Adsorbent kit for the separation of fluorinated organic compounds from contaminated fluids

Abstract

Kit for separating fluorinated organic compounds from contaminated fluids, comprising or consisting of at least a first and a second adsorbent component, wherein the first adsorbent component is a chemical compound containing a lipophilic group and a hydrophilic group, or contains such a chemical compound in dissolved form, wherein the hydrophilic group contains at least one cationic group, wherein the lipophilic group is selected from alkyl groups comprising at least one octylene unit, aryl groups and aralkyl groups and wherein the cationic group comprises an amine, an organically substituted ammonium, an organically substituted phosphonium or a metal complex, and wherein the second adsorbent component is in solid, dissolved or dispersed form and comprises or consists of a water-soluble silicate compound and / or a water-soluble precursor compound of a precipitated silica.

Description

The application relates to a kit comprising at least a first and a second adsorbent component for the separation of fluorinated organic compounds, in particular perfluorinated organic compounds, from contaminated fluids. The first adsorbent component is an organic compound having a hydrophilic group and a lipophilic group, and the second adsorbent component is a water-soluble silicate compound or a precursor compound (other) for a precipitated silica.Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl health-damaging compounds (hereafter often abbreviated "PFAS") from all-day products are spreading worldwide over the air, rivers and seas. They are not biodegradable and many of the individual compounds accumulate in animals, plants and humans.In order to immobilize, remove, or destroy pollutants, water and wastewater treatment technologies generally utilize the chemical and physical properties of these pollutants. However, the particular stability and the high structural variety of PFAS pollutants mean that numerous treatment methods such as pollutant volatilization, biological rehabilitation, thermal treatment in municipal waste incineration or chemical oxidation for the removal of PFAS pollutants are only limited or not effective at all, in particular if these are surfactant or amphiphilic pollutants.Nowadays, for the treatment of fluids contaminated with PFAS, in addition to membrane technologies such as reverse osmosis, methods of sequestering, especially sorption of activated carbons and ion exchangers, have become widely established on the market of water treatment. This causes the PFAS molecule to be bonded to the surface portions of the adsorbent. In practice, however, the specific composition of the fluid to be purified and its chemical / physical properties considerably influence the sorption efficiency for the individual PFAS compounds. Therefore, pretreatment steps (for example activated carbon adsorption) or aftertreatment steps (for example of concentrates of various membrane technologies) are often required in order to be able to optimize the performance of the PFAS separation in an energy- and resource-efficient manner and thus with regard to the process costs incurred. This applies in particular to PFAS-contaminated waters with higher concentrations of PFAS and / or further organic impurities. Precipitation and / or flocculation (for example, electrodeposition or coagulation) is a customary pretreatment batch which is also used on an industrial scale in sewage treatment plants for the removal and of dissolved constituents and different particles. In solid formation, components of PFAS may be physically incorporated into the flocculated particles or absorbed (co-precipitation). The precipitated solids are then separated from the water by sedimentation and / or filtration processes.WO 2014 / 161973 A1 discloses the treatment of PFAS-containing fluids, wherein the water treatment solid adsorption is combined with a PFAS-specific precipitation stage as pretreatment. For this purpose, an organic adsorbent with a hydrophilic and lipophilic group is metered into the PFAS-contaminated fluid, which adsorbent interacts with the PFAS present in the fluid. Subsequently, treatment with a solid adsorbent such as activated carbon is carried out. With this method which has been established on the market for several years and is used, for example, for firewaters, landfill seepage waters, drinking water regenerates, in some cases also for more heavily contaminated groundwater (also referred to as the "PerfluorAd® process"), the gros (usually >99%) can be precipitated in dissolved PFAS compounds by means of a substance mixture having a low water risk potential and good biodegradability. For fine purification, however, a subsequent adsorption process by means of an activated carbon filter or an ion exchange filter is required in order to comply with the legal limit values for PFAS in wastewaters.The process mentioned has the disadvantage that the precipitation generally results in tacky precipitates, the separation or filterability of which is complicated and time-consuming. Furthermore, significant residual contents of the organic adsorbent (>1 mg / L) often remain in the purified fluid after precipitation, as a result of which its TOC (total organic content) or DOC (dissolved organic content) increases. In extreme cases, high surfactant contents also lead to undesired foaming and to reduced efficiency of the aftertreatment, for example in activated carbon adsorption. In addition, a substantial disadvantage is that the precipitation method mentioned is less well suited for short-chain PFAS (in particular PFAS with up to 5 carbon atoms), so that in most applications a subsequent fine purification is essential in this regard.The object of the present invention is therefore to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art at least partially and to provide an improved means for separating fluorinated organic compounds from fluids contaminated therewith; in particular, a means with which the proportion of the organic adsorbents used for the separation and remaining in the purified fluid can be reduced and / or with which the separation of fluorinated organic compounds from the fluids can be further improved, in particular also of short-chain compounds such as, for example, perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) or perfluorovaleric acid.These objects are achieved by the subject matter of the independent claims. Further embodiments and developments are the subject matter of dependent claims and furthermore also emerge from the following description and the examples.The kit according to the invention for separating fluorinated organic compounds (also referred to below as contaminant), in particular polyfluorinated and perfluorinated organic compounds (PFAS), from contaminated fluids comprises at least a first adsorbent component and a second adsorbent component. The first adsorbent component and the second adsorbent component can be contacted with a correspondingly contaminated fluid for the separation of fluorinated organic compounds. If the mixture formed thereby has an acidic pH or a basic pH <9 (this can be realized in particular by additionally adding an acidic component-for example an aqueous mineral acid-or, in the exceptional case, also a slightly basic solution to the mixture formed) a precipitate (i.e. a floating or settling precipitate) can form on the basis of the selection of the first and second adsorbent components specifically specified below, which precipitate can subsequently be separated from the fluid.The first adsorbent component used according to the invention is a chemical compound containing a lipophilic group and a hydrophilic group (and thus an amphiphilic chemical compound), wherein the hydrophilic group comprises at least one cationic group.This chemical compound having a lipophilic group and a hydrophilic group can be present under normal conditions as a liquid or else in solid form and can be brought into a dissolved form for use for separating fluorinated organic compounds from contaminated fluids (for example by means of a solubilizers); for this purpose, the formation of a solution in the fluid to be purified is also sufficient. A dissolved form is also understood here to mean that at least one proportion by weight of the first adsorbent component, which corresponds to 10% of the proportion by weight of the fluorinated organic compounds present in the contaminated fluid, is present in dissolved form in the contaminated fluid. However, complete resolution is often possible. According to the application, micelles formed in the fluid are generally always included in a state of being present in dissolved form. The solubility can therefore be determined in a simple manner by determining the amount of undissolved first adsorbent component. In the case of a solution, it is thus possible to use a first adsorbent component in which the amphiphilic chemical compound is present dissolved in a solvent or can be dissolved in an aqueous fluid, for example, to be purified.A lipophilic group in the first adsorbent component is understood to mean that the structure contained is at least one of the following groups: an alkyl group which comprises at least one octylene unit (i.e. a unit of the formula -C 8 H 16-, i.e. an octyl radical or a non-terminal alkylene group, for example an octylene group substituted with the hydrophilic group), or alternatively an aryl group or an aralkyl group.As a result of the specific structure structure of the first adsorbent component, this can function as a carrier compound to a certain extent in the separation of fluorinated organic compounds from contaminated fluids; the adsorbent / fluorinated organic compound interactions can be adjusted to a customized extent for the substances to be separated, such that the formation of an adduct is made possible, which can be subsequently separated by means of the second adsorbent component (the interaction between the first adsorbent component and the contaminant is then usually so strong that the first adsorbent component can also be referred to as a carrier compound; depending on the PFAS compound and structure of the first adsorbent component, both van der Waals interactions and ionic or polar interactions can be relevant).According to the invention, the second adsorbent component comprises a water-soluble silicate compound or a water-soluble precursor compound for a precipitated silica or a mixture of the two or consists of such a silicate compound and / or such a precursor compound. A common feature of the two stated compound groups is that, during the separation of the fluorinated organic compounds in situ-that is to say during the contacting with the first adsorbent component and fluorinated organic compound-larger structures and / or agglomerates can be formed by reactions in the manner of a condensation, which is possible since both the water-soluble silicate compounds and the precipitated silicas formed from the precursor compounds in the aqueous medium have silanol groups, with the result that they can crosslink to form larger three-dimensional structures by reaction of the silanol groups. The silicate compound used can therefore be, in particular, island silicates, group silicates and chain silicates or mixtures of such silicates, although it is essential that these are water-soluble and are present at least partially in dissolved form in the fluid to be purified. The use of mixtures of different silicates is advantageous in particular when the reactivity of the second adsorbent component is to be adjusted, for example this can be effected by using the metasilicates which are very reactive for the formation of precipitates in mixtures with the layered silicates which are somewhat reaction-supported in this respect. A dissolved form is also understood here to mean that at least one proportion by weight of the silicate compound, which corresponds to 10% of the proportion by weight of the fluorinated organic compounds present in the contaminated fluid, is present in dissolved form in the contaminated fluid (alkaline earth silicates, for example, are to be mentioned as incompletely soluble silicate compounds). The solubility can also be determined here in a simple manner by determining the amount of undissolved second adsorbent component. Typically, these will be alkali metal silicates (and in individual cases optionally also alkali aluminum silicates); owing to their high solubility and also their high reactivity, they are particularly effective for the precipitate formation according to the application.According to one variant, the second adsorbent component can also additionally comprise sheet silicates. These can be added in particular when the precipitate formation has already advanced to a great extent, with the result that the dissolved cations still present in the treated fluid can advantageously be precipitated to a greater extent or even substantially completely (heavy metals from landfill waters should be mentioned here in particular).Further, the silicate compound will typically be selected such that it can be completely dissolved in the contaminated fluid. It is self-evident that the silicate compound can accordingly also already be provided in dissolved form in the kit and is supplied to the contaminated fluid in dissolved form; however, it can also be provided in solid form and then dissolved in the contaminated fluid, in particular.If the second adsorbent component comprises a water-soluble precursor compound of a precipitated silica, then when selecting the second adsorbent component, it should merely be ensured that these can actually react in a sufficient time via a reaction of the silanol groups to form larger structures in the fluid or the mixture formed therefrom. According to the application, a precipitated silica is understood to mean colloidal agglomerates which can be prepared, for example, from an aqueous alkali metal silicate solution by precipitation with mineral acids and which agglomerate with the progress of the reaction and finally coalesce to form aggregates. Due to the different chemical reactions when silicates are used on the one hand and other precursors such as alkoxysilanes on the other hand, the silicates and the (other) precursors are treated separately in the context of this application.The kit according to the invention can be used for the separation of fluorinated organic compounds from contaminated fluids in particular by the following method:First, in a step A1), the first adsorbent component is provided and, in a step A2), the second adsorbent component is provided. Subsequently, in step B), the contaminated fluid is contacted with the first and the second adsorbent component, wherein the mixture formed thereby is caused to have an acidic pH or a basic pH < 9 (this can be realized in particular by additionally adding an acidic component-for example an aqueous mineral acid-or, in the exceptional case, also a slightly basic solution to the mixture formed). Due to the first and second adsorbent components, a precipitate (i.e. a floating or settling precipitate) is formed in this case, which can subsequently be separated from the fluid.Without wishing to be restricted thereto, according to current scientific explanation in step B) firstly crosslinked three-dimensional silicate structures are formed and secondly (likewise involving the silanol groups of the second adsorbent component) an interaction with the adducts formed from the first adsorbent component and the fluorinated organic compounds in solution takes place (here an interaction in the manner of an ion pair bond will typically be present between the first adsorbent component and the PFAS compound), wherein in particular an interaction between the hydrophilic groups of the first adsorbent component and the silanol groups seems to be relevant, such that a precipitate of the first adsorbent component, second adsorbent component and contaminant can form, wherein the first adsorbent component appears to serve as a structure former for the formation of the three-dimensional silicate structure. If the concentration of the first adsorbent component in the fluid is chosen to be high enough, the formation of structures in the manner of a micellar will generally take place between contaminant and first adsorbent component on account of the amphiphilic properties of the first adsorbent component; the adducts formed then therefore also comprise structures in the manner of a micellar or consist thereof; the fluorinated organic compound to be separated can then optionally be arranged in the interior of the micellar. At lower concentrations of the first adsorbent component in the fluid, only adducts are present; however, these lead to the formation of precipitates, just like micelles. Not only in general, but also with respect to these micelles, interaction of the silanol groups with the micelles or the adducts mentioned seems to be crucial for the formation of precipitates. For the sake of completeness, it should be stated at this point that-depending on the first adsorbent component and fluid to be purified-micellar formation typically at concentrations of 0.01 to 1 mM / L (at a molar mass of the first adsorbent component of about 800 g / mol, i.e. about 8-800 mg / L or 0.0008-0.08 wt %), usually at concentrations of less than 0.1 mM / L. Finally, in a step C) the precipitate formed with the adsorbed fluorinated organic compounds is separated from the fluid. The separation can be effected, for example, by means of filtration, sedimentation or flotation.With the kit of first and second adsorbent components, an improved method for separating fluorinated organic compounds can be realized in particular because it has been found that the second adsorbent component not only serves to form precipitates, but because the silicate compound or the precipitated silica formed also forms a precipitate with excess first adsorbent component present in the solution (i.e. organic compounds which are not present in the form of adducts with the contaminant). It is thus possible, after the precipitates of the first and second adsorbent components and fluorinated organic compound have been formed, to precipitate residual concentrations of the first adsorbent component from the purified fluid. For this purpose, if appropriate after precipitation has taken place, it is possible to add a second adsorbent component again to the reaction mixture formed.It has furthermore been found that short-chain PFAS compounds in particular can be separated off significantly better with the kit according to the invention. Without wishing to be restricted thereto, this is scientifically explained by the fact that although these short-chain, more hydrophilic PFAS compounds form adducts with the first adsorbent component in solution according to the method of the prior art mentioned at the beginning, they are not precipitated or are only partially precipitated with the adsorbent components described therein. According to the invention, however, it was observed that three-dimensional silicate frameworks can be formed by using the second adsorbent component, with which, apparently in addition to excesses of the first adsorbent component, adducts of this type with short-chain PFAS compounds are also precipitated completely or at least to a significantly greater extent than in the prior art. This observation is also unexpected since it has been observed according to the prior art that PFAS has not readily adsorbed onto mesoporous silicates. Only by the combination, realized according to the application, of two adsorbent components that are reactive (on account of the amphiphilic properties or the silanol groups), can therefore the effect according to the invention be realized.A third aspect that can be realized with the kit according to the application is disposal of the precipitates formed in the separation of the fluorinated organic compounds under milder conditions compared to those from the processes typically used for disposal of PFAS compounds. The adducts formed via the kit according to the application can typically be thermally disposed of (in particular burnt) at temperatures significantly below 1100° C. Whether this is attributable to catalytic effects or to the specific structure of the precipitates formed (mesoporous precipitates generally form) is not yet clarified. At least, it has been found that the CF bonds of the PFAS are weakened by the specific groups of the first adsorbent component in the adduct, thereby facilitating the thermal decomposition of the PFAS compounds because they become more reactive. In addition, the combustion products formed from the PFAS adducts are often more advantageous in terms of energy or entropic properties-for example as a result of N 2- gas formation-as a result of which such combustion reactions proceed at lower temperatures than in the case of pure PFAS combustion.Finally, the precipitates formed with the kit according to the application during the separation of the fluorinated organic compounds are also clearly easier and faster to separate than the precipitates of the prior art. The precipitates formed are generally significantly better filterable than the comparable precipitates of the process mentioned at the beginning according to the prior art. This could also be scientifically explained by the fact that the inorganic / organic precipitates formed typically have a completely different haptics than the comparable pure organic precipitates according to the prior art. The better filterability is also due to the fact that, in contrast to the prior art, no foam formation takes place; the adducts of the first adsorbent component and the contaminant react with the second adsorbent component substantially completely to form readily separable precipitates. Due to the specific choice of the silicate, its content with respect to the first adsorbent component and also the pH value of the reaction mixture, according to the application, there is finally a whole range of possibilities for readjustment of the properties of the precipitate formed for the specific application of a PFAS-loaded fluid, in order thus to obtain a waste compound which can be filtered off particularly well.For the sake of completeness it should be pointed out that the kit according to the application is suitable not only for the separation of PFAS, but generally for fluorinated organic compounds in general (since these can generally be immobilized via adducts on account of the interactions with the lipophilic groups of the first adsorbent component). Mention may be made, for example, of degradation products of fluorine-containing pharmaceuticals (for example fluoroquinoline, fluoxetine or fluorouracil) or PTFE degradation products. Mention may also be made of fluoroalkylalkanols, fluorotelomers (for example 6:2 fluorotelomersulfonic acid), fluoroacrylates, fluoroalkyl dialkylbetaines, perfluorinated and partially fluorinated fatty acid esters, perfluorinated and partially fluorinated fatty alcohol sulfates, perfluorinated and partially fluorinated fatty alcohol polyglycol ether sulfates, nonionic polymeric fluorinated surfactants, aliphatic partially fluorinated polymer esters and perfluoroalkylbetaines.The kit according to the invention is also suitable for separating other undesired substances from fluids, in particular anionic substances, which interact, for example, with the cationic group contained in the first adsorbent component and can thereby be separated. To be mentioned in this context are, in particular, uranyl compounds or also inorganic or organic arsenates and antimonates and persistent organic pollutants, for example anionic compounds such as EDTA (sequestrants), diatrizoic acid (contrast agents), naphthalenedisulfonic acid (dye) and diclofenac (pain killers).As stated above, the first adsorbent component contained in the kit according to the invention contains a lipophilic group. This includes either an alkyl group, an aryl group and / or an aralkyl group. The alkyl group may be an octyl moiety or may contain an octylene moiety. With even longer alkylene or alkyl groups, lipophilicity can be further increased, which can be advantageous in the case of certain fluorinated organic compounds to be separated off. Thus, a decylene unit or decyl unit or a dodecyl unit or dodecylene unit can be used as the lipophilic group, for example. Particularly suitable aryl groups are phenyl groups or phenylene groups which are unsubstituted or may also be substituted (here too, in particular, again with further pure hydrocarbons in aromatic or aliphatic form). Examples of aralkyl groups which may be used are benzyl groups. The aralkyl groups, for example the benzyl or benzylene groups, can be substituted or unsubstituted. Benzylene groups in which the ionic group is bonded to the aromatic ring are also conceivable. In order to enhance the interaction with the fluorine-containing compounds to be adsorbed, the alkyl group, aryl group and aralkyl group may also be partially fluorinated or perfluorinated. In particular, partially fluorinated or perfluorinated alkyl or alkylene units in these groups should be mentioned here.In general, a "cationic group" of the first adsorbent component is to be understood within the scope of this application such that this group is always cationic in a given fluid or alternatively is present as a cation only under certain conditions. In particular in the case of aqueous fluids, the cationic group can therefore be present at higher pH values in the neutral form and at least partly in the protonated form only at lower pH values, as is frequently the case with primary, secondary or tertiary amines. It is then essential that the cationic group is also present to a certain extent in the protonated form in a given contaminated fluid. Thus, primary, secondary and tertiary low molecular weight amines have a pk B of about 4 in water. In pH neutral waters, therefore, the protonated form is generally predominantly present. Only in strongly alkaline waters-but which are not present in the mixture according to the application with the contaminated fluid-can the protonated fraction be significantly lower.According to the invention, the cationic group contained in the first adsorbent component can be, in particular, an ammonium ion, usually an organically substituted ammonium (wherein the hydrophobic group frequently functions as an "organic substituent" of the ammonium), but it can also be a primary, secondary or tertiary amine. Optionally, in the case of primary, secondary or tertiary amines, quaternization can take place in a modification reaction, such that at least partially quaternary amine groups are formed. Furthermore, the cationic group can also be an optionally organically substituted phosphonium. Finally, the cationic group can also be present in the form of a metal complex, for example a transition metal complex (in this case, a linkage to the hydrophobic group can likewise be present in the metal complex, wherein a whole series of possibilities exists in this case; for example, the hydrophobic group can be part of a ligand of the metal complex or else the ligand itself). In individual cases, the cationic group can also be present in a zwitterionic compound, for example a betaine structure (here, in particular, carbobetaines and sulfobetaines should be mentioned, namely with an ammonium group as cation). However, as a rule, the purely cationic, i.e. non-zwitterionic structures have proven to be more advantageous.If an organically substituted ammonium or amine is present as the cationic group, then often one of the substituents is the lipophilic group or contains the lipophilic group. Other organic substituents frequently present are alkyl groups, for example methyl, ethyl or n-propyl or i-propyl groups.With such cationic groups, undesired fluorine-containing compounds such as surfactants, but also anionic inorganic groups such as uranyl groups, can be separated off particularly well.According to one embodiment, the kit according to the invention comprises, in addition to the first adsorbent component and the second adsorbent component, also a third adsorbent component or consists of these three components. It is also essential in the case of the third adsorbent component that it is water-soluble, so that the reaction mixture formed on contact with the contaminated fluid has a sufficient amount of dissolved third adsorbent component. This is the case when at least one proportion by weight of third adsorbent component is present dissolved, which corresponds to 10% of the proportion by weight of the fluorinated organic compounds present in the contaminated fluid. The third adsorbent component is a water soluble salt with a polyvalent metal cation (i.e., a metal cation present at least in oxidation state II, typically a metal cation in oxidation state III) or an ammonium salt. The third adsorbent component anion is selected as would be expected by the skilled artisan. Suitable here are those anions which typically lead to high water solubilities (or at least ensure that the above details for the water solubility can be observed), that is to say in particular halides (such as chlorides), nitrates, etc.This third adsorbent component can be present in dissolved or dispersed form; however, it can also be present in solid form, so that it is only (at least partially) dissolved therein when added to the contaminated fluid.When using the kit according to the invention for the separation of fluorinated organic compounds, the above-described method for its use when using a third adsorbent component can be supplemented as follows:The contaminated fluid is then typically contacted before contacting with the second adsorbent component or simultaneously with the second adsorbent component (in the exceptional case it is also conceivable to add the third adsorbent component only after the second adsorbent component, although it should be noted that the advantageous effects of the third adsorbent component are to be seen in connection with the precipitation occurring due to the second adsorbent component, so that the addition of the third adsorbent component should take place at least so promptly in time that the formation of the precipitate of contaminant, first and second adsorbent components is not yet completely concluded).It has been found that, surprisingly, when the third adsorbent component is added, depending on the specific compound used as the first adsorbent component, there is frequently an improved structure formation of the precipitation of silicas which takes place in the course of the precipitate formation. In particular, it has been found that larger precipitate particles are often formed, which are therefore more easily separated, and which are also less "tacky". In principle, it can thus be established that precipitates formed with addition of the third adsorbent component are more readily separable; in addition, however, it has been established that a slightly improved separation of certain PFAS compounds also takes place.The applicant assumes that the improved structure formation is associated with interactions between the first adsorbent component and the third adsorbent component on the one hand and / or interactions between the second adsorbent component and the third adsorbent component on the other hand. In particular in the case of polyvalent metal cations, a scientific explanation should be based on the Lewis acid character and the associated tendency toward complex formation of these cations; the interactions are generally apparently the stronger the more Lewis-basic the character of the interacting group in the other adsorbent components. The third adsorbent component accordingly has substantially advancing properties.According to a further embodiment, the polyvalent metal cations selected are Al 3+, Fe 3+( i.e. for example aluminum chloride, aluminum nitrate, aluminum potassium sulfate, sodium aluminum silicate, iron(III) chloride or iron(III) nitrate or iron(III) silicate), and also metal salts which contain such cationic centers in oligomeric or polymeric structures, in particular polyaluminum salts or polyiron salts, for example polyaluminum hydroxide chloride sulfate, polyaluminum silicate sulfate or polyaluminum(hydroxide) chloride "PAC" of the formula [Al(OH) x Cl 3-x]n( which in solution, inter alia, as ions Al 3+, Al(OH) 2+, Al(OH) +, Al(OH) 3, Al(OH) 4- and the reactive oligomers such as Al 2( OH) 24+, Al 3( OH) 45+, Al q( OH) g4+ and oligomers with a greater number of aluminum atoms) and polyiron sulfates and polyiron chlorides. Polyaluminum salts which may be mentioned are, for example, the "Gilufloc" compounds from Alucom AG.In principle, however, other transition metal ions or non-ferrous metal ions can also be selected, for example copper, nickel, manganese or lead ions (although their toxicity must be taken into account in this case; however, there is particular suitability for waters which are contaminated not only with PFAS but also with the heavy metals mentioned, since these can then likewise be separated off). In principle, Mg 2+ or Zn 2+ salts can also be selected. A third adsorbent component which is only partially soluble in the contaminated fluid is in principle also iron(III) silicate; normally, this cannot replace the second adsorbent component in this case (in particular the alkali metal silicates are clearly preferred on account of their high solubility and their higher reactivity).The advantageous effect of the above-mentioned cations is to be attributed to an interaction with the oxygen atoms of the silicate groups of the second adsorbent component and the precipitated silicas formed therefrom, or to incorporation into the corresponding structures. In addition, on account of the Lewis-acid properties of these cations, good results seem to be realizable particularly when the first adsorbent component is a compound which, in addition to the cationic group (i.e. a polar structural unit), also contains further polar groups (for example ester, ether or alcohol groups); this too can interact with these polyvalent metal cations (optionally also in the form of oligomers) and thus lead to a precipitate having improved precipitation properties. These improved precipitation properties are due in particular to the formation of larger flakes, with which a more rapid filtration can take place. In addition, however, it has also been observed that generally an improved removal of low molecular weight PFAS can be effected, for example perfluorinated compounds having an odd number of carbon atoms, such as perfluorovaleric acid or perfluoroheptanoic acid.Due to the additional third adsorbent component and here again in particular the stated aluminum or iron salts, there is thus, in addition to the cationic surfactant as the first adsorbent component and silicate / precipitated silica, a third adjusting screw for the variation of the kit according to the invention in order to be able to realize the most complete possible separation of the fluorinated organic compounds and to be able to adjust the kit of adsorbent components to the fluorinated organic compounds to be separated in the best possible manner.According to a further embodiment, the kit according to the invention also comprises an acid or consists of first and second adsorbent components and acid or of first, second and third adsorbent components and acid. When using the kit of the present invention for the separation of fluorinated organic compounds, the above-described method for its use when an acid is used may be supplemented as follows:In process step B) described above, the pH of the mixture formed is adjusted to less than 9 and in particular to 5 to 8, for example 6 to 7. the pH can in principle also vary during the performance of process step B) and then typically moves within the aforementioned interval; however, the pH interval specified above relates primarily to the state which has occurred directly after combining the first adsorbent component, the second adsorbent component, an optionally present third adsorbent component and an optionally added (Brönstedt) acid or base.The upper limit for the pH is relevant here in particular if great flexibility with respect to the first adsorbent component is to exist, since not all suitable components are sufficiently stable to hydrolysis at high pH values (for example first adsorbent components which contain ester groups). At too low pH values, too rapid precipitation of the silicas formed may take place, resulting in a structure which tends to be disordered (and thus the advantageous more readily separable precipitates are formed only to a lesser extent). Without wishing to be limited thereto, a possible scientific explanation of the precipitates formed is that mesoporous silicate structures are formed during precipitation and the separation effect of the PFAS structures is also based on the pores formed supporting an improved interaction of the first adsorbent component and silicate framework. In this respect, a precipitation of the precipitates which is not too rapid can be realized by selecting the pH and is also expedient since an even more efficient separation of the fluorine-containing pollutants is then possible. Nevertheless, the kit according to the application typically does not form crystalline structures but amorphous structures. It is assumed that the formation of these mesoporous structures is also improved by the incorporation of the polyvalent metal cations or ammonium ions described above. On the basis of the mesoporous structures formed, it is generally also possible to demonstrate the use of the kit according to the application. As such, the waste materials obtained fulfil the criterion of novelty, because up to now no compositions are known which comprise mesoporous silicates which are substantially amorphous, surfactants which fulfil the criteria of the second adsorbent component and additionally also perfluorinated or polyfluorinated organic compounds. If the third adsorbent component is also present, the compositions also contain polyvalent metal cations or ammonium compounds. The structure detection can be carried out by means of physical methods; the mesoporous structures can be detected in particular by X-ray small angle scattering (SAXS). According to current scientific opinion, at least when the adsorbent component used forms micelles, precipitate particles with a core-shell structure as shown in FIG. 1 a are formed. A crosslinked silicate layer (2AKv) additionally comprising water molecules (H 2 O) surrounds a micelle of the first adsorbent component (1AK) in which the separated PFAS component is present at least partially (similarly, this should also apply to these adducts in the presence of bare adducts of the first adsorbent component). The influence of a third adsorbent component which may be present is not shown here. Figure 1b shows, for purposes of explanation of the present scientific view, the SAXS data for the precipitate of Example 3.4 as circles, as well as the corresponding curves of model functions for the core-shell construction described above (solid line). The individual contributions to the model curves (l1, l2, l3 and l4) are likewise depicted (dashed, dotted and dash-dot lines). The y-axis represents the measured scattering intensity (in relative units). The x-axis is the scattering vector q=2π / λsin(θ). Here, λ is the wavelength of the X-ray light used in the experiment of 0.154 nanometers, and θ is the scattering angle (half angle between the primary beam and the beam scattered at the sample).The above-described separation process using the kit according to the invention can also be carried out by treating the contaminated fluids at room temperature or ambient temperature, i.e. at temperatures between 0° C. and 35° C., typically 15 to 30° C. These temperatures are in particular subject to simpler handling and surprisingly (despite relatively short reaction times) significantly lower than the temperatures used in the production of precipitated silicas of often 60 to 95° C.The above-described separation process using the kit according to the invention can also be carried out in such a way that the reaction of the contaminated fluids with the adsorbent components takes place within a period of 5 to 45 minutes, in particular 10 to 35 minutes, for example 15 to 30 minutes. These reaction times are required, on the one hand, in order to be able to realize adduct formation between fluorine-containing compound and first adsorbent component in a first step and subsequently to enable a sufficient reaction time after addition of the second adsorbent component and an optionally present third adsorbent component. Longer reaction times are disadvantageous in particular for economic reasons. However, aging of the precipitates formed may also have adverse effects because hydrolysis of the first adsorbent component tends to occur as well.According to a further embodiment, the second adsorbent component comprises or consists of a metasilicate, in particular an alkali metal metasilicate, since these have a particularly high reactivity. However, other silicates which are readily soluble in water are also conceivable, such as, for example, the slightly reaction-supporting orthosilicates or lithium disilicate (Li 2 Si 2 O 5) and mixtures of different silicates. In order to achieve good water solubility, the use of alkali metal silicates, in particular sodium silicates or potassium silicates, is typically advantageous. Nevertheless, as explained above, incomplete dissolution of the second adsorbent component in the contaminated fluid is also sufficient. However, which silicates meet the criterion of only partial solubility is known to the person skilled in the art.Particularly suitable precursors for precipitated silicas include alkoxysilanes such as tetraethoxysilane (also referred to as TEOS) or tetramethoxysilane or silanols such as methylsilanetriol or dimethylsilanediol, which can then react in the aqueous solution to form corresponding silicates.According to a further embodiment, a compound of the formula R 1- E-L-X, R 1- E-X, R 1- X-L-E or R 1- X-E is selected as the first adsorbent component for the kit according to the invention. Herein, R 1 represents the lipophilic group, E the hydrophilic group, L a linker, and X an active functional group. This active functional group X is selected such that it promotes the interaction with the second and / or third adsorbent component (or with the porous structures formed from the second adsorbent component) in step B), with the result that improved structure formation can take place in the silicate portion of the precipitate. Due to the fact that the contaminated fluid is predetermined (in particular an aqueous liquid), it is clear to the person skilled in the art which functional groups are suitable for this purpose already on the basis of the simplest organic-chemical considerations. Relevant groups are, for example, ester groups, ether groups or alcohol groups. The linker L may be any group not covered by the definition of the hydrophilic group, the lipophilic group and the reactive group. Conceivable examples are alkylene groups (for example CH 2 or C 2 H 4) between E and X.According to a further embodiment, the functional group X has one, two or more hydroxyl groups. This assists the formation of hydrogen bonds or direct bonds to silicate centers or polyvalent metal cations and at the same time also increases the hydrophilicity of the hydrophilic group.According to a further embodiment, the first adsorbent component is selected such that, in the formula R 1- E-L-X, R 1- E-X, R 1- X-L-E or R 1- X-E, two or more groups X, R 1- X or X-L are bonded to the hydrophilic group; these groups present several times may then be the same or different. Accordingly, the formulae R 1- E-(LX n), R 1- E(L-X) n, R 1- EX n, ( R 1- X-L) n E or (R 1- X) n E are in particular obtained. In this case, n can then be two, three or, in the case of positively charged structures such as ammonium derivatives, also four; L and X can in each case be identical or else different. Such structures have the advantage that-in the manner of a multidentate ligand-particularly good interactions with other polar structures can be formed. These effects are of course also evident if different active groups X are present, for example in an amine or an ammonium compound of the formula (R 1- X-L) 3 N, (R 1- X) 3 N, (R 1- X-L) 4 N + or (R 1- X) 4 N + the groups coordinated to the nitrogen are, for example, one, two or three hydroxyethyl or hydroxypropyl groups and one, two or three hydrophobic groups bonded to the nitrogen via an ether group or an ester group, so that, as a result, three groups bound to the nitrogen or four groups bound to the ammonium center result. It is of course also possible in a corresponding manner for one, two or three hydrophobic groups bonded directly to the nitrogen and one, two or three groups containing the active group X to be bonded to the nitrogen, with the result that three groups bonded to the nitrogen or four groups bonded to the ammonium center again result.According to a further embodiment, the first adsorbent component is selected such that it has a particularly low aquatic toxicity. The quaternary nonpolymeric alkylamines which are in principle very suitable (for example hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride, dioctyldimethylammonium chloride or quaternary Kokosalkylmethylaminthoxylatmethylchlorid) and chloroalkylamines (for example 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl lauryldimethylammonium chloride) often have high aquatic toxicity and are very toxic to aquatic organisms in accordance with CLP Specification 1272 / 2008. Aminopropyl esters and aminopropylamides (for example Undecylamidopropyltrimethylammoniummethosulfat docosylamidopropyldimethylamine or 2-hydroxy-3-trimethylammoniumpropyldocosanoate), aminodipropionates (for example 3-[2-carboxyethyl(octyl)amino]propanoic acid or sodium octyliminodiproponate), quaternary polymeric alkylamines (for example the diquaternary polydimethylsiloxane Rewoquat SQ1 from Evonik) already have a significantly lower toxicity. However, compound classes which are also used, for example, in hair shampoos or fabric softeners are the most advantageous with regard to toxicity. Among these may be mentioned betaines (for example the TEGO betaine F50 from Evonik) and ethanolamines, in particular ester quats such as triethanolamine ester quat (TEAQ), diethanolamine ester quat (DEEDMAC), and N,N,-dimethyl-3-aminopropane-1,2-diol ester quat (HEQ), as analogues of a cationic choline structure, for example dioleoylethylhydroxyethylammonium methosulfate or corresponding compounds in which the oleyl units are at least partially replaced by saturated C15 to C18 alkyl groups. It goes without saying that it is also possible to select mixtures of different ones of the aforementioned substance groups, and in particular mixtures of esterquats having typically two ester groups on the central nitrogen atom. With regard to the esterquats and their preparation, reference is made in its entirety to M. Wysocki et al. in Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(11), 5761; https: / / doi.org / 10.3390 / ijms25115761. In the case of the esterquats, those which have at least partially free OH groups are in turn particularly advantageous, for example in the form of a C 2 H 4- OH group bonded to the central nitrogen atom. The first adsorbent component can also be present as a macromolecular product (for example LuprominFP 18 AS from BASF SE), in particular as an oligomer, dendrimer, polysoap or block copolymer.The above-described separation process using the kit according to the invention can also be carried out in such a way that in process step B) first the contacting of the contaminated fluid with the first adsorbent component and subsequently with the second adsorbent component or alternatively a simultaneous contacting with the first and second adsorbent components takes place. The addition of the first adsorbent component prior to the second (and any third) adsorbent component is advantageous since the adducts of contaminant and first adsorbent component can then first form, which, as explained above, are typically present in micellar form. The interaction and the structure structure with the aid of the second adsorbent component then lead to a formation of the mesoporous silicate framework around the micellar or the adduct structure present in solution. If both adsorbent components are added simultaneously, this results in a less highly ordered structure structure; nevertheless, the pore structures also form in this case and the advantageous interaction takes place between the amphiphilic first adsorbent component, the contaminant and the second adsorbent component. If the second adsorbent component is added only after the first adsorbent component in time, then a time delay of at least 5 to 30, for example 10 to 20 minutes, is usually expedient; after this time, the formation of the adducts between the first adsorbent component and the contaminant is usually relatively largely concluded.As has already been stated above, a third adsorbent component optionally comprised by the kit is added in process step B) either simultaneously with the second adsorbent component or at a later time (the latter may be useful, for example, when polyaluminum salts are used as the third adsorbent component). The simultaneous addition has the advantage that the third adsorbent component can then be incorporated into the mesoporous structures formed immediately from the beginning. In the exceptional case, the third adsorbent component can also be added before the second adsorbent component. In principle, this makes no difference; however, it should be noted that a wide variety of waters have to be purified and, accordingly, possible interference factors for the construction of the mesoporous structures according to the invention are expediently avoided. Since, for example, iron(III) compounds can have a gelling effect on the silicates, it is expedient to add these only when they are actually required.The above-described separation process using the kit according to the invention can also be carried out in such a way that in process step B) the molar ratio n 1AK / n 2AK of the central atoms of the first adsorbent component 1AK (i.e. of the nitrogen atoms of the amines or of the ammonium compounds, of the phosphorus atoms of the phosphonium compounds and of the central metal atoms of the metal complexes) and of the silicon atoms in the second adsorbent component 2AK is chosen such that n 1AK / n 2AK after the complete addition of the two adsorbent components is 0.01 to 2.0, preferably 0.1 to 1.0 and particularly preferably between 0.15 to 0.5. This has the advantage that particularly good formation of precipitates and particularly good releasability can be achieved. A ratio n 1AK / n 2AK of less than 0.01, usually also of less than 0.1, typically no longer makes any difference with respect to the structure formation of the precipitate, but, as stated above, leads to the additional precipitation of superfluous organic compounds (in particular superfluous first adsorbent component), so that it is possible to add the purified fluids directly to the surface water, since purification via clarifiers is no longer necessary. A ratio n 1AK / n 2AK of more than 2.0 is typically no longer expedient for economic reasons, since no differences could be detected any longer according to the application. In addition, if the contents of the first adsorbent component are too high or too low, the elimination rate of the fluorinated organic compound may drastically decrease.The above-described separation process using the kit according to the invention can also be carried out in such a way that, when a third adsorbent component is used in process step B), the molar ratio n 1AK / n 3AK of the central atoms of the first adsorbent component 1AK (i.e. of the nitrogen atoms of the amines or of the ammonium compounds, of the phosphorus atoms of the phosphonium compounds and of the central metal atoms of the metal complexes) and of the metal ions 3AK (i.e. based on the individual metal ions in the polymeric / oligomeric compound in the case of oligomeric or polymeric cations) is chosen such that n 1AK / n 3AK after the complete addition of the two adsorbent components is 0.01 to 100, preferably 0.1 to 10 and particularly preferably between 0.5 to 5. This has the advantage that the salts which are advantageous for the formation of the mesoporous structures are available in sufficient quantity and can be incorporated. A ratio n 1AK / n 3AK of less than 0.01, usually also of less than 0.1, is on the one hand typically no longer expedient for economic reasons; on the other hand, at least in the case of the polyvalent metal cations, there is a tendency for the silicate component used to have a gelling effect if the concentration thereof becomes too high. Gelling, however, leads to impaired releasability of the precipitates formed according to the invention. If the third adsorbent component is added in too large amounts, the precipitation becomes non-specific; for example, iron(III) hydroxide can occur as a brown precipitate. The metal ions then no longer have a targeted bridging effect.The above-described separation method using the kit of the present invention can also be carried out such that the amount of the second adsorbent component added per liter of contaminated fluids in step B) is typically 0.0001 to 10 mmol, particularly 0.001 to 1 mmol, for example 0.01 to 0.1 mmol. The lower limit is relevant here in particular because a significant oligomerization or crosslinking reaction for forming the mesoporous structures can only be observed starting from a certain threshold value. The upper limit is only economically dependent; however, it should be noted that, owing to the tending basic character of silicate compounds for the reaction according to the application, the pH of the mixture formed may have to be readjusted by addition of acid.According to one embodiment, the kit according to the invention is used to clean a contaminated fluid which contains perfluorinated alkyl compounds and / or polyfluorinated alkyl compounds, in particular alkyl compounds with at least three perfluorinated or polyfluorinated methylene and / or methyl groups. Such compounds can be separated particularly well with the kit according to the invention.In principle, the kit according to the invention is suitable in particular for the cleaning of the following media: fluorosurfactant-containing fire extinguishing waters such as AFFF (Aqueous Film Forming Foam) formulations, aqueous media from the maintenance of AFFF containers, containers, sprinklers and appliance cleaning, industrial wastewaters, reverse osmosis and nanofiltration concentrates, landfill seepage waters, groundwater and soils and soil wash.If appropriate, the above-described separation process using the kit according to the invention can also be coupled in an uncomplicated manner with further known methods of PFAS purification such as adsorption, ion exchange, membrane or foam fractionation and destruction and mineralization technologies, including bioremediation, chemical oxidation, chemical reduction and thermal technologies, depending on the application, in order to realize even higher elimination rates.The above-described separation method using the kit of the present invention may further be carried out in a stirring reactor or under conditions corresponding to those in a stirring reactor. Under these conditions, the process can bring about its advantages particularly well. According to the application, it is namely not necessary for the contaminated fluid to be passed via a column with the adsorbents. Rather, it is sufficient if the two or three adsorbent components are contacted with the fluid in any form and then an intermixing of adsorbent components and fluid takes place. Due to the strong interactions between fluorinated organic compound and adsorbent components, such a mixing, for example in a stirred reactor, is completely sufficient to ensure good separation of the fluorinated organic compound. In principle, however, the process can be carried out not only continuously in a stirred reactor but also in another reactor type such as a batch reactor and tubular reactor or stirred column, especially in order to enable efficient mixing, improved separation or reaction of the components.The invention is explained below, without limiting generality, on the basis of exemplary embodiments and on the basis of a general method description.The use of the kit according to the invention for the separation of fluorinated organic compounds from contaminated fluids can be carried out in particular according to the following general process description:After the components according to step A) have been provided, the first adsorbent component, namely an amphiphilic cationic additive, is first added to the contaminated fluid from which the contaminant is to be removed with stirring (for example at about 100 rpm). To establish a suitable hydrophobic / hydrophilic balance, a compound is selected which is provided with amino groups and / or quaternary ammonium groups and is also provided with longer alkyl chains (e.g. cocoalkyl, stearyl or even octyl or dodecyl) for the lipophilic fraction. Functionalities such as aryl and benzyl groups also allow the desired interaction and formation of adducts with fluorinated organic compounds. Particularly good results are achieved with the above-mentioned esterquats, in particular if they have at least one free OH group. Typically, the total concentration of fluorinated organic compounds present in the fluid will be between 0.001 and 100 mg / L; the concentration of the added first adsorbent component will then, after complete addition, usually be between 0.1 and 1000 mg / L (which corresponds to a quaternary ammonium compound having a molecular weight of about 700 to 1000 g / mol, approximately at a concentration of 0.0001 to 1 mmol / L - wherein the molecular weights are given only by way of example; for example, diesterquats typically have molecular weights on the order of 700 g / mol and triesterquats on the order of 900 g / mol), often 1 to 100 mg / L (which corresponds to a quaternary ammonium compound having a molecular weight of about 800 to 1000 g / mol, approximately at a concentration of 0.001 to 0.1 mmol / L). Starting from concentrations of 0.2 mmol / L, frequently 1 to 10 mmol / L, advantageous formation of micelles is to be expected, depending on the first adsorbent component. The concentration of the first adsorbent component will often be equal to or higher than the expected concentration of the fluorinated organic compound to be separated, for example at least 50 times to 1000 times as high (based on the weight fractions). Typically, stock solutions of the first adsorbent component are used, for example 5-20% by weight; alternatively, more dilute solutions (for example more dilute up to 1% by weight) can optionally be used or the first adsorbent component can be used undiluted or in combination with another solvent. The interaction of the two components reveals at least to a substantial extent an adduct, the stoichiometry of the adduct formed from the components being dependent on the concentration and the chemical structure of the reactants. The contact time may comprise a period of seconds to hours, often ranging from 1 to 30 minutes.Subsequently, the fluid is contacted with the second adsorbent component (and optionally simultaneously also with the third adsorbent component), so that the adduct formed, optionally also excess first adsorbent component, is brought into a separable form on the second adsorbent component by formation of precipitates. Typically, this process takes place in a stirred reactor by adding to the fluid (which has already been provided with the first adsorbent component) the second adsorbent component, e.g. sodium metasilicate, with stirring. The concentration of the second adsorbent component added is between 1 and 10000 mg / L, preferably between 10 and 1000 mg / L (that of the optionally added third adsorbent component is between 1 and 500 mg / L, preferably 10 and 100 mg / L), the stirring time can again comprise a period of seconds to hours, frequently in the range of 1 to 30 minutes.Following this step, sedimentation or flotation takes place without stirring. The precipitate can then be separated off, for example, by means of a filter device or a centrifuge.It should generally be stated at this point that the method which can be carried out with the kit according to the invention can also be used as a treatment stage in a relatively large purification process in order to minimize the processing agents to be used, energy consumption and the PFAS waste which forms via combined use with other treatment methods such as adsorption, ion exchange, membrane, precipitation, flotation and flocculation technologies and (electro)chemical, thermal and physical destruction technologies in the overall process.Example 1 - Treatment of contaminated raw water with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and metasilicateThe crude water used has a pH of 7 and a PFAS contamination of more than 1.2 mg / L (Table 1 specifies the specific ingredients; in addition, the following was measured: c(Si)=2.4 mg / L; c(Fe)<0.1 mg / L). The metasilicate is used in the form of a stock solution of sodium metasilicate pentahydrate Na 2 SiO 3 ·5H 2 O in water at a concentration of 50 g / L, which has been neutralized to pH 7 with 10M hydrochloric acid (hereinafter referred to as Nams).In a first test series, four beakers are filled with 500 ml of crude water each. In each case 150 mg cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) (stock solution with a concentration of 5 wt %) are metered into the four samples, so that 300 mg / L of CTAB are present in the solutions, and the mixture is subsequently stirred continuously at 150 U / min. For all four samples, turbidity of the PFAS-containing crude water but no formation of a precipitate is observed. After 20 minutes, different amounts of Nams stock solution are added (see Tab. 1), so that a concentration of 60 mg / L or 240 mg / L is established. After about 5 minutes, a 4% FeCl 3- stock solution (in water) is additionally metered into two of the beakers, so that a concentration c 0 of 22 mg / L of FeCl 3 in the water to be treated is introduced. The pH of all four beakers remains constant over the entire metering steps, approximately 7. Table 1 shows how the contents c E( in μg / L) of the individual PFAS components change after precipitation has taken place and which residual contents c E of organic, silicon and iron are contained in the remaining purified water. In the case of the PFAS, the residual content c E is in each case stated in μg / L. Furthermore, the degree of elimination %El achieved is listed.According to the application, the determination of CTAB and of the PFAS compounds is always carried out by means of LC-MS (liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry), the Al, Si and Fe contents were analyzed via ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry).In all examples, the formation of small flakes is observed; at higher Nams concentrations, the number of flakes formed is clearly increased. In all cases, the precipitate can be filtered off at a moderate filtration rate of 50 to 500 mL / min via a pleated filter, giving a clear filtrate. In Examples 1.1 and 1.2, a white filter residue is obtained, and in Examples 1.3 and 1.4, a yellow filter residue.The best elimination of PFAS is effected in Examples 1.2 and 1.4 (i.e. at elevated Nams concentration). The high elimination rates are also achieved with the low molecular weight compounds PFBA and PFBS, which are usually difficult to separate. Tab. 1 Tab. 1C 0 ( Nams)60 mg / L240 mg / L60 mg / L240 mg / LC 0 ( FeCl 3) / / 22 mg / l22 mg / lC E ( CTAB)250 mg / L160 mg / L230 mg / L160 mg / LC E ( Si)5,6 mg / L12 mg / L7,3 mg / L18 mg / LC E ( Fe)< 0.1 mg / L< 0.1 mg / L5,9 mg / L5,7 mg / LRaw waterPFASC 0C E% El.C E% El.C E% El.C E% El.PFBA112,2135,586820,418232,397119,1283PFPeA117,60117,60057,485187,882561,0248PFHxA102,9653,21489,949055,054711,1089PFHpA110,4155,954916,878528,11759,4091PFOA241,1615,099411,209515,27949,1296PFNoA91,626,86935,489411,85875,2194PFDeA21,2710,46511,36948,52603,0486PFOSA91,5113,69858,489128,876812,1687PFBS272,37114,445831,3988110,495956,6379PFOS107,9825,797610,639035,86679,9591Σ PFAS1269,24448,6765173,2486414,2967196,7584(PFBA: perfluorobutanoic acid, PFPeA: perfluoropentanoic acid, PFHxA: perfluorohexanoic acid, PFHpA: perfluoroheptanoic acid, PFOA: perfluorooctanoic acid, PFNoA: perfluorononanoic acid, PFDeA: perfluorodecanoic acid, PFOSA: perfluorooctanesulfonic acid amide, PFBS: perfluorobutanesulfonic acid, PFOS: perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, H4PFOS: 6:2-fluorotelomersulfonic acid)Example 2 - Treatment of potassium nonafluoro-1-butanesulfonate and potassium heptadecafluoro-1-octanesulfonate with an ester quat and metasilicateAs reference experiments, 1 μM aqueous solutions of potassium nonafluoro-1-butanesulfonate (K-PFBS) or potassium heptadecafluoro-1-octanesulfonate (K-PFOS) were admixed with the adsorbent components of the invention. The adsorbent components used are suitable for industrial use in water treatment plants.250 mL of a 1 μM aqueous PFAS solution are initially introduced (which corresponds to 338 μg / l for K-PFBS / test series 2.1 and 538 μg / l for K-PFOS / test series 2.2. For this purpose, the following tab is described. The amount V indicated in FIG. 2 a of an aqueous esterquat stock solution, namely an esterquat mixture of dioleoylethylhydroxyethylammonium methosulfate and corresponding compounds in which the oleyl units are partially replaced by saturated C15to C18alkyl groups (abbreviated below as PAd; 5% by weight / pH 7) is added and the mixture is stirred at 150 U / min for 20 minutes. The product is then tested in Tab. 2a, amount V B of an aqueous Nams stock solution, indicated above, is metered in (5% by weight / the solution is adjusted to pH 7 shortly before but not later than during the metering, for example using concentrated HCl). In addition, the following is described in Tab. 2a, an amount of V C of an aqueous FeCl 3- stock solution (5% by weight) was metered in with constant stirring.The preparation of the PFAS and stock solutions is carried out using tap water (6.6 degrees ° dH, C(Si)=1.8 mg / L; C(Fe)<0.1 mg / L). A volume of 1.5 ml (X A+ X B+ X C) is always added in total to the 250 ml of PFAS solution.After addition of the Nams and FeCl 3- stock solution, the subsequent precipitation and sedimentation is generally complete after a further 10 minutes. The total duration of the treatment of the PFAS-containing water therefore takes about 30 minutes. Tab. 2a: Test series for testing the effectiveness of the additions of the three adsorbent components for the separation of K-PFBS and K-PFOS Tab. 2a: Test series for testing the effectiveness of the additions of the three adsorbent components for the separation of K-PFBS and K-PFOSV A ( C A)V B ( C B)V C ( C C)2.1.1 / 2.2.11.5 mL (300 mg / L)002.1.2 / 2.2.201.5 mL (300 mg / L)02.1.3 / 2.2.3001.5 mL (30 mg / L)2.1.4 / 2.2.40.75 mL (150 mg / L)0.75 mL (150 mg / L)02.1.5 / 2.2.50.75 mL (150 mg / L)00.75 mL (15 mg / L)2.1.6 / 2.2.600.75 mL (150 mg / L)0.75 mL (15 mg / L)2.1.7 / 2.2.70.50 mL (100 mg / L)0.50 mL (100 mg / L)0.50 mL (10 mg / L)For experiments 2.1.4 and 2.1.7 (K-PFBS) and for experiments 2.2.4, 2.2.5 and 2.2.7 (K-PFOS), the formation of a PFAS-containing precipitate is observed after addition of the reagents. This is then separated off via a pleated filter (Macherey-Nagel, MN 615 1⁄4 diameter 185 mm / REF 531018), the time required for filtering off the precipitate being recorded. Color, turbidity of the solution and the formation of precipitates (quantity, shape, etc.) are assessed visually. The results are shown in Tab. 2b. Tab. 2b: Tab. 2b:HazeThe strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strongNo. NONo. NONo. NOThe strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strongNo. NONo. NOColorThe white material is of a silver-light shadeNo. NOyellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow 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yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellowNo no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no noYellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowishA slightly yellow yellow yellow light yellowA slightly yellow yellow yellow light yellowPrecipitateNo. NONo. NONo. NOmany large white flakesNo. NONo. NOmany small yellow flakesSedimentation SedimentationNo. NONo. NONo. NOYesNo. NONo. NOYesFiltration Rate / / / agents / / fast rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidlyFiltrate Filtrate Filtrate / / / clearly clearly clearly clearly clear clearly clearly clearly clearly clearly clear clearly clearly clearly clearly clearly clear / / clearly clearly clearly clearly clear clearly clearly clearly clearly clearly clear clearly clearly clearly clearly clearly clearTest Run No2.2.12.2.22.2.32.2.42.2.52.2.62.2.7HazeThe strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strong strongNo. NONo. NONo. NOThe light light light is easily easily easily light easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easily easilyNo. NONo. NOColorThe white material is of a silver-light shadeNo. NOyellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellowNo no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no noYellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowishA slightly yellow yellow yellow light yellowA slightly yellow yellow yellow light yellowPrecipitateNo. NONo. NONo. NOmany small white flakesSoft, i.e. adherent lumpsNo. NOmany small yellow flakesSedimentation SedimentationNo. NONo. NONo. NOYesYesNo. NOYesFiltration Rate / / / agentsagents / fast rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidlyFiltrate Filtrate Filtrate / / / clearly clearly clearly clearly clear clearly clearly clearly clearly clearly clear clearly clearly clearly clearly clearly clearSlight turbidity is easily turbid / clearly clearly clearly clearly clear clearly clearly clearly clearly clearly clear clearly clearly clearly clearly clearly clearThe filtrate of the three successful experiments from series 2 is analyzed with respect to the residual contents of K-PFOS (C E( PFOS)) and also the amount of esterquat C E( PAd) remaining in solution and the residual Si contents C E( S 1) and residual Fe contents C E( Fe) via ICP-OES (see table 2 c).The addition of ester quat fails to eliminate the short-chain PFAS compound K-PFBS from aqueous solution. This also applies when iron(III) chloride is additionally added (examples 2, 1, 1 and 2.1.5 from Table 2b). A precipitate is observed for K-PFOS in the fifth experiment; 63% of the long-chain PFAS compound present in solution can be separated off therewith (cf. Example 2.2.5).In contrast, when the precipitation components esterquat and metasilicate are used in combination, both PFAS compounds can already be removed to a great extent, i.e. to the extent of 92 or 98%. (cf. Examples 2.1.4 and 2.2.4). The additional use of FeCl 3 increases the PFAS elimination rate again, and the resulting precipitate is also filtered off more or more quickly (cf. Table 2 b). Furthermore, the residual amounts of ester quat remaining in the water can be lowered further by the addition of iron(III) (cf. Examples 2.1.7 and 2.2.7 from Table 2c). Tab. 2c: Tab. 2c:[mg / L][mg / L][mg / L][mg / L][mg / L][mg / L][%]2.1.415015001,54,4< 0.10922.1.7100100100,53,6< 0.10952.2.415015002,04,4< 0.10982.2.5150015212,51,2632.2.7100100100,53,6< 0.1099Comparative Experiments:The tests from Tab. 2c: Repeated again in an analogous manner, using instead of the esterquat stock solution instead of the first adsorbent component an adsorbent component not according to the claim, namely 1-butyltrimethylammonium bromide (BTAB). BTAB also contains a lipophilic group and a hydrophilic group having a cationic group; however, the lipophilic group is an alkyl group that is more short chain than an octylene unit. BTAB was used at the same mass concentrations as previously PAd.In none of these experiments with BTAB was precipitation of a precipitate observed. Consequently, neither PFBS nor PFOS could be separated from the aqueous solution.Example 3 - Treatment of contaminated raw water with an esterquat and metasilicateAnalogously to Example 1, 500 ml of crude water (which has a higher PFAS concentration than in Example 1 at more than 3 mg / L, Table 2 specifies the specific constituents; the following were additionally measured: c(Si)=1.8 mg / L; c(Fe)<0.1 mg / L) are admixed with the first adsorbent component, the same ester quat as in Example 2 being used as aqueous surfactant solution at a concentration of 50 g / L instead of CTAB. All other process steps and reagents correspond to those from Example 1 after addition of the first adsorbent component, likewise only turbidity is observed; the pH of all four beakers remains constant over the entire metering steps, approximately 7. Table 3 shows how the contents c E( change in each case in μg / L) of the individual PFAS components after precipitation has taken place and which residual contents c E of organic, silicon and iron are contained in the remaining purified water. In the case of the PFAS, the residual content c E is in each case stated in μg / L. Tab. 3: 3: 3: 3: 3: 3: 3: 3: Tab. 3: 3: 3: 3: 3: 3: 3: 3:C 0 ( Nams)60 mg / L240 mg / L60 mg / L240 mg / LC 0( FeCl 3) / / 22 mg / l22 mg / lC E ( PAd)18,0 mg / L13,0 mg / L< 5 mg / L< 5 mg / LC E ( Si)4,40 mg / L9,80 mg / L4,00 mg / L6,20 mg / LC E ( Fe)< 0.1 mg / L< 0.1 mg / L< 0.1 mg / L< 0.1 mg / LRaw waterPFASC 0C E% El.C E% El.C E% El.C E% El.PFBA282,98162,494396,226675,187367,4376PFPeA507,60255,435090,728245,639148,2690PFHxA248,2182,616721,37913,71994,8698PFHpA482,5181,398320,64960,371000,7799PFOA511,8026,93958,35980,501000,38100PFNoA114,191,10990,511000,381000,38100PFDeA22,710,50980,42980,44980,4498PFOSA155,060,54100< 0,01100< 0,01100< 0,01100PFBS690,16165,927637,37951,931002,47100PFOS125,280,651000,281000,281000,28100Σ PFAS3140,50777,8275275,8891128,4296125,2796(Abbreviation en as in Tab.1)In Examples 3.1 and 3.2, the formation of small flakes is observed, and the number of flakes formed is significantly increased at the higher Nams concentrations. In Examples 3.3 and 3.4, i.e. when the third adsorbent component is added, many large flakes are formed. The precipitate is filtered off slowly in Examples 3.1 and 3.2, i.e. at a filtration rate of less than 50 ml / min, and rapidly in Examples 3.3 and 3.4, i.e. at a filtration rate of greater than 500 ml / min, in Examples 3.1 and 3.2, the filtrate is slightly turbid and the filter residue white, clear in Examples 3.3 and 3.4 and the filter residue yellow.In all examples, good separation of PFAS of at least 75% is achieved; even at higher Nams concentrations of at least 91%. The results of Examples 3.3 and 3.4 with a separation efficiency of 96% are particularly good; short-chain PFAS such as PFBA and PFBS are also highly converted into the Fällungskieselsäureabgeschieden formed. Both the increase of the Nams concentration adjusted in the raw water and the addition of FeCl 3 thus make possible a better elimination of the dissolved PFAS. Furthermore, the precipitate formed (large, non-tacky flakes) can be very easily and quickly separated from the purified solution. Residual organic PAd surfactant levels are <5 mg / L.Example 4 - Treatment of contaminated raw water with an esterquat and metasilicate at higher pHExactly the same conditions and concentrations as in Examples 3.3 and 3.4 are maintained, with the exception that instead of neutralized Nams solution, a Nams solution (of the same concentration as in Example 1) is used, in which the metasilicate is not treated with hydrochloric acid after dissolution in water.After addition of the Nams stock solution to the mixture of crude water and first adsorbent component, the pH rises to 8 (60 mg / L Nams-example 4.3) and 9 (240 mg / L Nams-example 4.4), respectively. Although the filtrate obtained after the addition of the third adsorbent component (FeCl 3) and filtration still shows good separation efficiency, it is reduced as compared with Examples 3.3 and 3.4. In Example 4.3, 89% of the PFAS is eliminated (58% PFBA is eliminated); in Example 4.4, 81% of the PFAS is eliminated (19% PFBA is eliminated).In a manner analogous to Examples 3.3 and 3.4 and also 4.3 and 4.4, instead of FeCl 3 a corresponding mass concentration of AlCl 3 is used (Examples 4.5 to 4.8). At higher pH values, cloud-like flakes are formed in the precipitation reaction, which, for example, sediment and adhere to the glass wall (Examples 4.5 and 4.6). The resulting precipitates can only be deposited very slowly by means of a pleated filter. The precipitates from Examples 4.7 and 4.8, on the other hand, can be separated off at a moderate filtration rate or rapidly. Clear filtrates are always obtained from all four examples for further analysis. The content of aluminum in the filtrate is determined together with silicon and iron using the ICP-OES), and in the raw water used, C(Al)<0.1 mg / L. <row><cell>C <hi rend="subscript">0< / hi> ( Nams)< / cell><cell>60 mg / L< / cell><cell>240 mg / L< / cell><cell>60 mg / L< / cell><cell>240 mg / L< / cell>< / row><row><cell>pH< / cell><cell>8< / cell><cell>9 -10< / cell><cell>7< / cell><cell>7< / cell>< / row><row><cell>C <hi rend="subscript">0< / hi>( AlCl <hi rend="subscript">3< / hi>)< / cell><cell>22 mg / L< / cell><cell>22 mg / L< / cell><cell>22 mg / L< / cell><cell>22 mg / L< / cell>< / row><row><cell / ><cell / ><cell / ><cell / ><cell / >< / row><row><cell>C <hi rend="subscript">E< / hi> ( PAd)< / cell><cell>< 0.5 mg / L< / cell><cell>< 0.5 mg / L< / cell><cell>3,60 mg / L< / cell><cell>5,70 mg / L< / cell>< / row><row><cell>C <hi rend="subscript">E< / hi> ( Si)< / cell><cell>8,60 mg / L< / cell><cell>28,0 mg / L< / cell><cell>3,20 mg / L< / cell><cell>5,80 mg / L< / cell>< / row><row><cell>C <hi rend="subscript">E< / hi> ( Al)< / cell><cell>0,60 mg / L< / cell><cell>0,79 mg / L< / cell><cell>0,20 mg / L< / cell><cell>0,25 mg / L< / cell>< / row><row><cell / ><cell / ><cell / ><cell / ><cell / >< / row><row><cell>El (PFBA)< / cell><cell>19 %< / cell><cell>13 %< / cell><cell>31%< / cell><cell>27 %< / cell>< / row><row><cell>El (PFBS)< / cell><cell>70 %< / cell><cell>61 %< / cell><cell>94 %< / cell><cell>98 %< / cell>< / row><row><cell>El (ΣPFAS)< / cell><cell>62 %< / cell><cell>55 %< / cell><cell>87%< / cell><cell>88 %< / cell>< / row><p xml:id="_fcec6d0947" n="0085">It is found that here too the total PFAS elimination El (ΣPFAS) and that of the short-chain PFAS compounds PFBA and PFBS are reduced by precipitation in a basic medium, i.e. at pH>7 (examples 4.5 and 4.6).<head xml:id="_fcec6d0948">Example 5 - Treatment of contaminated raw water with an esterquat and different silicate substrates< / head><p xml:id="_fcec6d0949" n="0086">Analogously to Example 1, 500 ml of crude water (cf. Table 4, and also c(Si)=2.6 mg / L; c(Fe)<0.1 mg / L)-the PFAS concentration is lower than in Example 1-are admixed with the first adsorbent component, using the same ester quat (PAd) as in Example 2 as an aqueous solution having a concentration of 50 g / L. All other process steps correspond to those of Example 1, wherein, in addition to Nams (Example 5.1), three alternative silicate substrates each having 10 g / L are used as second adsorbent component, namely lithium polysilicate solution Li <hi rend="subscript">2< / hi> O <hi rend="subscript">11< / hi> Si <hi rend="subscript">5< / hi>( LIPS) 20 wt % in H <hi rend="subscript">2< / hi> O (Sigma-Aldrich / Example 5.2), potassium water glass 28 / 3 (KAWG) (Furth Chemie / K <hi rend="subscript">2< / hi> O % 7.8-8.8, SiO <hi rend="subscript">2< / hi>% 20,3 - 21,4, Molar ratio: mol SiO <hi rend="subscript">2< / hi> / mol K <hi rend="subscript">2< / hi> O 3.92-4.08 / Example 5.3) and soda water glass (NAWG) (VWR-BDH Chemicals / Na <hi rend="subscript">2< / hi> O % 8.2 and SiO <hi rend="subscript">2< / hi>% 27,1 / Example 5.4).<p xml:id="_fcec6d0960" n="0087">The initial mass concentration for the surfactant PAd and all silicates is in each case 100 mg / L in solution. The third adsorption component, iron(III) chloride, is metered into the solution via a stock solution at 40 g / L, resulting in a C <hi rend="subscript">0< / hi>( FeCl <hi rend="subscript">3< / hi>) of 10 mg / L.<p xml:id="_fcec6d0963" n="0088">After metering of the first adsorbent component, only turbidity is observed; the pH of all four beakers remains constant over the entire metering steps, approximately 7.Table 4 shows how the contents c <hi rend="subscript">E< / hi>( in each case in μg / L) of the individual PFAS components change after precipitation has taken place and what residual contents c <hi rend="subscript">E< / hi> of organic, silicon and iron are contained in the remaining purified water. In the case of the PFAS, the residual content c <hi rend="subscript">E< / hi> is in each case stated in μg / L. Tab. 4<title desc="title">Tab. 4C E( PAd)19,0 mg / L84,0 mg / L39,0 mg / L6,0 mg / LC E ( Si)6,2 mg / L45,0 mg / L43,0 mg / L60,0 mg / Lc E ( Fe)< 0.1 mg / L1,7 mg / L< 0.1 mg / L< 0.1 mg / LRaw waterPFASC 0C E% El.C E% El.C E% El.C E% El.PFBA49,05,4893,1944,09234,031PFHxA16,01,9887,85111,0317,255PFHpA16,00,9947,6536,9573,379PFOA21,00,89611,0486,5692,489PFNoA24,00,79712,0506,2741,793PFDeA25,00,5989,4623,6861,494PFBS26,01,29511,0589,6634,682PFOS38,00,99813,0664,8872,294Σ PFAS215,012,39474,96552,67656,874HazeSlight turbidity is easily turbidSlight turbidity is easily turbidTurbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbidclearly clearly clearly clearly clear clearly clearly clearly clearly clearly clear clearly clearly clearly clearly clearly clearColorYellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowishYellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish 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Flakesmany kl. Flakeskl. kl. FlakesLarge flakesSedimentation SedimentationNo no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no noNo no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no 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no no no no no no no no noFiltrationfast rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidlyslowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowlyslowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowly slowlyagentsFiltrate Filtrate Filtrateclearly clearly clearly clearly clear clearly clearly clearly clearly clearly clear clearly clearly clearly clearly clearly clearTurbid, yellowish, yellowishTurbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbidclearly clearly clearly clearly clear clearly clearly clearly clearly clearly clear clearly clearly clearly clearly clearly clear(Abbreviations as in Tab.1)The use of Nams shows the best efficiency with respect to all PFAS species at uniformly high separation rates; the precipitate is fast to filter and the resulting filtrate is clear. The amounts of silicon remaining in solution are smaller than in the case of the three other precipitation reagents. LIPS and KAWG show a very good separation rate for very short-chain PFAS, NAWG tending to be longer-chain. When polymeric LIPS are used, higher amounts of PAd, Si and Fe remain in the water.Example 6 - Treatment of contaminated raw water with an esterquat, soda water glass and various silanesFirst, an aqueous solution containing 20 percent by mass of NAWG is prepared using the soda water glass compound used in Example 5. To this medium are added the following silane compounds with 1% by weight of NAWG, respectively: tetraethoxysilane (TOS)(C 2 H 5 O) 4 Si (Sigma-Aldrich / Example 6.1), tetrakis(2-butoxyethoxy)silane (TBES)(C 4 H 9- OC 2 H 4 O) 4 Si (Abcr / Example 6.2) and DOWSIL™ Z-61337silane (Z-6137) / aminoethylaminopropylsilane triol homopolymer in water 22% active compound content (DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY / Example 6.3).The three mixtures are heated to 50°C for 30 minutes and then cooled back to room temperature. In the case of using TOS, bubbling in solution is observed, and the use of TBES results in the formation of two phases. Upon addition of the polymeric silane Z-6137, the NAWG solution remains clear without formation of an additional phase or bubbles. For the further precipitation experiments, the NAWG solution treated with TOS and Z-6137, are used and compared with the addition of a pure, i.e. non-pretreated, NAWG solution as second adsorption component. The NAWGs are always treated at a concentration of 10 g / L for the compounds described in Tab. 5 documented experiments. Tab. 5: 5: 5: 5: 5: Tab. 5: 5: 5: 5: 5:C 0( PAd)100,0 mg / L100,0 mg / L250,0 mg / L250,0 mg / LC 0( NAWG)100,0 mg / L100,0 mg / L250,0 mg / L250,0 mg / LC 0( FeCl 3)10,0 mg / L10,0 mg / L25,0 mg / L25,0 mg / LC E( PAd)6,0 mg / L6,0 mg / L29,0 mg / L14,0 mg / LC E( Si)60,0 mg / L5,3 mg / L170,0 mg / L18,0 mg / LC E( Fe)< 0.1 mg / L< 0.1 mg / L4 mg / L< 0.1 mg / LRaw water Raw waterPFASC 0C E% El.C E% El.C E% El.C E% El.PFBA49,034,0317,68432,03526,047PFHxA16,07,2551,29310,0380,597PFHpA16,03,379<0,5*> 976,957<0,5*> 97PFOA21,02,4890,6978,2610,598PFNoA24,01,793<0,5*> 988,465<0,5*> 98PFDeA25,01,494<0,5*> 988,367<0,5*> 98PFBS26,04,6820,9979,7630,598PFOS38,02,294<0,5*9913,066<0,5*> 99Σ PFAS215,056,874<12,3>9496,555<29,5>86Hazeclearly clearly clearly clearly clear clearly clearly clearly clearly clearly clear clearly clearly clearly clearly clearly clearSlight turbidity is easily turbidTurbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid 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Flakeskl. kl. FlakesLarge flakesSedimentation SedimentationNo no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no noNo no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no noNo no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no noNo no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no noFiltrationagentsfast rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly 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rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidly rapidlyFiltrate Filtrate Filtrateclearly clearly clearly clearly clear clearly clearly clearly clearly clearly clear clearly clearly clearly clearly clearly clearclearly clearly clearly clearly clear clearly clearly clearly clearly clearly clear clearly clearly clearly clearly clearly clearTurbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbid turbidclearly clearly clearly clearly clear clearly clearly clearly clearly clearly clear clearly clearly clearly clearly clearly clear(Abbreviations as in Tab. 1) * no longer in the range of calibration standards usedIt can be seen from Examples 6.1 and 6.3 from Table 5 that, by uniformly increasing the initial concentrations C 0( PAd), C 0( NAWG) and C 0( FeCl 3) by a factor of 2.5, the PFAS present in the crude water are separated off in the process in a reduced manner. This is accompanied by a slower filtration of the precipitate and also a greater turbidity and yellowing of the resulting filtrate. The foregoing treatment of soda water glass with silanes TOS and Z-6137, substantially improves the separation efficiency of the PFAS and filterability of the precipitate. Clear filtrates are obtained.The results of Example 6 show that the addition of "activated silicas" (as a result, therefore, a mixture of a water-soluble silicate compound and a water-soluble precursor compound is then used for a precipitated silica) results in still further significantly improved separation rates.Example 7 - Treatment of potassium nonafluoro-1-butanesulfonate with an ester quat and metasilicate (supplement to Example 2)The 1 μM aqueous PFBS solution used in Example Experiment 2.1.7 containing 338 μg / l of K-PFBS is diluted 1:10 with tap water (6.6 degrees ° dH, C(Si)=2.5 mg / L; C(Fe)<0.1 mg / L) and the resulting K-PFBS content of the solution is determined by HPLC-MS with 36 μg / l of K-PFBS. Following the procedure of Example 2, the solution is then treated with different concentrations, but constant proportions of PAd, NAMS and ferric chloride (Experiment 7.1-7.3). Tab. 6: 6: 6: 6: Tab. 6: 6: 6: 6:Test Run NoC AC BC CC E( PAd)C E( Si)C E( Fe)PFBS Elimination[mg / L][mg / L][mg / L][mg / L][mg / L][mg / L][%]7.11001001019,03,1< 0.10987.2505057,02,7< 0.10957.325252,55,02,6< 0.1099The separation rate of PFBS is high (>95%) in all experiments; in experiment 7.1, the highest amounts of ester quat (PAd) and silicon (Si) are expected to remain in the filtrate.Example 8 - Treatment of Extinguishing Water with an Esterquat and MetasilicateAnalogously to Example 3, 500 ml of a quench water sample having a pH of from 6 to 7 (and a PFAS concentration of almost 5 mg / L, substantially comprising the 6:2-fluorotelomersulfonic acid - see Table 3) are used.In one series of experiments, three beakers are filled with 500 ml of extinguishing water each. In each case, sufficient PAd (aqueous emulsion having a concentration of 10 g / L) is metered into the three samples to ensure that 300 mg / L of PAd are present in the solutions, and the mixture is subsequently stirred continuously at 150 U / min. After about 5 minutes, a 4% strength FeCl 3- stock solution (in water) is additionally metered in, resulting in a concentration of 21 mg / L. The pH of all beakers remains constant over the entire metering steps, approximately 6 to 7. The precipitate formed can be separated off via a pleated filter, the filtration rate being low (<<50 ml / min). A turbid filtrate remains.No post-precipitation takes place in the filtrate of the first beaker (Example 8.1); the result of the precipitate without addition of Nams is shown in Table 3.The filtrate of the second beaker (Example 8.2) is admixed with Nams stock solution (according to Example 1), so that a concentration of 40 mg / L is established. A precipitate is formed from many small flakes which are also slowly filtered off. The filtrate obtained after filtration is still slightly turbid.The filtrate of the third beaker (Example 8.3) is first treated as Example 8.2; after stirring for 5 minutes, a 4% strength FeCl 3- stock solution (in water) is again metered in, so that a concentration of 14 mg / L results. A precipitate of large yellowish flakes is rapidly formed, which can be separated off quickly (at a filtration rate of greater than 500 ml / min) via a pleated filter. The resulting filtrate is clear, contains only small amounts of organic matter (PAd<5 mg / L); the PFAS are 99% eliminated from the extinguishing water. Table 7 shows how the contents c E( change in μg / L) of the individual PFAS components after precipitation has taken place; the residual content c E is in each case given in μg / L. Tab. 7: 7: 7: 7: 7 Tab. 7: 7: 7: 7: 7C 0 ( Nams) / 40 mg / L40 mg / LC 0( FeCl 3)21 mg / L / 14 mg / LExtinguishing waterPFASC 0C E% El.C E% El.C E% El.PFBA1,371,21121,01260,7744PFPeA0,690,51260,37460,2366PFHxA1,901,12410,64660,1493H4PFOS4934,532959,53401089,537869,5399(Abbreviations as in Tab.1)References included in the specificationThis list of documents cited by the applicant has been produced in an automated manner and is only included for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent application or utility model application. The DPMA does not take any adhesion for any faults or omissions.Cited Non-Patent LiteratureWysocki, M., et al., Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(11), 5761; https: / / doi.org / 10.3390 / ijms25115761

[0049]

Claims

Kit for separating fluorinated organic compounds from contaminated fluids, which comprises or consists of at least a first and a second adsorbent component, wherein the first adsorbent component is a chemical compound which contains a lipophilic group and a hydrophilic group, or contains such a chemical compound in dissolved form, wherein the hydrophilic group contains at least one cationic group, wherein the lipophilic group is selected from alkyl groups which comprise at least one octylene unit, from aryl groups and from aralkyl groups and wherein the cationic group comprises an amine, an organically substituted ammonium, an organically substituted phosphonium or a metal complex, and wherein the second adsorbent component is present in solid, dissolved or dispersed form and comprises or consists of a water-soluble silicate compound and / or a water-soluble precursor compound of a precipitated silica.Kit according to the preceding claim, wherein the kit comprises or consists of a third adsorbent component in addition to the first and the second adsorbent component and wherein the third adsorbent component is present in solid, dissolved or dispersed form and is a water-soluble salt with a polyvalent metal cation and / or an ammonium salt.Kit according to the preceding claim, wherein the polyvalent metal cation is selected from mononuclear or oligonuclear cations of Al 3+, Fe 3+, or mixtures of these cations.Kit according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the kit comprises or consists of an acid in addition to the first, the second adsorbent component and the optionally contained third adsorbent component.Kit according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the water-soluble silicate compound comprises or consists of a metasilicate.Kit according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first adsorbent component has the formula R 1- E-L-X, R 1- E-X, R 1- X-L-E or R 1- E-X, in which R 1 is the lipophilic group, E is the hydrophilic group, L is a linker and X is an active functional group which can form interactions with the second and / or third adsorbent component in step B).Kit according to one of the three preceding claims, characterized in that in the first adsorbent component of the formula R 1- E-L-X, R 1- E-X, R 1- X-L-E or R 1- X-E, two or more groups X, R 1- X or X-L are bonded to the hydrophilic group and X is in particular in each case an alcohol, ester or ether group.Kit according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the first adsorbent component has the formula (R 1- X-L) 3 N, or (R 1- X-L) 4 N + in which L is an ethylene or methylene group and X is an ester group or an alcohol group, where in each of one or two of the R 1- X-L groups, X is an alcohol group and in the remaining one to three groups are ester groups.Kit according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the contaminated fluid to be purified contains perfluorinated alkyl compounds and / or polyfluorinated alkyl compounds, in particular alkyl compounds with at least three perfluorinated or polyfluorinated methylene and / or methyl groups.

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