greater than about 0.5 g / sec, or greater than about 0.55 g / sec, or greater than about 0.6 g / sec, or greater than about 0.61 g / sec, or greater than about 0.65 g / sec, or greater than about 0.7 g / sec, or greater than about 0.75 g / sec, or greater than about 0.8 g / sec, or between about 0.30 g / sec and about 1.00 g / sec, or between about 0.61 g / sec and about 0.85 g / sec, particularly reciting all increments of 0.05 g / sec within the above-mentioned ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a CRT capacity of greater than about 10.0 g / g, or greater than about 12.5 g / g, or between about 12.5 g / g and about 23.0 g / g, or between about 16.5 g / g and about 21.5 g / g, particularly reciting all increments of 0.1 g / g within the above-mentioned ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a kinetic CoF of greater than about 0.75, or greater than about 0.85, or between about 0.85 and about 1.30, or between about 0.77 and about 1.7, or between about 0.85 and about 1.20, particularly reciting all increments of 0.05 within the above-mentioned ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a dry depth of more than -240 µm, or more than -255 µm, or more than -265 µm, or more than -275 µm, or more than -285 µm, or more than -295 µm, or more than -300 µm, or between about -240 µm and about -310 µm, or between about -245 µm and about -305 µm, or between about -255 µm and about -303 µm, or between about -265 µm and about -302 µm, or between about -275 µm and about -300 µm, specifically including all increments of 20 µm within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a wet depth of more negative than -275 µm, or more negative than -285 µm, or more negative than -295 µm, or more negative than -300 µm, or more negative than -310 µm, or more negative than -320 µm, or more negative than -330 µm, or between about -275 µm and about -340 µm, or between about -285 µm and about -335 µm, or between about -295 µm and about -332 µm, or between about -300 µm and about -330 µm, or between about -305 µm and about -328 µm, specifically including all increments of 20 µm within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a wet contact area of ​​greater than 25%, or greater than 27%, or greater than 29%, or greater than 31%, or greater than 32%, or greater than 34%, or greater than 36%, or between about 25% and about 38%, or between about 27% and about 37%, or between about 29% and about 36%, or between about 30% and about 35%, or between about 31% and about 34%, specifically including any increments of 1% within the above-mentioned areas and any areas formed therein or thereby; a dry contact area of ​​more than 17%, or more than 20%, or more than 22%, or more than 24%, or more than 26%, or more than 28%, or more than 30%, or between about 17% and about 33%, or between about 20% and about 31%, or between about 22% and about 30%, or between about 23% and about 30%, or between about 24% and about 29%, specifically including all 1% increments within the above ranges and all areas formed therein or thereby; a dry compression (at 10 g force in mils) of greater than about 30 mils, or greater than about 45 mils, or greater than about 50 mils, or greater than about 55 mils, or greater than about 60 mils, or greater than about 65 mils, or greater than about 70, or greater than about 85 mils, or between about 40 mils and about 100 mils, or between about 50 mils and about 80 mils, or between about 50 mils and about 65 mils, or between about 50 mils and about 60 mils, or between about 55 mils and about 60 mils, specifically reciting all increments of 5 mils within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a wet compression (at a 10 g force value) in mils of greater than about 30 mils, or greater than about 20 mils, or greater than about 30 mils, or greater than about 40 mils, or greater than about 50 mils, or greater than about 55, or greater than about 60 mils, or greater than about 70 mils, or between about 30 mils and about 100 mils, or between about 40 mils and about 70 mils, or between about 45 mils and about 60 mils, or between about 47 mils and about 58 mils, or between about 50 mils and about 55 mils, specifically reciting all increments of 5 mils within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a dry volume ratio of greater than about 15, or greater than about 18, or greater than about 22, or greater than about 25, or greater than about 27, or greater than about 33, or greater than about 35, or greater than about 40, or greater than about 50, or between about 15 and about 60, or between about 22 and about 50, or between about 25 and about 35, or between about 27 and about 35, or between about 27 and about 33, specifically reciting all increments of 0.5 within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a wet volume ratio of greater than about 20, or greater than about 22, or greater than about 25, or greater than about 28, or greater than about 30, or greater than about 34, or greater than about 40, or greater than about 45, or greater than about 50, or greater than about 55, or between about 22 and about 50, or between about 20 and about 50, or between about 25 and about 45, or between about 28 and about 40, or between about 30 and about 34, specifically reciting all 0.5 inch increments within the above-mentioned ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; a ratio of wet burst strength to dry tensile strength (“wet burst strength / dry tensile strength ratio”, ie, wet burst strength divided by dry tensile strength) of greater than about 0.05, greater than about 0.09, greater than about 0.1, greater than about 0.15, greater than about 0.18, greater than about 0.20, greater than about 0.24, or greater than about 0.26, or between about 0.05 and about 0.27, or between about 0.15 and about 0.26, or between about 0.20 and about 0.26; a ratio of wet burst strength to dry burst strength (“wet / dry burst strength ratio”, ie, wet burst strength divided by dry burst strength) of greater than about 0.09, or greater than about 0.10, or greater than about 0.18, or greater than about 0.19, or more than about 0.20, or more than about 0.30, or more than about 0.40, or between about 0.10 and about 0.50, or between about 0.20 and about 0.48, or between about 0.30 and about 0.46, or between about 0.40 and about 0.46; a concavity ratio of greater than about 0.1, or greater than about 0.15, or greater than about 0.20, or greater than about 0.25, or greater than about 0.30, or greater than about 0.35, or greater than about 0.40, or greater than about 0.45, or greater than about 0.50, or greater than about 0.55, or greater than about 1.0, or greater than about 1.25, or greater than about 1.5, or between about 0.10 and about 0.95, or between about 0.15 and about 0.90, or between about 0.20 and about 0.85, specifically reciting all increments of 0.01 within the above-mentioned ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby; and / or. a packing fraction of greater than about 0.05, or greater than about 0.08, or greater than about 0.10, or greater than about 0.12, or greater than about 0.15, or greater than about 0.17, or between about 0.05 and about 0.75, or between about 0.10 and about 0.80, or between about 0.15 and about 0.85, particularly including all increments of 0.01 within the above ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby.

[0107] The fiber structure(s) of the present disclosure comprising non-wood fibers may have one or a combination of the above-mentioned properties (disclosed in this section Properties of the Fiber Structure(s)). Softness

[0108] Of particular interest is the softness of the fiber structure. This is where so many sustainable tissue paper products fall short, and the prior art does not disclose how to achieve soft fiber structures that include bamboo and / or other sustainable non-wood fibers. This is even more true the higher the non-wood fiber blending is. Surprisingly, the inventors have found that the addition of coarse bamboo fibers (bamboo is particularly coarse compared to eucalyptus) into the fiber structure, even at high blending levels, and / or even on the consumer-facing side of a sheet, can result in products with good softness. There are a number of ways the inventors have achieved this, including creating different densities, using unique layerings, and / or fiber blends. Details of these are included in the specification below.

[0109] Surprisingly, the inventors of the present disclosure have also discovered that they are capable of providing soft fiber structures that exhibit a low fluff value. Typically, higher fluff values ​​are associated with higher softness values ​​(e.g., TS7, TS750). Aside from the difficulties in processing fiber structures that form fluff, lint can cause unwanted deposits at the point of use, which can be messy and aesthetically undesirable. Therefore, achieving greater softness while maintaining lower fluff values ​​is highly advantageous. Thus, the inventors have not only improved sustainable fiber structures but also enhanced the general offering of fiber structures beyond what is available today, including what is commercially available today as a high-end offering consisting solely of wood fibers. Fig. Figure 1A illustrates the TS7 values ​​of a tissue paper product of the present disclosure and Fig. Figure 1F illustrates the TS7 and lint values ​​of tissue paper products of the present disclosure. cover

[0110] Tissue paper products (e.g., washcloth sheets) often contain a significant proportion of eucalyptus fibers, especially on the consumer-facing side. Therefore, incorporating higher proportions of bamboo inevitably replaces the short, narrow, and less coarse eucalyptus fibers with longer, wider, and coarser bamboo fibers.

[0111] It is well known in the art that fiber coverage plays an important role in the production of high-quality tissue paper products. Fiber coverage can be thought of as the average number of fibers encountered when moving perpendicular to the product's surface (i.e., in the z-direction). Fiber coverage calculations include fiber coarseness (mg / m), fiber width (mm), and basis weight (gsm). A contradiction that papermakers (fiber structures and especially tissue paper products) have to contend with is how to design a substrate that is both strong and soft. This has traditionally been achieved through the careful selection and layering of wood-based fibers. Long, easily processable fibers, such as softwoods, are used in a sheet for strength, while short, thin, and less coarse fibers, such as eucalyptus, are used for softness.These short, thin, and less coarse eucalyptus fibers also provide a high degree of fiber coverage in the sheet, which supports hand protection and other aspects of absorbency.

[0112] While the prior art has disclosed that low-coarseness bamboo can be used in toilet paper, the inventors of the present disclosure have surprisingly found that incorporating significantly higher-coarseness bamboo into the sheet, even at high incorporation, and toward the consumer (i.e., on a consumer-facing surface), can result in products with good softness and low linting. The tested bamboo fibers are also wider (18.9 µm) than in previous examples. These coarse and wide bamboo fibers produce substrates with lower fiber coverage for a given basis weight. Furthermore, it has surprisingly been shown that introducing coarser non-wood fibers such as bamboo, which have lower fiber coverage, can still produce products that successfully balance the traditional strength-softness trade-off.These improvements can be achieved at least in part by adjusting the jet / wire speed, different levels of pre-shortening at the wire-belt interface and during creping, and by changes in creping geometry.

[0113] As already indicated in this section, hand protection is an important component of consumer acceptance. One way to improve hand protection is to increase fiber coverage in the sheet. This can be achieved by increasing the basis weight or by selecting fibers that have a high specific surface area per weight. Fiber attributes associated with specific surface area are length, width, and coarseness. These properties can be used to create a stochastic model that projects fibers as rectangles laid out as bricks. Knowing the length, width, and weight of each brick, one can determine how much area a given weight of fibers would cover if they were laid perfectly flat next to each other. Dividing the coarseness by the fiber width gives the g / m^2 layer value.Comparing this weight per area (g / m^2) with the actual weight per area of ​​a sheet provides information about the number of fiber layers (coverage) expected in the sheet. Interestingly, when replacing eucalyptus with bamboo, the number of fiber layers (coverage) decreases for a given total sheet weight.

[0114] Another way to protect hands is to use a lower-density sheet. For a given basis weight, a lower density increases the strength of the sheet. This increased strength places the hand farther away from the material being removed, improving hand protection.

[0115] Paper manufacturers are always mindful of manufacturing costs while striving to produce high-quality products. The trade-off between higher weight, fiber selection, and density is therefore a consideration that should be taken into account. Surprisingly, it has been found that the careful layering of non-wood fibers and / or wood fibers in a low-density sheet provides good hand protection.

[0116] Continuing with the consideration of thoughtful layering, from a product quality perspective, there is a positive correlation between softness and fluff. More fluff generally means the product is perceived as softer, but too much fluff is not preferred by consumers. Single- or double-layer tissue products may be desirable because they require less equipment (blower pumps, storage chests, etc.) and are simpler (single- or double-layer headbox versus a three-layer headbox). In a single-layer embodiment, and often in a double-layer tissue product containing non-wood, the non-wood web faces the consumer—so it's all about finding the right balance between softness and fluff.Adding a third layer gives the product designer another degree of freedom, allowing them to incorporate some or all of the less desirable non-wood fibers into the middle, or non-consumer-facing, layers. A third layer also allows the Yankee contact layer to have fewer or no non-wood fibers in contact with the surface. This results in a process that is easier to manage, as the non-wood fibers have less interaction with the complex chemical and physical interactions with the size coating and creping process. A three-layer non-wood sanitary tissue product therefore has more degrees of freedom in terms of design, is easier to manage from a Yankee coating perspective, and is more complex from an equipment perspective.A single- or double-layer tissue product is more difficult to design to meet consumer needs and more difficult to produce from a Yankee coating perspective. However, if these hurdles of a single- or double-layer embodiment can be overcome, they are desirable because they are produced using a less complex process. absorption

[0117] When designing fiber structures, especially for sanitary tissue products such as paper towels, washcloths, and facial tissues, there are many properties that must be met to create a product desired by consumers. Some of these consumer-desired properties include good absorbency and hand protection.

[0118] High volumetric absorption capacity at relatively small pore radii is believed to be preferred by consumers, especially in multi-layer products, because the water absorbed at these small pore sizes is tenaciously held by the absorbent material within the product. In multi-layer constructions, these "functional" pore sizes can range from 2.5 to 200 micrometers. When fluid is absorbed into these pores, it tends to remain in the substrate more than fluid absorbed by larger pores.

[0119] A commonly used method to increase porosity is to replace coarse softwood fibers with shorter, thinner, and less coarse hardwoods such as eucalyptus. The increase in eucalyptus content can be offset by the addition of softwoods such as NSK to maintain acceptable strength properties.

[0120] Surprisingly, experiments have shown that the addition of coarser non-wood fibers such as bamboo can still produce a high volumetric capacity of 2.5-200 micrometers (and ranges in between) while maintaining acceptable strength properties. Fig. Figure 1B illustrates the absorption values ​​and Fig. Figure 1C illustrates the desorption values ​​of a tissue product of the present disclosure. Desorption

[0121] Continuing the discussion in the previous section (Absorption), and without being bound by theory, regarding desorption, it is assumed that a high volumetric desorption capacity at relatively small pore radii is preferred by the consumer, especially in multilayer products, because the water desorbed at these small pore sizes is water originally absorbed into the functional structure itself. When a wetting fluid is absorbed into a substrate, the mechanically introduced features (introduced while the substrate was essentially dry, such as creping or embossing effects) relax, partially collapsing the structure. While important for the consumer experience, these mechanically mediated features are not resistant to liquids.The desorption curves can therefore be interpreted as a good characterization of the wet structuring of the material. Maximizing the desorption volume from 2.5–200 micrometers (and ranges in between) results in a sheet with a larger "functional" absorption volume. This is a good indicator of the absorbency preferred by the consumer, as water absorbed into the structure is less likely to re-leak from the material, thus providing better protection for the consumer against soiling.

[0122] As mentioned in the Absorption section, experiments have surprisingly shown that the addition of coarser non-wood fibers such as bamboo can still produce a high volumetric capacity of 2.5-200 micrometers (and ranges in between) while maintaining acceptable strength properties. Fig. Figure 1C illustrates the desorption values ​​of a tissue product of the present disclosure. VFS

[0123] Continuing the discussion in the three previous sections (absorption, desorption, and desorption-absorption hysteresis), it is assumed that a substrate exhibiting a high vertical full sheet (VFS) absorption capacity is preferred by consumers due to absorption and hand protection. The VFS measurement is assumed to accurately characterize how much liquid is tightly trapped within the layers of a substrate, since liquid located between the layers or loosely within a layer will drain away when the sheet is placed in the (near) vertical position. It is assumed that this remaining, tightly trapped liquid would reach the consumer's hand more slowly, resulting in better hand protection.

[0124] A commonly used method to increase the VFS of a substrate is to create structures from low-coarseness fibers, which, due to a finer fiber network and pore structure, are more likely to retain water. Experiments have surprisingly shown that the use of coarse non-wood fibers such as bamboo can produce substrates with high VFS capacity while still maintaining acceptable strength properties.

[0125] Experiments have surprisingly shown that the use of coarse non-wood fibers such as bamboo can produce substrates with high VFS capacity while still maintaining acceptable strength properties. Fig. Figure 1D illustrates the VFS values ​​of a tissue product of the present disclosure. Sliding-adhesive

[0126] Continuing the discussion in the four previous sections (absorption, desorption, desorption-absorption hysteresis, and VFS) related to softness, another consumer-desired property is surface smoothness / slip. Low slip-adhesion values ​​in a fiber structure are believed to be preferred by consumers because the test is a good measure of how "slippy" a substrate is. Typical design levers for improving a substrate's slip-adhesion values ​​include increasing smoothness through calendering or replacing coarser softwood fibers with shorter, thinner, and less coarse hardwood fibers such as eucalyptus. Increasing the eucalyptus content can be offset by adding softwoods such as NSK to maintain acceptable strength properties.

[0127] Experiments have surprisingly shown that the use of coarse non-wood fibers such as bamboo can result in substrates with low slip-adhesion values ​​while maintaining acceptable strength properties. Fig. Figure 1E illustrates the slip-adhesion values ​​of a sanitary tissue product of the present disclosure. Absorbent and firm (wet)

[0128] It may be desirable for sanitary tissue products of the present disclosure, such as paper towels, to be strong yet absorbent when wet. This combination is often a contradiction due to the underlying physics. For a paper towel to be strong, it must be composed of many fibers that are tightly and tightly bonded together and treated with a chemical that protects the bond between the fibers when wet. However, a structure designed to maximize these properties will not absorb quickly or with a high capacity because said structure would also have minimal interstitial spaces that delay water absorption into the substrate. Softwood fibers, for example, are desirable for the manufacture of such structures due to their fiber coarseness, length, and width. However, this fiber source is increasingly under pressure due to environmental pollution.It is therefore desirable to develop wet-laid structures with weaker, less coarse fibers that still exhibit excellent wet strength and absorbency. Surprisingly, it has been found that, despite the often undesirable properties of non-wood fibers (i.e., non-wood fibers have quite different properties than conventional wood fibers and behave quite differently), it is possible to achieve high levels of absorbency and wet strength in a non-wood-containing substrate—see, for example, . Fig. 2R, Fig. 2S, Fig. 10, Fig. 2T, Fig. 2U and Fig. 2X. Bidirectional strength

[0129] Because the papermaking process for wet-laid papers differs from that for woven substrates, there are many differences in the properties of durable substrates and tissue paper products. One particular difference is the strength and durability of durable substrates compared to tissue paper products. The former comprise woven filaments that appear to be continuous, and exhibit very high strength compared to the latter, which consist of hydrogen-bonded cellulose fibers. Directional differences in wet-laid structures are due to the hydrodynamics of continuous forming, the use of discrete fibers, and the non-isometric forces acting on the substrate during manufacturing.Often, the weaker direction of a substrate is the CD, and improving strength and stretch properties in this direction improves the overall consumer experience, as the paper towel is less susceptible to damage during use. Opportunities for improving CD strength and stretch properties include thoughtful selection of papermaker fibers, matching the fiber's bonding ability with their strength properties, process settings on the papermaking machine, such as finishing or forming conditions, and the distribution of heterogeneous density zones in the sheet. Refined softwood fibers, for example, are desirable for producing such structures due to their fiber coarseness, length, and strength. However, this fiber source is increasingly under pressure due to environmental pollution.It is therefore desirable to develop wet-laid substrates with weaker, shorter, or less coarse fibers that can nevertheless be implemented in structures that exhibit a high degree of bidirectional strength. Surprisingly, it has been found that despite the lower coarseness, shorter fiber length, and / or narrower width of non-wood fibers, a high degree of bidirectional strength can be achieved in a non-wood-containing substrate—see, for example, . Fig. 2 years, Fig. 2K and Fig. 2L. Voluminous and firm (wet)

[0130] It may be desirable for sanitary tissue products of the present disclosure, such as paper towels, to be strong when wet and bulky when dry. Wet strength facilitates the wiping up of soils, while a high-bulk sheet exhibits cloth-like durability, sponge-like absorbency, and other properties typical of durable substrates. However, this combination is often a contradiction due to the underlying physics. For a paper towel to be strong, it must typically be composed of many fibers that are tightly and tightly bonded together and treated with a chemical that protects the bond between the fibers when wet. However, a structure designed to maximize these properties will not be bulky.A monoplanar layer of tightly bonded cellulose fibers would result in a flat, dense sheet that is strong when wet but has very low bulk when dry. Typically, improving dry bulk involves careful selection of papermaker fibers, matching the fibers' bonding ability with their strength properties, process settings on the papermaking machine, such as finishing or forming conditions, and the distribution of heterogeneous density zones within the sheet. For example, refined softwood fibers are often desirable for creating such structures due to their fiber coarseness, length, and strength. However, this fiber source is increasingly under pressure due to environmental pollution.It is therefore desirable to develop wet-laid structures with weaker, shorter, or less coarse fibers that can nevertheless be implemented in a structure that exhibits excellent wet strength and high dry bulk. Surprisingly, it has been found that, despite the often undesirable properties of non-wood fibers (i.e., non-wood fibers have very different properties than conventional wood fibers and behave very differently), it is possible to achieve high levels of wet strength and dry bulk in a non-wood tissue product—see, for example, [link missing]. Fig. 2Y, Fig. 2Z, and Fig. 2AA. Durable and strong (wet)

[0131] It may be desirable for sanitary tissue products of the present disclosure, such as paper towels, to be strong when wet and at the same time durable (i.e., capable of maintaining their integrity when subjected to cyclical stress on the substrate, for example, during scrubbing). This combination is often a contradiction due to the underlying physics. For a paper towel to be strong, it must be composed of many fibers that are tightly and tightly bonded together and treated with a chemical that protects the bond between the fibers when wet. However, a structure designed to maximize these properties will not be durable because a sheet composed of tightly bonded, millimeter-sized fibers will rapidly absorb stress in a tensile test and fail at relatively low percentages of elongation, contributing to low durability.Opportunities for improving wet durability include careful selection of papermaker fibers, matching fiber bonding properties with strength characteristics, process settings on the papermaking machine, such as finishing or forming conditions, and the distribution of heterogeneous density zones within the sheet. Refined softwood fibers, for example, are desirable for producing such structures due to their fiber coarseness, length, and strength. However, this fiber source is increasingly under pressure due to environmental pollution. It is therefore desirable to develop wet-laid structures with weaker, shorter, or less coarse fibers that can still be implemented into a structure that exhibits excellent wet strength and durability.It has surprisingly been found that despite the often undesirable properties of non-wood fibers (i.e. non-wood fibers have very different properties than conventional wood fibers and behave very differently), it is possible to achieve a high degree of durability in a non-wood containing substrate - see for example . Fig. 2BB, Fig. 2CC, Fig. 2DD and Fig. 2EE. Soft (dry) and firm (wet)

[0132] It may be desirable for sanitary tissue products of the present disclosure, such as paper towels, to be soft when dry but strong when wet. The high strength in the wet state facilitates soil removal, but due to the strong fibers, dense fiber network, and required high fiber bonding, the resulting substrate is very rough when dry. Conversely, a substrate that is soft when dry has fibers of lower strength and coarseness that are only lightly bonded together and have a lot of spacing within the ply. Such a substrate feels soft to the touch but is very weak when wet due to the aforementioned texturing and low level of bonding.Opportunities to improve dry softness include careful selection of papermaker fibers, matching the fibers' bonding ability with their strength properties, process settings on the papermaking machine, such as finishing or forming conditions, and the distribution of heterogeneous density zones in the sheet. Combinations of hardwood and softwood fibers are often used to achieve an appropriate balance. Refined softwood fibers, for example, are desirable for producing wet strength due to their high fiber coarseness, long length, and high strength. Hardwood fibers are desirable for improving dry softness due to their low coarseness and length. However, these fiber sources are coming under increasing pressure due to environmental pollution.It is therefore desirable to develop wet-laid structures with weaker, shorter, or less coarse fibers that can nevertheless be implemented in a structure that exhibits excellent wet strength and dry softness. Surprisingly, it has been found that, despite the often undesirable properties of non-wood fibers (i.e., non-wood fibers have quite different properties than conventional wood fibers and behave very differently), it is possible to achieve high levels of wet strength and dry softness in a substrate containing non-wood (e.g., abaca)—see, for example, [link missing]. Fig. 2V and Fig. 2W. Strong and durable

[0133] Because the papermaking process for wet-laid papers differs from that for woven substrates, there are many differences in the properties of durable substrates and tissue paper products. One particular difference is the strength and durability of durable substrates compared to tissue paper products. The former comprise woven filaments that appear to be continuous, and exhibit very high strength compared to the latter, which consist of hydrogen-bonded cellulose fibers. Directional differences in wet-laid structures are due to the hydrodynamics of continuous forming, the use of discrete fibers, and the non-isometric forces acting on the substrate during manufacturing.Often, the weaker direction of a substrate is the CD, and improving strength and elongation properties in this direction improves the overall consumer experience by making the paper towel less susceptible to damage during use. Opportunities to improve dry durability include thoughtful selection of papermaker fibers, matching the fiber's bonding ability with their strength properties, process settings on the papermaking machine, such as finishing or forming conditions, and the distribution of heterogeneous density zones within the sheet. Refined softwood fibers, for example, are desirable for producing such structures due to their fiber coarseness, length, and strength. However, this fiber source is increasingly under pressure due to environmental pollution.It is therefore desirable to develop wet-laid structures with weaker, shorter, or less coarse fibers that can nevertheless be implemented in a structure that exhibits excellent strength and durability in the dry state. Surprisingly, it has been found that, despite the often undesirable properties of non-wood fibers (i.e., non-wood fibers have quite different properties than conventional wood fibers and behave very differently), it is possible to achieve a high degree of strength and durability in a non-wood-containing substrate—see, for example, . Fig. 2M and Fig. 2N. Soft and firm

[0134] Because the papermaking process for wet-laid papers differs from that for woven substrates, there are many differences in the properties of durable substrates and tissue products. One difference is the balance between strength and softness. Because wet-laid materials are made of fibers of about 5 mm or less, the strength of the network depends on both the fiber itself and the bonding between the fibers. Bonding between the fibers is usually improved by finishing, a mechanical process that alters the fibers. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the mechanical energy of finishing delaminates the cell walls, fibrillates the fibers from the outside, and releases hemicellulose-based gels that improve the relative bonded area between the fibers and the overall strength of the substrate.However, this increase in strength often comes at the expense of lower softness, which can be described by the tensile modulus. High tensile moduli are associated with sheets of lower softness. Furthermore, the strength of the fiber usually depends on the cell wall thickness and the fiber diameter. Non-woods typically have a higher degree of external fibrillation, shorter fiber lengths, and / or lower coarseness than softwoods. A substrate composed of these fibers would therefore be expected to have a less strong, less soft sheet. Surprisingly, it has been found that despite the often undesirable properties of non-wood fibers (i.e., non-wood fibers have very different properties and behave very differently than conventional wood fibers), it is possible to produce a substrate that is high strength and soft - see for example. Fig. 1N, Fig. 2I, Fig. 20, Fig. 2P and Fig. 2Q.

[0135] Surprisingly, the inventors of the present disclosure have discovered that many of the above-mentioned properties and characteristics can be achieved by replacing conventional wood fibers with non-wood fibers. For example, replacing refined long-fiber northern and southern softwood with abaca can help achieve the desired strength of the fiber structure. It may be desirable to combine abaca with a sustainable hardwood (e.g., eucalyptus) that is short and coarse (i.e., stiff and able to resist collapse). Particularly when using abaca for its strength properties, as described in this paragraph, it is desirable that it not collapse into a tightly bonded, rough, thin network with little variation in pore size. It may further be desirable to form such fiber structures with fibers in patterns that include a higher degree of cushion modulation.As in . Fig. As shown in Figure 2A-JJ, such fiber blends and ribbon patterns can lead to surprisingly high dry strength, wet strength, strength, and surface texture with a soft and absorbent surface. This surprising result can be enhanced by increasing the forming conditions, such as structuring the ribbon pattern, ribbon overlap, creping and / or screen drawing, and pressing. The inventors hypothesize that the long, high-carboxyl abaca easily bonds with the short, coarse fibers, thus maintaining strength but increasing strength, porosity, absorbency, and softness. In this way, the non-wood (e.g., abaca) contributes to maximizing pore size diversity to improve softness and absorbency while maintaining strength.In particular, structuring tape patterns with low-density regions of at least 10 mils wide, or at least 20 mils wide, or at least 30 mils wide, and patterns that combine different sizes of low-density regions can better utilize the advantage. Structuring the fiber shaping depths of the tape, also called overlay, which takes advantage of the fiber length of the fiber blend containing non-wood fibers can also increase the advantage. Without being bound by theory, it may be desirable for the spacing between the protrusions of the tape pattern to be equal to or greater than the average fiber length of the blend to increase the formation of diverse pores when non-wood is used. In addition, without being bound by theory, the crepe impact angle and roll pull can be utilized to create regions of micro-disturbances that increase the variation in bonds, pores, and sheet structure.Wet transfer or rapid transfer can also produce multiple fiber planes and orientations and can help increase the benefits of non-wood admixtures. Furthermore, the combination of one or all of these factors can enhance the surprising combination of substrate properties. Role properties

[0136] Large rolls have a perceived advantage on the shelf for the consumer. A roll with a larger diameter at a given price is usually preferred by the consumer. When the consumer unwraps and uses that roll, they also want that large roll to have just the right amount of firmness. Rolls that are too soft represent inferiority; rolls that are too firm represent roughness and a lack of absorbency. From a manufacturing perspective, however, a roll of toilet paper can be most cost-effectively produced with a minimum of fiber mass, distributing that mass so that the substrate still exhibits high strength, absorbency, and softness.

[0137] The morphology of bamboo fiber (high degree of fines content, broad fiber length distribution, high coarseness, high fibrillation), along with many other non-wood fibers, results in a fiber that dewaters poorly and is particularly unsuitable for through-air drying machines due to the high energy costs associated with drying the resulting fiber sliver. Therefore, most webs containing bamboo are produced on conventional wet presses. These machines produce low-strength webs that, when converted into finished product rolls, result in either low bulk and hard rolls or high bulk and extremely soft rolls. There are a few products containing bamboo that are produced using through-air drying machines.However, when converted to a roll format, these examples suffer from a structuring of the rolls that is not preferred by the consumer, having a high volume but still being extremely soft.

[0138] The reason for this discrepancy between roll volume and roll strength may lie in the compression / relaxation properties of the substrate. Therefore, it is an unmet consumer need to develop a substrate containing bamboo fibers that can be wound into rolls for finished products that are both voluminous and strong.

[0139] As indicated in other parts of this disclosure, fiber structures such as tissue paper products may include significant amounts of eucalyptus fibers (particularly in the consumer-facing layer of a sheet) that are short, narrow, and have low coarseness. These attributes allow for improved forming into a structured web, affecting the density and compressibility / resilience properties of the web. When higher proportions of non-wood fibers (e.g., bamboo) are used, the eucalyptus fibers are replaced by longer, wider, and coarser non-wood fibers (e.g., bamboo). These attributes make non-wood fibers such as bamboo much less readily formable into a structured web, resulting in less desirable properties, including, for example, compression and resiliency properties.

[0140] The inventors of the present disclosure have surprisingly demonstrated that substrates and rolls comprising non-wood fibers (e.g., bamboo) can be produced with good roll bulk and roll compressibility properties, although the addition of non-wood fibers (e.g., bamboo) results in substrates comprising coarser, more highly fibrillated fibers that are less suitable for molding due to their morphological properties. These improvements can be achieved, in part, by adjusting the jet / wire speed, varying levels of pre-shortening at the wire-belt interface and during creping, changes in creping geometry, and the targeted placement of high- and low-density zones within the substrate.

[0141] In addition to the advantageous properties described in the above disclosure, the novel fiber structures described herein allow the manufacturer of fiber structures to produce rolls with a high volume (for example, greater than 4 cm 3 / g) and / or a greater roll strength (for example, between about 2.5 mm and about 15 mm) and / or a lower percentage roll compressibility (low percentage compressibility, for example, less than 10% compressibility).

[0142] "Roll volume," as used herein, is the result of measuring the rolls of the finished product. The rolls are stored in a room with controlled temperature and humidity (TAPPI conditions, approximately 23°C ± 2°C and approximately 50% ± 2% relative humidity) for at least 24 hours to equilibrate (equilibration can be monitored by measuring the weight of the rolls every 4 hours until the mass stabilizes). If the rolls have been stored at a relative humidity greater than 50%, the rolls should first be equilibrated at a relative humidity less than 50% and then at TAPPI conditions - see T-402. The rolls are weighed and the weight recorded to the nearest hundredth of a gram. The width of the rolls is measured using a ruler that displays millimeters; the width is recorded to the nearest tenth of a centimeter.The roll diameter is measured using the percentage roll compressibility test method included here. The roll volume (cm^3 / g) is then calculated as follows: The square of the roll radius (roll diameter (cm) / 2) is multiplied by 3.14159 and the roll width (cm), then divided by the roll mass (g). Roller volume (ccg) = 3.14159 ∗ (roller diameter (cm) 2 ∗ roller width (cm) ∗ roller weight (g)

[0143] The measurements are carried out with the roll core inserted. The units "cc / g" are used interchangeably with "cm 3 / g" is used.

[0144] The novel rolled fibrous structures (e.g., tissue paper products) of the present disclosure may have a roll volume of more than about 4 cm 3 / g, more than about 5 cm 3 / g, more than about 6 cm 3 / g, more than about 7 cm 3 / g, more than about 8 cm 3 / g, more than about 9 cm 3 / g, more than about 10 cm 3 / g, more than about 12 cm 3 / g, more than about 13 cm 3 / g, more than about 14 cm 3 / g, more than about 15 cm 3 / g, more than about 16 cm 3 / , more than about 17 cm 3 / g, and / or less than about 30 cm 3 / g, less than about 25 cm 3 / g, less than about 22 cm 3 / g, less than about 20 cm 3 / g, and / or of about 10 cm 3 / g up to about 25 cm 3 / g, including all 0.1 increments between the listed ranges. For further information on roll volume, see Fig. 1G and Fig. 1H.

[0145] Furthermore, examples of the novel rolled fiber structures described herein may have a roll strength of less than about 10.5 mm, less than about 9.5 mm, less than 8.5 mm, less than about 7 mm, or from about 2.5 mm to about 15 mm, and / or from about 3 mm to about 13 mm, from about 4 mm to about 10 mm, and / or from about 6 to about 9 mm, particularly including all 0.1 increments between the recited ranges. For further roll strength, see Fig. 1G.

[0146] Furthermore, examples of the novel fiber structures described herein may be in the form of rolled fabric products (single or multi-ply), for example, a dry fiber structure roll, and a percent compressibility of less than about 10%, less than about 8%, less than about 7%, less than about 6%, less than about 5%, less than about 4.5%, less than about 4%, less than about 3%, about 0%, more than about 0.25%, more than about 1%, from about 2.5% to about 5%, from about 3% to about 5.5%, from about 4% to about 10%, from about 4% to about 8%, from about 4% to about 7%, and / or from about 4% to about 6%, as measured by the percent compressibility test method described herein. For further information on percent compressibility, see Fig. 1H.

[0147] Additionally, examples of the novel rolled tissue products described herein may be individually wrapped to protect the fiber structure from environmental influences during shipping, storage, and retail display. Any known methods and materials for wrapping washcloths or paper towels may be used. Further, the plurality of individual packages, whether individually wrapped or not, may be packaged together into a package having a plurality of the novel rolled tissue products described herein inside. The package may contain 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, or more rolls. For such packages, the roll volume and percent compressibility may be important factors in package integrity during shipping, storage, and retail display.Furthermore, the plurality of individual packages or packages containing a plurality of newly rolled tissue products may be palletized (i.e., organized and / or transported on a pallet) as described herein. For such pallets containing the newly rolled tissue products described herein, the volume of the rolls and the percentage compressibility may be important factors in determining package integrity during shipping, storage, and retail display.

[0148] Furthermore, a packaging of a plurality of individual rolled fabric products is conceivable, in which at least one of the fabric products has a roll volume of more than about 4 cm 3 / g or a percent compressibility of less than about 10% or less than about 8%, respectively. In one example, a package of a plurality of individual rolled tissue products, wherein at least one of the tissue products has a roll volume of more than 4 cm 3 / g and a roll compressibility of less than 10% and less than 8%, respectively. In another example, a package of a plurality of individual rolled tissue products, wherein at least one of the tissue products has a roll volume of more than about 6 cm 3 / g and a percent compressibility of less than about 8% or less than about 5%.

[0149] US Publication No. 2022-0031531 discloses packages that may be desirable for containing the rolled fibrous structures of the present disclosure, including sanitary tissue products (e.g., washcloths). The packages may comprise non-wood fibers, just like the rolled fibrous structures the package is intended to contain. Examples of fiber structures

[0150] Further non-limiting examples of the novel fiber structures incorporating the various non-wood fiber admixtures of the invention may have the properties disclosed in the tables below and in Fig. 1A-2JJ. Note that the wheat straw fibers in the following tables have never been dried. The other fibers in the tables have been dried once.

[0151] The following Tables 1 and 1a detail several embodiments of the invention, in particular the fiber type and the percentage admixture in certain layers and plies: Table 1a: Paper towel % vom gesamten Blatt Substrat Art Proben-ID Anzahl Einzelschichten Nichtholz Euk Nadelholz Nichtholz FSO / WSO Papiertuch Erfindungsgemäß 9 1 Bambus 37 % 53 % 10 % FSO Papiertuch Erfindungsgemäß 10 1 Bambus 42% 48 % 10 % FSO Papiertuch Erfindungsgemäß 11 1 Bambus 34 % 46 % 20 % FSO Papiertuch Erfindungsgemäß 12 1 Bambus 44 % 36% 20 % FSO Paper towel According to the invention 13 1 bamboo 31 % 40 % 30 % FSO Paper towel According to the invention 14 1 bamboo 46 % 24 % 30 % FSO Paper towel According to the invention 45 1 Bagasse 40 % 25 % 35 % WSO Paper towel According to the invention 46 1 flax 40 % 25 % 35 % WSO Paper towel According to the invention 47 1 hemp 40 % 25 % 35 % WSO Paper towel According to the invention 48 1 Unbleached bamboo 40 % 25 % 35 % WSO Paper towel According to the invention 49 1 Abaca 40 % 25 % 35 % WSO Paper towel According to the invention 56 1 Abaca 35 % 0% 65 % FSO Paper towel According to the invention 57 1 Abaca 34 % 36% 30 % FSO Paper towel According to the invention 58 1 Abaca 36% 33 % 31 % FSO Paper towel According to the invention 59 1 Abaca 36% 33 % 31 % FSO Paper towel According to the invention 60 1 Abaca 36% 33 % 31 % FSO Paper towel According to the invention 61 1 Abaca 35 % 0% 65 % FSO Paper towel According to the invention 62 1 Abaca 40 % 0% 60 % FSO Paper towel According to the invention 63 1 Abaca 45 % 0% 55 % FSO Paper towel According to the invention 64 1 Abaca 35 % 0% 65 % FSO Paper towel Traditional Z02 1 40 % 60 % 0% FSO Paper towel Traditional Z12 1 40 % 60 % 0% WSO Paper towel Traditional Z14 1 35 % 65 % 0% FSO Paper towel Traditional Z15 1 35 % 65 % 0% FSO Paper towel Traditional Z16 1 35 % 65 % 0% FSO

[0152] The following Table 2 lists several inventive and comparative embodiments, with particular reference to several properties comparing the inventive and comparative embodiments (Note: Common numbers between the tables indicate the same sample): Table 2 PVD Substrat Type Non-wood Sample ID Number of layers process crepe Different density Dry draft ratio 2.5-100 micrometers PVD hysteresis 2.5-160 microns PVD absorption 2.5-160 micrometer PVD desorption washcloth Comparative bamboo A 2 CWP Y N 3,9 236 621 702 washcloth Comparative bamboo B 2 CWP Y N 4,4 110 791 814 washcloth Comparative bamboo C 2 CWP Y N 2,2 139 449 561 washcloth Comparative bamboo D 3 CWP Y N 2,2 50 797 828 washcloth Comparative bamboo E 3 CWP Y N 2,8 47 633 671 washcloth Comparative bamboo F 1 UCTAD N N 1,1 42 656 667 washcloth Comparative bamboo G 2 CWP Y N 3,4 79 402 536 washcloth Comparative Bamboo / sugar cane H 2 CWP Y N 4,1 82 439 573 washcloth Comparative Wheat straw AA 3 CWP Y N 2,7 92 725 691 washcloth Comparative Wheat straw BB 4 CWP Y N 2,4 292 993 1062 washcloth According to the invention bamboo 16 2 TAD Y Y 1,5 492 1095 1411 washcloth According to the invention bamboo 18 2 TAD Y Y 1,5 545 1034 1373 washcloth According to the invention bamboo 19 2 TAD Y Y 1,4 573 933 1453 washcloth According to the invention bamboo 22 2 TAD Y Y 2 517 1173 1372 washcloth According to the invention bamboo 25 2 TAD Y Y 1,2 645 1177 1444 washcloth According to the invention bamboo 26 2 TAD Y Y 1,3 629 1192 1490 washcloth Traditional Z6 2 TAD Y Y 1,7 390 1132 1279 washcloth According to the invention bamboo 27 2 TAD Y Y 1,4 765 967 1526 washcloth According to the invention bamboo 20 2 TAD Y Y 2,1 587 1037 1352 washcloth According to the invention bamboo 21 2 TAD Y Y 1,9 512 1024 1296 washcloth According to the invention bamboo 21 2 TAD Y Y 1,9 482 1036 1262 washcloth According to the invention bamboo 23 2 TAD Y Y 1,7 720 956 1433 washcloth According to the invention bamboo 24 2 TAD Y Y 1,6 816 896 1557 Paper towel According to the invention Abaca 59 2 TAD Y Y 292 785 1496 Paper towel According to the invention Abaca 56 2 TAD Y Y 435 874 1618 Paper towel According to the invention Abaca 57 2 TAD Y Y 362 787 1631 Paper towel According to the invention Abaca 61 2 TAD Y Y 1,35 421 1060 1599 Paper towel According to the invention Abaca 64 2 TAD Y Y 1,38 423 1023 1551 Paper towel According to the invention bamboo 10 2 TAD Y Y 1,44 552 885 1611 Paper towel According to the invention bamboo 12 2 TAD Y Y 1,41 519 835 1583 Paper towel According to the invention bamboo 14 2 TAD Y Y 1,68 430 835 1561 washcloth According to the invention Abaca 31 2 TAD Y Y 1,51 473 1296 1487 washcloth Traditional Z8 2 TAD Y Y 1,73 405 812 1088 washcloth According to the invention Abaca 39 2 TAD Y Y 1,83 383 844 1075 Paper towel Comparative Bamboo / sugar cane U 2 CWP Y N 147 582 735 Paper towel Comparative bamboo V 2 CWP Y N 138 466 696 Paper towel Comparative bamboo W 2 CWP Y N 17 482 745 Paper towel Comparative Bamboo / sugar cane X 2 CWP Y N 133 524 689 Paper towel Comparative bamboo Y 2 CWP Y N 130 502 679 Table 2 (continued) Substrat Type Non-wood Sample ID Roll volume Percent roll compressibility Roll strength Education Index Outside Education Index Indoor Education Index Average Cover (fiber layers) Fiber number range (C(n)) Fiber number range (C(1)) toilet paper Comparative bamboo A 7,1 1,24 3,38 157 171 164 4,21 714 265 toilet paper Comparative bamboo B 8,3 4,81 7,52 141 130 136 4,67 779 294 toilet paper Comparative bamboo C 8,4 3,07 7,03 115 113 114 3,22 550 200 toilet paper Comparative bamboo D 6,1 1,54 3,09 123 116 120 6,59 762 534 toilet paper Comparative bamboo E 7,7 2,22 4,50 98 103 101 4,71 805 289 toilet paper Comparative bamboo F 12,5 6,36 10,55 73 67 70 4,94 815 256 toilet paper Comparative bamboo G 8,0 3,76 6,15 149 142 146 2,88 502 177 toilet paper Comparative Bamboo / sugar cane H 8,3 3,32 5,65 142 136 139 2,80 374 162 toilet paper Comparative Wheat straw AA 10,0 2,82 8,14 111,5 110 111 6,38 714 367 toilet paper Comparative Wheat straw BB 9,0 3,46 9,25 113 94 104 6,84 723 374 toilet paper According to the invention bamboo 16 9,0 3,88 7,83 72 72 72 8,34 895 457 toilet paper According to the invention bamboo 18 9,3 3,90 8,22 68 68 68 7,27 872 391 toilet paper According to the invention bamboo 19 9,3 4,07 7,21 64 66 65 6,89 1027 367 toilet paper According to the invention bamboo 22 9,4 2,88 5,27 56 57 57 8,23 923 491 toilet paper According to the invention bamboo 25 8,9 2,58 5,54 74 67 71 5,60 779 281 toilet paper According to the invention bamboo 26 10,0 3,27 6,54 69 67 68 6,07 850 291 toilet paper Traditional 26 9,7 3,20 6,14 78 79 79 8,93 834 527 toilet paper According to the invention bamboo 27 9,8 2,99 6,23 67 65 66 5,74 806 285 toilet paper According to the invention bamboo 20 60 56 58 toilet paper According to the invention bamboo 21 toilet paper According to the invention bamboo 21 64 62 63 toilet paper According to the invention bamboo 23 69 63 66 toilet paper According to the invention bamboo 24 52 50 51 Paper towel According to the invention Abaca 59 Paper towel According to the invention Abaca 56 19,2 4,13 10,12 47 47 47 Paper towel According to the invention Abaca 57 19,3 4,13 10,07 48 47 48 Paper towel According to the invention Abaca 61 17,4 3,66 7,97 38 38 38 Paper towel According to the invention Abaca 64 18,0 3,78 8,87 37 36 37 Paper towel According to the invention bamboo 10 18,9 3,70 8,68 51 50 51 Paper towel According to the invention bamboo 12 Paper towel According to the invention bamboo 14 20,9 4,03 9,70 47 43 45 toilet paper According to the invention Abaca 31 9,3 3,33 6,83 76 76 76 toilet paper Traditional Z8 12,4 4,55 8,97 74 72 73 toilet paper According to the invention Abaca 39 12,1 4,36 8,19 55 53 54 Paper towel Comparative Bamboo / sugar cane U 8,3 4,48 6,88 120 115,5 118 Paper towel Comparative bamboo V 10,1 4,12 6,22 99 102 100 Paper towel Comparative bamboo W 8,8 3,02 5,67 67,5 71 69 Paper towel Comparative Bamboo / sugar cane X 7,7 2,28 4,77 121 118 120 Paper towel Comparative bamboo Y 7,8 1,98 3,81 102 101 102

[0153] The following Tables 3 and 3a describe in detail several embodiments of the invention and comparative embodiments, in particular several properties of the invention and comparative embodiments that go beyond the properties of Table 2 (Note: Common numbers and letters between the tables refer to the same sample): Table 3: Washcloth Sample ID Type Non-wood Substrat Basis weight Bulk modulus inclination Dry starch wet starch Peak load CD train CD Elongation at break (dry) CD TEA CD module 1 According to the invention bamboo toilet paper 33,3 -7,8 22,6 190 11,4 13,2 784 2 According to the invention bamboo toilet paper 32,9 -7,8 22,2 188 11,4 13,0 769 3 According to the invention bamboo toilet paper 33,0 -8,1 22,6 212 11,1 14,0 900 4 According to the invention bamboo toilet paper 33,7 -8,6 22,3 256 11,4 17,7 1120 5 According to the invention bamboo toilet paper 33,0 -8,8 23,0 180 11,6 12,7 705 6 According to the invention bamboo toilet paper 33,7 -8,6 22,6 181 11,9 13,3 739 7 According to the invention bamboo toilet paper 33,3 -9,0 22,4 184 11,6 13,0 756 8 According to the invention bamboo toilet paper 33,0 -8,8 22,2 182 11,8 13,3 746 15 According to the invention bamboo toilet paper 31,2 -9,4 20,7 206 14,2 16,7 697 16 According to the invention bamboo toilet paper 32,7 -9,7 20,6 233 12,9 17,0 870 17 According to the invention bamboo toilet paper 32,7 -9,4 21,0 229 12,3 15,9 886 18 According to the invention bamboo toilet paper 32,0 -8,4 20,1 194 12,2 13,4 755 19 According to the invention bamboo toilet paper 32,8 -9,1 20,9 260 11,4 17,1 1135 20 According to the invention bamboo toilet paper 28,7 -6,0 22,8 166 14,5 13,7 549 21 According to the invention bamboo toilet paper 31,1 -5,5 23,1 179 11,8 12,0 732 22 According to the invention bamboo toilet paper 31,0 -5,5 23,1 171 14,4 14,1 561 23 According to the invention bamboo toilet paper 31,5 -5,6 23,7 223 11,3 14,1 945 24 According to the invention bamboo toilet paper 32,3 -5,9 24,7 177 15,2 15,6 589 25 According to the invention bamboo toilet paper 34,7 -5,4 23,4 247 15,0 20,8 751 26 According to the invention bamboo toilet paper 30,2 -4,8 21,6 225 14,9 18,8 703 27 According to the invention bamboo toilet paper 29,9 -6,1 21,5 194 12,5 13,6 761 28 According to the invention Abaca toilet paper 34,7 -9,0 24,3 264 9,6 15,2 1220 29 According to the invention Abaca toilet paper 33,6 -9,0 23,5 246 9,7 14,3 1149 30 According to the invention Abaca toilet paper 33,1 -8,7 24,1 235 11,1 15,3 897 31 According to the invention Abaca toilet paper 34,3 -7,7 24,1 257 10,5 16,6 1170 32 According to the invention Abaca toilet paper 33,0 -7,3 23,8 234 10,9 15,7 1003 33 According to the invention Abaca toilet paper 32,6 -9,0 24,7 234 10,3 15,2 1081 34 According to the invention Abaca toilet paper 24,7 -7,9 20,7 307 9,7 17,2 1261 35 According to the invention Abaca toilet paper 24,8 -8,0 20,9 295 9,6 16,5 1240 36 According to the invention Abaca toilet paper 25,1 -7,2 23,1 293 9,2 15,7 1283 37 According to the invention Abaca toilet paper 24,5 -8,1 22,5 254 10,4 15,7 1035 38 According to the invention Abaca toilet paper 24,5 -6,5 20,0 297 9,0 15,9 1396 39 According to the invention Abaca toilet paper 24,8 -6,7 21,6 283 10,0 17,1 1250 40 According to the invention Unbleached bamboo toilet paper 29,0 -4,87 21,1 149 41 According to the invention hemp toilet paper 28,9 -5,17 20,7 310 42 According to the invention Bagasse toilet paper 28,6 -4,27 20,8 198 43 According to the invention Cotton toilet paper 29,6 -6,10 21,4 128 44 According to the invention Bleached bamboo toilet paper 29,8 -5,03 23,5 385 10,5 22,4 1874 Table 3: Washcloth (continued) Sample ID Peak load MD train MD elongation at break (dry) MD TEA MD module Total dry tensile strength Geometric mean (GM) dry modulus Train ratio Bending stiffness-MD mg-cm Bending stiffness-CD mg-cm Bending stiffness Avg mg-cm 1 297 21,5 36,9 747 487 765 1,57 2 259 19,2 29,9 747 447 758 1,38 3 293 20,7 35,3 770 505 832 1,38 4 340 20,9 41,9 897 596 1002 1,33 5 262 20,4 31,1 673 443 689 1,45 6 250 20,5 30,6 656 431 696 1,38 7 263 20,4 30,9 628 446 689 1,43 8 251 19,0 28,5 691 433 718 1,38 15 294 18,7 31,7 842 500 766 1,43 42,4 46,3 44,3 16 339 18,2 35,7 962 572 914 1,46 45,6 52,3 49,0 17 345 19,9 38,5 875 573 880 1,51 48,9 57,2 53,0 18 299 17,6 29,5 845 493 797 1,55 44,2 50,0 47,1 19 354 23,1 45,1 777 614 939 1,36 51,9 71,5 61,7 20 346 24,1 49,0 1044 512 756 2,09 225,6 94,2 159,9 21 345 22,8 43,3 877 523 801 1,93 201,9 117,8 159,9 22 339 25,8 52,5 1002 509 750 1,99 263,7 121,8 192,7 23 370 26,1 53,2 907 593 915 1,66 256,9 186,3 221,6 24 281 20,5 39,0 1310 458 878 1,59 338,1 150,2 244,1 25 295 19,5 38,4 1012 541 872 207,2 139,9 173,5 26 287 20,4 39,4 1000 512 837 221,7 138,0 179,8 27 269 29,0 45,2 636 463 693 1,39 28 363 25,5 54,3 866 627 1028 1,37 64,8 98,0 81,4 29 345 24,9 51,0 861 591 994 1,40 58,7 80,1 69,4 30 338 24,1 48,4 892 573 893 1,44 57,5 70,7 64,1 31 387 27,2 59,6 842 645 992 1,51 58,5 82,5 70,5 32 378 25,8 55,8 918 612 959 1,62 56,4 66,8 61,6 33 344 25,1 49,7 843 579 954 1,47 52,2 68,7 60,5 34 537 19,4 56,7 1348 844 1303 1,75 248,0 201,2 224,6 35 515 19,3 54,2 1320 810 1279 1,74 243,3 201,4 222,3 36 504 19,7 54,7 1298 797 1290 1,72 273,9 226,5 250,2 37 463 18,9 48,7 1272 717 1146 1,82 249,0 208,2 228,6 38 530 18,6 54,5 1447 827 1420 1,79 251,1 207,5 229,3 39 519 19,5 55,3 1335 802 1291 1,83 273,8 199,3 236,5 40 254 403 195 1,71 41 421 731 361 1,36 42 302 500 245 1,53 43 265 393 184 2,08 44 491 19,0 49,3 1236 876 435 1,28 Table 3: Washcloth (continued) Sample ID L A B Lint - outside Fluff - Average HFS g / sht HFS g / g VFS g / sht VFS g / g CRT capacity g / g CRT capacity g / inch CRT rate g / s Residual water (%) Wet burst strength Wet burst strength / Total dry tensile strength 1 97,0 -0,8 3,6 9,6 9,1 11,1 19,5 6,2 11,0 2 96,9 -0,9 3,7 7,9 7,9 10,8 18,7 6,0 10,3 3 96,9 -0,7 3,4 9,1 9,3 10,7 18,4 6,0 10,3 4 96,9 -0,8 3,6 7,5 8,0 10,5 17,6 5,7 9,6 5 96,8 -0,7 3,5 9,6 9,4 11,5 19,8 6,4 11,0 6 96,8 -0,7 3,5 9,6 9,4 11,5 19,4 6,5 11,0 7 96,8 -0,8 3,6 9,5 9,0 11,1 18,5 6,4 10,6 8 96,8 -0,8 3,6 9,2 9,2 11,3 19,3 6,3 10,8 15 96,7 -0,9 3,8 10,1 10,0 10,2 19,8 5,8 11,2 33 0,065 16 96,9 -0,9 3,8 8,8 8,7 9,6 17,9 5,5 10,3 39 0,068 17 96,7 -0,7 3,5 9,4 9,4 9,7 17,9 5,5 10,2 36 0,063 18 96,8 -0,9 3,7 10,3 10,1 9,4 17,8 5,3 10,1 31 0,063 19 96,5 -0,9 3,7 4,7 4,9 8,9 16,1 5,1 9,2 36 0,058 20 96,7 -0,8 3,0 6,1 7,1 11,0 17,5 6,2 9,8 40 0,078 21 96,7 -0,6 2,6 7,1 7,3 10,5 16,6 5,8 9,2 45 0,086 22 96,7 -0,8 3,1 6,8 6,5 11,7 18,3 6,6 10,3 41 0,080 23 96,5 -0,9 2,6 5,1 4,4 10,5 15,6 5,8 8,6 33 0,056 24 96,3 -0,7 2,3 3,5 3,5 11,3 17,4 6,5 10,1 25 0,054 25 96,7 -0,9 4,1 11,8 20,8 6,7 11,8 34 0,063 26 96,5 -1,1 4,0 10,6 21,2 6,4 12,6 34 0,066 27 5,2 5,1 9,7 18,9 5,5 10,7 38 0,083 28 96,5 -0,8 4,3 10,2 10,8 11,6 20,1 6,4 11,2 34 0,054 29 96,0 -0,6 4,6 8,4 8,6 11,8 20,9 6,3 11,2 37 0,062 30 95,8 -0,6 4,6 9,8 8,7 12,5 22,6 6,6 12,0 37 0,064 31 95,2 -0,6 5,4 7,9 8,0 12,2 20,6 6,7 11,3 38 0,059 32 95,2 -0,5 5,4 8,3 8,4 12,1 21,9 6,5 11,8 40 0,065 33 95,3 -0,6 5,2 8,2 8,4 12,6 23,0 6,6 12,0 39 0,068 34 95,8 -0,4 3,3 3,3 3,1 10,5 25,4 5,3 12,9 47 0,056 35 95,5 -0,4 3,7 2,9 3,0 10,4 25,1 5,3 12,7 44 0,054 36 95,1 -0,2 4,1 3,0 3,1 10,4 24,3 5,4 12,6 43 0,054 37 95,1 -0,6 4,3 4,6 4,6 10,7 25,2 5,4 12,8 52 0,073 38 94,6 -0,1 5,0 3,0 3,1 9,6 23,2 4,9 12,0 41 0,049 39 94,6 -0,1 4,9 3,0 3,1 9,9 23,7 5,1 12,1 39 0,049 40 7,5 7,2 11,1 21,2 6,5 12,5 27 0,067 41 2,5 2,7 11,3 21,7 6,2 11,9 43 0,058 42 2,9 2,9 11,4 22,2 6,5 12,6 30 0,060 43 8,0 7,8 12,5 24,0 6,8 13,0 28 0,072 44 2,8 11,5 20,8 6,4 11,5 37 0,042 Table 3: Washcloth (continued) Sample ID CD Wet Tensile Strength - Finch CD Wet Tip Stretch - Finch CD Nassspitze TEA - Finch MD Wet Tensile Strength - Finch MD Wet Tip Expansion - Finch MD Wet Tip TEA - Finch Total wet tensile strength - Finch Total wet tensile strength decline- Finch SST 1 19,0 12,9 1,9 30,3 13,9 2,7 49,3 0,38 2 17,7 12,0 1,7 25,3 12,7 2,1 43,0 0,38 3 20 12,3 1,9 30 14,7 2,8 50,7 0,41 4 23 12,5 2,1 34 15,1 3,1 57,7 0,38 5 17 12,0 1,7 27 13,6 2,4 44,0 0,43 6 16 12,5 1,7 24 12,5 2,1 40,3 0,41 7 18 12,3 1,8 28 13,1 2,4 46,3 0,42 8 18 12,9 1,8 26 14,2 2,4 44,3 0,45 15 19 12,3 1,8 28 13,8 2,7 46,8 21,0 0,42 16 22 12,2 2,0 34 15,0 3,3 56,5 24,5 0,37 17 22 12,6 2,2 33 14,6 3,0 55,0 23,0 0,36 18 18 12,3 1,9 27 13,4 2,4 45,0 20,8 0,36 19 25 12,1 2,2 34 14,6 3,2 58,0 28,0 0,34 20 15 12,1 1,6 31 14,1 2,9 45,3 15,8 0,57 21 19 11,8 1,8 35 12,1 2,7 53,8 18,8 0,52 22 18 13,4 2,0 36 15,2 3,3 53,5 19,3 0,59 23 17 9,6 1,4 27 9,7 1,9 43,8 22,3 0,71 24 13 11,1 1,4 23 14,1 2,4 35,5 20,5 0,70 25 20 12,9 2,0 32 18,0 3,6 26 23 13,9 2,4 35 19,9 4,2 27 21 12,6 2,0 32 13,3 2,6 52,7 28 27 11,9 2,2 40 15,9 3,5 66,3 21,8 0,39 29 24 11,1 1,9 38 16,2 3,5 61,3 20,0 0,41 30 22 11,7 2,0 35 14,8 3,0 56,8 18,8 0,43 31 23 11,5 2,0 41 15,0 3,3 63,5 22,5 0,40 32 23 13,6 2,3 41 15,9 3,4 63,5 22,3 0,47 33 23 12,1 2,1 38 16,0 3,2 60,8 22,0 0,43 34 36 12,8 2,9 58 16,1 4,9 93,5 26,0 0,65 35 35 13,0 2,9 56 15,6 4,7 90,5 23,5 0,66 36 33 12,7 2,8 55 16,0 4,7 88,0 24,3 0,61 37 28 12,4 2,4 45 14,3 3,6 72,3 24,5 0,68 38 31 11,6 2,4 53 14,5 4,2 84,0 25,3 0,53 39 28 12,2 2,4 52 15,0 4,2 79,8 23,0 0,52 40 52 12,7 41 66 16,0 42 56 15,7 43 53 13,0 44 32 10,8 2,2 39 12,7 2,7 71 26,7 Table 3: Washcloth (continued) Sample IID Batch compressibility Bulk elasticity Stack compressibility x bulk elasticity TS7 Avg TS750 Avg Plate stiffness Sliding-Adhesive CoF Avg Kinetic CoF Avg Volume (cc / g) 1 37,0 50,8 1881 5,2 36,4 1,9 346 0,96 10,6 2 36,0 50,2 1806 5,9 38,9 2,1 353 1,01 10,5 3 40,0 51,5 2063 5,6 37,8 2,1 333 1,02 10,7 4 35,9 49,3 1771 5,9 36,0 2,2 325 0,98 10,3 5 38,5 52,5 2020 5,3 36,8 1,9 387 1,07 10,9 6 38,9 51,3 1997 5,0 35,9 2,1 290 1,00 10,5 7 39,9 52,0 2074 5,3 34,9 2,1 282 0,98 10,5 8 37,2 51,6 1918 5,0 33,5 2,0 301 1,04 10,5 15 33,8 53,0 1792 5,1 31,0 1,8 331 1,00 10,3 16 34,2 51,2 1748 5,7 35,7 1,9 373 0,94 9,9 17 33,8 51,6 1743 5,5 32,5 2,1 388 1,04 10,0 18 33,9 51,4 1742 6,0 31,2 2,0 410 1,03 9,8 19 34,9 50,7 1770 7,9 34,0 2,1 537 1,03 9,9 20 30,3 65,9 1993 9,4 19,4 3,2 404 0,94 12,4 21 30,0 62,0 1859 9,3 26,1 3,1 371 0,90 11,6 22 29,0 63,0 1828 9,6 19,9 3,6 417 0,95 11,6 23 32,1 62,9 2016 9,3 17,6 3,9 491 0,99 11,7 24 31,9 65,4 2082 10,4 15,9 4,4 534 0,96 11,9 25 29,2 58,2 1697 9,3 23,5 3,2 465 1,06 10,5 26 28,2 60,1 1695 9,4 16,2 3,3 462 1,01 11,1 27 30,1 61,4 1847 10,0 18,9 3,2 463 1,02 11,2 28 33,4 56,2 1876 6,0 41,7 2,2 391 0,95 10,9 29 33,1 56,8 1882 5,9 39,6 2,1 373 0,96 10,9 30 37,6 57,5 2159 5,4 36,8 2,3 407 1,03 11,3 31 32,2 58,3 1878 5,8 39,6 2,5 410 0,99 10,9 32 34,1 59,1 2014 5,5 35,5 2,2 437 0,99 11,2 33 34,4 60,5 2081 5,2 34,8 2,1 378 1,02 11,8 34 43,0 67,2 2887 12,6 26,3 4,9 472 0,88 13,0 35 40,6 67,9 2756 12,1 26,6 4,8 452 0,93 13,2 36 41,4 68,6 2841 12,0 27,1 5,3 443 0,87 14,3 37 35,2 64,9 2283 10,7 23,3 5,2 450 0,89 14,3 38 36,4 66,7 2427 11,4 23,9 5,0 489 0,90 12,7 39 39,1 67,6 2640 11,4 22,7 4,7 464 0,87 13,6 40 11,4 41 11,2 42 11,4 43 11,3 44 12,3 Table 3: Washcloth (continued) Sample ID Type Non-wood Substrat Basis weight Bulk modulus inclination Dry starch wet starch Peak load CD train CD Elongation at break (dry) CD TEA CD module A.1 Comparative bamboo washcloth 17,2 -4,0 8,9 251 7,6 12,2 2119 A.2 Comparative bamboo washcloth 16,4 232 9,0 14,2 1953 B.1 Comparative bamboo washcloth 27,1 185 8,6 10,0 1308 B.2 Comparative bamboo washcloth 26,3 14,4 178 8,5 9,5 1285 E.1 Comparative bamboo washcloth 26,2 218 11,5 15,7 1188 F.1 Comparative bamboo washcloth 23,7 -9,8 24,4 226 11,3 9,8 534 H.1 Comparative Bamboo / Sugarcane washcloth 20,5 11,8 151 3,4 5,8 1394 I Comparative bamboo washcloth 18,1 -4,1 12,7 172 6,8 7,1 1561 I.1 Comparative bamboo washcloth 18,2 213 5,5 7,4 2148 I.2 Comparative bamboo washcloth 18,1 -4,6 148 8,3 8,0 1128 I.3 Comparative bamboo washcloth 19,1 11,9 199 9,8 12,3 1322 J Comparative bamboo washcloth 18,0 180 5,1 5,3 1903 K Comparative Bamboo / Sugarcane washcloth 28,4 17,2 212 9,3 12,2 1428 M Comparative Bamboo / Sugarcane washcloth 27,0 17,2 411 4,8 11,6 3729 N Comparative Bamboo washcloth 27,2 -4,3 15,0 285 9,0 16,8 2056 O Comparative Bamboo / Sugarcane washcloth 17,3 11,1 151 7,3 6,8 1193 P Comparative Bamboo / Sugarcane washcloth 27,3 23,2 340 12,0 21,7 1134 Q Comparative Bamboo / Sugarcane washcloth 25,7 14,0 162 6,8 6,4 1288 Q.1 Comparative bamboo washcloth 27,4 217 10,1 13,9 1392 Q.2 Comparative Bamboo / Sugarcane washcloth 23,3 14,8 210 7,7 10,1 1587 AA Comparative Wheat straw washcloth 29,6 -5,2 17,8 407 7,9 18,3 2289,8 BB Comparative Wheat straw washcloth 30,2 -3,4 19,0 555 6,5 20,2 3232,9 Z01 Traditional washcloth 32,9 -7,8 23,0 216 11,8 15,4 847 Z03 Traditional washcloth 30,4 -5,9 22,6 189 10,5 11,3 860 Z06 Traditional washcloth 31,3 -5,1 22,1 198 9,4 10,6 994 Z07 Traditional washcloth 33,2 -7,9 23,4 221 10,2 13,4 964 Z08 Traditional washcloth 24,4 -8,6 20,3 298 10,6 18,2 1157 Z09 Traditional washcloth 28,6 -4,37 21,8 227 Z10 Traditional washcloth 29,4 -4,53 20,8 251 Z11 Traditional washcloth 29,8 -6,43 23,5 215 10,5 13,3 1176 Z13 Traditional washcloth 31,9 -8,7 21,1 242 12,1 16,0 914 Table 3: Washcloth (continued) Sample ID Peak load MD train MD elongation at break (dry) MD TEA MD module Total dry tensile strength Geometric mean (GM) dry modulus Train ratio Bending stiffness MD mg-cm Bending stiffness CD mg-cm Bending stiffness Avg mg-cm A.1 687 63,3 233,4 1011 937 1460 2,74 44,2 59,3 51,8 A.2 648 72,6 236,4 720 881 1186 2,79 B.1 817 22,0 96,3 1735 992 1487 4,41 B.2 792 22,9 105,3 1919 970 375 4,46 79,2 68,4 73,8 E.1 708 57,0 203,1 778 926 960 3,25 F.1 248 19,4 25,8 622 475 576 1,10 112,8 40,3 76,6 H.1 617 19,7 64,7 1425 768 1409 4,10 26,7 44,7 35,7 I 445 19,6 44,0 1004 618 1252 2,58 58,9 50,9 54,9 I.1 359 22,4 51,0 1190 572 1599 1,68 I.2 332 19,4 35,8 853 480 979 2,24 30,5 46,2 38,4 I.3 659 22,4 85,3 1719 858 1497 3,31 57,2 44,8 51,0 J 722 33,7 114,5 1030 902 1389 4,02 K 935 39,2 169,6 1274 1147 1349 4,42 84,0 79,0 81,0 M 688 33,9 112,1 839 1099 1769 1,67 37,0 243,0 140,0 N 699 18,1 78,9 2444 984 2239 2,45 114,7 83,0 98,9 O 421 33,0 76,9 943 572 1061 2,79 30,0 49,0 40,0 P 194,2 76,4 135,3 Q 660 19,1 64,9 1574 822 1424 4,07 30,5 56,7 43,6 Q.1 Q.2 368 23,6 46,2 727 578 1074 1,75 65,0 89,6 77,3 AA 1111,0 14,4 83 2426 1518 2357 2,7 206,1 314,8 260,5 BB 1325,5 17,0 114 2638 1880 2920 2,4 238,4 391,8 315,1 Z01 316 22,9 40,2 698 532 769 1,46 Z03 306 22,4 39,9 892 495 875 1,62 205,8 128,7 167,3 Z06 340 25,4 46,2 741 538 858 1,72 170,5 164,9 167,7 Z07 301 23,3 42,6 816 521 886 1,36 56,5 75,3 65,9 Z08 516 19,5 54,4 1281 814 1217 1,73 234,4 183,2 208,8 Z09 336 562 276 1,48 Z10 315 566 281 1,25 Z11 344 18,8 32,0 772 559 272 1,60 Z13 331 17,4 33,3 992 572 952 1,37 46,9 59,9 53,4 Table 3: Washcloth (continued) Sample ID L A B Lint - outside Fluff - Average HFS g / sht HFS g / g VFS g / sht VFS g / g CRT capacity g / g CRT capacity g / inch CRT rate g / s Residual water (%) Wet burst strength Wet burst strength / Total dry tensile strength A.1 95,1 -0,9 4,4 1,1 1,1 6,7 24,3 2,7 9,7 16 0,017 A.2 B.1 B.2 2,0 10 0,010 E.1 F.1 5,4 4,9 7,4 18,5 3,4 8,7 16 0,033 H.1 1,0 1,0 5,0 17,6 2,3 8,1 9 0,011 I 93,9 -0,9 5,6 1,3 1,3 6,4 20,9 2,5 8,3 4 0,007 I.1 I.2 1,2 1,2 7,2 23,6 2,9 9,6 3 0,006 I.3 1,1 1,1 6,3 18,6 2,9 8,5 4 0,005 J K 1,4 1,4 8,7 4,2 17,5 8,5 9 0,008 M 1,0 1,0 7,8 16,9 3,6 7,7 13 0,012 N 96,2 -0,8 3,7 1,5 1,7 6,3 13,8 3,7 8,0 6 0,006 O 1,0 1,0 6,8 22,6 2,6 8,7 5 0,009 P 0,9 0,9 9,0 18,7 4,0 8,4 22 Q 2,3 2,3 6,7 15,7 3,4 8,1 9 0,011 Q.1 Q.2 3,7 3,7 8,4 19,8 3,7 8,7 3 0,005 AA 94,3 -1,4 6,9 0,9 1,4 9,4 0,006 BB 94,3 -1,4 7,2 0,2 0,5 7,2 0,004 Z01 96,9 -0,8 3,6 10,3 9,8 11,8 21,2 6,4 11,4 0,000 Z03 96,7 -0,8 3,5 9,6 10,5 11,0 20,3 6,3 11,6 30 0,060 Z06 96,8 -0,9 3,4 11,0 20,6 6,1 11,5 29 0,053 Z07 96,8 -0,8 4,1 11,8 11,2 11,8 21,3 6,4 11,5 28 0,053 Z08 96,1 -0,5 3,0 3,5 3,4 11,0 26,8 5,5 13,4 45 0,056 Z09 7,7 7,6 10,9 20,9 6,6 12,7 30 0,053 Z10 7,3 7,6 11,8 22,3 6,4 12,0 26 0,046 Z11 7,1 12,3 22,3 6,9 12,7 28 0,049 Z13 96,8 -0,7 3,3 9,7 10,1 10,4 19,5 5,9 11,1 34 0,059 Table 3: Washcloth (continued) Sample ID CD Wet Tensile Strength - Finch CD Wet Tip Stretch - Finch CD Nassspitze TEA - Finch MD Wet Tensile Strength - Finch MD Wet Tip Expansion - Finch MD Wet Tip TEA - Finch Total wet tensile strength - Finch Total wet tensile strength decline-Finch SST A.1 11 6,1 0,73 43 15,1 3,6 53,7 A.2 10 5,6 0,63 38 15,3 3,5 48,0 B.1 8 2,8 0,37 32 5,9 1,3 39,7 B.2 7,3 2,6 0,40 21,3 5,1 0,9 28,6 E.1 6 2,4 0,40 20 8,1 1,3 26,0 F.1 13 5,1 0,77 14 12,4 1,6 27,3 19,0 H.1 6 1,6 0,37 16 5,8 0,8 21,7 I 8 3,4 0,43 13 4,4 0,7 21,3 I.1 7 2,1 0,33 13 4,2 0,6 19,7 I.2 3 0,15 8 2,0 0,4 10,5 I.3 4 0,23 11 3,5 0,5 15,0 J 8 2,1 0,27 26 5,3 1,0 34,0 K 7 2,6 0,40 25 5,9 1,1 31,3 M 18 4,3 0,67 31 6,9 1,4 48,7 N 7 3,2 0,28 17 4,0 0,6 23,8 20,3 O 5 0,30 16 6,3 0,9 21,3 P 15 7,6 1,00 48 10,6 3,1 63,3 Q 5 0,20 21 4,4 0,7 25,5 Q.1 6 2,6 0,20 22 4,8 0,9 27,3 Q.2 3 13,8 0,20 9 17,7 0,6 11,5 AA 7,4 2,5 0,3 20,3 5,3 1,0 27,7 BB 7,1 2,6 0,3 14,3 5,1 0,7 21,4 Z01 22,0 12,9 2,1 33,0 14,5 2,9 55,0 22,0 0,44 Z03 13 8,9 1,2 21 11,0 1,9 34,5 9,8 0,47 Z06 21 10,3 1,7 37 11,6 2,6 57,3 17,0 Z07 21 11,7 1,9 31 16,3 3,0 52,3 17,0 0,35 Z08 35 13,4 3,0 53 16,1 4,7 88,5 25,0 0,73 Z09 60 16,7 Z10 57 14,7 Z11 21 11,5 1,6 30 13,5 2,1 52 15,3 Z13 23 11,7 2,0 34 14,5 3,1 56,5 22,8 0,38 Table 3: Washcloth (continued) Sample ID Batch compressibility Bulk elasticity Stack compressibility x bulk elasticity TS7 Avg TS750 Avg Plate stiffness Sliding-Adhesive CoF Avg Kinetic CoF Avg Volume (cc / g) A.1 8,1 A.2 B.1 B.2 16,5 45,9 16,7 22,2 1,49 647 8,5 E.1 F.1 44,8 59,0 2647 14,7 51,7 3,5 675 1,00 16,1 H.1 15,6 47,5 741 15,0 25,2 1,4 587 9,0 I 11,0 I.1 I.2 I.3 9,7 J K 23,1 64,6 1492 19,8 58,3 2,3 907 9,4 M 16,3 49,8 812 15,0 25,0 1,5 625 10,0 N 17,67 45,85 810 22,2 66,9 4,12 940 1,01 8,6 O 13,3 52,6 700 26,6 30,2 1,2 741 10,0 P 31,5 53,7 1692 25,7 100,1 3,6 920 13,3 Q 10,8 34,6 374 18,5 22,4 1,1 486 8,5 Q.1 Q.2 13,6 46,1 627 15,2 23,1 1,2 543 9,9 AA 10,2 50,8 518 21,8 51,6 7,0 529 0,69 9,4 BB 17,0 47,1 807 19,9 48,1 6,2 636 0,82 9,8 Z01 35,8 52,0 1860 5,6 38,1 2,3 305 1,03 10,9 Z03 28,9 63,9 1848 8,1 21,9 2,8 327 0,92 11,6 Z06 28,2 60,5 1708 7,8 22,5 2,9 333 0,96 11,0 Z07 34,2 57,3 1958 5,8 40,8 2,2 325 0,95 11,0 Z08 44,3 68,6 3039 12,3 24,5 4,7 487 0,91 13,0 Z09 11,9 Z10 11,0 Z11 12,3 Z13 31,9 53,9 1719 5,4 35,8 2,0 303 0,92 10,3 Table 3a: Paper towel Sample ID Type Non-wood Substrat Basis weight Bulk modulus inclination Dry starch wet starch Peak load CD train CD Elongation at break (dry) 9 According to the invention bamboo Paper towel 35,0 -10,8 45,9 35,2 855 12,3 10 According to the invention bamboo Paper towel 35,2 -11,3 47,0 34,0 871 12,2 11 According to the invention bamboo Paper towel 35,1 -10,9 51,2 35,2 904 12,9 12 According to the invention bamboo Paper towel 35,0 -10,8 49,9 33,8 800 14,9 13 According to the invention bamboo Paper towel 34,5 -10,7 48,3 31,3 794 12,2 14 According to the invention bamboo Paper towel 35,0 -11,3 50,2 34,7 723 16,3 45 According to the invention Bagasse Paper towel 33,2 -8,07 32,3 29,6 644 13,5 46 According to the invention flax Paper towel 33,2 -7,17 30,7 27,3 480 13,7 47 According to the invention hemp Paper towel 32,7 -8,60 30,8 28,2 563 13,3 48 According to the invention Unbleached bamboo Paper towel 32,6 -8,17 30,8 28,1 478 14,8 49 According to the invention Abaca Paper towel 34,3 -7,67 29,5 24,6 499 10,3 56 According to the invention Abaca Paper towel 34,6 -12,1 43,9 32,4 978 11,5 57 According to the invention Abaca Paper towel 34,1 -12,4 44,3 32,3 871 10,8 58 According to the invention Abaca Paper towel 34,3 -10,6 44,9 32,2 799 13,2 59 According to the invention Abaca Paper towel 34,8 -10,5 44,3 33,4 1081 12,2 60 According to the invention Abaca Paper towel 34,6 -10,8 44,4 32,6 1110 11,3 61 According to the invention Abaca Paper towel 38,9 -11,8 49,2 30,6 1061 9,1 62 According to the invention Abaca Paper towel 38,8 -12,4 49,0 32,0 961 9,9 63 According to the invention Abaca Paper towel 39,2 -12,1 49,4 32,5 961 9,9 64 According to the invention Abaca Paper towel 38,2 -13,4 49,9 34,3 998 10,2 R Comparative Paper towel 28,9 -4,6 24,3 8,93 311 7,2 S Comparative bamboo Paper towel 31,3 -6,9 24,1667 13,6 442 6,2 T Comparative bamboo Paper towel 27,2 -4,8 16,1667 8,3 1057 4,8 U Comparative Bamboo / Sugarcane Paper towel 32,7 -5,7 20,9 11,2 720 4,7 V Comparative bamboo Paper towel 27,7 -5,7 21,8 11,5 699 6,0 W Comparative bamboo Paper towel 34,2 -5,4 25,6 13,4 509 6,3 X Comparative Bamboo / Sugarcane Paper towel 30,4 -5,3 19,1 10,6 672 6,0 Y Comparative bamboo Paper towel 28,0 5,8 17,7 11,5 836 5,1 Z02 Traditional Paper towel 35,5 -11,3 46,4 35,9 935 12,7 Z12 Traditional Paper towel 33,4 -8,3 28,0 26,6 616 14,5 Z14 Traditional Paper towel 34,1 -11,5 45,2 30,6 1034 10,7 Z15 Traditional Paper towel 34,8 -11,3 47,0 34,6 1144 11,9 Z16 Traditional Paper towel 39,0 -14,2 50,3 35,2 840 11,2 Table 3a: Paper towel (continued) Sample ID CD TEA CD module Peak load MD train MD elongation at break (dry) MDTEA MD module Total dry tensile strength Geometric mean (GM) dry modulus Train ratio 9 55,3 2289 1250 14,8 94,4 2043 2105 2163 1,46 10 56,3 2460 1250 16,3 104,3 1949 2121 2189 1,44 11 62,2 2434 1272 16,6 106,7 1893 2176 2146 1,41 12 66,0 2305 1131 16,0 94,4 2020 1931 2157 1,41 13 51,3 2349 1129 15,8 90,9 1866 1923 2093 1,42 14 65,0 1998 1218 15,5 98,8 2247 1942 2118 1,68 45 44,9 1970 587 18,7 56,7 1190 1231 615 0,91 46 33,8 1266 639 17,9 57,1 1116 1119 554 1,33 47 38,5 1605 733 18,8 68,5 1281 1295 642 1,30 48 38,5 1526 570 17,6 54,0 1311 1047 522 1,19 49 28,7 1982 813 16,1 65,3 1490 1312 637 1,63 56 65,7 3500 1705 15,2 131,7 2470 2683 2941 1,74 57 53,0 3229 1418 13,4 96,8 2482 2289 2831 1,63 58 60,5 2273 1292 17,8 112,9 1446 2090 1812 1,62 59 75,7 3234 1720 18,4 152,9 1868 2800 2457 1,59 60 70,9 3442 1600 18,2 144,7 1883 2771 2545 1,44 61 47,1 2842 1428 13,0 90,2 2269 2489 2539 1,35 62 47,0 2511 1338 13,1 88,4 2433 2300 2472 1,39 63 48,4 2601 1277 13,6 86,8 2226 2238 2407 1,33 64 51,1 2403 1377 13,4 92,1 2227 2375 2313 1,38 R 14,3 2653 773 12,6 51,1 2782 1084 2717 2,49 S 16,5 3280 1731 17,8 154,5 3367 2174 3323 3,9 T 30,8 9159 2062 22,7 244,9 4301 3119 6276 2,0 U 21,0 6481 1384 28,7 200,3 2248 2104 3808,6 1,9 V 24,3 4333 1786 35,9 284,3 1949 2485 2876,0 2,6 W 18,6 2876 1797 20,0 167,3 2654 2306 2762,7 3,5 X 22,5 4313 1535 30,1 252,6 2540 2207 3289,2 2,3 Y 25,0 6121 2291 27,7 286,9 3184 3127 4409,6 2,7 Z02 63,1 2553 1373 14,7 102,5 2069 2308 2295 1,47 Z12 46,3 1727 767 19,7 76,6 1285 1383 687 1,24 Z14 60,1 3439 1368 12,9 86,1 2305 2401 1189 1,32 Z15 73,6 3034 1525 18,6 136,8 1653 2669 1321 1,33 Z16 46,8 1936 1309 12,9 84,2 2535 2149 2215 1,56 Table 3a: Paper towel (continued) Sample ID Bending stiffness-MD mg-cm Bending stiffness CD mg-cm Bending stiffness Avg mg-cm L A B Lint - outside Fluff - Average HFS g / sht 9 922,9 1356,5 1139,7 55,4 23,9 10 902,2 1447,7 1174,9 56,5 23,7 11 1091,1 1616,1 1353,6 52,5 22,0 12 1382,6 1478,7 1430,6 56,4 25,0 13 964,7 1438,3 1201,5 55,9 25,4 14 1361,6 1420,2 1390,9 54,7 24,8 45 1,5 92,3 23,6 46 1,7 88,8 23,5 47 1,5 90,7 24,3 48 1,6 95,0 25,3 49 2,6 81,5 20,9 56 744,1 1209,5 977 52,4 22,8 57 727,1 1003,3 865 53,7 23,7 58 717 51,2 22,4 59 1091 51,5 22,0 60 1073 49,2 21,5 61 845,7 1259,7 1052,7 92,0 -0,5 5,8 57,5 22,2 62 865,8 1077,4 971,6 92,2 -0,6 5,8 58,3 22,9 63 817,6 1162,2 989,9 92,6 -0,6 5,6 59,6 22,7 64 755,7 1004,8 880,2 92,0 -0,6 5,8 56,5 22,2 R 32,0 10,6 S 670,9 693,5 682,2 23,0 12,4 T 242,0 617,0 429,5 20,8 11,3 U 167,0 591,1 379,0 40,6 12,8 V 213,3 754,2 483,7 27,8 15,1 W 350,7 486,6 418,6 23,7 11,5 X 280,5 575,4 427,9 26,7 12,6 Y 279,5 692,6 486,1 23,3 12,3 Z02 966,5 1683,6 1325,0 58,6 24,0 Z12 1,8 85,0 22,9 Z14 678,5 1203,8 941,2 54,6 24,5 Z15 1342 52,9 23,4 Z16 765,8 824,4 795,1 94,17 0,83 3,1 59,9 23,0 Table 3a: Paper towel (continued) Sample ID VFS g / sht VFS g / g CRT capacity g / g CRT capacity g / inch CRT rate g / s Residual water (%) Wet burst strength Wet burst strength / Total dry tensile strength SST 9 22,1 9,6 22,0 0,8 0,93 2,7 488 0,232 2,06 10 21,1 8,9 21,8 0,8 0,87 2,8 455 0,214 2,09 11 21,1 8,8 22,2 0,8 0,89 3,4 521 0,239 2,19 12 21,7 9,6 22,9 0,8 0,93 3,1 506 0,262 2,35 13 21,1 9,6 22,1 0,8 0,83 3,3 443 0,231 2,10 14 21,0 9,5 23,4 0,9 0,84 3,8 503 0,259 2,40 45 37,9 9,7 21,1 0,51 273 0,222 46 36,6 9,7 21,0 0,38 292 0,261 47 37,0 9,9 20,2 0,44 320 0,247 48 39,1 10,4 21,6 0,47 233 0,223 49 40,2 10,3 17,2 0,38 307 0,234 56 21,2 9,2 19,0 0,67 0,58 2,5 692 0,258 1,69 57 19,9 8,8 19,6 0,69 0,62 2,6 553 0,242 1,80 58 20,9 9,1 18,9 0,67 0,60 2,5 481 0,230 1,58 59 20,6 8,8 18,6 0,67 0,58 2,7 634 0,226 1,67 60 20,0 8,7 18,3 0,65 0,57 2,7 533 0,192 1,61 61 24,0 9,2 0,8 0,7 1,6 580 0,233 2,01 62 23,6 9,3 0,8 0,7 1,7 539 0,234 2,06 63 24,6 9,4 0,8 0,7 1,8 558 0,249 1,98 64 23,7 9,3 0,8 0,8 1,7 565 0,238 1,99 R 14,1 4,7 50 0,046 S 9,5 5,2 7,1 0,23 0,24 5,33 176,7 0,081 T 9,0 4,9 5,4 0,15 0,13 12,1 98,3 0,032 U 18,4 5,8 7,2 0,2 0,2 5,1 64,2 0,031 0,26 V 12,1 6,6 8,4 0,2 0,2 3,8 105,9 0,043 0,29 W 9,5 4,6 6,3 0,2 0,3 3,8 172,9 0,075 0,38 X 12,1 5,7 8,0 0,3 0,2 3,8 60,6 0,027 0,27 Y 11,4 6,0 7,7 0,2 0,2 6,4 93,4 0,030 0,27 Z02 22,6 9,3 22,3 0,8 0,89 2,5 497 0,215 2,07 Z12 37,9 10,2 19,6 0,39 282 0,204 Z14 21,0 9,4 18,5 0,64 0,66 2,8 488 0,203 1,73 Z15 20,3 8,9 19,2 0,68 0,68 2,8 492 0,184 1,72 Z16 24,1 9,3 0,84 0,94 2,19 414 0,193 2,34 Table 3a: Paper towel (continued) Sample ID Batch compressibility Bulk elasticity Stack compressibility x bulk elasticity TS7 Avg TS750 Avg Plate stiffness Sliding-Adhesive CoF Avg Kinetic CoF Avg Volume (cc / g) 9 70,6 100,4 7086 18,3 43,6 12,5 964 0,99 20,5 10 71,6 100,8 7218 17,8 43,0 13,8 812 0,94 20,8 11 76,9 108,6 8354 19,3 41,5 15,9 810 0,94 22,8 12 75,4 107,9 8140 19,9 45,0 15,2 766 0,91 22,3 13 69,8 97,6 6812 20,2 43,3 13,5 827 0,94 21,9 14 71,6 105,0 7514 20,3 49,7 15,2 808 0,90 22,4 45 15,2 46 14,4 47 14,7 48 14,8 49 13,4 56 73,4 96,7 7098 16,6 49,3 11,3 1329 1,311 19,8 57 72,3 99,9 7223 18,1 49,8 11,2 1034 1,129 20,3 58 68,8 97,1 6680 17,9 43,95 10,2 1227 1,181 20,4 59 66,6 99 6593 20,52 52,89 13,2 872 1,06 19,9 60 67,3 96,9 6521 19,53 50,82 13,6 1117 1,059 20,0 61 80,2 92,4 7415 12,50 47,46 14,0 932 1,247 19,7 62 80,6 91,5 7375 11,94 45,20 13,5 990 1,240 19,7 63 74,1 91,7 6792 12,66 50,83 13,2 910 1,140 19,7 64 79,9 92,5 7388 12,97 44,31 13,1 892 1,154 20,4 R 13,1 S 12,0 T 9,3 U 35,1 43,6 1533 25,86 95,12 6,6 573 0,732 V 30,9 51,4 1588 32,97 132,16 7,0 808 0,754 W 40,6 56,2 2282 30,51 242,26 11,1 711 0,728 X 27,3 42,4 1158 34,39 113,71 6,8 679 0,741 Y 22,5 47,0 1057 24,74 87,06 7,6 764 0,749 Z02 72,7 97,8 7115 17,3 45,9 14,3 812 0,95 20,4 Z12 13,1 Z14 68,3 101,2 6913 15,7 62,2 11,6 899,0 1,17 20,7 Z15 71 106,3 7547 19,5 53,67 14,0 1071 1,023 21,1 Z16 80,3 86,2 6918 13,62 41,17 11,7 845 1,053 20,2 Table 3a: Paper towel (continued) Sample ID Total wet tensile strength Geometric mean wet tensile modulus (38.1 g / in) MD wet tensile strength CD wet tensile strength MD wet peak expansion CD wet peak expansion MD Wet Tip TEA CD Nose Tip TEA MD wet modulus (38.1 g / inch) CD wet module (38.1 g / inch) 9 723 401 424 299 23,2 18,4 37,5 22,9 380 423 10 730 404 419 311 23,0 19,3 37,4 25,3 389 420 11 770 395 451 319 24,0 19,2 40,6 25,7 372 420 12 738 370 428 310 23,5 22,6 38,5 29,8 375 364 13 713 390 423 290 22,9 19,3 36,0 23,9 374 406 14 774 347 472 302 24,6 24,8 43,5 32,2 359 335 45 46 47 48 49 56 854 464 555 299 21,7 17,6 45,6 24,5 428 502 57 782 440 491 291 21,3 18,9 38,4 26,2 420 460 58 704 390 440 263 24,7 21,7 38,5 28,7 363 420 59 979 442 606 373 24,1 19,3 48,9 34,4 382 512 60 914 459 526 388 24,6 17,2 46,9 29,7 380 554 61 936 569 534 402 18,8 13,8 37,5 24,5 502 646 62 858 525 489 370 19,0 15,7 34,9 26,6 477 578 63 838 521 481 357 20,0 15,4 36,5 24,7 473 574 64 826 522 474 352 18,7 15,3 33,4 23,8 484 563 R S T U 232 421 144,8 87,6 14,1 8,8 8,5 3,9 325,5 544,4 V 295 385 194,0 101,1 17,8 11,4 14,2 6,4 306,9 481,8 W 426 494 332,0 93,8 15,4 10,8 20,0 5,7 519,8 470,2 X 205 336 135,5 69,5 16,6 8,2 9,9 3,0 255,3 443,0 Y 303 498 196,4 107,1 15,1 9,6 12,8 5,7 405,3 611,2 Z02 733 420 431 303 21,6 18,9 36,2 24,8 416 424 Z12 Z14 Z15 791 425 450 341 21,5 17,1 33,7 26,0 362 500 Z16 660 450 390 270 18,0 16,3 25,9 18,7 452 447

[0154] Table 4 shows the fiber morphology of the fibers used in the fiber structures of the present disclosure (Note: common numbers between tables indicate the same sample). In Table 4, the fiber count (length average, million / g) is calculated from the length-weighted fiber average and coarseness using the following equation (where L(1) has the unit mm / fiber and coarseness has the unit mg / m): Fiber count = 1 / (L(1) x coarseness). And the fiber count (number average, million / g) is calculated from the length-weighted fiber average and coarseness using the following equation (where L(n) has the unit mm / fiber and coarseness has the unit mg / m): Fiber count = 1 / (L(n) x coarseness). Table 4 fiber Description Sample ID Length - weighted fiber length L(1) Fiber width (micrometers) Cell wall thickness (micrometers) Coarseness mg / m L / W Fiber count (million / g) Average count Fiber count (million / g) Length average instrument bamboo Bleached 1-19 1,42 18,7 0,170 76 11,5 4,14 Valmet FS5 bamboo Bleached 20-24 1,51 19,0 0,200 BO 14,0 3,31 Valmet FS5 bamboo Bleached 25-27, 50-55 1,54 19,4 0,210 BO 13,5 3,09 Valmet FS5 bamboo Unbleached 1,51 19,1 0,204 79 13,5 3,25 Valmet FS5 hemp Bleached 1,26 23,9 6,66 0,216 53 10,1 3,67 Valmet FS5 hemp Unbleached 1,26 25,5 5,09 0,211 49 10,4 3,76 Valmet FS5 Bagasse Bleached 0,92 18,5 3,27 0,094 50 30,3 11,51 Valmet FS5 Abaca Bleached 28-39 2,55 22,5 5,46 0,170 114 7,5 2,31 Valmet FS5 NSK 1-39, 50-55 2,21 22,9 4,2 0,153 96 5,6 2,96 Valmet FS5 SSK 2,38 27,5 5,2 0,246 87 4,3 1,71 Valmet FS5 Euk 1-39, 50-55 0,72 15,7 3,0 0,060 46 39,4 23,31 Valmet FS5 Wheat straw Never dried 0,839 20,69 41 14,3 5,30 Valmet FS5 bamboo Unbleached 40, 48 0,88 16,7 7,3 53 Kajaani Fiber Lab bamboo Unbleached 0,88 16,4 7,3 0,099 54 18,1 11,48 Kajaani Fiber Lab bamboo Bleached 44 0,93 19,8 7,7 47 Kajaani Fiber Lab NSK 2,24 24,7 6,9 0,162 91 2,75 Kajaani Fiber Lab SSK 2,29 29,1 8,2 0,250 78 1,75 Kajaani Fiber Lab SSK 2,40 28,3 11,9 0,308 85 3,7 1,35 Kajaani Fiber Lab hemp 41 0,96 19,0 7,1 0,101 51 17,7 10,31 Kajaani Fiber Lab Abaca 49 3,13 19,3 7,8 0,185 162 4,8 1,73 Kajaani Fiber Lab Bagasse 42,45 0,96 19,0 7,1 0,101 51 15,4 10.13 Kajaani Fiber Lab Bamboo (edulis) bamboo 1,23 8,4 0,105 146 7,72 Kajaani FS-100 or FS-200 Bamboo (vulgaris) bamboo 2,09 10,9 0,104 192 4,61 Kajaani FS-100 or FS-200 Bamboo (nigra) bamboo 1,65 9,0 0,109 183 5,59 Kajaani FS-100 or FS-200 bamboo 1,3 0,092 8,39 FQA

[0155] Table 5 shows the PVD data of the fiber structures of the present disclosure (common numbers between the tables indicate the same sample): Papermaking Example 1:

[0156] An example of fiber structures according to the present disclosure can be produced with a papermaking machine as described above in Fig. 6A and manufactured according to the procedure described below: In a conventional repulper, an aqueous slurry of 3 wt.% NSK pulp fibers is prepared. The NSK slurry is gently refined, and a 2% solution of a permanent wet strength resin (e.g., Cymene 5221, marketed by Solenis Incorporated of Wilmington, Del.) is added to the NSK feed line at a rate of 1% by weight of the dry fibers. Kymene 5221 is added as a wet strength additive. The absorption of Kymene 5221 into the NSK is enhanced by a pipe mixer. A 1% solution of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) (e.g., FinnFix 700, marketed by CP Kelco US Inc. of Atlanta, GA) is added after the pipe mixer at a rate of 0.2 wt.% of the dry fibers to increase the dry strength of the fibrous substrate. In a conventional repulper, an aqueous slurry is prepared from 3 wt% non-wood pulp fibers (e.g. bamboo, abaca, etc.).The non-wood pulp is gently refined, and a 2% solution of a permanent wet strength resin (e.g., Kymene 5221, marketed by Solenis Incorporated of Wilmington, Del.) is added to the non-wood feedstock at a rate of 1% by weight of the dry fibers. Kymene 5221 is added as a wet strength additive. The adsorption of Kymene 5221 to the non-wood is enhanced by a tube mixer. A 1% solution of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) (e.g., FinnFix 700, marketed by CP Kelco US Inc. of Atlanta, GA) is added after the tube mixer at a rate of 0.2% by weight of the dry fibers to increase the dry strength of the fibrous substrate. A 3% by weight aqueous slurry of eucalyptus fibers is prepared in a conventional repulper. A 1% solution of a defoamer (e.g., BuBreak 4330, sold by Buckman Labs, Memphis, TN) is added to the eucalyptus supply line in an amount of 0.25 wt.-% of the dry fibers is added and its adsorption is enhanced by a tube mixer.

[0157] The NSK, non-wood, and eucalyptus fibers are combined in various ratios in the headbox and homogeneously deposited on a wire running at a first speed V1 to form an embryonic belt. The web is then transferred in the transfer zone from the wire at a fiber consistency of about 15% to the papermaking belt, with the papermaking belt moving at a second speed, V2. The papermaking belt has a pattern of raised portions (i.e., nodules) extending from a reinforcing member, the raised portions defining either a plurality of discrete or one continuous / substantially continuous deflection channel portion, as described herein, particularly with reference to a mask such as Fig.5. The transfer takes place in the transfer zone without any significant compaction of the web. The web is then conveyed at the second speed V2 on the papermaking belt along a looped path in contact with a transfer head arranged in the transfer zone, the second speed being about 1% to about 40% slower than the first speed V1. Since the speed of the wire is higher than that of the papermaking belt, wet foreshortening, i.e. pre-shortening of the web, occurs at the transfer point. For example, the second speed V2 can be about 0% to about 5% higher than the first speed V1.

[0158] Further dewatering is achieved by vacuum-assisted drainage until the web has a fiber consistency of approximately 15% to 30%. The patterned web is pre-dried by through-air drying, e.g., TAD (Through Air Drying), to a fiber consistency of approximately 65% ​​by weight. The web is then adhered to the surface of a Yankee dryer with a sprayed creping adhesive comprising a 0.25% aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The fiber consistency is increased to approximately 95%-97% before the web is dry-creped with a doctor blade. The doctor blade has a bevel angle of approximately 45 degrees and is positioned with respect to the Yankee dryer to provide an impact angle of approximately 101 degrees. This positioning of the squeegee allows sufficient force to be exerted on the substrate to remove it from the Yankee dryer while disturbing the previously created fabric structure as little as possible.The dried web is wound onto a take-up roll (also called a mother roll), with the surface of the take-up roll moving at a fourth speed, V4, which is faster than the third speed, V3, of the Yankee dryer. By winding at a fourth speed, V4, which is approximately 1% to 20% faster than the third speed, V3, some of the foreshortening provided by the creping step is "pulled out," sometimes referred to as "positive draw," so the paper can be more stable for all further converting operations. In other examples, "negative draw," as known in the art, is also considered.

[0159] Two layers of the web can be formed into paper towel products by embossing and bonding them with PVA adhesive. The paper towel has a basis weight of approximately 53 g / m 2and contains 0-65% by weight NSK, 0-100% non-wood fibers, and 0-50% by weight eucalyptus fibers. The tissue product is soft, flexible, and absorbent. Papermaking Example 2

[0160] An example of fiber structures according to the present disclosure can be produced with a papermaking machine as described above in Fig. 6A and manufactured according to the procedure described below: An aqueous slurry of eucalyptus pulp fibers (bleached Brazilian Suzano Papel e Cellulose hardwood pulp) is prepared at approximately 3 wt.% fiber using a conventional repulper and then transferred to the hardwood fiber storage chest. The eucalyptus fiber slurry from the hardwood storage chest is pumped through a storage line to a hardwood vane pump, where the consistency of the slurry is reduced from approximately 3 wt.% fiber to approximately 0.15 wt.% fiber. The 0.15% consistency eucalyptus fiber slurry is then pumped to and distributed within the lower chamber of a multi-layer, three-chamber headbox of a Fourdrinier wet-laid papermaking machine.

[0161] Additionally, an aqueous slurry of eucalyptus pulp fibers (bleached Brazilian Suzano Papel e Cellulose hardwood pulp) containing approximately 3% fiber by weight is prepared using a conventional repulper and then transferred to the hardwood fiber storage chest. The eucalyptus fiber slurry from the hardwood pulp chest is pumped through a storage line and mixed with the aqueous Northern Softwood Kraft (NSK) slurry, described in the next paragraph, and conveyed to a forced draft pump, where the consistency of the slurry is reduced from approximately 1.5% fiber by weight to approximately 0.15% fiber by weight. The 0.15% eucalyptus / NSK slurry is then pumped and distributed into the middle and lower chambers of a multi-layer, three-chamber headbox of a Fourdrinier wet-laid papermaking machine.

[0162] Additionally, an aqueous slurry of Northern Softwood Kraft (NSK) pulp fibers containing approximately 3% fiber by weight is produced using a conventional repulper and then transferred to the softwood fiber storage chest. The NSK fiber slurry from the softwood storage chest is pumped through a storage line to be refined to a CSF (Canadian Standard Freeness) of approximately 630. The refined NSK fiber slurry is then blended with the 1.5% aqueous eucalyptus fiber slurry (described in the previous paragraph) and transferred to a forced draft pump, where the NSK slurry consistency is reduced from approximately 3% fiber by weight to approximately 0.15% fiber by weight. The 0.15% eucalyptus / NSK slurry is then directed and distributed into the middle and lower chambers of a multi-layer, three-chamber headbox of a fourdrinier wet-laid papermaking machine.

[0163] Additionally, an aqueous slurry of non-wood pulp fibers (e.g., bamboo, abaca, etc.) containing approximately 1.5–3 wt.% fiber is prepared using a conventional repulper and then filled into a non-wood fiber storage chest. The non-wood fiber slurry from the non-wood storage chest is pumped through a storage line to a refiner, where it is gently refined to a degree corresponding to the desired strength at the paper machine roll. The non-wood slurry is then transported through a storage line to a blower pump, where the consistency of the slurry is reduced from approximately 3% of fiber weight to approximately 0.15% of fiber weight. The 0.15% non-wood slurry is then pumped and distributed into the upper and / or middle and / or lower chambers of a multi-layer, three-chamber headbox of a Fourdrinier wet-laid papermaking apparatus.

[0164] To impart temporary wet strength to the fiber structure, a 1% dispersion of a temporary wet strength additive (e.g., Fennorez® 91, commercially available from Kemira) is prepared and added to the NSK or non-wood or eucalyptus fiber feedstock in an amount sufficient to provide 0.25% temporary wet strength additive based on the dry weight of the fibers. Absorption of the temporary wet strength additive is enhanced by passing the treated slurry through a tube mixer.

[0165] The fiber structure manufacturing device comprises a layered headbox with an upper chamber, a middle chamber, and a lower chamber, with the chambers directly feeding the forming wire (fourdrinier). The eucalyptus fiber pulp with a consistency of 0.15% is fed into the upper headbox chamber. Alternatively, a non-wood fiber pulp can also be fed into the upper headbox chamber. The NSK / eucalyptus, NSK / non-wood, non-wood / eucalyptus, or non-wood fiber pulp is fed into the middle and lower chambers of the headbox. All three fiber layers are applied simultaneously and one above the other to the fourdrinier wire to form a three-layer fiber structure (web). About 40% of the upper surface consists of eucalyptus and / or non-wood fibers, and about 60% of the web can consist of various blends of non-wood, NSK, and eucalyptus fibers aligned with the middle and lower layers.Dewatering occurs through the wire screen, assisted by a deflector plate and screen table vacuum boxes. The wire screen is a Legent 866A Dual Layer (0.11 mm x 0.18 mm, Asten Johnson). The speed of the wire screen is approximately 800 feet per minute (fpm).

[0166] The embryonic, wet fiber structure is transferred from the fourdrinier wire with a fiber consistency of approximately 18-22% at the transfer point to a 3D-patterned, continuous nodule through-air drying belt, as shown in Fig.3. The speed of the 3D-patterned through-air drying belt is 800 feet per minute (fpm), which corresponds to the speed of the fourdrinier wire. The 3D-patterned through-air drying belt is designed to produce a fibrous structure comprising a pattern of a continuous, high-density nodule region oriented approximately 75 degrees relative to the cross direction. Each continuous high-density nodule region, oriented approximately 75 degrees relative to the cross direction, is separated by a discrete low-density cushion region oriented approximately 75 degrees relative to the cross direction. This 3D-patterned through-air drying belt is formed by casting a layer of an impermeable resin surface of a continuous nodule onto a fibrous woven backing fabric. The backing fabric is a 98x52 filament, double-ply braid. The thickness of the resin-cast layer is approximately 12.0 mils over the backing fabric.Alternatively, the drying fabric is designed to create a pattern of substantially machine-direction oriented linear channels forming a continuous network of high-density areas (nodules). This drying fabric is manufactured by casting an impermeable resin surface onto a fiber woven backing. The backing fabric is a 98x52 filament, double-layer braid. The thickness of the resin-cast layer is approximately 12 mils over the backing fabric. The area of ​​the continuous network is approximately 40 percent of the surface area of ​​the drying fabric.

[0167] Further dewatering of the fiber structure is carried out by vacuum-assisted dewatering until the fiber structure has a fiber consistency of approximately 20 to 30%.

[0168] While the fiber structure remains in contact with the 3D-patterned through-air drying belt, it is pre-dried to a consistency of approximately 50-65 wt% using air-blast pre-dryers.

[0169] After the pre-dryers, the semi-dry fiber structure is transferred to a Yankee dryer and adhered to the surface of the Yankee dryer with a sprayed creping adhesive. The creping adhesive is an aqueous dispersion whose active ingredients consist of approximately 80% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA 88-44) and approximately 20% CREPETROL® 5688. CREPETROL® 5688 is commercially available from Solenis. The creping adhesive is delivered to the Yankee surface at a rate of approximately 0.10-0.20% adhesive solids based on the dry weight of the fiber structure. The fiber consistency is increased to approximately 96-98% before the fiber structure is dry-creped from the Yankee with a doctor blade.

[0170] The doctor blade has a bevel angle of approximately 15-25° and is positioned relative to the Yankee dryer to provide an impact angle of approximately 71-81°. The Yankee dryer operates at a temperature of approximately 275-350°F and a speed of approximately 800 fpm. The fiber structure is wound onto a roll (parent roll) using a surface-driven roller with a surface speed of approximately 550-700 fpm.

[0171] Two parent rolls of the fibrous structure are then converted into a tissue product by placing the roll of fibrous structure into an unwind stand. The two parent rolls are turned over with the low density side facing out. Alternatively, they can be turned over with the high density nodule side facing out. The line speed is 550 ft / min. One parent roll of the fibrous structure is unwound and transported to an embossing station, where the fibrous structure is loaded over a 0.56 inch pressure nip to form the embossed pattern in the fibrous structure and then combined with the fibrous structure from the other parent roll to produce a multi-ply (2-ply) tissue product. Approximately 0.5% of a proprietary quaternary amine plasticizer is added to the top side of the multi-ply tissue product.Approximately 0.5% of a proprietary quaternary amine plasticizer may also be added to the bottom surface of the multi-ply tissue product. The multi-ply tissue product is then transported to a rewinder where it is wound onto a core to form a log. The log of multi-ply tissue product is then transported to a log saw where the log is cut into the finished multi-ply tissue products. The preform used to manufacture the multi-ply tissue product of this example has the dimensions shown in Table 4 of U.S. Serial No. 17 / 238,527, filed April 23, 2021, and assigned to The Procter & Gamble Company. Papermaking Example 3

[0172] Abaca and eucalyptus are repulped individually at a consistency of ~3% and a repulping time of 2 minutes. The abaca pulp is gently refined, and a 2% solution of a permanent wet strength resin (e.g., Kymene 5221, marketed by Solenis Incorporated in Wilmington, Del.) is added to the softwood stock at a rate of 1% by weight of the dry fibers. Kymene 5221 is added as a wet strength additive. The adsorption of Kymene 5221 to abaca is enhanced by a tube mixer. A 1% solution of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) (e.g., FinnFix 700, marketed by C. Kelco US Inc. of Atlanta, Ga.) is added after the tube mixer at a rate of 0.2% by weight of the dry fibers to increase the dry strength of the fibrous substrate. A 1% solution of a defoamer (e.g., Wicket 1285, sold by Ivanhoe Industries, Zion, IL) is added to the eucalyptus supply line in an amount of 0.25 wt.-% of the dry fibers is added and its adsorption is enhanced by a tube mixer.

[0173] The abaca and eucalyptus fibers are combined in the headbox in a ratio of 65% abaca and 35% eucalyptus and deposited onto a wire running 10% faster than the following structuring papermaking belt. The web is transferred at the transfer nip to the structuring papermaking belt at approximately 20% solids with a vacuum of approximately 14 in Hg. The web is then transported on the papermaking belt in a looped path through a pre-dryer and dried to a consistency of 75%. The web is then pressed and bonded via nip and chemistry to the Yankee dryer, which is sprayed with a creping adhesive comprising a 0.25% aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The fiber consistency is increased to an estimated 97% before the web is dry creped with a doctor blade.The doctor blade has a bevel angle of approximately 45 degrees and is positioned relative to the Yankee dryer to provide an impact angle of approximately 101 degrees. This positioning of the doctor blade allows sufficient force to be exerted on the substrate to remove it from the Yankee dryer while minimizing disruption to the previously created fabric structure. The web passes through a gapped calender stack to flatten the web and reduce the dry thickness by approximately 10% before the dried web is wound onto a take-up roll (called the mother roll), whose surface moves at approximately the same speed as the Yankee dryer. Papermaking Example 4

[0174] As in papermaking example 3, except: Abaca is not refined (vs. “softly refined”). Papermaking Example 5

[0175] As in Examples 3 and / or 4 for papermaking, with the difference that the headbox deposits a composition of 40% eucalyptus and 60% abaca on the wire (as opposed to "headbox with a ratio of 65% abaca and 35% eucalyptus and deposited on a wire..."). Papermaking Example 6

[0176] As in Examples 3 and / or 4 for papermaking, with the difference that the headbox deposits a composition of 45% eucalyptus and 55% abaca on the wire (as opposed to "headbox with a ratio of 65% abaca and 35% eucalyptus and deposited on a wire..."). Papermaking Example 7

[0177] As in Papermaking Example 3, except: NSK and SSK in a ratio of 75% NSK / 25% SSK are repulped at 3%, gently refined, and have Kymene & CMC in similar weight percentages to the abaca stream; and the headbox deposits a composition of 40% eucalyptus, 50% abaca, and 10% NSK / SSK onto the wire. Papermaking Example 8

[0178] As in papermaking examples 3 and / or 4, with the difference that the headbox delivers a composition of 40% eucalyptus, 20% abaca and 40% NSK / SSK onto the wire. Papermaking Example 9

[0179] Any of Examples 3-8 for papermaking further using the papermaking belt(s) described in U.S. Patent No. 2021-0140115. Papermaking Example 10

[0180] Any of Examples 3-8 for papermaking further using the papermaking belt(s) described in U.S. Pat. No. 2020-0181848. Papermaking Example 11

[0181] Each of the paper manufacturers' examples 3-10 where the wire moves 21% faster than the subsequent structuring papermaking belt. Papermaking Example 12

[0182] Each of Examples 3-11 for papermaking wherein the texturing belt has a fiber forming depth of 30 mils. Papermaking Example 13

[0183] Each of Examples 3-11 for papermaking wherein the texturing belt has a fiber forming depth of 25 mils. Papermaking Example 14

[0184] Each of Examples 3-13 for papermaking in which the substrate is embossed and glued into a 2-ply finished fiber structure, perforated into sheets, and wound onto a core. Papermaking Example 15

[0185] Each of Examples 1 and 2 for papermaking, except that the headbox delivers 100% bamboo composition to the screen. Arrays of the present disclosure

[0186] Sanitary tissue products within the scope of the present disclosure may be packaged in packages comprising sustainable materials (e.g., paper, recycled (recyclable) plastic, corrugated cardboard, plant-based plastic, etc.) and displayed as array(s) with other packages comprising sanitary tissue products - see, for example, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 63 / 353,167 and 63 / 375,858, both entitled "Sanitary Tissue Products and Arrays Comprising Non-wood Fibers," filed June 17, 2022, under Docket No. 16297P and September 16, 2022, under Docket No.16297P2, both by The Procter & Gamble Company, and both naming Katherine Schwerdtfeger as the first-named inventor, for details of the various arrays that sanitary tissue products of the present disclosure may be used to form and packages in which sanitary tissue products of the present disclosure may be contained. Further, packages incorporating sanitary tissue products of the present disclosure may convey or suggest sustainability, as disclosed in Docket Nos. 16297P and 16297P2. Aspects of the present disclosure

[0187] The following aspects of the disclosure are exemplary only and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure: Aspect 1: 1. A hygiene paper product comprising: non-wood fibers; and an education index of less than about 65. 2. A sanitary paper product in the form of a paper towel, comprising: non-wood fibers; and a draw ratio of less than about 1.7. 3. A hygiene paper product comprising: Non-wood fibers; a coverage of more than about 5.5 fiber layers; and a fiber count range (C(n)) of more than about 830 million / m^2. 4. A sanitary paper product comprising: non-wood fibers; and a coverage of more than about 7.5 fiber layers. 5. A sanitary paper product comprising: consisting of a first layer or the first layer and a second layer; Non-wood fibers; a coverage greater than a line defined by an expression: Y= 0.00767X+3.0; where the fiber coverage is “Y”; where a fiber number range (C(1)) is “X”; and where the tissue paper product is creped. 6. A sanitary paper product comprising: a layer consisting of a first layer or the first layer and a second layer; and at least one of the first and second layers comprises about 55% to about 95% non-wood fibers. 7. A sanitary paper product comprising: Non-wood fibers; a layer comprising a first layer and a second layer; and wherein the first layer is a consumer-facing layer, the consumer-facing layer having a consumer-facing side, the consumer-facing side comprising a plurality of pads. 8. A sanitary paper product comprising: a layer consisting of a first layer or the first layer and a second layer; non-wood fibers; and a fluff value of more than about 6. 9. A sanitary paper product comprising: Non-wood fibers; wherein the sanitary tissue product is in the form of a roll and has a percent compressibility of less than about 6; and where the tissue paper product is structured. 10. A sanitary paper product comprising: Non-wood fibers; wherein the non-wood fibers are dried once; and wherein the sanitary tissue product is in the form of a roll and has a roll volume of greater than about 9.0 cm^3 / g and a roll compressibility of less than about 6%. 11. A sanitary paper product in the form of a paper towel, comprising: non-wood fibers; and a TS7 of less than approximately 22.0 dB V 2 rms. 12. A sanitary paper product comprising: non-wood fibers; and a VFS g / g of more than about 7.3 g / g. 13. A sanitary paper product comprising: non-wood fibers; and an SST of more than about 0.45 g / s^0.5. 14. A sanitary paper product comprising: non-wood fibers; and a CD wet peak elongation of more than approximately 12.0%. 15. A sanitary paper product according to claims 1 to 14, wherein the non-wood fibers comprise bamboo fibers. 16. A sanitary paper product according to claims 1 to 14, wherein the non-wood fibers consist of bamboo fibers. 17. A sanitary paper product according to claims 1 to 14, wherein the non-wood fibers comprise abaca fibers. 18. A sanitary paper product according to claims 1 to 14, wherein the non-wood fibers consist of abaca fibers. 19. The sanitary paper product of claims 1 to 14, wherein the non-wood fibers are selected from the group consisting of cotton, flax, abaca, hemp, bamboo, bagasse, sisal, jute, and combinations thereof. 20. The sanitary tissue product of claims 1 to 14, wherein the non-wood fibers are selected from the group consisting of cotton, flax, abaca, hemp, bamboo, bagasse, and combinations thereof. 21. A sanitary paper product according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising at least 25% non-wood fibers. 22. A sanitary paper product according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising at least 50% non-wood fibers. 23. A sanitary paper product according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising at least 75% non-wood fibers. 24. A sanitary paper product according to any one of the preceding claims, consisting of 100% non-wood fibers. Aspect 2: 1. A hygiene paper product comprising: Non-wood fibers selected from the group consisting of bamboo, abaca, and mixtures thereof; and a TS7 of less than about 14 dB V 2 rms. 2. A structured tissue product comprising: Non-wood fibers selected from the group consisting of bamboo, abaca, and mixtures thereof; and a TS750 less than about 45 dB V 2 rms. 3. A tissue product comprising: Non-wood fibers selected from the group consisting of bamboo, abaca, and mixtures thereof; and a slip-adhesion value of less than about 435. 4. A structured tissue product comprising: Non-wood fibers selected from the group consisting of bamboo, abaca, and mixtures thereof; and a sliding adhesion value of less than about 605. 5. A sanitary paper product comprising: Non-wood fibers; wherein the non-wood fibers are selected from the group consisting of bamboo, abaca, and mixtures thereof; and wherein the sanitary tissue product is in the form of a roll and has a roll volume of greater than about 9.0 cm^3 / g and a roll strength of less than about 9.5 mm. 6. A sanitary paper product according to claim 1 to 5, wherein the non-wood fibers consist of bamboo fibers. 7. A sanitary paper product according to claim 1 to 5, wherein the non-wood fibers consist of abaca fibers. 8. A sanitary paper product according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising at least 25% non-wood fibers. 9. A sanitary paper product according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising at least 50% non-wood fibers. 10. A sanitary paper product according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising at least 75% non-wood fibers. 11. A sanitary paper product according to any one of the preceding claims, consisting of 100% non-wood fibers. Aspect 3: 1. A hygiene paper product comprising: bamboo fibers; and a TS750 less than about 20 dB V 2 rms. 2. The sanitary paper product of claim 1, wherein the non-wood fibers consist of bamboo fibers. 3. A tissue product according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising at least 25% non-wood fibers. 4. A sanitary paper product according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising at least 50% non-wood fibers. 5. A sanitary paper product according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising at least 75% non-wood fibers. 6. A sanitary paper product according to any one of the preceding claims, consisting of 100% non-wood fibers. Aspect 4: 1. Process for manufacturing a tissue paper product, comprising the following steps: re-slurrying pulp containing non-wood fibres before it is fed into a headbox; forming a web comprising the non-wood fibers; Creating zones of different density in the web; and creping the web. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the once dried non-wood pulp comprises non-wood fibers having a water content of less than 20%. 3. A process according to any one of claims 1 and 2, wherein the non-wood fibers have a breaking length ratio of less than 3.25 before entering the headbox. 4. A process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the non-wood fibers have a break length ratio of less than about 1.0 before being fed to the headbox. 5. A process according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising treating the web with a dry strength agent. 6. Process according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the dry strength agent is carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). 7. A process according to any one of claims 1 and 3 to 6, wherein the non-wood fibers are dried to a water content of less than about 45% prior to repulping. 8. A process according to any preceding claim, further comprising forming the non-wood fibers into a bale, a sheet, or a block prior to the re-slurrying step. 9. A process according to any preceding claim, wherein the dried non-wood fibers are transported more than about 100 miles. 10. A process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the drying step uses a drying unit that generates heat.

[0188] In addition to the “aspects of the present disclosure” disclosed above, the “aspects of the present disclosure,” including aspects 1 to 20, disclosed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 456,020, entitled “Fibrous Structures Comprising Non-wood Fibers,” filed March 31, 2023, by Young as the first-named inventor, are within the scope of the present disclosure. Test methods of the present disclosure

[0189] Unless otherwise stated, all tests described herein, including those in the “Def inations" and the following test methods, on samples that had been conditioned in a climate-controlled room at a temperature of 23°C ± 1.0°C and a relative humidity of 50% ± 2% for at least 2 hours prior to testing. The samples tested were "serviceable units." "Serviceable unit," as used herein, means wipes, flat roll material, pre-formed flat roll material, sheets, and / or single-ply or multi-ply products. All tests are conducted in such a conditioned room. Samples with defects such as wrinkles, tears, holes, etc. are not tested. All instruments are calibrated according to the manufacturer's instructions. Test methods for coverage and fiber count range:

[0190] Coverage and fiber count are calculated from measurements obtained by analyzing fibers from fibrous structures, such as tissue paper products, using a Fiber Quality Analyzer (FQA), available from OpTest Equipment Inc. in Ontario, Canada. Prior to analysis in the FQA, the fibers of a finished product sample must be dispersed and diluted to obtain an accurate measurement of the oven-dry fiber mass in a subsample of very dilute fiber and distilled water, which is used during the FQA analysis to determine sample coarseness and fiber width. The resulting FQA values ​​are then used in conjunction with the basis weight to calculate fiber coverage and fiber count in a sample. Sample preparation

[0191] Allow the finished fiber structure product to be tested to acclimate in a temperature-controlled room at a temperature of 73 °F ± 2 °F (23 °C ± 1 °C) and a relative humidity of 50% ± 2% for at least 24 hours. To prepare the finished product for testing, any product that may exhibit abrasion during handling, such as on the outside of the roll, must be removed and discarded.

[0192] The percentage of oven-dry solids of the acclimated test product is determined. This is done on a moisture balance using at least a 0.5-gram sample from a selected usable unit of the test product. An example balance is the Ohaus MB45 balance set to a drying temperature of 130 °C, with moisture determined after the weight has changed by less than 1 mg in 60 seconds (A60 hold time).

[0193] Using another usable unit of the same acclimated finished product, carefully pull approximately 0.03 grams of the fiber sample from the center. The sample should be pulled evenly from all plies and layers of the substrate. The collected fibers are placed in a clear glass jar with a diameter of 27 mm and a height of 70 mm or similar. The net weight of the collected fibers is recorded to the nearest 0.001 gram as M0. The purpose of this step is to obtain a uniform sample across all plies and layers in the usable unit, drawn from the center of the usable unit, thus avoiding any cutting of fibers at the end of the sheet or perforations.

[0194] The oven dry weight of the fiber sample (M1) is then calculated by multiplying the fiber sample weight (M0) by the previously determined percentage of oven dry solids. M1=M0×%oven-dry solids

[0195] To completely disperse the fiber sample, first pour DI or distilled water into the vial until it is about half full. Then, add approximately ten 5 mm diameter glass beads and cap the vial. The sample is then allowed to sit for at least two hours, shaking occasionally. Finally, the vial is stirred with a Fisher Scientific Vortex Genie or a similar device until the fiber bundles are dispersed and the fibers appear completely separate.

[0196] To quantitatively dilute the dispersed fiber sample, first transfer the entire contents of the vial into a 5-liter plastic beaker, weighed to the nearest 0.1 g. To do this, slowly pour the contents of the vial through a US Standard No. 6 (3.35 mm) sieve, attempting to retain the glass beads in the vial as long as possible. Rinse the vial and cap at least three times with DI or distilled water, and slowly pour the liquid through the No. 6 sieve. Once the vial has been rinsed at least three times, pour the glass beads into the sieve and thoroughly rinse them with a DI water bottle, reserving all the water used to rinse the beads.

[0197] The dilution procedure is continued by filling the 5-liter plastic beaker with DI or distilled water to approximately the 1.75-liter mark. The beaker is weighed, and the net weight of the contents is recorded to the nearest 0.1 g as M 2.1 noted. Using a second clean 5L beaker, the 1.75L solution is poured back and forth from beaker to beaker at least 3 times to ensure that the suspension is mixed homogeneously. Next, approximately 150g of the solution is transferred into a third clean 5L beaker, which has been weighed to the nearest 0.1g. The beaker is weighed, and the net weight of the contents is recorded as M to the nearest 0.1g. 2.2 noted. Approximately 1600 g of DI or distilled water is now added to the third 5L beaker. The beaker is weighed, and the net weight of the contents is recorded to the nearest 0.1 g as M 2.3recorded. Using a fourth clean 5L beaker, the approximately 1.75L solution is transferred back and forth from beaker to beaker at least 3 times to ensure that the suspension is homogeneously mixed. Finally, immediately after mixing, a 500ml subsample of the diluted fiber solution is poured into a 600ml plastic beaker, weighed to the nearest 0.1g. The beaker is weighed, and the net weight of the contents is recorded as M3, to the nearest 0.1g.

[0198] After completion of the dilution procedure, the dry weight of the fibers present in the test cup (M4) is calculated using the following equation: M4=M1×(M2,2M2,1)×(M3M2,3) Measurement of samples

[0199] Set up, calibrate, and operate the Fiber Quality Analyzer (FQA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Place the container containing the diluted fiber suspension on the FQA carousel, select the "Optest default" option for the coarseness determination method, and, when prompted, enter M4 (the dry weight of the fibers present in the container) into the "Sample Mass" cell to determine coarseness. Calculations:

[0200] Once the analysis is performed, the report file is opened and each of the following measurements is recorded: arithmetic mean width, coarseness, arithmetic mean length, and length-weighted mean length.

[0201] The coverage that has the units of fiber layers is calculated using the following equation: Coverage = Basis weight of the tested product Coarseness Arithmetic mean of width

[0202] The basis weight has the unit grams / m 2 , the coarseness the unit mg / m and the arithmetic mean of the width the unit mm.

[0203] The fiber count range, which has the unit million fibers / m 2 is calculated using one of the following two equations: Fiber count−range(C(n))=basis weight of the tested productCoarseness×arithmetic mean length

[0204] The basis weight has the unit g / m 2 , the coarseness the unit mg / m and the arithmetic mean of the length the unit mm. Fiber count−range(C(l))=basis weight of the tested product Coarseness×Weighted mean length

[0205] The basis weight has the unit g / m 2 , the coarseness has the unit mg / m and the length-weighted mean length has the unit mm. Test method for pore volume distribution:

[0206] The Pore Volume Distribution (PVD) test method is used to determine the average amount of fluid (mg) retained by a sample within an effective pore radius range of 2.5 to 160 micrometers. This method utilizes a graded, controlled differential pressure and the measurement of associated fluid movement into and out of a porous sample, where the radius of a pore is related to the differential pressure required to fill or empty the pore. The fluid (mg) retained by each sample is measured during the first absorption cycle with decreasing differential pressure. Subsequently, the fluid (mg) retained by the sample is measured during the first drainage or desorption cycle with increasing differential pressure.The sum of fluid retained by the sample (mg) in the effective pore radius range of 2.5 to 160 micrometers for the absorption and desorption cycles as well as a calculated hysteresis (difference of fluid retained during the absorption and desorption cycles) in the effective pore radius range of 2.5 to 100 micrometers are given. Principle of the procedure

[0207] For uniform cylindrical pores, the radius of a pore is related to the differential pressure required to fill or empty the pore by the following equation Differential pressure=(2γcosΘ) / r, where: γ = surface tension of the liquid, Θ = contact angle and r = effective pore radius.

[0208] Pores in natural and man-made porous materials are often referred to as voids, holes, or channels. Generally, these pores are neither perfectly cylindrical nor uniform. However, using the equation above, differential pressure can be related to the effective pore radius. By monitoring fluid movement into or out of the material as a function of differential pressure, the distribution of the effective pore radius in a porous material can be characterized. (Because non-uniform pores are approximated as uniform by using an effective pore radius, this general procedure may not produce results that exactly match measurements of void dimensions obtained by other techniques such as microscopy.)

[0209] The method for testing pore volume distribution is based on the principle described above and is put into practice using the equipment and procedures described in "Liquid Porosimetry: New Methodology and Applications" by B. Miller and I. Tyomkin, published in The Journal of Colloid and Interface Science (1994), Volume 162, pages 163-170, incorporated herein by reference. This method is based on measuring the increase in liquid volume entering or leaving a porous material when the differential air pressure changes between ambient air pressure ("laboratory air pressure") and a slightly elevated air pressure (positive differential pressure) around the sample in a test chamber. The sample is introduced dry into the sample chamber, and the sample chamber is controlled at a positive differential pressure (relative to the laboratory) sufficient to prevent liquid from entering the sample after the fluid bridge is opened.After opening the fluid bridge, the air pressure difference is gradually reduced to 0, and in this process, subpopulations of pores absorb fluid according to their effective pore radius. After reaching a minimum differential pressure at which the mass of fluid in the sample is maximum, the differential pressure is gradually increased back towards the initial pressure, and the fluid is drained from the sample. During this latter drainage sequence (from the lowest differential pressure or the largest corresponding effective pore radius to the largest differential pressure or the smallest corresponding effective pore radius), this method determines the fluid retention of the sample (mg) at each differential pressure. After correcting for fluid movement for each individual pressure step measured on the empty chamber, the fluid retention of the sample (mg) is determined for each pressure step.The retained fluid can be normalized by dividing the equilibrium amount of retained fluid (mg) associated with that particular step by the dry weight of the sample (mg). Sample conditioning and sample preparation

[0210] The pore volume distribution testing procedure is performed on samples conditioned in a room at a temperature of 23°C ± 2.0°C and a relative humidity of 50% ± 5%, with all tests being conducted under the same environmental conditions and in such a conditioned room. Damaged products or samples exhibiting defects such as wrinkles, tears, holes, and the like are not tested. Samples conditioned as described herein are considered dry samples for the purposes of this invention. A 5.5 cm square sample is punched from the conditioned product or sample to be tested. The dry weight of the sample is measured and recorded. Device

[0211] Equipment suitable for this method is described in "Liquid Porosimetry: New Methodology and Applications" by B. Miller and I. Tyomkin, published in The Journal of Colloid and Interface Science (1994), Volume 162, pages 163-170. Furthermore, any pressure control system capable of achieving the required pressures and controlling the differential pressure in the sample chamber can be used instead of the pressure control subsystem described in this reference. An example of a suitable complete set of instruments and software is the TRI / Autoporosimeter (Textile Research Institute (TRI) / Princeton Inc. of Princeton, NJ, USA). The TRI / Autoporosimeter is an automated, computer-controlled instrument for measuring pore volume distributions in porous materials (e.g., the volumes of pores of different sizes ranging from 1 to 1000 µm effective pore radii).Computer programs such as Automated Instrument Software Releases 2000.1 or 2003.1 / 2005.1 or 2006.2; or Data Treatment Software Release 2000.1 (available from TRI Princeton Inc.), and spreadsheet programs can be used to record and analyze the measurement data. Procedure

[0212] The wetting fluid used is a degassed 0.2 wt.% solution of octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol (Triton X-100 from Sigma-Aldrich) in distilled water. The instrument's calculation constants are as follows: ρ (density) = 1 g / cm 3; γ (surface tension) = 31 dyn / cm; cosΘ = 1. A mixed cellulose ester filter membrane with a diameter of 90 mm and a characteristic pore size of 1.2 µm (such as Millipore Corporation of Bedford, MA, catalog no. RAWP09025) is attached to the porous frit (Monel plates with a diameter of 90 mm and a thickness of 6.4 mm from Mott Corp., Farmington, CT, or equivalent) of the sample chamber. A Plexiglas plate weighing approximately 34 g (supplied with the instrument) is placed on top of the sample to ensure that the sample lies flat against the membrane / frit assembly. No additional weight is placed on top of the sample.

[0213] A professional knows that it is crucial to degas both the fluid and the frit / membrane / tube system to ensure the system is free of air bubbles.

[0214] The pore size (pressure differential) sequence for this application is as follows (effective pore radius in µm): 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 350, 400, 500, 600, 800, 1000. This sequence is then repeated in reverse. The criterion for transitioning from one pressure level to the next is that the fluid uptake / efflux from the sample is less than 10 mg / min for 10 seconds.

[0215] A separate "empty" measurement is performed by performing this procedure on an empty sample chamber with no sample or weight on the membrane / frit. Any observed fluid movement is recorded at each pressure step (mg). The fluid retention data for a sample is corrected for fluid movement associated with the empty sample chamber by subtracting the fluid retention values ​​for this "empty" measurement from the corresponding values ​​for the sample measurement. Determination of parameters

[0216] The PVD instrument data can be displayed cumulatively so that the cumulative absorbed mass is tabulated along with the pore diameter, allowing the calculation of the following parameters: 2.5-160 micrometers PVD absorption (mg) = [mg absorbed at 160 micrometers] - [mg absorbed at 2.5 micrometers] from the progressive curve, 2.5-160 micrometers PVD Desorption (mg) = [mg desorbed at 160 micrometers] - [mg desorbed at 2.5 micrometers] from the declining curve, and 2.5-100 micrometers hysteresis (mg) = [mg desorbed at 100 micrometers - mg desorbed at 2.5 micrometers] - [mg absorbed at 100 micrometers - mg absorbed at 2.5 micrometers] Test procedure for horizontal full sheets (HFS):

[0217] The Horizontal Full Sheet (HFS) test method determines the amount of distilled water absorbed and retained by a fibrous structure of the present invention. This method is performed by first weighing a sample of the fibrous structure to be tested (referred to herein as the "dry sample weight"), then thoroughly wetting the sample, allowing the moistened sample to drain in a horizontal position, and then weighing it again (referred to herein as the "wet sample weight"). The absorbent capacity of the sample is then calculated as the amount of water retained in grams of water absorbed by the sample. When evaluating samples with different fibrous structures, the same fibrous structure size is used for all samples tested.

[0218] The device for determining the HFS capacity of fiber structures includes the following: An electronic balance with a sensitivity of at least ±0.01 grams and a minimum capacity of 1200 grams. The balance should have a special weighing pan appropriate for the size of the sample to be tested (i.e., a fibrous structure sample approximately 27.9 cm by 27.9 cm).

[0219] A sample holder rack ( Fig. 14 and Fig. 14A) and a cover for the sample holder rack ( Fig. 15 and Fig. 15A) are also required. Both the mounting frame ( Fig. 14 and Fig. 14A) as well as the cover of the support frame ( Fig. 15 and Fig. 15A) comprise a lightweight metal frame covered with monofilaments of 0.305 cm diameter to form a grid, as in Fig. 14. The size of the support frame ( Fig. 14 and Fig. 14A) and the cover of the support frame ( Fig. 15 and Fig.15A) is sized so that the sample can be conveniently placed between the two.

[0220] The HFS test is conducted in an environment maintained at 23±1°C and 50±2% relative humidity. A water reservoir or tub is filled to a depth of 7.6 cm (3 inches) with distilled water at 23±1°C.

[0221] The samples are tested in duplicate. The dry weight of each sample is recorded to the nearest 0.01 gram. The empty sample holder ( Fig. 14 and Fig. 14A) is placed on the balance using the special weighing pan described above. The balance is then zeroed (tared). A sample is carefully placed on the sample holder ( Fig. 14 and Fig. 14A), with the outside facing upwards and away from the sample holder frame ( Fig. 14 and Fig. 14A). The cover of the support frame ( Fig. 15 and Fig. 15A) is placed on top of the support frame ( Fig. 14 and Fig. 14A). The sample (now located between the rack and the cover) is immersed in the water reservoir. After the sample has been immersed for 30±3 seconds, the sample holder rack ( Fig. 14 and Fig. 14A) and the cover of the support frame ( Fig. 15 and Fig. 15A) carefully lifted out of the reservoir.

[0222] The sample, the support frame ( Fig. 14 and Fig. 14A) and the cover of the support frame ( Fig. 15 and Fig. 15A) is allowed to drain horizontally for 120±5 seconds, taking care not to shake or vibrate the sample excessively. While the sample is draining, remove the cover of the support rack ( Fig. 15 and Fig. 15A) carefully removed and all excess water wiped off the support frame ( Fig. 15 and Fig.15A). The wet sample and the support frame ( Fig. 14 and Fig. 14A) are weighed on the previously tared scale.

[0223] The weight is recorded to the nearest 0.01 g. This is the wet weight of the sample after horizontal dewatering.

[0224] The HFS absorption capacity of the fiber structure in grams per gram is defined as: Absorption Capacity = (Wet weight of the sample after horizontal dewatering - Dry weight of the sample) / (Dry weight of the sample) and has a unit of gram / gram.

[0225] The HFS absorption capacity in grams per sheet of the fibrous structure is defined as (wet weight of the sample after horizontal dewatering minus dry weight of the sample) and has the unit gram / sheet. Test procedure for vertical full sheets (VFS):

[0226] The Vertical Full Sheet (VFS) test method is similar to the HFS method described previously and determines the amount of distilled water absorbed and retained by a fibrous structure when held at a 75° angle.

[0227] After setting up the device, preparing the sample, weighing it and immersing the sample according to the HFS method, the support frame ( Fig. 14 and Fig. 14A) and the sample is removed from the reservoir and tilted at an angle of 75° and allowed to drain for 60±5 seconds. Care should be taken to ensure that the sample does not slip or move relative to the support frame ( Fig. 14 and Fig. 14A). If there is difficulty in holding the sample on the support frame ( Fig. 14 and Fig. 14A), the sample can be held with the fingers.

[0228] After this time frame (60±5 seconds) the sample and the support frame ( Fig. 14 and Fig. 14A) is carefully brought into the horizontal position and the lower edge of the sample holder frame ( Fig. 14 and Fig. 14A), onto which the water dripped during vertical drainage, was wiped. The sample and the support frame ( Fig. 14 and Fig. 14A) is placed back on the scale and the weight is read to the nearest 0.01 g. This value represents the wet weight of the sample after vertical dewatering.

[0229] The VSF absorption capacity of the fiber structure in grams per gram is defined as the wet weight of the sample after vertical dewatering less the dry weight of the sample divided by the dry weight of the sample and has the unit gram / gram (g / g).

[0230] The VFS absorption capacity in grams per sheet of the fibrous structure is defined as the wet weight of the sample after vertical drainage minus the dry weight of the sample, and has the unit grams / sheet.

[0231] The calculated VFS value is the average of the absorption capacities of the two samples of the fiber structure. Method for determining the dry volume ratio:

[0232] The “dry volume ratio” can be calculated as follows: (Dry compression×flexural stiffness(avg)) / TDT. Method for determining the wet volume ratio:

[0233] The “wet volume ratio” can be calculated as follows: (Wet compression × Geometric mean wet modulus) / Total wet tensile strength. Test methods for length, width, coarseness and fiber count:

[0234] The fiber length values ​​are generated by performing the test procedure defined in U.S. Patent Application No. 2004-0163782, which describes the following procedure: Fiber length, width, and coarseness (which represent average values ​​of the multitude of analyzed fibers in a sample), as well as fiber count (count and / or length-average) can be determined using a Valmet FS5 Fiber Image Analyzer, commercially available from Valmet, Kajaani, Finland (since the Kajaani Fiber Lab is less available), according to the procedures described in the manual. If the incoming or raw pulp is not accessible, samples can be taken from a commercially available product (e.g., a roll of tissue paper product) to determine length, width, coarseness, and fiber count (count and / or length-average) with the FS5 by obtaining samples as described in the "Sample Preparation" section of the Coverage and Fiber Count Test Procedure in the Test Method section. As used herein, fiber length is defined as "length-weighted average fiber length."The instructions accompanying the unit detail the formula for determining this average value. The length may be expressed in millimeters (mm) or in inches (in). As used herein, fiber width is defined as the "width-weighted average fiber width" and may be expressed in micrometers (µm) or millimeters (mm). The instructions accompanying the unit detail the formula for determining this average value. The width may be expressed in millimeters (mm) or in inches (in). The instructions accompanying the unit detail the formula for determining this average value. Fiber count (number and / or length average) may be expressed in units of million fibers / g.As used herein, the fiber length / width ratio is defined as the “length-weighted average fiber length (mm) / width-weighted average fiber width (mm)”.

[0235] The fiber count (length average, million / g) is calculated from the length-weighted fiber average and coarseness using the following equation (where L(1) is mm / fiber and coarseness is mg / m): Fiber count = 1 / (L(1) x coarseness). And the fiber count (number average, million / g) is calculated from the length-weighted fiber average and coarseness using the following equation (where L(n) is mm / fiber and coarseness is mg / m): Fiber count = 1 / (L(n) x coarseness). (L(1)) means length-weighted average and (L(n)) means number-weighted average.

[0236] It is understood that the values ​​of different fiber image analyzers can differ considerably, even by up to 59% - see “Fiber Quality Analysis: OpTest Fiber Quality Analyzer versus L&W Fiber Tester,” Bin Li, Rohan Bandekar, Quanqing Zha, Ahmed Alsaggaf, and Yonghao Ni, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2011 50 (22), 12572-12578, DOI: 10.1021 / ie201631q, where the values ​​of the FQA fiber analyzer are compared with those of the FT fiber analyzer, where it is stated: “These new instruments, such as PQM (Pulp Quality Monitor), Galai CIS-100, Fiberlab, MorFi, FiberMaster, FQA (fiber quality analyzer), and L&W Fiber Tester (FT), provide fast measurements with the possibility of laboratory and online analysis. However, it is expected that the measurement differences between these instruments will be due to the different designs of hardware and software.” Method for percentage roll compressibility:

[0237] The percentage roll compressibility (Percentage Compressibility) is determined using the Roll Diameter Tester 1000 as described in Fig. 7. It consists of a stand made of two aluminum plates, a base plate 1001 and a vertical plate 1002 mounted perpendicular to the base, a sample shaft 1003 for mounting the test roll, and a rod 1004 used to suspend a precision diameter tape 1005 wrapped around the circumference of the test roll. Two different weights 1006 and 1007 are suspended from the diameter tape to apply a re-distribution force during the uncompressed and compressed measurements. All tests are conducted in a climate-controlled room at approximately 23°C ± 2°C and approximately 50% ± 2% relative humidity.

[0238] The diameter of the test roll is measured directly using a Pi ®-tape or an equivalent precision diameter tape (e.g., an Executive Diameter Tape, available from Apex Tool Group, LLC, Apex, NC, USA, Model No. W606PD), which converts the circumferential distance into a diameter measurement, allowing the roll diameter to be read directly from the scale. The diameter tape is graduated to 0.01-inch increments with an accuracy certified to 0.001 inch and is NIST traceable. The tape is 0.25 wide and constructed of flexible metal that conforms to the curvature of the test roll but will not elongate under the 1100-g load used for this test. If necessary, the diameter tape is trimmed from its original length to a length that allows the two attached weights to hang freely during the test but is still long enough to completely enclose the roll being measured.The cut end of the strap is modified to allow for the attachment of a weight (e.g., a loop). All weights used are calibrated Class F hook weights, traceable to NIST.

[0239] The aluminum tripod is approximately 600 mm high and sufficiently stable to support the test roll horizontally throughout the test. The specimen shaft 1003 is a smooth aluminum cylinder mounted perpendicular to the vertical plate 1002 approximately 485 mm from the base. The shaft has a diameter at least 90% of the inside diameter of the roll and is longer than the width of the roll. A small steel rod 1004, approximately 6.3 mm in diameter, is mounted perpendicular to the vertical plate 1002 approximately 570 mm from the base and is aligned vertically with the specimen shaft. The diameter tape is suspended at a point along the length of the rod that corresponds to the center point of a mounted test roll. The height of the ta...

Claims

[1] Process for manufacturing a tissue paper product, comprising the following steps: re-slurrying pulp containing non-wood fibres before it is fed into a headbox; Forming a web comprising the non-wood fibers Creating zones of different density in the web; and Crepes of the track. [2] The process of claim 1, further comprising drying the pulp prior to the step of reslurrying the pulp, wherein the drying is effected via a drying unit that generates heat. [3] A process according to any one of claims 1 and 2, wherein the once dried non-wood pulp comprises non-wood fibers having a water content of less than 10%. [4] A process according to any one of claims 1 and 2, wherein the once dried non-wood pulp comprises non-wood fibers having a water content of less than 40%. [5] A process according to any preceding claim, wherein the once dried non-wood pulp is in a form selected from the group consisting of a bale, a sheet and a block. [6] A process according to any preceding claim, wherein the non-wood fibers have a break length ratio of about 0.4 to about 1.8 before being fed to the headbox. [7] A process according to any preceding claim, wherein the non-wood fibers have a break length ratio of less than 3.25 before being fed to the headbox. [8] A process according to any preceding claim, wherein the non-wood fibers are selected from the group consisting of cotton, flax, abaca, hemp, bamboo, bagasse, and combinations thereof. [9] A process according to any preceding claim, further comprising treating the web with a dry strength agent. [10] A process according to any preceding claim, further comprising harvesting non-wood fibers and pulping the non-wood fibers and drying the non-wood fibers prior to the re-pulping step. [11] A process according to any preceding claim, wherein the non-wood fibers are dried in a plant other than a papermaking plant prior to the re-pulping step. [12] The process of claim 11, further comprising transporting the dried non-wood fibers to the papermaking plant prior to the re-pulping step. [13] The process of claim 12, wherein the dried non-wood fibers are transported more than about 100 miles. [14] A process according to any one of claims 1 to 7 and 9 to 13, wherein the non-wood fibers comprise wheat straw.

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